LESSON 2:

CAVITE MUTINY
“Spaniard’s Version of the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-01- -02-
Spaniard’s Version of the Filipino Version of the
Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Cavite Mutiny of 1872

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The official report of
Governor Izquierdo on
the Cavite Mutiny

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• This version was written by Jose Montero y Vidal,
a Spanish historian in his book entitled, Historia
General de Filipinas.

• His account centered on how the event was an

attempt in overthrowing the Spanish Government
in the Philippines.

• His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully

biased.

• An excerpt from Montero’s account of the Cavite

mutiny

“With the establishment in Spain of a government less

radical than the appointed La Torre, the latter
was relieved from his post. His successor D. Rafael
de Esquierdo, assumed control of the government
of these islands April 4, 1871. The most eventful
episode in his rule was the Cavite revolt of 1872”.

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 • The abolition of the privileges
enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite
arsenal of exemption from the tribute
were the main cause of the “revolution”.

• The circumstances which give rise to

the idea of the Filipinos to attain their
independence were the Spanish
revolution which overthrew a secular
throne, dirty propaganda proliferated
by unrestrained press, democratic and
republican books and pamphlets, the
speeches and preachings of the apostles
in these new ideas in Spain, and the
outburst of the American publicists and
the criminal policy of the senseless
Governor whom the revolutionary
government sent to govern the Philippines.

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• Beginning of the year 1872, the authorities
received anonymous communications with
the information that a great uprising would
break out against the Spaniards, the minute
the fleet at Cavite left for the South and that
all would be assassinated, including the
friars.

• The conspiracy has been going on since the

days La Torre with utmost secrecy.

• That time the principal leaders met either in

the house of the Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, or in that the native priest,
Jacinto Zamora and these meeting were
usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the
soul of the movement and has a strong
influence.

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• The garrison of Manila, composed
mostly of native soldiers, were involved
in this conspiracy, as well as multitude
of civilians.
•
The plan was for the soldiers to
assassinate their officers, the servants,
their masters and the escort of the
Captain-General at Malacañang, to
dispose the government. The friars and
others Spaniards later to have their
turn.

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• On 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of
Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast
celebrated the occasion with the usual
fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite
mistook the fireworks as the sign of attack,
and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men
contingent headed by Sergeant La Madrid
launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at
sight and apprehended (detained) the
arsensal.

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• The military governor of Cavite, D. Fernando Rojas,
despatched two Spaniards to inform the Manila
authorities of the uprising but they were met on the
way by a group established by
La Torre, who put them instantly to death.

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• At the same time, an employee of the arsenal, D.
Domingo Mijares, left Cavite in a war vessel
for Manila, arriving there at midnight. He informed
the commandant of marine of what had
occurred, and this official relayed the news to
Governor Izquierdo.

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 D. Felipe Ginoves
•Demanded rendition and
waited the whole of 21st for the
rebels to surrender.
Early in the morning of
22nd he launched an assault.
Gov. Izquierdo Instigators
• He readily • Don Jose Burgos
ordered the reinforcement of D. Jacinto Zamora
the Spanish forces in Cavite t D. Mariano Gomez
o quell the revolt. D. Antonio Maria Regidor
D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
Pedro Carillo
Gervasio Sanchez
Jose Mauricio de Leon
Crisanto Reyes
Maximo Paterno and several
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TIMELINE: (1872)
-05- FEBRUARY 1872
• D. Jose Burgos, D. Jacinto Zamora,D.
-17- FEBRUARY 1872
• Execution of the sentence of
Marianl Gomez and Feancisco
Zaldua were setenced to die by GOMBURZA and Saldua.
strangulation.

-06- FEBRUARY 1872

• Eleven more were setenced to death
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but the Governor General commuted
this sentenced to life imprisonment.
APRIL 1872
• D. Jose Basa y Enriquez,
D.Joaquin Pardo de Tavera , D.
Antonio Ma. Regidor, D. Pedr
Carillo,D. Gercasio Sanchez and

-08- FEBRUARY 1872

• Camerinos sentence to death and
D. Jose Mauricio de Leon was
suspended by the Audiencia
from the practice of Law.
ten years imprisonment of eleven
individuals ,for the assassination of
the Spaniard’s was announced

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• Izquierdo had requested the sending to
Manila of Spanish troops for the defense of
the fort as most of these found here
were natives.

• He dissolved the native

regiments of artillery and ordered the crea
tion of artillery force to be composed
exclusively of the Peninsulares (a Spaniard
born in Spain residing in the New World).

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 LESSON 2:
CAVITE MUTINY
“Filipino’s Version of the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872”
• The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 is presented
here from the perspective of Dr. Trinidad
H. Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scientist,
scholar, and historical researcher.

• Dr. Pardo de Tavera's account offers an

alternative viewpoint on the mutiny,
providing insights into the motivations and
grievances of the Filipino soldiers and
laborers involved.

Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

-Filipino Physician
-Historian
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• His version emphasizes that the mutiny was a result
of the dissatisfaction among Filipino soldiers and
laborers at the Cavite arsenal due to the eradication
of their privileges.

• Governor-General Izquierdo's harsh policies, such as

the abolition of exemptions from yearly tribute
payments and forced labor, are cited as
contributing factors to the mutiny.

• The account suggests that these circumstances

eventually led to a violent incident on the night of
January 20, 1872, where some soldiers, laborers,
and residents assassinated the commanding officer
and several Spanish officials.
Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
-Filipino Physician
-Historian
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 GENERAL IZQUIERDO’S
ARRIVAL AND CHANGE AFFAIRS
• Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera's
account describes the arrival of
General Izquierdo as a turning point
in the events leading up to the Cavite
Mutiny.

• General Izquierdo, who served as the

Governor-General from 1871 to 1873,
brought about significant changes in
the governance and policies of the
Philippines.

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 GENERAL IZQUIERDO’S
ARRIVAL AND CHANGE AFFAIRS
• According to Dr. Pardo de Tavera,
General Izquierdo made it clear that his
views differed from his predecessor, La
Torre, and that there would be no
significant changes in the established
form of government.

• General Izquierdo proclaimed his

intention to govern the people "with a
crucifix in one hand and a sword in the
other," indicating a stricter and more
authoritarian approach.

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 PROHIBITION OF A SCHOOL
AND ARTS TRADES
■ Dr. Pardo de Tavera highlights General Izquierdo's
first official act, which was to prohibit the founding of
a school of arts and trades.
■ The school was being organized by native individuals
of standing in the community, who had raised funds
and put efforts into its establishment.
■ General Izquierdo believed that the school's
formation was merely a pretext for the organization
of a political club.

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 PROHIBITION OF A SCHOOL
AND ARTS TRADES
■ He not only disallowed the opening of the school but
also publicly accused the Filipinos involved in the
movement.

■ This action led to the classification of those who

supported former Governor La Torre as "personas
sospechosas" or suspects, creating an atmosphere of
suspicion and distrust towards educated Filipinos
who did not blindly obey the authorities.

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ABOLITION OF PRIVILEGES AND
DISSATISFACTION

● Dr. Pardo de Tavera's account underscores the

importance of privileges and their abolition in
triggering the Cavite Mutiny.

● In the Cavite arsenal and the barracks of the

artillery and engineer corps, the workmen had
long enjoyed exemptions from paying tribute tax
and participating in certain labor obligations for
public improvements.

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ABOLITION OF PRIVILEGES AND
DISSATISFACTION

● General Izquierdo decided to abolish these privileges,

ordering that the workmen pay tribute and contribute
labor on public improvements.

● This sudden change in policy caused significant

dissatisfaction among the affected workmen, leading
them to initiate a strike in protest.

● Despite the authorities' pressure and threats, the

workmen eventually returned to their duties, but the
grievances and discontent remained among the Filipino
soldiers and laborers.
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“RISING TENSIONS AND UNREST/THE
BLOODY INCIDENT OF JANUARY 20,
1872”
• Dr. Pardo de Tavera reveals the escalating
tensions and unrest that followed the abolition of
privileges.

• The workmen in the Cavite arsenal, predominantly

natives of Cavite and the neighboring town of San
Roque, were deeply dissatisfied with the
government's actions.

• This dissatisfaction quickly spread throughout the

region, and even the entire troops stationed there
became disaffected.

• On the night of January 20, 1872, the discontent

culminated in an uprising among the soldiers in
the San Felipe fort, located in Cavite.

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“RISING TENSIONS AND UNREST/THE
BLOODY INCIDENT OF JANUARY 20,
1872”
• During this uprising, the commanding officer and
other Spanish officers in charge of the fort were
assassinated.

• Around forty marines from the arsenal and

twenty-two artillerymen under Sergeant Fernando
La Madrid participated in the uprising, suggesting
possible involvement and disaffection among the
entire garrison in Cavite.

• However, the few soldiers who initiated the attack

were mistaken in their belief that they would
receive widespread support and trigger a general
rebellion against Spain in the islands.

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“RISING TENSIONS AND UNREST/THE
BLOODY INCIDENT OF JANUARY 20,
1872”
• Upon receiving news of the uprising, General
Izquierdo, Governor-General at the time,
dispatched the commanding general to Cavite
to reinforce the native troops and take control
of the fort.

• The rebels were swiftly suppressed, with the

rebels, including Sergeant La Madrid, being
put to the sword.

• A small number of rebels were captured and

brought to Manila for trial.

• Following these events, peace was restored,

and there were no further disturbances or
insubordination.

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 “THE CAVITE UPRISING “HOSTILITY TOWARDS
AND ITS IMPACT ON RELIGIONS ORDERS AND
SPANISH RULE IN THE PROPOSED REFORM IN
PHILIPPINES” SPANISH-RULED
PHILIPPINES”

• The Cavite Uprising

was a significant event • General La Torre's
in the Philippines' tenure as chief
executive during that
history, and this
time period set the
presentation will
stage for important
explore its impact on developments.
Spanish rule in the
country. • Influential Filipinos
openly expressed their
• The involvement of hostility towards the
Spanish residents and religious orders, while
friars during the the Central Government
uprising played a in Madrid intended to
crucial role in shaping limit the friars' powers.
the subsequent
events.
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 “REFORM AND HOPES” “ALLEGED CONSPIRACY ”

• Moret, the colonial

minister, proposed
reforms that aimed to
radically change the
colonial system in line
with the principles of the
revolution in Spain.
• These reforms raised
hopes among Filipinos for
improvements in their
country, while the friars
feared a decline in their
power.
• The conservative faction
used the Cavite mutiny as
leverage, claiming that a
vast conspiracy was being
organized throughout the
Philippines to overthrow
Spanish sovereignty.
• They attributed blame to
the Spanish government in
Madrid for propagating
pernicious doctrines and
fostering false hopes
among the Filipino people.

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 “PERSECUTION OF
“REPRESSIVE MEASURES”
PROMINENT FIGURES”
• Repressive measures were
swiftly implemented to • Many prominent
suppress the alleged Filipinos, including
insurrection, without a priests, lawyers, and
thorough investigation to individuals of mixed
differentiate between the heritage, were
innocent and the guilty. denounced and
persecuted by the
• The primary objective was military authorities.
to instill fear in the
population and deter any
• Notable figures such as
future attempts at
Burgos, Zamora, and
secession.
Gomez, who had opposed
the friars in various legal
disputes, faced severe
punishments.
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 “UNJUST “ROLE OF RELIGIOUS
PUNISHMENTS” ORDERS”
• The punishments meted • The Cavite uprising
out were not only unjust inadvertently
but also unnecessary, as strengthened the power
there was no genuine of the friars in the
intention to overthrow Philippines, contrary to
Spanish sovereignty. the Madrid Government's
initial intention to reduce
• Despite the friendly their influence.
attitude of Filipinos
towards the home
government, innocent • The friars became an
individuals became victims important factor in
of the atrocities committed preserving Spanish
by General lzquierdo in the sovereignty and were
name of the government. trusted by both the
government and the
Filipino people.
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AFTERMATH OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO POLICY:
HEIGHTENED TENSIONS AND LINGERING
RESENTMENT
• There were other results following upon the unfortunate
policy adopted by Governor Izquierdo.

• Economic Consequences

• Suppression of civil liberties

• Social Tension

• Rise of nationalism

• The Filipino people had never blamed the Spanish nation

for the backward condition in which the island existed

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AFTERMATH OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO POLICY:
HEIGHTENED TENSIONS AND LINGERING
RESENTMENT
• The persecutions which began under Governor Izquierdo
were based on the false assumption that the Filipino
people were desirous of independence.

• Only the admiration that the Filipino people had for

individuals who did not hesitate to stand up for the rights
of the country surpassed the fear that they had toward
the friars and the punishments meted out by the
government.

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AFTERMATH OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO POLICY:
HEIGHTENED TENSIONS AND LINGERING
RESENTMENT
•No attempt was made to allay the ill-feeling which existed
between the Filipinos and the Spaniards, especially the friars,
caused by the mutiny in Cavite and the cruel manner in which the
punishment was meted out.

• Nothing was done by the Government to blot out the

recollections of these actions; it appeared to be its policy to
continually bring up the memory of these occurrences as a
reminder to the malcontents of what they had to expect.

•It was from that time that every disagreement between the
Spaniards and the Filipinos, however trivial, was given a racial or
political character.

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THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOV.
IZQUERDO ON THE CAVITY
MUTINY OF 1872

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 Gov. General Rafael Gerónimo
Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
• Made a report to spanish ministry of
war on January 23, 1872.

• Expressively describes Cavity Mutiny as

an “Insurrection”, “uprising” and a
“revolution”.

• April 4, 1871- January 8, 1873

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 TEXT OF GOV. GENERAL
IZQUIERDO’S REPORT
• —that is, from the declaration made
before the fiscal—it seems definite that
the insurrection was motivated and
prepared by the native clergy, by the
mestizos and native lawyers, and by
those known here as abogadillos. Some
are residents of manila, others from
cavite and some nearby provinces.

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• The instigator protested
against the injustice ot the
government in not paying
for their tabacco crop, and
against the usury that some
(official) practice in
(handling) documents that
the finance department
gives crop owners who have
to sell them at a loss.

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• The rebellion protest and
they call it “The injustice of
having obliged the workers
in Cavite”.

• To pay tribute starting

January 1 (1872) and to
render personal service, from
which the were formally
exempted .

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 • They resorted to superstition with
which the indios are so prone to
believe; pursueding them that the
“Hari” would be ecclesiastic and
the rest of the clergy who backed
the uprising would celebrate daily
for its success.

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 • Taking advantage of ignorance of those
classes and propensity the Indio to
steal, they offered wealth of spaniards
and of the regular clergy, employment
and ranks in the army;

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• 15 native battalions would be created; the
lawyers and abogadillos would direct the
affairs of government of the administration
and justice.

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• All spaniards, including • Many civilians and a
the friars, would be large number of
executed except for the mestizos, indios and
women; and their some ilustrados from
belongings confiscated. the province.
Foreigners would be
respected.

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 • But it turns out that
• Up until now the they would place at the
indios have no words head of the
in their language to government a priest,
describe this different and there were great
form of government, probabilities that the
whose head in tagalog head selected would
would be called “Hari” be.
D. Jose Burgos
• D. Jacinto Zamora
• Parish priest of S. Pedro
of Manila
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• They planned to set fire to the district of
Tondo.

• The regiment of artillery with the help of

the infantry seize Fort Santiago and fired
cannons to inform the rebels of their
success.

• 500 natives led by the pardoned leader

Camerino

• Lanterns were used by the rebels in

Cavite to made the agreed-upon signals.

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• Manila's uprising was supposed to
begin at midnight.

• The junta or center in Manila had

established a society to teach arts
and trades since 1869, as a pretext
for seeking followers.

• I suspended it indirectly, giving an

account to Your Excellency in my
confidential report No. 113 dated
August 1, 1871
El Eco Filipino
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As in the case of my worthy predecessors, I have
continuously received anonymous letters, but
because I was confident that I could put
down and punish any uprising, I gave no
credit in order not to cause alarm; and
instead continued a vigilant watch wherever
possible within the limited means at my
command. I had everything ready (for any
untoward possibility), taking into account
the limited peninsular force which compose
the army.

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THANK
YOU!!
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