Unit-3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
“When the projectors are parallel to each other and also perpendicular to
the plane, the projection is called orthographic projection”
Objective
An orthographic drawing represents a three-dimensional object using several two-
dimensional views of the object. Three-dimensional drawings can be used to show the
overall concept and design, but they are often not able to explain actual shape, size and
other details of object which are required for the purpose of manufacturing . Orthographic
drawings can help to overcome those challenges.
Three Reference Planes:-
VP- Vertical Plane
HP- Horizontal Plane
PP- Profile Plane
Orthographic Views
Front View- FV
Top View- TV
Left Hand Side View-LHSV
Right Hand Side View- RHSV
Bottom View- BV
Rear View- RV

Note:- As per BIS (SP: 2003), the FV, TV, LHSV, RSHV, BV and RV should be referred as the view from the front,
the view from above, the view from left, the view from right, the view from below and the view from rear
respectively.
Methods of Multiview Projection
First Angle of Projection
Third Angle of Projection
Methods of Multiview Projection

The method of first-angle projection is the British standard practice. The third-angle
projection is the standard practice followed in America and in the continent of Europe.
In our country, the first-angle projection method is used as per revised SP:46-1988
and SP:46-2003 which is recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.)
Difference Between First Angle & Third Angle

First-Angle Projection Third-Angle Projection

The object is kept in the first quadrant. The object is assumed to be kept in the
third quadrant.
The object lies between the observer and The plane of projection lies between the
the plane or projection. observer and the object.
the plane of projection is assumed to be The plane of projection is assumed to be
non-transparent. transparent.
In this method, when the views are drawn In this method, when the views are drawn
in their relative positions, the plan tomes in their relative positions, the plan, comes
below the elevation, the view of the above the elevation, left hand side view is
object as observed from the left-side is drawn to the left hand side of the
drawn to the right of elevation. elevation.
This method of projection is now This method of projection is used in U.S.A.
recommended by the "Bureau of Indian and also in other countries.
Standards’’ from 1991.
Sequence of Views
First-Angle Projection
Sequence of Views
Third-Angle Projection
Few Points To Remember
 If the angle of projection is not given then follow first angle of projection.
 If the drawing is prepared by using a scale i.e. reducing or enlarging then mention the
scale value.
 If any dimension is missing then assume the missing dimension in proportion to other
available dimensions.
 Missing depth of hole can be assumed as through hole.
 If direction of view for front view is not available then the view of maximum length
should be assumed as front.
 Over dimensioning should be avoided.
Few Examples
Few Examples
Few Examples
For Practice
For Practice
For Practice
For Practice
For Practice
Thank You
Sectional Orthographic Projections:
The projections in which the internal shape of an
object is shown.
PURPOSES OF SECTION VIEWS

Clarify the views by:

 Reducing or eliminating the hidden lines.

 Revealing the cross sectional’s shape.

EXAMPLE : Advantage of using a section view.
 CUTTING PLANE

Cutting plane is a plane that imaginarily cuts

the object to reveal the internal features.

Cutting
plane Cutting plane line

Section lines
 CUTTING PLANE LINE
Cutting plane line is an edge view of the cutting
plane.

Indicate the path

of cutting plane.
CUTTING PLANE LINESTYLES

Thick line

Viewing
direction
Thick line

Viewing
direction

Thin line

Viewing
direction
 SECTION LINING

Section lines or cross-hatch lines are used to

indicate the surfaces that are cut by the cutting
plane.

Section
lines
Drawn with thin lines.
 SECTION LINES SYMBOLS

The section lines are different for each of

material’s type.
For practical purpose, the cast iron symbol is
used most often for any materials.

Cast iron, Steel Concrete Sand Wood

Malleable iron
SECTION LINES SYMBOLS

 Materials –
Common materials
 The symbol for cast
iron can be used
for most section
views.
 Refer to any
common drafting
text for additional
symbols
SECTION LINING

45 degree angle lines should be used.

2 to 5mm gap between lines.
All lines should be uniformly spaced
Thin sections may be blackened in
completely
Section Lining – Line
Placement
 Lines should never be parallel or perpendicular to the
object lines.
 If the outline of the object has 45 degree lines, 30 or 60
degree lines should be used.
 Assemblies with several parts should be lined with
varying angle section lines.
Section Lining – Line Placement
SECTION LINING PRACTICE

The spaces between lines may vary from 2 mm

for small sections to 5 mm for large sections.

COMMON MISTAKE
SECTION LINING PRACTICE
It should not be drawn parallel or perpendicular
to contour of the view.

COMMON MISTAKE
TREATMENT OF HIDDEN LINES
Hidden lines are normally omitted from section
views.
 Types of Sectioning
1. Full section
2. Half section
3. Offset section
FULL SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the straight cutting
plane completely through the part.
HALF SECTION VIEW
A half-section is a view of an object showing
one-half of the view in section.
Symmetrical parts can be shown in half sections.

Half section without

hidden lines
HALF SECTION VIEW
Half sections are commonly used to show both
the internal and outside view of symmetrical
objects.
HALF SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the cutting plane halfway
through an object and remove a quarter of it.
HALF SECTION VIEW
A center line is used to separate the sectioned half
from the unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsection half of the view.
OFFSET SECTION VIEW

The cutting plane is off-set to

include features that are not in
a straight line.

It is possible for the cutting

plane to change directions, to
minimise on the number of
sectional views required to
capture the necessary details.
OFFSET SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the bended cutting
plane completely through the part.

Do not show the edge views

of the cutting plane.
OFFSET SECTION VIEW
EXAMPLE : Comparison among several section techniques
1. Full Sectional Front View
2. Top View
1. Full Sectional Front View
2. Top View
1. Full Sectional
Front View
2. Top View
Thank You