Heredity &

Evolution
Digitalised Handwritten Notes
 Heridity

Process of passing traits

or characteristics form
parents to offsprings.
The process of heredity is
also called INHERITANCE.
Traits(Characteristics)

Acquired
Traits
Inherited
Traits
 Inherited Traits
Transferred from parents to offspring.

Traits include height, skin, colour, hair.

These are genetic variations caused in

reproductive tissues.
 Acquired traits
Developed throughout the lifetime of the
individual.

Learning some skill, knowledge we gained,

muscular development.

These are somatic variations caused in non

reproductive tissue.
"Father of lnheritance"

He studied genetics.
He studied on heridity of
plants.
He studied garden pea plant.
(Pisum sativum)

Gregor Mendel
Reasons for selecting
pea plant plant
Easy to grow
It has 7 pairs of contrasting characters.

Short life cycle(i.e. it is possible to study

many generations.)
Contrasting characters
 Dominant Trait

It is the one that express itself in the

presence or absence of recessive trait.

Recessive trait

It is the one that express itself only in

the absence of dominant trait.
Allele - Different form of a given gene.(T,t)

Phenotype - It refers to observable physical

appearence of given organism.
eg - tall plant, round seeds, etc.

Genotype - it refers to genetic code

responsible for any given phenotype.
Monohybrid cross
 Suppose if next generation is -

(T,T),(T,t),(T,t),(t,t)
tall tall tall dwarf
in this case the genotypic ratio will be

(T,T):(T,t):(t,t) =
1:2:1

similarly phenotypic ratio will be

tall : short =
3:1
Dyhbrid Cross
Summary of Mendel's Principle

Law of Dominance

Some alleles are dominant

and cover up recessive
alleles.
 Law of Segregation

An organism has two

alleles for each gene but
they can only pass on one.
 Law of Independent
Assortment

Genes found on separate

chromosomes are inherited
independent of each other.
 Sex chromosome
decides the gender