Nationalism and Patriotism

Character
Formation 1
Nationalism and Patriotism
Nicholas S. Caballero, Ph.D

Liza Joy B. Barican, MSCrim
Philippine Copyright, 2020
By:
Wiseman’s Books Trading, Inc.
and
Nicholas S. Caballero, Ph.D

Liza Joy B. Barican, MSCrim
PUBLISHED AND DISTRIBUTED BY:
WISEMAN’S BOOKS TRADING, INC.
ISBN: 978-621-418-143-8
All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in

any form or by means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording or by any information storage
and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher and author.
Any copy of this book without the signature of the author is

considered from illegal source or is in possession of one who
has no authority to dispose of the same.
PREFACE
With the same fundamental components,

everyone begins the same way. With his understanding
of right and wrong, there is his greater nature, and
there is that lesser nature with its wishes and needs.
Everyone begins to find their loyalty to the right and
good being tested from a very young age. Temptations,
fears, desires, and many others are testing it. He is
tempted to lie to prevent consequences; to do wrong to
obtain peers ‘ recognition. Everyone has experienced an
endless sequence of attacks on his integrity, honesty,
and other healthy behaviours from a very young age.
Assaults challenging his bravery and
determination. Some individuals are standing up to
these tests well, doing the right thing, and developing
practices of doing the correct thing. These individuals
develop one type of character, the character who always
does what is right; the character who loves right,
honesty, justice, truth and goodness.
At an early age, other individuals begin to
succumb to these tests of their honesty, integrity, and
goodness. They create succumbing practices. They lose
their feeling of right and wrong, becoming careless and
immoral, and forming that kind of character.
On the other hand, one of the strongest forces
shaping our domestic history is nationalism and
patriotism. Although viewed by many as two sides of
the same coin, distinct connotations have evolved
extensively. Nationalism is increasingly perceived as
damaging, at the root of the bloodiest conflicts
particularly in the Philippines; patriotism appears to be
something more benign, a political virtue. While
nationalism is an attachment to a nation’s racial,
cultural, and spiritual homogeneity, patriotism relates
to the republic’s love and supporting political
institutions.
This handbook was made to remedy the lack
of an easily available material of the topic and to
i
allow criminology instructors, students and general
readers to explore the significant issues and themes
in character formation, Filipino traits and values,
most especially nationalism and patriotism. The main
purpose of the handbook is to provide extensive and
authoritative text, establishing a streamlined approach
to a broad spectrum of contextual information and
comprehension of character formation, nationalism
and patriotism. It comprises six chapters that discuss
the Filipino influences, traits and values, nationalism
and patriotism, Filipino nationalism, key values of the
Filipino, Related Philippine legislation that promote
culture and patriotism, regulations and issuances
associated to gender and development in the
Philippines and citizenship.
NSC & LJB
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DEDICATION
We would like to express our gratitude to all our

criminology students for being the core group to
initially utilize the manuscript of this book during its
review and evaluation stage. Your comments and
suggestions are greatly valued and considered.
We also give our deep appreciation to all our
colleagues in the profession and we dedicate this book
to all criminology students who are the main reason
why this book is written.
Special thanks to our ever supportive family
and above all to ALMIGHTY GOD who is the source of
everything.
NSC & LJB
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface i
Acknowledgement and Dedication iii
Preliminaries vi
Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits
and Characteristics 1
Learning Objectives 1
The Most Well-known Traits and
Attitudes of the Filipino 2
Negative Traits of Filipinos 5
Filipino Character and Personality 10
Filipino Values Orientation 11
Review Questions 13
Chapter II: Nationalism and Patriotism 17

Basic Concepts of Nationalism
and Patriotism 17
Types of Nationalism 17
Patriotism 23
Difference Between Patriotism
and Nationalism 26
Review Questions 27
Chapter III: Filipino Nationalism 31

Historical Background of Filipino
Nationalism 32
Other Concepts of Filipino Nationalism 33
Different Ways to Show Filipino
Sense of Nationalism 34
Philippine Symbols that Promotes a Sense
of Nationalism 38
Important Dates and Persons in the
Rise of Filipino Nationalism 40
Three Leading Reformists in 19th Century 45
Other Filipino Reformists 49
Review Questions 52
iv
Chapter IV: Filipino Core Values 59
Basic Concepts of Values 59
Filipino Values System 60
Philosophical Foundation of Filipino
Values 61
Models of the Filipino Values 61
Structures and Elements of Filipino
Values 62
The Five Core Filipino Values 63
The Philippine National Police Core
Values 66
Review Questions 68
Chapter V: Related Philippine Laws that Promotes

Nationalism and Patriotism 69
Gender and Development 71
Gender and Development Related Laws
and Issuance in the Philippines 72
Sex and Gender: How Do they Differ 74
Common Myths About Gender 75
Terms Related to Gender 75
Gender Stereotype Involves the
Differentiations 76
Areas or Channel of Socialization 77
Review Questions 85
Chapter VI: Citizenship 91

Citizenship and Citizen Distinguished
from Nationality and National 91
Meaning of Subject and Alien 92
Ideals Policy on Naturalization 93
Nature of Naturalization 93
What is an Allegiance 100
Review Questions 103
References 106
v
PRELIMINARIES
An unknown author once said a forewarning

that, as human beings, we have to be careful of our
thoughts, for it will become the source of our words; we
have to be careful of our words, for it will become our
deeds; our deeds, will become our habits; our habits,
will become our character; and our character, will
become our destiny. In the present world, it is the
character that counts not the intellect and the acquired
abilities and skills. It is the character that highlights
professionalism not the professional license and
certificates awarded by the professional organizations
and the Government Professional Regulatory
Commission.
According to Prasad Nanda, character is the
solid foundation on which a person’s entire life is
based. People who succeed in achieving their goals and
ambitions are those who have good character. Thomas
Edison whose inventions changed the world or it was
Abraham Lincoln who was president of the United
States, or Gandhi the lone crusader of nonviolence, or
Mother Theresa who chose to do social work they all
had one thing in common - they were all people of
character.
Thus, character is the magic ingredient that sets
you apart from the rest. Our character will determine
our success and each of us has the ability and the
potential to develop and strengthen our character.
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

The term was derived from the Greek word
“charassein,” referring to an engraving instrument;
originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin or
the mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a distinctive
mark of the personality; and gradually, to the sum
total of such marks, each individual one is being called
characteristics (Bartemeier, 2009). Basically, character
is defined as a psychological notion that refers to all
the habitual ways of feeling and reacting of a person
vi
that distinguish one individual from another. It is the
trademark of being a person.
Character as defined by the American Psychiatric
Association, signifies the relatively fixed or continuing
group of an individual personality attributes of a
person or the characteristic pattern of behaviour of
an individual. The social, emotional and intellectual
manifestations of a character are called personality,
and character is roughly equivalent to personality.
Harbans (2011) noted that character is the index
of the state of mind of a person. It is a sum total of
motivation one gives to the persons around him and
also does course correction whenever there is a dire
need for same. It may differ as an individual differs but
one thing is certain the special characteristics form the
solid basis of his stability in the society of which he is a
part. Character, thus is an index of a person’s standing
in the society.
WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?

Character formation as defined by
Donald(2006), is the process by which the individual,
through interaction of biologically transmitted
predispositions with the environment, develops stable
pattern of functioning,
thinking and feeling. It is also known as, Character
Building. It is that deeply internalized patterns of
values and attitudes and the consequent actions that
are often established in precognitive times of life
through the natural and normal educational patterns
that are appropriate for young children. Nursing,
weaning, toilet training, birth of siblings and the early
relationship to the parents (especially to the mother)
are some of the examples of character formation.
Character traits are usually formed through the
identification with parents and other important adults
in the child’s environment.
Everyone is partly responsible for one’s
character. Aristotle noted that character develops over
time as one acquires habits from parents and the
environment
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either through reward and punishment. Developing
a good character is much learning to play a musical
instrument. Initially, an individual may be under some
pressure to practice, but eventually, enjoys playing with
skill and understanding (Hartman, 2013).
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER

FORMATION
1. Parental Influence
Parental influence is the most important of
all the factors responsible for personality
development. The way parents behave with the
child, how much he is allowed to socialize, the
kind of culture he is subjected to by them, and the
emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a
great bearing on the child’s mental growth. In
early stage of their human existence, children
adapt their parent’s mannerisms. Thus, parents
should be careful in their ways for they establish a
great influence to their children’s character.
2. Home Environment
Home as cradle of human character and
personality largely contribute to the character
formation of a child. It is said that the parents
are the first educators of the children. It is their
parental guidance and discipline that creates the
kind of character, personality and attitude the
child has.
Parents should make sure that the
child incorporates the positive emotions in his
personality and stays away from the negative ones.
A child needs both his parents, to develop his
personality. An absentee father can be a negative
influence on the child. To make a child a
confident, positive person, parents should avoid
being too authoritative, trying to discipline
excessively,
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criticizing the child, discouraging him, comparing
him with others, and being partial.
3. School Environment
To perfect the total development of a
child’s character and attitude, besides the home
environment, a child’s school environment too
plays a major role in shaping a child’s personality.
Once a child starts going to school, he learns how
to interact and deal with his peers. He comes to
know how to engage in “playing” according to the
rules and regulations. He gets educated, learns
how to read, write and communicate effectively. A
child’s personality is greatly influenced by the way
he is treated at school, both by his teachers as well
as his peers. The school reinforce the education
that the child needs that home fails to provide.
4. Culture
Everyone has different character and values
because of the different cultures where everyone
is exposed. Sociologists found out that different
cultures have different values and a child grows
up with them, sub-consciously absorbing the
same. Influence of culture in personality and
social development cannot be ignored. Those who
were born and grown up in western countries are
influenced to be individualistic and competitive,
while those children brought up in Asian, African
and South American countries are taught to be
cooperative.
Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school
age are the various phases that a child passes
through and each of these stages has its own share
of problems and challenges, which a child has to
overcome, with his parent’s assistance, to turn out
to be a well-developed personality.
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO CHARACTER
FORMATION
by: Sen. Leticia Ramos Shahani
1. Home environment
2. Social environment
3. Culture and language
4. History
5. Educational system
6. Religion
7. Economic environment
8. Political environment
9. Mass media
10. Leadership and role model
DETERMINING CHARACTER
OR PERSONALITY TYPES
Five (5) Factors that Determine Character or
Personality Traits.
1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of experiences.
2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead rather than
being spontaneous.
3. Extraversion: being sociable, energetic and
talkative.
4. Agreeableness: being kind, sympathetic and
happy to help.
5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be vulnerable
or temperamental.
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GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait –
These are attributes such as integrity, honesty,
courage, loyalty, fortitude, and other
important virtues that promote good behaviour
and habits. Further, it is said that:
a. Being honest and taking responsibility for
your actions are admirable qualities.
b. Adaptability and compatibility are great traits
that can help you get along with others.
c. Drive and determination will help you keep
going no matter what.
d. Compassion and understanding mean you
relate well to others.
e. Patience is a virtue and also a good
personality trait.
f. Courage will help you do what’s right in tough
situations.
g. Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making
others trust you.
2. Negative Character / Negative Character / Negative
Trait – A person’s predisposition to commit evil
acts.
a. A propensity for lying, in order to avoid
responsibility for our actions, is a deplorable
quality.
b. Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs
of others are not endearing qualities.
c. Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to
drive others away, too.
d. A hot temper and an inability to empathize
with others will also alienate us from others.
e. Being quick to anger will turn people away.
f. Being disloyal, quick to talk about others
behind their backs or, worse, stab them in the
back for personal gain also falls high on the
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scale of negative personality traits.
3. Neutral Character / Neutral Trait - Commonly
used to describe a person who doesn’t pick sides
in disputes; neutral also pegs anything that
refuses to be bold.
a. Judges, for example, must remain totally
neutral when hearing a case.
b. Manners mavens say that it’s best to remain
neutral when topics like politics and religion
come up during a party.
c. Boxers can look to the neutral corners in the
ring to escape a punch.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
1. Self-realized Character. A person with this type of
character is ever enthusiastic for he knows his
potentialities and limitations. This sort of a
character is an asset not only to the family but
also the society in which person lives.
2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or
acquisitive character. It is held that, persons with
greed will endeavour to go all out in collecting
worldly possessions and fulfilling his personal
petty ambitions by adopting any means open
to him even crossing all the limits of moral and
ethical limits.
In effect the person will become most
arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and fully bereft
of any moral feelings for the humans. He is the
burden not only on the family but also the society
in which he lives.
3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are
superstitious but when we’re over superstitious
then problem starts. It is not merely bad for the
individual concerned but also for those who
come in contact with this unpredictable person,
who may change his tag any moment thus
leaving
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everybody around in the lurch. Too much
reliance on superstitions also robs us of scientific
temper and forward looking approach in our life.
But we should not compare superstitious and
traditionalists.
4. Egoistic /Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker. The person
who thinks that world runs due to him and
everything and everybody should respect him as
such. His overbearing and bossy disposition puts
him in the category of hard-to-please (fastidious).
This person learns his lesson after sometimes.
This fellow with ‘I-DAMN-CARE- ATTITUDE’ hardly
cares for others. This sort of egocentric character
is the bane of any society, irrespective of their
status in the society.
5. Anti-social Character. A person who neither cares
for the norms set by the society nor cares for the
moral or ethical values is an anti-social character.
This character is both a sinner and a criminal. He
could also be termed as an offensive character.
This like character resorts to offense besides being
abusive on even a pettiest pretext. This anti-social
behaviour cuts him off from the community in
which he is living and has to fend for himself
ultimately for his acts of omissions and
commissions.
6. Insincere Character. When a person does
something good for us, we express our sincere
thanks and go extra mile in being sincere to
that person in whatever way it is possible for us.
Contrarily, a person who thinks others is there
for serving him and is without any warmth in the
feeling for others. This like person is not only a
insincere to his own family, society and even to the
Creator who had created him!
7. Complacent Character. We all should have
confidence on ourselves. It is good for day to day
functioning of our society. But when we cross the
threshold of confidence and step into the realm of
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complacency then problem starts. A person who
imbibes this trait finally faces ignoble defeat for
being so and learns a lesson.
THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

(Source: Josephson Institute -charactercounts.org)
1. TRUSTWORTHINESS
This is the pillar of good character that is
considered the most complicated of the six core
ethical values and concerns a variety of qualities
like honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty.
When a person is trusted he is given a
greater leeway and no need to be monitored just
to assure that they meet their obligations. When
they are trusted, we develop in them higher
esteem which may be satisfying to them. They
must constantly live up to the expectations of
others and refrain from even small lies or self-
serving behaviour that can quickly destroy
relationship.
a. Honesty
There is no more fundamental ethical
value than honesty. Honesty is associated
with honor. Thus, a person of honesty is a
person of honor and he is admired and
trusted because of his being straightforward.
A person of good character must be a
person of honesty in both communications
and conduct.. Honesty in communications
is expressing the truth as best we know it and
not conveying it in a way likely to mislead or
deceive.
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THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY
1. Truthfulness. Presenting the facts to the
best of our knowledge. Take note that, intent
is the crucial distinction between truthfulness
and truth itself. Being wrong is not the same
thing as lying, although honest mistakes can
still damage trust insofar as they may show
sloppy judgment.
2. Sincerity. One must observe genuineness,
being without trickery or duplicity for it
precludes all acts, including half-truths, out-
of-context statements, and even silence, that
are intended to create beliefs or leave
impressions that are untrue or misleading.
3. Candor. In relationships involving legitimate
expectations of trust, honesty may also
require candour, forthrightness and
frankness, imposingthe obligation to volunteer
information that another person needs to
know.
4. Integrity. Persons of integrity are those who
acts according to his beliefs, not according to
expediency. He is also consistent. There is no
difference in the way he makes decisions from
situation to situation; his principles don’t vary
at work or at home, in public or alone.
The person of integrity takes time for self-
reflection, so that the events, crises and
seeming necessities of the day do not
determine the course of his moral life. He
stays in control. He may be courteous, even
charming, but he is never duplicitous or
unfaithful. He never demeans himself with
obsequious behaviour toward those he thinks
might do him some good. He is trusted
because you know who he
is: What You See Is What You Get. People
without integrity are called “hypocrites” or
“two-faced.”
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5. Reliability (Promise-Keeping). Reliable
persons are those who keep their promises for
he believe that doing so create legitimate basis
for another person to rely on him, and that he
undertake special moral duties. They accept
the responsibility of making all reasonable
efforts to fulfil their commitments. Because
promise-keeping is such an important aspect
of trustworthiness.
CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN
RELIABILITY
1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses
Interpret your promises fairly and
honestly. Don’t try to rationalize non-
compliance.
2. Avoid Unwise Commitments
Before making a promise consider
carefully whether you are willing and likely
to keep it. Think about unknown or future
events that could make it difficult,
undesirable or impossible. Sometimes, all
we can promise is to do our best.
3. Avoid Unclear Commitments
Be sure that when you make a promise,
the other person understands what you are
committing to do.
b. Loyalty
To be trusted one must be loyal to his or
husband or wife, friends, employer ,
employee, organization, citizen, and country.
Our relationships with other people creates
an expectation of allegiance, fidelity and
devotion. Hence, loyalty is a responsibility
that each one should develop and maintain
to promote the interests of certain people,
organizations or affiliations. This duty goes
xvi
beyond the normal obligation we all share to
care for others.
However, one should not sacrifice ethical
principles when giving allegiance, fidelity and
devotion to the other people to preserve his or
her integrity. He should prefer not to be loyal
than lose his credibility, integrity, and dignity.
We are only demanded to go with what is
right and legal. We should rather choose to
lose our relationship with others than our
legitimacy.
So many individuals and groups make
loyalty claims on us that we must rank our
loyalty obligations in some rational fashion.
For example, it’s perfectly reasonable, and
ethical, to look out for the interests of our
children, parents and spouses even if we
have to subordinate our obligations to other
children, neighbours or co-workers in doing
so. To be loyal we must develop the
ability
of safeguarding confidential information.
However, when keeping a secret breaks the
law, threatens or jeopardize others, it is more
important to “blow the whistle.” Employees
and public servants have a duty to make all
professional decisions on merit, unimpeded
by conflicting personal interests. They owe
ultimate loyalty to the public.
2. RESPECT
The Golden Rule in Human Relation, “Do
unto others as you would have them do unto
you,” perfectly illustrates “respect.” When respect
is observed we would prevent and pre-empt
violence, humiliation, manipulation and
exploitation. It reflects notions such as civility,
courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance
and acceptance.
Everyone has a right to be treated with
dignity. We certainly have no ethical duty to hold
xvii
all people in high esteem, but we should treat
everyone with respect, regardless of who they are
and what they have done. We have a responsibility
to be the best we can be in all situations, even
when dealing with unpleasant people.
QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON
1. Ability to Listen - When somebody is
talking he is attentively listening.
2. Treats Others With Consideration
- Respectful person doesn’t resort to
intimidation, coercion or violence except
in extraordinary and limited situations to
defend others, teach discipline, maintain
order or achieve social justice. They allow
all individuals, including maturing
children, to have a say in the decisions that
affect them.
3. Capable of Accepting Individual
differences and Beliefs – Respectful
individuals without prejudice openly
accepts principles and ideologies of others.
They judge others only on their negative
character, abilities and conduct.
3. RESPONSIBILITY
It is understood that life is full of choices
and everyone has its own judgement and decisions
to take in life. However, we are expected to be
responsible for our actions and behaviours as
rational being. Being responsible means to take
charge and be accountable of the consequences of
what we think and do. Our capacity to reason and
our freedom to choose make us morally
autonomous and, therefore, answerable for
whether we honor or degrade the ethical
principles that give life meaning and purpose.
Thus, an individual must be responsible and
accountable, pursue excellence and exercise self-
restraint. They exhibit the ability to respond to
expectations.
xviii
QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. Sense of Accountability
An accountable person leads by example
and doesn’t shift blame or claim credit for the
work of others. He considers the likely
consequences of his behaviour and associations.
He recognizes the common complicity in the
triumph of evil when nothing is done to stop it.
b. Pursuit of Excellence
Responsible person shows diligence what
he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared and
informed. They finish what they started,
overcoming rather than surrendering to obstacles.
They avoid excuses such as, “That’s just the way I
am,” or “It’s not my job,” or “It was legal,” and
always look for ways to do their work better.
c. Self-Restraint
Responsible people exercise self-control,
restraining passions and appetites (such as lust,
hatred, gluttony, greed and fear) for the sake of
longer-term vision and better judgment. They
delay gratification if necessary and never feel it’s
necessary to “win at any cost.” They realize they
are as they choose to be, every day.
4. FAIRNESS
This pillar of good character involves
issues of equality, impartiality, proportionality,
openness and due process. It is unfair to handle
similar matters inconsistently, and to impose
punishment that is not commensurate with the
offense.
The basic concept seems simple, even
intuitive, yet applying it in daily life can be
surprisingly difficult. Fairness is another tricky
concept, probably more subject to legitimate
xix
debate and interpretation than any other ethical
value. Disagreeing parties tend to maintain that
there is only one fair position (their own,
naturally). But essentially fairness implies
adherence to a balanced standard of justice
without relevance to one’s own feelings or
inclinations.
Unfair person do not scrupulously employ
open and impartial processes for gathering
and evaluating information necessary to make
decisions. In contrast, fair people do not wait for
the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant
information and conflicting perspectives before
making important judgments. They make decisions
objectively without favouritism or prejudice. They
don’t take advantage of the weakness or ignorance
of others.
5. CARING
Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical
decision-making. It is scarcely possible to be truly
ethical and yet unconcerned with the welfare of
others. That is because ethics is ultimately about
good relations with other people.
It is easier to love “humanity” than to love
people. People who consider themselves ethical
and yet lack a caring attitude toward individuals
tend to treat others as instruments of their will.
They rarely feel an obligation to be honest, loyal,
fair or respectful except insofar as it is prudent
for them to do so, a disposition which itself hints
at duplicity and a lack of integrity. A person who
really cares feels an emotional response to both
the pain and pleasure of others.
The highest form of caring is the honest
expression of benevolence, or altruism. This is
not to be confused with strategic charity. Gifts to
charities to advance personal interests are a fraud.
That is, they aren’t gifts at all. They’re investments
or tax write-offs.
xx
6. CITIZENSHIP
This pillar of good character includes civic
virtues and duties that prescribe how we ought to
behave as part of a community. The good citizen
knows the laws and obeys them. He volunteers
and stays informed on the issues of the day, the
better to execute his duties and privileges as a
member of a self-governing democratic society.
CHARACTER TRAITS
1. Alertness – Being aware of what is taking place
around.
2. Attentiveness – Showing the worth of a person or
task by giving undivided concentration.
3. Availability – Making own schedule and priorities
secondary to the wishes of those
being served.
4. Benevolence – Giving to others basic needs without
the motivation for
acquiring personal rewards.
5. Boldness – Confidence that what is say or do is
true, right, and just.
6. Cautiousness – Knowing how important right
timing is in accomplishing right actions.
7. Compassion – Investing whatever is necessary to
heal the hurts of others.
8. Contentment – Realizing that true happiness does
not depend on material conditions.
9. Creativity – Approaching a need, a task, or an idea
from a new perspective.
10. Decisiveness – The ability to recognize key factors
and finalize difficult decisions.
xxi
11. Deference – Limiting freedom so not to offend the
tastes of others.
12. Dependability – Fulfilling what is consented to do,
even if it means unexpected sacrifice.
13. Determination – Purposing to accomplish right
goals at the right time, regardless of the
opposition.
14. Diligence – Investing time and energy to complete
each task assigned.
15. Discernment – Understanding the deeper reasons
why things happen.
16. Discretion – Recognizing and avoiding words,
actions, and attitudes that could bring
undesirable consequences.
17. Endurance – The inward strength to withstand
stress and do the best.
18. Enthusiasm – Expressing joy in doing and
accomplishing each tasks.
19. Faith – Confidence that actions rooted in good
character will yield the best outcome, even
when it’s not personally observed.
20. Flexibility – Willingness to change plans or ideas
according to the direction of the
authorities.
21. Forgiveness – Clearing the record of those who have
wronged and not holding a grudge.
22. Generosity – Carefully managing resources to be
capable of freely giving to those in need.
23. Gentleness – Showing consideration and personal
concern for others.
24. Gratefulness – Letting others know by one’s
words and actions how they have benefited
one’s life.
xxii
25. Honor – Respecting those in leadership because of
the higher authorities they represent.
26. Hospitality – Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or
conversation to benefit others.
27. Humility – Acknowledging that achievement
results from the investment of others in
one’s life.
28. Initiative – Recognizing and doing what needs to be
done before being asked to do it.
29. Joyfulness – Maintaining a good attitude, even
when faced with unpleasant conditions.
30. Justice – Taking personal responsibility to uphold
what is pure, right, and true.
31. Loyalty – Using difficult times to demonstrate
commitment to those being served.
32. Meekness – Yielding personal rights and
expectations with a desire to serve.
33. Obedience – Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the
direction of the superior.
34. Orderliness – Arranging self and surroundings to
achieve greater efficiency.
35. Patience – Accepting a difficult situation without
giving a deadline to remove it.
36. Persuasiveness – Guiding vital truths around
another’s mental roadblocks.
37. Punctuality – Showing esteem for others by doing
the right thing at the right time.
38. Resourcefulness – Finding practical uses for
that which others would overlook or discard.
39. Responsibility – Knowing and doing what is expected.
xxiii
40. Security– Structuring one’s life around that
which cannot be destroyed or taken away.
41. Self-Control – Rejecting wrong desires and doing
what is right.
42. Sensitivity – Perceiving the true attitudes and
emotions of others.
43. Sincerity – Eagerness to do what is right with
transparent motives.
44. Thoroughness – Knowing what factors will
diminish the effectiveness of one’s work or
words if neglected.
45. Thriftiness – Allowing oneself and others to spend
only what is necessary.
46. Tolerance – Realizing that everyone is at varying
levels of character development.
47. Truthfulness – Earning future trust by accurately
reporting past facts.
48. Virtue – The moral excellence evident in one’s life
as consistently doing what is right.
49. Wisdom – Seeing and responding to life situations
from a perspective that transcends current
circumstances.
xxiv
CHAPTER I
FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS

AND CHARACTERISTICS
Learning Objectives is a meeting point for cultures

The Philippines
from all over Asia and the Pacific because it has been a
At the end
crossroads of thiseast
between chapter
and the students
west should
and the merging of
be able to;
cultures reflects the country’s culture and its people.
It comes from various
1. Recognize ethno-linguistic
and compare groups that are
positive and
native negative
to the islands
Filipinoortraits.
migrants from various Asia-
Pacific regions, Filipinos are the people who are
2. Identify
naturally born and appreciate
to or recognizedFilipino
with the Philippine
values
country. orientation.
China, the United States, and Spain mainly

influence the modern Filipino identity. Though
Filipinos are racially similar to Malays but in terms of
culture they are more like the Spaniards. Thus, it could
be claimed that Filipinos are the most hot-bloodied and
brave citizens in the tropical Asian cultures. Like other
countries, the Philippines has its opposing values and
labels, it is believed by the Filipinos that the country
have the best values in the world. Though it has
experienced colonization by several countries, but the
core values it has gained from the Filipino ancestors
remained intact
Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 1

and are still honoured today like the bayanihan or
spirit of kinship and camaraderie implanted by Malay
ancestors and close family ties inherited by the Chinese
ascendants.
THE MOST WELL - KNOWN TRAITS

AND ATTITUDES OF THE FILIPINO
POSITIVE TRAITS
1. Hospitality
Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino,
characterized by heart-warming generosity and
friendliness exhibited to foreigners and locals alike.
Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable.
This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos.
Most foreigners who have gone to the Philippines fell in
love with the warm hospitality they have experienced
while staying in the country. This is a kind of value
system which has existed in the country thousand of
years ago. Good thing is that the hospitality of the
Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners but to its
fellow Filipino as well.
Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following
sample situations:
a. When a person visits a friend’s house, the host
greets him or her with a very warm welcome. The
host will immediately let their visitor sit down
and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks
for the visitor. The host will insist that the friend
not leave the house with an empty stomach. A
host will always make sure you had a great time
visiting them.
b. People offer their guest room to visitors if they’re
going to spend the night.
c. Meals offered to guests are very special. A host
always finds a way to prepare great tasting food
that her visitor wants to eat.
2 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

2. Respect
This is often observed—not just by younger
people—but also by people of all ages. In the
Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a tradition.
a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the
Filipinos when talking to elders, or in order to
show respect to persons in authority. These
Filipino words mean “yes,” when answering or
talking to the elders.
b. Pagmamano - Another way of showing respect
to the elders when greeting them. This is done by
putting their elders’ hands on their foreheads
c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a
bow to their employers.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

Filipinos value their families so much that they
tend to keep families intact through the generations.
Families go to church and pray together because their
religion is important and creates a strong bond,
marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos
believe in only one God and majority of the population
are Catholics. It is a value system of the Filipinos to
pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of the
meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.
On weekends, most Filipino families make sure
to have quality time together by watching television or
eating a family meal, watch movies or going to beach
resorts.
4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also
well-known for being generous. They share what they
have to the people around them even when they only
have little.

These could be felt during birthdays, weddings
or fiesta (party). When visitors came to celebrate great
tasting special foods are specially prepared for
everyone. It is shared by friends, families or even
strangers.
When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot
refuse to help you. They are always willing to assist you
or lend a hand.
5. Strong Work Ethics

Another good thing most Filipinos have is being
hardworking people. They are always willing to work
almost the whole day to provide the needs of their
families. Filipino farmers though earning so little but
they work harder with not much compensation.
Aside from their regular work, Filipinos always
find creative ways to look for other sources of income
like creating a small business from their home where
they sell foods and other items for the convenience of
their neighbours.
6. Loving and Caring

Because of their generosity, hospitality and
religiosity, Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and
most loving people in the world.
It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino
women that most Filipino men are so sweet and
romantic when it comes to love. They will send their
beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place,
text her sweet quotes and tell often how special she
is to them. Filipino women are also romantic and
very caring, which often makes some foreigners want
to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before
their husband comes home. They love, and value the
relationship, always staying faithful to their husbands.
They love deeply and sincerely.

NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS
1. Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May”
Attitude) When Filipinos are facing difficulties
and
shortcomings they have this attitude of leaving it up
to God to sort things out. An attitude of “What Goes
Around Comes Around.” Filipinos have a tendency to
surrender the future to luck. They have that strong
confidence that everything will work out in his interest
without doing anything. Filipinos often accepts bad
news or circumstances without trying to stop or change
them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but
it can also keep us from finding ways out of situations.
Also, constantly expecting the worst can get pretty
depressing.
2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination)

True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of
causing delays in accomplishing things or making
transactions. When not interested or not in the mood,
they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to
finish what they are doing or meeting their
transactions. However, there are some Filipinos
nowadays who take their time in doing things or in
making decisions promptly. There are some who are
habitually late or not showing up at all. There are few
Filipinos who are punctual for social meetings. In fact,
it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on time
especially at a party.
The “bahala na” attitude is the outcome of the
“mañana habit” when the tasks are left undone. This is
usually shown and even expressed by people who do
not care much of what lies ahead and just leave
everything in fate.
3. Crab Mentality
This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they
tend to push each other down to clear the way for their

own gain. Filipino people with this kind of mentality
or attitude try their best to ruin each other, either by
making issues against the other for him to turn out
bad to the public or to the company or organization so
that people will gradually put distance and loss their
confidence and trust that eventually result to their
replacement.
4. Hypocrisy
This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to
others’ failure to live with the moral standards of the
society are inevitable. In the Philippines morality is
highly valued, most of us try to live up to the standards
set by the traditional society. However, as no one is
perfect, many of us are not actually able to sustain
these standards.
The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of
people to live a double standard life. To hide our failure
in following a norm, we tend to be condemning those
who are caught red handed. A perfect example could
be the criticisms faced by those who become pregnant
outside marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is
that some of these critics could have actually engaged
in premarital sex too—only that no proof is visible.
5. Ningas Cogon
Most Filipinos are very good at the start when
doing something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or
days, that excitement to do or accomplish something
is lost we and become too lazy to finish what were have
started.
6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called
“Filipino time” but not exactly referring to the Philippine

standard time, but then again we use it to refer to the
“tardiness” of the persons that we are waiting or who
keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events.
Instead of being something to be proud of, ‘Filipino
time’ brings a negative impression to our people. When
the invitation says the program will start at 7pm, it is
expected to begin at 9pm. This has not only caused
conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others
including foreigners from getting involved in
supposedly productive activities as too much time can
be wasted on waiting.
7. Gossiping
Filipinos are fond of talking about others’
business. It is not true that only women are into
gossiping. Even men can also be nosy on other people’s
lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are
emphasized; and relationships are destroyed. Worse, as
gossips are passed around, they tend to be twisted until
the final story becomes too far from the original—thus,
causing more damage.
8. Blaming
Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous.
When mistakes happen, we do not want to take the
blame, we lack humility to accept our failures, and
instead we point at others. This shows how
irresponsible we are on our actions. This attitude
destroys team work, and reliability becomes an issue.
9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and
situations of others. This could be an outcome of
having too many problems that Filipinos are facing and
the tendency is to focus on their own needs first before
others.

10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions
Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding
of the purpose of laws and ordinances have inability
to observe and follow them. Consequently, crime
victimization and accident rate in the Philippines are
constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and
lifestyle development is relaxed.
11. Attention Taker

Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus,
attracting attention is natural for them. Nevertheless,
it is a different thing to be an “epal” or “kapalmuks -
simply, being an attention grabber.
Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the
center of attention, we do things that are already
embarrassing like butting in conversations as a know-
it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also common
to our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to
give the best service to the people, they rather prioritize
their thick faces to grab attention that will bring them
more chance of winning in the next election. But thanks
to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns
more shame than fame.
12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

Another habit or attitude that we need to change
is our being too proud which usually results to being
oversensitive. If we think highly of ourselves, then
we have the tendency to put a wall around us and
that a signboard on our forehead saying, “I must be
respected.” Therefore, when someone makes a joke or
a not so positive comment about us, we feel like we
are not respected and we get offended. If all people in
the country do not know how to accept constructive
criticism, then we can never expect unity.

13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)
One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in
poverty is because of overspending. Since most people
want to live an elite lifestyle, many resort to social
climbing or living beyond their means. Sometimes,
some of us think that as long as we wear designer
clothes and shoes, and we send our children to the
most expensive schools, it is alright to be swimming in
credits and loans.
14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

Filipinos’ lack of initiative for change is also one
reason why our country does not progress. We keep on
complaining against the government and other societal
issues. However, we do not do anything about them.
One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small
actions can bring change. However, the worse reason
for this could be our lack of care for what is happening
around us. Common Filipinos also lack courage and
confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms,
churches, or conference rooms, most of us don’t like to
sit in the front seat.
15. Other Negative Traits

Some Filipino women give birth at an early age
16 (Teenage Pregnancy). Some just don’t mind their
own business. Some have many bad habits, like
drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage
in prostitution. There are many broken families. A
lot of bad words to choose from which Filipinos just
can’t avoid saying those. Most Filipinos tend to be with
friends most of the time than to be with their parents.

FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY
THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING
FILIPINO VALUES
(Excerpted from the Philippines Australia Business
Council)
1. Personalism
Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is
firmly believed that harmonious personal relationship
is the key to successful endeavours. Amicable
settlement of dispute is the primary means of restoring
broken relationships and face-to-face open forum is
considered once conflict is recognized in an
organization or the community.
2. Familialism
Filipinos are family-oriented. Development
programs and projects inthe community are
concentrated on the family. Decision on matters is
centered on the welfare and best interest of the family
rather than on the betterment and interest of some
individuals. The mistakes committed by a family
member affects the credibility and of the immediate
members of the family and relatives.
3. Particularism
Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be
good or bad is blamed against the family. It is based on
the principle that home is the cradle of human
personality and character that is, the product of
goodness is always good and those who are moulded in
wickedness, will always show-off badness. Individuals
strive to promote their own and their family’s interests
over community interests.
On the other hand, knowing how to entertain
people (marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important.

Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the
rewards of cooperation and assistance; non-conformity
is punished by withdrawal of support.
FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION

Values Orientation - Is the approach that may
influence work or social relationships by persons
relating to objects, events and ideas.
THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING FILIPINO
VALUE ORIENTATION
The relational or face-to-face interactions and
their resulting responsibilities are called interpersonal
obligations. This is in relation to the value in Filipino
cultural orientation, the personalism. Pakikiramay,
pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang are the nature
of interpersonal relationships that are inherent to the
pure-blooded Filipino people.
1. Pakikiramay
It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way
to help, without being asked, i.e., unsolicited help.
2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)

Regardless whether someone’s views are
agreeable or not, Filipinos are capable of getting along
with it. Camaraderie, trust, confidence, and loyalty are
enhanced and developed by this Filipino value.
3. Bayanihan
As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos
are able to render services and generous enough to
extend help without compensation. –Somebody can
request help in time of need from those to whom it is
extended.

4. Galang (Respect)
Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the
opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority, during
important discussions during social encounters. Verbal
clash or any sign of extreme familiarity in public
meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in
authority.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer
1. What best describes kanya – kanya syndrome?

a. ningas cogon b. crab mentality
c. que cera cera d. cow fave
2. It emphasises the welfare and interest of the family
over those of the community.
a. personalism b. particularism
c. familialism d. values orientation
3. What best describes particularism?
a. face to face encounters
b. knowing how to entertain people
c. family honour
d. emphasises the welfare and interest of the family
4. Successful leadership or being a good manager
necessitates a personal touch, and problem-solving
is effective if handled through good personal
relations. What main trait underlying Filipino
values is being referred to?
5. It is the way individuals relate to objects, events and
ideas that may influence work or social relationships.
6. What is the meaning of SIR?
a. smooth intrapersonal relationship
b. smooth interpersonal relations
c. smart interpersonal relationship
d. sincere interpersonal reaction

7. Derick gives unsolicited help to others in any way he
can. What character is he portraying?
a. bayanihan b. pakikisama
c. galang or respect d. pakikiramay
8. It indicates deference to the opinions of elders,
peers, or those in authority, during important
deliberations.
a. galang b. pakikiramay
c. pakikisama d. bayanihan
9. Filipino women are loving, and value the
relationship, always staying faithful to their
husbands. What character is being portrayed?
a. love and caring b. respect
c. hospitality d. strong work ethics
10. Filipinos always find creative ways to earn a living,
like creating a small business from their home
where they sell foods or other items for the
convenience of their neighbours. What character is
being portrayed?
a. strong family ties and religions
b. respect
c. strong work ethics
d. hospitality
11. What best illustrates respect in Filipinos?
a. Claire who always say po and opo.
b. Nick who always pray before going to sleep.
c. Henry who works hard for his family.
d. Delfin who likes to send sweet text messages.
12. Families go to church and pray together because
their religion is important and creates a strong
bond, marking God as the center of their lives. What
character is being portrayed?
a. strong family ties and religious
b. respect
c. strong work ethics
d. hospitality

13. This is prevalent in politics where people tend to
push each other down to clear the way for their own
gain.
a. hypocrisy b. ningas cogon
c. blaming others d. crab mentality
14. What is synonymous to the word procrastination?
a. ningas cogon b. kanya - kanya syndrome
c. mañana habit d. Filipino time
15. What best describes passivity?
a. lack of leadership
b. social climbing
c. being thoughtless of others
d. irresponsibility
16. It means living beyond their means.
a. lack of leadership
b. social climbing
c. being thoughtless of others
d. irresponsibility
17. Some politicians are already having their televisions
ads and posters ready even if it the campaign period
for the elections has not started. What
characteristics is being portrayed?
a. inconsideration b. gossiping
c. ningas cogon d. attention grabbing
18. Ana, the class president is being teased by her
classmates as onion – skinned. What character is
being portrayed by Ana?
a. passivity b. gossiping
c. too sensitive d. blaming others
19. Tardiness is similar to what character?
a. social climbing b. Filipino time
c. ningas cogon d. mañana habit

20. Flor is excellent in starting her projects but failed to
finish it because of laziness and lack of excitement.
What character is being portrayed by Flor?
a. ningas cogon b. hypocrisy
c. laziness d. inconsideration

CHAPTER II
NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
Learning Objectives
BASIC CONCEPTS OFchapter
NATIONALISM
ANDAt the end of this
PATRIOTISM the students should be
able to;
NATIONALISM
1. Differentiate nationalism from patriotism and
Nationalism is an and
recall their concepts ideology
types. and movement
defined by promoting the interests of a particular
nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and
maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its country of
origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each
nation should regulate itself, free from outside
intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal
political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate
source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).
It also aims to build and maintain a single
national identity, based on shared social characteristics
such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief
in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national
unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore
seeks to preserve and encourage a nation’s traditional
culture, and cultural revivals have been connected to
nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in domestic

accomplishments and is strongly associated with
patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is
often paired with other ideologies, for instance
conservatism or socialism (Finlayson2014).
Types of Nationalism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic,
cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-
definitions of countries are used to classify distinct
kinds of nationalism, although these categories are not
mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements
combine to differing degrees some or all of these
components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
The country is described from prior generations
in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the
concept of a shared culture among group members, and
generally a shared language.
The nation’s membership is hereditary. The state
derives political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic
group’s homeland and from its obligation to safeguard
the partially domestic group and as a group to promote
its family and social life.
In contrast to Western opinions of a country
defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D.
Smith utilizes the word ‘ethnic nationalism’ for non-
Western notions of nationalism.
The word “ethnonationalism” is usually used
only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit
ideology along these lines; the more generic word is
“ethnic nationalism” and is used by nationalists who
hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or
unsystematic manner.
The pejorative type of both is “ethnocentric
nationalism” or “tribal nationalism,” although “tribal

nationalism” may have a non-pejorative significance
when debating African, Native American or other
nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.
2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its
citizens ‘ active involvement and the extent to which it
reflects the “will of the individuals.” Civic nationalism
lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism,
but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of
nationalism.
Civic nation membership is regarded to be
voluntary. The growth of representative democracy
in nations such as the United States and France was
affected by civil-national values.
State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic
nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means
that the country is a community of those who
contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength, and
that there is the person to contribute to that objective.
The country is supposed to be a community of
those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and
strength, and where the person exists expressly in the
society to contribute to that objective. This often results
in fascism - generally characterized by
authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political
ideology.
3. Expansionist Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes
independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression.
The word was coined in the late 19th century as
European powers indulged in the ‘ Scramble for Africa
‘ in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely
linked with militarist governments in the 20th century,

including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese
Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great
Albania), Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater
Croatia), Hungary.
Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their
right to self-determination ; some countries are
believed to possess features or qualities that make them
superior to others. Therefore, expansionist nationalism
argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at
the cost of its neighbours.
4. Romantic Nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and
identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism
in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result
and expression of the nation’s natural. It is based on
the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets
the romantic ideal.
It expressed Romanticism’s values and opposed
the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic
culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized
by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic
nationalist notion.
5. Cultural Nationalism
The country is described by shared culture, not
solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an
instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to
China’s many national minorities. Membership in the
nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.
However, a traditional culture can be more
readily integrated into the lives of any person,
particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities
at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi,
2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as a
variety of non-civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen,
1999).

6. Third World Nationalism
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of
opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a
domestic identity.
7. Liberal Nationalism
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by
political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic
form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of
liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can
exist (Tamir,1993, Kymlicka,1995, Miller,1995). It is
asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent
life, people need a national identity and those liberal
democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.
Liberal nationalists often defend the importance
of domestic identity by stating that people need a
domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life
(Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal democratic politics
need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995,
Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of “Qu’est-ce
qu’une nation?” and John Stuart Mill are often
thought to be early liberal nationalists.
8. Religious Nationalism
Nationalism’s connection to a specific religious
faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity
and a mutual bond between the nation’s people. This
connection can be divided into two dimensions;
religion’s politicization and religion’s converse effects
on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic
unity; a common bond between the nation’s people.
The support of a national identity, comparable to a
shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another
political element of religion. More ideological is the
impact of religion on politics, where

present interpretations of religious concepts inspire
political activism and action; for instance, legislation
are enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence
(Juergensmeyer,1996).
9. Pan - Nationalism
Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country
that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural
communities (such as Turkish peoples).
10. Diaspora Nationalism

Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside
their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism,
there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United
States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere,
etc.
11. Stateless Nationalism

On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and
Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within
a nation-state aims independence.
12. National Conservatism

A political term, mainly used in Europe, to
describe a version of conservatism that focuses more
on domestic interests than conventional conservatism,
while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far-
right agenda.
13. Revolutionary nationalism
Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological
theory that calls for a domestic group united by a
shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as
radical nationalism. It was first ascribed and strongly
promulgated by Benito

Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism.
In France and Italy at the start of the 20th century,
this intellectual synthesis of “radical nationalism and
dissident society” was created.
14. Left-Wing Nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred
to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with
nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban
Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Batista, Ireland’s Sinn Féin, Israel’s Labor
Zionism and the African National Congress.
PATRIOTISM
Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love,
dedication and attachment to a country and an alliance
with other people who share the same impression. This
attachment can be a mixture of many distinct
emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or
historical elements, related to one’s own country. It is a
predominant virtue linked to a nation’s love, with
greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is
patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his
nation. He’ll never live alone egotistically. For example,
for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the
ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than
being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication
to one’s nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense of
attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or
political community or just country love.
The English word patriot is first known in the
Elizabethan period; it originated from Latin (6th
century) patriota via Middle French, meaning
“countryman,” finally from Greek (patriōtēs), meaning
‘from the same nation’ (patris), meaning “fatherland”
(Liddell & Scott, 2013). The abstract noun patriotism
appears in the

early 18th century.
By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can
be reinforced. This is the reverse of the church-state
separation requested by the Enlightenment
intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as
analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean
Bethke Elshtain both asserted that it is hard to discern
the distinction between patriotism and faith and
depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does
the label (Billig, 1995).
Kinds of Patriotism
1. Patriotism of Duty
This includes fidelity to one’s nation through
material acts. This is military service patriotism and
other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism
becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
particular actions.
2. Patriotism of Affection
This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about
one’s internal desire for his country’s well-being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of
duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one can
truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as
one can theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel
apathetic about the country’s welfare.
3. Patriotism of Manners
This is customs patriotism, written and
unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one’s
hand over the heart during the national anthem. It can
be performed by anyone without actually needing
affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of
patriotism show,

at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person,
the patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of
protocols
Types of Patriotism
1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary.
The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values,
such as respect for the flag or the honoring of
veterans. Other expressions of personal
patriotism include enlisting in the army, public
service, and participation in the political process
through voting or other forms of activism.
2. Official Patriotism – Promoted by the
government which has a high symbolic and
ceremonial content. It is a logical consequence of
the state itself, which derives legitimacy from being
the expression of the common good of the political
community.
National monuments, and veterans days
and commemoration ceremonies are typical
examples. Often official patriotism is highly
regulated by protocol, with specific methods for
handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of
allegiance.
Official patriotism relies heavily on
symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing
the national anthem, saying a pledge,
participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic
bumper sticker on one’s vehicle, or any other way
of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.
3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to
raise morale, in turn contributing to the war
effort.
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked
to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot
does not see it as inferior.

Levels of patriotism vary across time, and
among political communities. Typically, patriotic
intensity is higher when the state is under
external threat.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM

AND NATIONALISM
While the terms patriotism and nationalism were
once regarded as synonymous, distinct connotations
were assumed. While both are people’s feelings of
affection for their nation, the values on which they are
based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on
the country’s positive values— like liberty, justice, and
equality. The patriot thinks that both their country’s
state system and individuals are inherently good and
working together to achieve a better quality of life.
On the other hand, nationalism emotions are
based on the belief that one’s nation is superior to all
others. It also holds a connotation of other countries ‘
distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that
other states are competitors. While patriots do not
degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do,
sometimes to the point of calling for the global
dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar
opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs.
Historically, both positive and negative have
been the impacts of nationalism. While it has
motivated movements of autonomy, such as the Zionist
movement that formed contemporary Israel, it was also
a main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party
and the Holocaust (Longley, 2019).
According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is
proud of his nation for what it does, and the nationalist
is proud of his nation whatever it does; the first
approach generates a sense of accountability and the
second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. It is seen as the intense feeling of pride for one’s

“nation” or loyalty to one’s nation.
a. patriotism b. loyalty
c. devotion d. nationalism
2. What being illustrated by devotedly singing of the
“Lupang Hinirang”.
3. What is the term referring to the someone who loves
and respects their country?
a. nationalist b. guerrilla
c. soldier d. patriot
4. Which of the following does not illustrate patriotism?
a. fireworks during Independence day
b. singing of National Anthem
c. flag waiving
d. being proud of one’s country no matter what it
does
5. It is a feeling of attachment and commitment to a
country, nation, or political community or simply
love of country.
6. What type of nationalism where the state derives
political legitimacy from the active participation of
its citizenry and from the degree to which it
represents the “will of the people”?
a. state nationalism b. ethnic nationalism
c. civic nationalism d. liberal nationalism

7. What type of nationalism where a shared religion
can be seen to contribute to a sense of national
unity, and a common bond among the citizens of the
nation?
a. pan – nationalism
b. diaspora nationalism
c. religious nationalism
d. national conservatism
8. It is a radical form of imperialism (and not really
true Nationalism at all) that incorporates
autonomous, patriotic sentiments with a belief in
expansionism, usually by military aggression.
a. Expansionist Nationalism
b. Romantic Nationalism
c. Third World Nationalism
d. Stateless Nationalism
9. It is where it is claimed that individuals need
a national identity in order to lead meaningful,
autonomous lives, and that liberal democracies need
national identity in order to function properly.
a. Third World Nationalism
b. Diaspora Nationalism
c. Liberal Nationalism
d. Romantic Nationalism
10. It is where the nation is defined by shared culture,
and neither purely civic nor purely ethnic.
a. Romantic Nationalism
b. Liberal Nationalism
c. Religious Nationalism
d. Cultural Nationalism
11. It is a variant of Civic Nationalism, where the nation
is assumed to be a community of those who
contribute to the maintenance and strength of the
state, and that the individual exists in the
community expressly to contribute to this goal.
a. Religious Nationalism
b. State Nationalism
c. Ethnic Nationalism
d. Civic Nationalism

12. It is where nationalist sentiments result from
resistance to colonial domination in order to survive
and retain a national identity.
a. Third World Nationalism
b. Ethnic Nationalism
c. Religious Nationalism
d. Liberal Nationalism
13. It is a type of nationalism where Ethnic or Cultural
Nationalism applies to a nation which is itself a
cluster of related ethnic groups and cultures.
a. Diaspora Nationalism
b. Stateless Nationalism
c. Pan – Nationalism
d. Liberal Nationalism
14. It is an ethnic population living outside their
traditional homelands.
a. imperialism b. diaspora
c. liberalism d. nationalism
15. It is known as the patriotism of the heart.
a. patriotism of duty
b. patriotism of affection
c. patriotism of manners
d. patriotism of mind

CHAPTER III
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;
1. Recall and appreciate the birth of Filipino Nationalism.
2. Demonstrate Nationalism.
ways ofshowingFilipino
3. Create a diagram showing the development of Filipino Nationalism.
“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history.

It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that
we may be in complete openness with the men who
made that history and in intimate communion with their
thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives.”
Claro M. Recto Jr.
Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines

in the 1800s with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and
nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two
decades of Spanish rule. This served as the backbone
of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist
revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of
1896(Joaqs, 1990). These nationalistic feelings have
resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the
Philippines for political, social and economic liberty.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Philippines had been split into various
principalities known as “barangays” in the years
before the 11th century, a name originating from
Malayan ships called “balangays.” Datus, rajahs or
sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili,
2004). In 1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and established the
first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization
started in earnest.
Starting with only five ships and five hundred
men accompanied by Augustinian monks and further
strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was
able to repel competing Portuguese colonizers and lay
the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the
archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of
Maynila and Tondo in 1571 and founded Manila as the
capital of the Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky,1999).
This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the
Philippines into one political unit.
The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word “Filipino” referred to the
Philippines “Spanish criollos.” The Spanish leaders
described the natives as Indians during their 333-year
rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as
insulars, criollos, or creoles, were also called “Filipinos”
during the colonial era as well. Spanish-born Spaniards
or Philippine-based continental Spaniards were
referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage
have been called Mestizos. Despite being considered
inferior by the Peninsulars, the Creoles had enjoyed
numerous roles of state and church, and composed
most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of
domestic awareness originated from the Creoles, who
now consider themselves “Filipino.” Three significant
factors, economy, education, and parish secularization
brought it to its emergence.

These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism’s
birth. The Philippines ‘ opening to global or world
trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of
Europe’s liberal thoughts were just a few instances of
how the Philippines became a stable nation. “The first
manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the
1880s and 1890s with a reform or propaganda
movement carried out both in Spain and in the
Philippines with the aim of “propagandizing” the
circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the
social, political and financial life of the Philippines
would be changed by peaceful means (History of the
Philippine Revolution”, 2015).
OTHER CONCEPTS
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Nationalism is the secular identification and
engagement of our people with the Filipino nation and
domestic community, the Philippines as our country
and homeland. It goes beyond our family, clan, tribe,
village, city, province, religion, local culture and
religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino;
believing that we belong to one body, mind, soul, and
spirit. It’s a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a
Filipino; pride in our national cultural heritage and
manner of life, with their constraints being realized. It
involves pride in our heroes, pride in our flags, national
anthem and other symbols of our nationhood; national
pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve
our nation alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice
for it, if necessary, with our own lives.
It is a tool of change and reform ; it aims our
moral and spiritual regeneration, our liberation from
ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold
distinct views of themselves), parochialism (narrow-
mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher-
ranking individuals gave land and protection and
worked and fought for them in exchange); olonial
mentality (the internalized attitude of people’s racial
or cultural

inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery
and distorted elitism (an elite’s advocacy or presence
as a dominant component in a scheme or community).
In other words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful national
identity send and a high-minded intent.
FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON

OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES
a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus
and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa – Tao (human solidarity based
first of all on developing our nation),
g. Pagkakapantay – Pantay (equality and equity).
DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF

NATIONALISM
Filipinos had already shown their own way of
nationalism in the Spanish-colonial period. Some
fought with their pens and tongues, while others used
their arms and weapons ‘ authority. Everyone had their
own way of showing our country their love and respect.
Some even died and were able to get back our country’s
freedom that we enjoy nowadays.
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos
demonstrate their feeling of nationalism nowadays?
You could read some thoughts in this portion about
how some Filipinos show our nation their nationalism.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism,
everyone must: WORK - ACT – PARTICIPATE – RESPECT
– STAND PROUD – LOVE.

Let us work on our own. Act today, and
participate in the government. Respect everyone
including others’ raise. Stand proud for who you are.
Love everyone as how you expect they would love you
back.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine
flag and its purpose. The history and value of this flag
are connected to the freedom we have today.
Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect
our flag and its anthem and even our different symbols.
They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of
the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.
2. Be Productive
Do not rely on everything and then blame our
government, but instead make yourself productive and
helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos
are blaming the government for any adverse things
our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt
political position holders. But they’re not all. The only
issue here is that we rely too much on our government
then blame them afterwards. We should learn to stand
on our own feet and be productive and helpful not only
for ourselves, but also for everyone.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country

We must be aware and updated on the significant
issues happening in the country. Extend help to the
needy fellowmen, especially the victims of disasters like
typhoons, flooding, and the like.
Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life.
We could already demonstrate our nationalism to our
nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos
used the authority of the press to extend their
assistance

to others in the past calamities that hit our nation. They
published some data about how other individuals
might be able to assist disaster-affected individuals.
4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement

Filipinos are competitive in many ways around
the world. They are proud to be Philippines and to be
brought to the nation for the awards. For their
accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be
proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Football
Team of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas
and many more.
5. Patronize And Support Our Own Products

The Philippines has rich resources to create
quality goods and products. The manpower services we
provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will
improve more if we ourselves patronize our own
products which characterize our creativity,
resourcefulness, and industry.
In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe,
nationalism is also self-evident. Millions Filipinos now
support goods and products made by the Philippines
outside the Philippines. Everything is feasible with the
emergence of a world economy based on information
driven by free trade, market economy, and open capital
markets. The Philippine products live up to the
standard of quality in all modesty.
6. Preserve the Filipino culture

Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural
elements. They are our identity. Be proud and preserve
the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have
to keep them for the future generation.
Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown
most of their life overseas almost always return to

the Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the
feature attractions a nation with 7,107 islands offers.
Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino
Channel) subscription to get in contact with every
Filipino, forget about homesickness while overseas, and
instil the Filipino values that we see on their television.
7. Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions

Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You
will acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you
go because he or she has always been respectful of
the elders and others, using the common but certainly
classic “ho,” “oho,” “po” and “opo.” Even in modern
times, many Filipinos show and value their noble
norms and traditions. Although Filipinos overseas have
held themselves as the peak of their interest in the
prism of their domestic uniqueness with a passionate
approach to political, social and economic liberty.
Filipinos may have plurality in terms of divided islands,
language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a
common country love and vision for a better
Philippines.
8. Speak Out Our Own Language

Using our own language is manifesting and
preserving our national identity. It is our unique means
of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen.
Our language is an important tool to achieve further
unity and national development.
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’

sacrifices for our country
There were many Filipinos who died for our
democracy, freedom, and independence. Some fought
using their pens and tongues, while some used the
power of their arms and weapons. Each had their own

way of showing their love and respect to our country.
In today’s generation, let us value and treasured our
heroes sacrifices and devotion for our country. (google.
com)
10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen

The essence of life for most Filipinos is to
create their family and nation a part of their enduring
engagement. They may even express their dedication to
unpopular choices born to the advantage of the
majority. We are strongly committed to our obligations.
Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and make
private sacrifices around the clock over the weekend
hard work. These values, combined with an abundant
reservoir of patience, have been inculcated by our
beloved parents to our youthful minds.
Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is an ideal
evidence of human sacrifice for family love and nation
love. Being away from home and dealing with the
problems of life in a nation you knew no one and
risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are
exemplary, particularly when serving a well-formulated
task of supporting our family’s necessities back home
by sending remittances that, in turn, would help
increase the economy of the nation and make it more
financially stable through monetary asset
PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES

A SENSE OF NATIONALISM
Symbols are very, very important to people in
quite a lot of countries, especially if these symbols are
related to a sense of nationalism. The officially
recognized national symbols of the Philippines are:
1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue
colors and a yellow sun representing the
provinces of the country.

2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the
yellow sun with 8 rays depicting the original
provinces in the Philippines.
3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine
National anthem –
4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national
flower of the Philippines; symbolizing purity
and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and
pleasantly fragrant.
5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the
Philippines; also known as Rosewood, it is strong,
sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.
6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The
Philippines national bird. It is acknowledged to
be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle
is protected by law in the country and there is
extreme punishment for any harm done to them.
7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal – The National Hero of the
Philippines.
8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national
dance. Gracefulness is symbolized by this dance.
9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national
animal. It symbolizes industriousness and hard
work due to its use on many farms in the country.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines’ national
fish. It symbolizes versatility, because of the
many ways in which it can be cooked.
11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes
are considered the sweetest fruit in the world.
12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or
clothing style for men -(untucked shirt of thin
fabric displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical
and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro’t Saya
(skirt and blouse with no collar)

13. “Bayan Ko” and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” are the
Philippine national songs.
14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick
fighting).
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine
national plant. This plant is often used as hat,
umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino’s
resourcefulness.
16. Nipa Hut – The Philippine national house; typically
a small bamboo house with a thatched roof.
IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE

RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce
On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World
Commerce after reviewing different economic policies
1834 - 1873. This is the period of the development of
agriculture in the country because foreigners shared
their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855
in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 in
Cebu and in 1873 in Tacloban.
Consequently, strong financial activity in the
colony was stimulated that made the lives of the
Filipinos prosperous. Modern farming techniques
were introduced and the means of transportation and
communication were that boost financial advancement,
boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.
How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?

The middle class or the “Illustrados” were the
educated Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles,
novels or publication in news journal called “La
Solidaridad,” campaigned for reform in the colony in a
peaceful way. They were made up of the “principalia”

or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos
indigenous to Filipino or upper class. Their families
were “inquilinos” who leased property to the friars.
Agricultural production evolved during Philippine’s
opening to world trade, which led them to become rich.
They were able to improve their social status and send
their children to European schools. They later clamored
for reforms and equality, and their children became
propaganda movement members.
Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal’s opening shortened the distance
between the Philippines and Spain. This paved the way
for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought
liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and
brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish
Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and
imparted liberal thoughts to the Philippines. They
carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not
only in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied
positions in municipal government, the amount of
Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to
improve material wealth and gain social prestige by
gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing.
Colonizers keep the Filipinos tightly protected.
Secularization Movement
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest
from the Spanish friars was one of the effects of
Europe’s spreading of liberal ideas.
There Are Two Types of Priests:
1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates – They belong to
specific religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits,
Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only
Spanish priests could be regular priests.

2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests –These priests were
not religious orders and were under the
archbishop’s oversight.
1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in
the Philippines these are the Augustinian, Recollects,
Dominican, and Franciscan.
Council of Trent
It was stated that Secular priests should control
the parishes relates to deacons and priests who are not
monastics or members of a religious institute. But few
secular priests are accessible because some of them
have been sent to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination
of Filipino clergys and the racial and national conflict
with the Friars.
19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were
qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada -
He was the one who boost and inspired the
Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in
Spain
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who
is an autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov.
Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in
one hand and a sword in the other. He decide to restor
old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino’s
from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in
1580) and tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had
been enjoying.
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by
Sgt. Fernando La Madrid, who took control of the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards.
Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the
rebellion.

The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La
Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the Rebellion’s
mastermind.
Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified
against the GOMBURZA
February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priests
at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA – Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in
Cavite who held the most senior position of the three as
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic
and accepted the death penalty calmly as though it
were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos , was of Spanish descent, born in
the Philippines. He was a parish priest of the Manila
Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal
Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at
the time and was active and outspoken in advocating
the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the
seculars and was known to weep like a child.
Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the
Philippines. He was the parish priest of Marikina and
was known to be unfriendly to and would not
countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior
from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a
Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
Issues On The Three Priests
1. Fr. Gomez – Participated in secularization but no
longer active in 1872 and he was already more than
80 years old.
2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
3. Fr. Zamora – Victim of mistaken identity since the
warrant of arrest was addressed to a certain Jose
Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at
that time.

GomBurZa Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests
because of the death of secular priests in the 19th
century. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to
be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,
Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872
by Garrote after being implicated as master minds in
Cavite Mutiny. At the death of the three priests the
crowd paid respect when they removed their hats and
knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the
order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.
Garrote - Is an execution technique previously
practiced in Spain where a tightened iron collar is used
to strangle or break a convicted person’s neck. It is said
to be the form of execution performed to the three
priests.
The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution
It is considered as the beginning of Filipino
Nationalism in the Philippine history because the
three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal
punishment for the nation.
Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement
Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo
de Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was
founded in 19th century by the illustrados, to improve
the lives of low Indios thru reforms or changes
implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr.
Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of
law who laid the foundation of the movement in
Madrid.
Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to
spread opinion and beliefs by means of pen and
tongue; literally means the propagation of a given
opinion.
Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the
country to escape persecution in1872. They didn’t have
the intention of achieving social changes through
armed struggle and revolution rather they campaign for
reform

or change by way of writing . They advocated reform by
writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were
popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain,
England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes
(legislative branch in Spanish government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the
right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and
assembly.
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda
Movement:
1. Emergence of Middle Class
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General
Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos
THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and
the most prolific writer among the Propagandists. His

pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan
commonly known and acclaimed as the “Father of
Philippine Nationalism” due to his intellectual and
idealistic support for Philippine Independence. For him
Spanish colonial system itself should be blamed for the
unfortunate state of the Filipinos and the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in
Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his
alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled” Sa
Aking mga Kabata”(To My Fellow children) a poem
that talks about love for one’s language. At the age of 9,
he was sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino
Cruz. In 1872, changed his family name from Mercado
to Rizal because Mercado was closely identified to Fr.
Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In
1877, he graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo,
Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas,
took up medicine while taking up agrimensura
(surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal’s poem A la juventud
Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in
literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario-
Artisticio.
The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after
the judge learned that it was written by Filipino. In
1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his
parents and finished medicine in Universidad Central
de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien
Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his written
essay, where he showed how the ancient civilization of
Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Mga
Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young women of Malolos)
He commended the 20 women of Malolos who bravely
disobeyed their parish priest by establishing a night
school where they could learn the Spanish language.
He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a
novel about social reality in the Philippines in 19th
century. On February 1888, he was forced to leave
Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and
England causing him to learned numerous language.
On July 3, 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in
Tondo Manila, to foster cooperation among Filipinos,
to help

each other in times of needs, to promote education and
agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an
exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little boys, he
built artesian well for more effective irrigation system,
and he served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken.
He was requested to go to Cuba to serve as military
doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being
connected with revolution which broke out in the
Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort
Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal association.
On December 30,1896, he was executed in
Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given to his sister
Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid inside the cocinilla de
alcohol (cooking lamp).
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest
journalist of Reform Movement. Born on August 30,
1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his
grandmother’s surname based on Gov. General Narciso
Claverias decree in 1849- “Filipinos should adopt a
Spanish Surname.”
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully
obtained the degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de
San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas
but unable to finish it because he was suspended when
he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also
imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married
his second cousin Marciana del Pilar where they have
7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He
was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He
delivered speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in
cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and
the injustices his family experienced from them.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who
mastered the use of satire (the use of humor, irony,
exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize
people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of
contemporary politics and other topical issues). He
was

the co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in the
Philippines “Diariong Tagalog” where he published
his nationalistic article including the Tagalog
translation of Jose Rizal’s “El Amor Patrio.” His other
writings were:
a. Caingat Cayo – He defended here the Noli Me
Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan – Collection of revised
Catholic Prayers where he exposed the true
nature of the friars.
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba
Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng
Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong
babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic
Supremacy in the Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina ( The Frailocracy in the
Philippines)
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of
Deodato Arellano, a propagandist and first president of
the Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in
the Philippines known as the “Junta de propaganda.”
His pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat,
V. Garcia and Plaridel.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His
parents encourages him to become a priest. However,
Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the
seminary and enrolled in the School of Medicine in
University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial
difficulties he wasn’t able to finish his medical degree
and forced to go back in IloIlo. The poor people of
IloIlo consulted him for medical problems. He started
the campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing “Fray
Botod” (La hija de fraile) means “Big - Bellied Friar.”
In his work he

revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars
as represented by Fray Botod.
He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in
1880, and then he went to Valencia Spain and
continues his medical degree but later shifted to
journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of
LOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and was
acclaimed as the “Prince of the Filipino Orators” and
the great orator of the Reform Movement. His pen
name was Diego Laura and he founded the La
Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the
mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote
articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He
became a member of the freemasonry and founded
masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.
For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy
or monastic supremacy was the root cause of
impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish
colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight
from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear
it the next day without being laundry.
OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS

DR. PEDRO PATERNO
A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled
“Ninay,” the 1st Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino’s
developed culture.
ANTONIO LUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a
biographical sketch that depicts the actual life in the
Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects
of the educational system for women. His pen name
was Taga-ilog.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be “Supremo of Katipunan” was one
of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters,
essays and dialogue while his writing are:
• Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he
discussed the importance of loving motherland.
• Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how
Philippines entered an era of darkness under the
Spaniards
• He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog
- it did not only refer to particular ethnic group
but to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of
water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully
called Tagalog.
His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He
prepared a Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros
“Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan” but
later adopted the “Kartilla ng Katipunan” of Emilio
Jacinto.
EMILIO JACINTO
Regarded as the“Brain of the Katipunan.” Born on
Dec. 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took up Bachelor of
Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took
up law from University of Sto. Tomas but he was not
able
to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan
in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla
ng Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide
for Katipuneros. His other works are Liwanag at Dilim
and La Patria.
He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an
official newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue
Rizal while waiting the ship going to Cuba but Rizal
refused to be rescued. He fought with cazaderos or
spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna,
where

he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria
on April 6, 1899 in Sta Cruz Laguna.
THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement’s failure paves the way for
a movement that advocates armed struggle to achieve
liberty.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day
that news about Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. Deodato
Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed
by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The KKK
members were divided when it increased more than
one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category
has its own password and members undergo blood
compact.
Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used
triangle method to recruit members, where every
member should recruit two new members who would
only know each other after passing the initiation rites.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. He is considered the champion of Filipino
nationalism.
a. Jose P. Rizal b. Andres Bonifacio
c. Claro M. Recto d. Claro M. Recto Jr.
2. Which of the following is not a classification of
Filipino Nationalism?
a. It is the love of our country and God.
b. It is our loyalty to other nations.
c. It is cherishing what is Filipino.
d. It extends our love of freedom.
4. What is the meaning of the Filipino term pagsasarili?
a. self – reliance b. national loyalty
c. human solidarity d. equity
5. It means intolerance toward those who hold
different opinions from oneself.
a. parochialism b. bigotry
c. colonialism d. feudalism
6. It is a system in which people were given land and
protection by people of higher ranks, and worked
and fought for them in return.
a. colonialism b. elitism
c. feudalism d. bigotry
7. What specific symbol represents our identity as
Filipinos or citizens?
a. Manny Pacquiao b. Philippine Flag
c. Ninoy Aquino d. President Duterte
8. It is our unique means of communicating and
interacting with our fellowmen.
a. being productive citizen
b. preserving our culture
c. speaking out our own language
d. respecting everyone
9. What is the official title of our Philippine National
Anthem?
a. Bayang Magiliw
b. Lupang Hinirang
c. Land of the Morning
d. Chosen Land
10. It is the national flower of the Philippines:
symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is
small, white, and pleasantly fragrant.
a. gumamela b. ilang – ilang
c. waling – waling d. sampaguita
11. What is being symbolized by the dance cariñosa and
tinikling?
a. sweetness b. gracefulness
c. industriousness d. simplicity
12. It symbolizes versatility, because of the many ways
in which it can be cooked.
a. mango b. Philippine Eagle
c. Jose P. Rizal d. bangus
13. It is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial
political control over another country, occupying it
with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
a. colonialism b. feudalism
c. elitism d. bigotry
14. These are Spanish - born Spaniards or mainland
Spaniards residing in the Philippines.
a. creoles b. insulares
c. peninsulares d. indios
15. Juan De La Cruz’s mother is Spanish by blood and
nationality while his father is a pure blooded
Filipino. What do you call the nationality of Juan De
La Cruz?
a. creoles b. insulares
c. peninsulares d. mestizo

16. These are educated Filipinos who are campaigning
for reform in the colony in a peaceful means by
writing essays, articles, novels or publishing in
newspapers.
a. illustrados b. principalia
c. inquilinos d. meztizos
17. These are families who rented lands to the Spanish
Friars.
a. illustrados b. principalia
c. inquilinos d. meztizos
18. It is a political and moral philosophy based on
liberty and equality.
a. liberalism b. feudalism
c. authoritarianism d. colonialism
19. It is the transfer of the parishes from the Spanish
friars to the Filipino priest.
a. feudalism b. colonialism
c. liberalism d. secularization
20.Father Damaso is priest who belongs to the
Recollect Order. What type of priest is he?
a. secular priest b. friar curates
c. parish priest d. irregular priest
21. He was considered as the champion of the Filipino
clergys who exposes the discrimination of Filipino
clergies.
a. Governor Carlos Maria Dela Torre
b. Father Pedro Pelaez
c. Rafael De Izquierdo
d. Father Jacinto Zamora
22. He was the most well - loved Governor General who
applied democratic and liberal ideas.
a. Juan Primo
b. Francisco Seranno
c. Carlos Maria Dela Torre
d. Rafael De Izquierdo

23. It is a brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Fort San Felipe Arsena, Cavite which
became the excuse for Spanish repression of the
embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
a. execution of Rizal
b. Cavite Mutiny
c. Rizal’s Mutiny
d. Propaganda
24. It is a force labor of Filipino men in 1580 and tribute
(tax).
a. polo y servicio b. polo y sentencia
c. polo y selencio d. polo y asado
25. These are people who are fighting for certain rights
and privileges of a particular group.
a. friars b. heroes
c. indios d. martyrs
26. He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known
to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain.
a. Father Jose Burgos
b. Father Jacinto Zamora
c. Father Mariano Gomez
d. Francisco Zaldua
27. It is a systematic effort to spread opinion and beliefs
by means of pen and tongue.
a. propaganda b. secularization
c. colonialism d. nationalism
28. He was known as the Father of Filipino Nationalism.
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Jose Rizal
d. Antonio Luna

29. Who is the national hero who had the pen name
“taga – ilog”?
a. Antonio Luna b. Graciano Lopez Jaena
c. Pedro Paterno d. Andres Bonifacio
30.It became the mouthpiece of the Propaganda
movement.
a. Katipunan b. Diariong Tagalog
c. La Solidaridad d. Kalayaan
31. What is the meaning of KKK?
a. Kapatiran ng mga Kawani ng Karimlan
b. Kataas – taasan, Kagiliw – giliw na Katipunan ng
mga Ina ng Bayan
c. Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan
d. Kagalang – galang, Kataas – taasan na Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan
32. He was the first President of Katipuneros.
a. Deodato Arellano b. Andres Bonifacio
c. Roman Basa d. Emilio Jacinto
33. He was considered the Brain of the Katipunan.
a. Jose Rizal b. Emilio Jacinto
c. Andres Bonifacio d. Antonio Luna
34. What is the official newspaper of the Katipunan?
a. Katipunan b. Diariong Tagalog
c. La Solidaridad d. Kalayaan
35. What is the pseudo name of Andres Bonifacio?
a. Supremo
b. Agapito Bagumbayan
c. Pingkian
d. Diego Laura
36. It was the 1st Filipino novel that shows the Filipino’s
had a developed culture.
a. Noche Buena b. Sampaguita
c. Ninay d. Los Dos Mundo

37. Which of the following is not a classification of the
Katipunan members?
a. katipon b. kawal
c. bayani d. kawani
38.He was the Prince of the Filipino Orators / great
orator of the Reform Movement.
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Emilio Jacinto
c. Graciano Lopez Jaena
d. Antonio Luna
39. Which of the following is not a pseudo name of
Marcelo H. Del Pilar?
a. Dolores Manapat b. Diego Laura
c. Piping Dilat d. Plaridel
40. He is a Bicolano soldier who testified against the
GOMBURZA.
a. Francisco Zaldua
b. Pedro Paterno
c. Gregorio Sanciangco
d. Pedro Govantes

CHAPTER IV
FILIPINO CORE VALUES
Learning Objectives
BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES
At the end of this chapter the students should be
Core
able to; values are a person’s or organization’s
fundamental beliefs. These guiding principles dictate
1. Recognize
conduct and canand relate
assist Filipino values,
individuals to know its the
structures, models, philosophical
distinction between right and wrong. It also assists
foundations
organizations and elements.
by establishing an unwavering guide to
determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil
their objectives. Values are essential because they assist
us to grow. They assist us build the future that we want
to experience.
Hundreds of choices are made every day by every
person and every organization. The choices we make
reflect our values and beliefs and are always aimed at a
particular purpose. That aim is our person or collective
(organizational) needs to be satisfied. When we make
choices using our values, we create a conscious decision
to concentrate on what matters to us. They create inner
cohesion within a group when values are shared.

FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM
Race strains and cultural components such
as Aeta have derived Filipino values. Indonesians,
Malayan, Hindu and Chinese who created our moral
scruples core. Cultural individuality combined with
Spain-derived cultural components. The U.S. and the
contemporary planetary society ( Panopio and Rolda.
2000 ). You can find Filipinos in almost every part of
the globe. We rejoice at the sight of other co-Filipinos
when we’re in a foreign nation as if there’s something
that connects us. Sometimes, if we don’t know a
person’s nationality, but he or she looks like a Filipino,
we often ask, “Filipino ka ba?” And we are happy
when he or she answered “yes.” However, if someone
fails to satisfy our expectations in the manner they
answer questions or in the manner they act, we say in
frustration, “kapwa Filipino pa naman.”
Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that
“there are no negative Filipino values, only the wrong
use of values”. Values slowly alter, but it depends on
how powerful families are to preserve, promote and
pass on our cultural values from one generation to the
next.
Here in the Philippines, values are really of
importance and should be respected. As we grow older,
our parents shaped us different values. From the time
we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga, at pakialam
(Care) were given by them. This value shapes our real
Filipino culture, showing that we are conscious of
others.
The Filipino value system relates to the set of
values or the value system that has historically been
held by a majority of Filipinos in their life. This system
of Philippine values involves the distinctive
combination of coherent ideologies, moral codes,
ethical procedures, cultural etiquette and private values
promoted by the Philippine society. However, as with
any culture, the values held sacred by any person may
vary on the grounds of religion, education, and other
variables.

As a general description, Filipinos’ separate value
system is mainly rooted in private alliance systems,
particularly those based on kinship, duty, friendship,
religion (especially Christianity) and business
interactions.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
OF FILIPINO VALUES
For the most part, Filipino values are focused on
preserving social harmony, mainly driven by a group’s
willingness to be accepted. The primary sanction
against diverging from these values are “Hiya” ideas,
approximately translated as “a sense of shame,” and
“Amor proper” or “self-esteem.” Social approval,
group recognition, and group membership are
significant issues. Caring for what others believe, say or
do is a powerful influence on Filipinos ‘ social
behaviour.
The Filipino philosophy is basically’ non-
dualistic,’ according to anthropologist Leonardo
Mercado. He concludes, based on his linguistic analysis
of Filipino value terms such as “loob” (Cebuano buot),
that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal
relationships, but also with nature and religion, while
remaining non- dichotomous. The Filipino wants to
harmonize the object and the subject while keeping
both as distinct at the same time.
MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model
A “legal and formal” model is defined as the
international model. Filipinos from Western cultures,
particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans,
inherited the foreign model. An example of foreign or
exogenous impact is the bureaucracy displayed in the
Philippine government.

2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Described as a “traditional and non-formal”
model or guide, the indigenous model is deeply
integrated in the Filipinos ‘ subconscious.
STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS

OF FILIPINO VALUES
The Filipino value system is known to possess
significant key components based on research, surveys,
observations, anecdotes and other literatures
developed by scholars and researchers in relation to
Filipino social values or core values, together with the
Filipino character or identity of a person or individual
known as the Filipino.
One may notice how Hiya (ownership/dignity),
Pakikisama (companionship/esteem), and Utang Na
Loob (gratitude/solidarity) are simply Surface Values
— readily seen and appreciated by many Filipinos.
These three values are deemed branches of a single
origin — Filipino Personality’s real core value —
Kapwa.
It implies’ totality,’ referring to society, or not
doing stuff alone. Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi
Ibang Tao(not other people) are two types of Kapwa.
The Surface Values spin off the Core Value through
Pakikiramdam’s Pivotal Aspect or mutual internal
perception (“feeling for someone else”).
Other notable elements or motivations are
optimism about the future, pessimism about current
circumstances and activities, concern and concern
for other individuals, the presence of friendship and
friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, spiritual
nature, respect for oneself and others, respect for the
female members of society, fear of God, and
abhorrence of cheating and other acts.
The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the
following elements: family unit solidarity, security of
the Philippine economy, orientation towards small-
groups,

personalism, the concepts of “loob” or “kalooban”
(meaning “what’s inside the self,” the “inner self” or
the “actual personal feelings of the self”), existence and
maintenance of smooth interpersonal relationships,
and the sense of the self.
In a broader image, these values are categorized
into particular clusters or “macroclusters”:
1. Cluster of Relationships
2. Social Cluster
3. Cluster of Livelihoods
4. Cluster of Inwardness
5. Cluster of Optimism
THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES

Based on Dr. Ramirez’s study “The Filipino
Worldview and Values” and her perspectives as a
phenomenological sociologist from centuries of
practice, here are the Five Core Filipino Values based
on a Filipino’s Basic Aspirations.
Mapagpasalamat
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos
to “Pamumuhay” (Life) and “Pananalig sa Diyos at
Kapwa” (God and People Faith). Filipinos understand
how life can be enjoyed. We have plenty of vacations,
celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos are
cheerful and sociable, of course. Even in depressing
circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That’s
because we’re always looking at life’s bright side.
We always have a positive outlook because, even
in the smallest things, we always find things to be
grateful for. We would always say “Salamat sa Diyos”
(Thank God) whenever excellent things occur because
Filipinos would attribute the blessings of life to the
Higher Being

from whatever religion. We also recognize other
people’s excellent acts towards us and do our utmost to
return the favor.
Matatag
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural
disasters, have adjusted and learned to be powerful in
moments of need and in difficult circumstances that
life throws at us. This power is derived from our love
for our family and our belief in the greater being. This
is based on Filipino’s “Kaayusan” (Order) aspiration.
In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines
is “Ayos Na.” When we are able to overcome
problems, we say “Ayos Na.” We Filipinos are longing
for “Kaayusan,” and we will endure all and be powerful
in the midst of hardships and challenges until we
overcome the barriers.
Masigasig
We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos
dream of something. We’re doing it for our loved ones
and relatives. This is based on the “Kasaganaan”
(Abundance) and “Ginhawa” (Relief) aspiration of
Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a Filipino
aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon
(Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino translation for
Happy New Year because we match happiness and
celebration with abundance.
“Ginhawa” in Bisaya implies breath. And the
soft breath flow is the soft life flow we call “Ginhawa.”
“Ginhawa” is the feeling of well-being in a Filipino,
according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa. Overseas
Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance of
enduring being away from home to offer their families a
healthy life – abundance and relief from hardships.

Mapagmalasakit
It is because of our family love extended to
friends, neighbors and others that naturally
sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion allows us to
assist others without in exchange asking for anything.
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Loob at
Damdamin” and “Kapwa” (Other People). “Loob” is
the seat of the dignity of the Philippines. Filipino’s
personality is expressed in his “kalooban.” Filipinos
tune in the “kalooban” of each other by checking the
situation of each other and talking about the life of each
other.
Filipinos use “kapwa” to refer not only to a
stranger, but to a relative, a neighbor next door, a
distant relative, or a friend because of our family
culture. Our characteristic of “Mapagmalasakit”
makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of
Bayanihan–to unite and assist one another during
calamities and to celebrate together on unique
occasions.
Magalang
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand
kissing) are separate methods of regard for Filipino
people. We say these phrases and use this gesture to
demonstrate our respect and love to elderly. The
Filipinos’ respect is not just limited to the elderly but
also to other people’s properties, emotions, and ideas.
We are polite people. Our language is also respectful
because it has no sex bias. For example, the phrases
“kapatid” (brother/ sister) or asawa (husband/wife) or
“biyenan” (father- in-law/mother-in-law) or “anak”
(son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These
words are certainly sex- friendly Filipino uniquely. Our
respect for other people is an integral part of our
culture and our language. This is based on our “Lakas
ng Loob” or “Kagandahang Loob” aspiration.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
CORE VALUES
Being a noble profession the police service
demands from its members specialized understanding
and abilities, as well as great standard of ethics and
morality.
The members of the Philippine National Police
must therefore conform to and internalize the key
principles of:
• Love of God.
• Respect for authority.
• Respect for women
• Respect for sanctity of marriage.
• Stewardship over material things
• Responsible dominion
• Truthfulness
The Police service in the Philippines is expressed
in the acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE
stands for:
SERVANT HOOD
As police affirm its unconditional service and
love for the nation and individuals, Police value a
supportive and professional role serves and protects its
clientele and community with honesty, utmost devotion
and commitment above private concern.
EXCELLENCE
Police are committed in doing and making things
occur effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts
as they strive to accomplish more consistently and
outstandingly with tangible outcomes and far beyond
their best.

RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY
Police carry out and execute their responsibilities
and tasks as their moral duty is to serve the public with
due diligence and always bearing in mind that they
are accountable and duty bound to promote the public
interest.
VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT

FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Police always maintain their fellow human
beings’ dignity whenever they cater their needs and are
delicate and cautious in serving and protecting them
with compassion and utmost regard for their human
rights.
INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent
position in the fulfillment of their obligation to live
an honest, upright and dignified life according to the
highest ethical and moral norms where their advocacy,
values and convictions are compatible with their words
and actions.
COURAGE
From their moral strength police draw their
collective and individual power of approach to always
accept difficult duties, and they are courageous enough
to speak out against temptation, anomalies, corruption
and exploitation and stand firm.
EMPOWERMENT
Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration,
nurture volunteerism and operate in harmony with
their clientele by training individuals for a better and
safer society in the process.

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. It is approximately translated as “a sense of shame,”
and “Amor proper” or “self-esteem.
a. hiya b. galang
c. pakikiramay d. bayanihan
2. Police take an uncompromising and coherent
position in the fulfillment of their obligation to live
an honest, upright and dignified life according to
the highest ethical and moral norms where their
advocacy, values and convictions are compatible
with their words and actions.
a. courage b. integrity
c. valuing people d. empowerment
3. As police affirms its unconditional service and love
for the nation and individuals, Police value a
supportive and professional role serves and protects
its clientele and community with honesty, utmost
devotion and commitment above private concern.
a. excellence b. empowerment
c. servant hood d. courage
4. Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural
disasters, have adjusted and learned to be powerful
in moments of need and in difficult circumstances
that life throws at us. This power is derived from our
love for our family and our belief in the greater
being.
a. matatag b. masigasig
c. mayabang d. mapagpasalmat
5. It is because of our family love extended to friends,
neighbors and others that naturally sympathetic
Filipinos. This compassion allows us to assist others
without in exchange asking for anything.
a. masigasig b. mapagpasalmat
c. matatag d, mapagmalasakit
CHAPTER V
RELATED PHILIPPINE LAWS THAT PROMOTES

NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;
1. Recognize differentlawsthatpromote
nationalism and patriotism in the Philippines.
2. Discuss Gender and Development and its related laws.
1. Republic Act No. 10086 - An act strengthening

peoples’ nationalism through Philippine history
by changing the nomenclature of the National
Historical Institute into the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines, strengthening its
powers and functions, and for other purposes;
also known as the Philippine Cultural Heritage
Act of 2010.
2. Republic Act 8044 – also known as the Youth in
Nation-Building Act; an act creating the National
Youth Commission, establishing a National
Comprehensive and Coordinated Program
on Youth Development, Appropriating funds
therefore, and for other purposes.
3. Republic Act No. 1425 - an act to include in the
curricula of all public and private schools,
colleges and universities courses on the life,
works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
Chapter V: Related Philippine Laws that Promotes 69

Nationalism and Patritism
authorizing the printing and distribution thereof,
and for other purposes
4. The 1987 Constitution
5. Republic Act No. 10390 - an act amending republic
act no. 7306, entitled “an act providing for the
establishment of the people’s television network,
incorporated, defining its powers and functions,
providing for its sources of funding and for other
purposes; also known as “An Act Revitalizing the
People’s Television Network, Incorporated”.
6. Republic Act No. 9512 - approved last December
12, 2008; also known as an act to promote
environmental awareness through
environmental education and for other purposes
or the National Environmental Awareness and
Education Act of 2008.
It is an act to promote environmental awareness
through Environmental Education (EE) and covers the
integration of EE in the school curricula at all levels, be
it public or private, including day care, preschool, non-
formal, technical, vocational, indigenous learning, and
out-of-school youth courses or programs.
Section 6 of the Act says that the DepEd, CHED,
TESDA, DENR, DOST and other relevant agencies, in
consultation with experts on the environment and the
academe, shall lead in the implementation of public
education and awareness programs on environmental
protection and conservation through collaborative
interagency and multi-sectoral effort at all levels.It also
declares November as the Environmental Awareness
Month in the Philippines

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Philippine Commission on Women defined
Gender and Development as the development
perspective and process that is participatory and
empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of
self-determination and actualization of human
potentials.
Gender and Development (GAD) approach
focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences
between men and women and emphasizes the need to
challenge existing gender roles and relations.
GAD was developed in the 1980’s as an
alternative to the Women in Development (WID)
approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not
concerned specifically with women, but with the way in
which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and
expectations to both women and men. GAD applies
gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and
women work together, presenting results in neutral
terms of economics and efficiency.
The World Bank was one of the first international
organizations to recognise the need for Women in
Development, appointing a WID Adviser in 1977. In
1984 the bank mandated that its programs consider
womens’ issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper
on Gender and Development, reflecting current
thinking on the subject. This policy aims to address
policy and institutional constraints that maintain
disparities between the genders and thus limit the
effectiveness of development programs.
Gender and Development (GAD) is concerned
with women and her specific roles, responsibilities and
expectations in the society. It also analyzes the nature
of women’s contribution within the context of work
done both inside and outside the household and
reflects the public/private dichotomy that undervalues
the work done by women in the home.
(http://www.sbma.com/ gender-and-development-
program)
GAD focuses on the principle that development is
for all. Everyone in society, female or male, has the
right

to equal opportunities to achieve a full and satisfying
life.
It does not define the following:
1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti-Male
3. Both women and men are victims although
women more than men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender
equality
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND

ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995- 2025
National Plan that addresses provides and
pursues full equality and development for men and
women. Approved and adopted by former President
Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8,
1995, it is the successor of the Philippine Development
Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive No.
348 of February 17, 1989.
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates
for non-discriminatory and pro-gender equality and
equity measures to enable women’s participation in the
formulation, implementation and evaluation of policies
and plan for national, regional and local development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21,
2011
Addressing to all Government Departments
including their attached agencies, offices, bureaus,
State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Government-
Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and all
other government instrumentalities as their guidelines
and procedures for the establishment, strengthening

and institutionalization of the Gender And Development
(GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of
1995.
It is an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment
Unlawful in the Employment, Education or Training
Environment, and for other purposes” was approved on
February 14, 1995 and became effective on March 5,
1995.
Republic Act 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004.
It protects the family and its members
particularly women and children from violence and
threats to their personal safety and security.”
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and Nation
Building Act.
The Act provides guidance and measures that
will mobilize and enhance participation of women in
the development process in ways equal to that of men.
Memorandum Circular No. 48 Series of 2013
Directing all concerned government agencies to
adopt the Gender Equality Guidelines in the
development of their respective Media Policies and
Implementing Programs in order to promote gender
mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law. It is a law in the
Philippines, which guarantees universal access to
methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual
education, and maternal care.
1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)
The State recognizes the role of women in nation
building and shall promote the FUNDAMENTAL
EQUALITY before the law of women and men.

SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
“An extremely important part of an individual’s identity

and one that begins at least at birth, is gender.”
- Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012.
It is more than just knowing that you are male or

female. Identification of sex is usually clearly
internalized by the age of 3 but begins around the age
of 18 months.
Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics
that identifies the social behaviour of women and men
and the relationship between them. Gender alludes not
simply to women or men but the relationship between
them and the way it is socially constructed. Since
gender biases exist and these biases prevent people
from attaining their full potentials, development is
impeded.
SEX GENDER
Categorized as male or Masculinity and femininity
female
Biological Socially, culturally and
historically determined
Fixed at birth Learned through
socialization
Does not change across Varies over time and space
time and space
Equally valued Unequally valued (masculin-
ity as the norm)
Gender identity / gender role includes knowledge

of a large set of rules and expectations for what boys
and girls should wear, how they should speak and act,
and their ‘place’ in the overall structure of the society.
It can be affected by:
1. Race - each of the major divisions of humankind,
having distinct physical characteristics.

2. Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging to a
social group that has a common national or
cultural tradition.
3. Social Class - a division of a society based on
social and economic status; upper class, new
money, middle class, working class, working
poor, and poverty level.
4. Religion - a particular system of faith and
worship.
5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the
Earth
COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER

1. If a father does the household work, he is
considered as “under the saya.”
2. Men are better leaders and administrators than
women.
3. It is the woman’s fault if she is being harassed
sexually when she is wearing skimpy clothing.
4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first
to a boy.
5. The mother should be the only one responsible
for child-rearing and parenting.
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER

1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms,
roles and expectations are learned and internalized.
2. Gender Socialization – is the process by which
norms and expectations in relation to gender are
learned by women and men.
3. Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or
limitation given to roles and expectations of males
and females. These may affect the gender equality
and inequality in the society.

4. Gender equality – gives men and women the
entitlement to all aspects of human development.
5. Gender inequality – refers to unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on their gender.
GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE

DIFFERENTIATIONS
Attributed by a given culture to women and men,
in the following aspects:
1. Social Roles
2. Capacities
3. Traits And Characteristics
1. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES

BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
MEN WOMEN
Provides financially for the Takes care of the house and
family children
Works as managers, Works as a nurse, teacher ,
construction builders or secretary
engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
2. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN

MEN AND WOMEN
MEN WOMEN
Good in math and science Good in arts and less
intellectual pursuits
Physically strong Physically weaker and fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy – washy or fickle
minded in decision making

3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
MEN WOMEN
active passive
aloof loving
aggressive peaceful
independent dependent
brave fearful
AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION

According to Dr. Ralph G. Perrino (2000),
family, school, peers, mass media, public opinion, and
religion play a major role in the socialization and,
ultimately, the education process. Each of us proceeds
through life in a manner that we often believe is under
our immediate control and influence. It seems logical
that the actions we take and the impact of those actions
is based upon a series of logical, rational, decisions
selected and filtered by choice, not chance.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in
which to assess one’s lot in life, it is far from reality,
particularly in the area of education. One of the most
dramatic impacts on a child’s education is that of the
socialization process.
1. Family
2. Church
3. Mass Media
4. School
5. Peers
A. FAMILY
In the context of human society, a family (from
Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by

consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage
or other relationship), or co-residence (relatives and
servants). It is also known as the basic unit for raising
children. In most societies, the family is the principal
institution for the socialization of children. (family.
lovetoknow.com)
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY
1. Immediate family - may include spouses, parents,
brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters.
2. Extended family - may include grandparents,
aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and
siblings - in-law. Sometimes these are also
considered members of the immediate family,
depending on an individual’s specific
relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY
STRUCTURES
1. Matrifocal Family - this kind of family occurs
commonly where women have the resources
to rear their children by themselves or where
men are more mobile than women; opposite of
patrifocal family.
2. Patriarchal Family - is a family in which the
father is considered head of household; this is
true regardless of which parent is the primary
breadwinner (in a household with a working
mom
and stay-at-home dad; also known as father –
centered family or father dominated family;
opposite of matriarchal family.
3. Conjugal Family / Nuclear Family / Single Family –
a traditional form of family that includes only the
husband, the wife, and unmarried
children who are not of age.
4. Avuncular Family – a family composed of a
grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her
children
5. Childless Family - is sometimes the “forgotten
family,” as it does not meet the traditional

standards set by society. Childless families
consist of a husband and wife living and working
together. Many childless families take on the
responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive
contact with their nieces and nephews as a
substitute for having their own children.
6. Extended Family - family that extends beyond the
nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts,
uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or
in one household.
7. Family Of Choice / Chosen Family - is common
within the LGBT community, both in academic
literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers
to the group of people in an individual’s life that
satisfies the typical role of family as a support
system.
8. Blended Family or Stepfamily - describes families
with mixed parents: one or both parents
remarried, bringing children of the former family
into the new family.
9. Monogamous Family - In this case, an individual
has only one (official) partner during their
lifetime or at any one time.
10. Polygamous Family – a family composed of a
marriage that includes more than two partners
(polygamous).
a. Polygamy - a man is married to more than one
wife at a time which is common in some parts
of Middle East and Africa and is often
associated with Islam;
b. Polyandry - when a woman is married to more
than one husband at a time; traditionally
practiced in areas of the Himalayan
mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts
of China and in parts of northern India.
c. Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more
brothers are married to the same wife
d. Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple
husbands and wives; group or conjoint
marriage.
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION
IN THE FAMILY (Ruth Hartley)
1. Manipulation – means that people handle girls and
boys differently as infants.
a. Mothers tend to use more physical
stimulation on male infants and more verbal
stimulation on female infants.
b. Boy babies are tossed in the air.
c. Girl babies get more delicate handling.
2. Canalization – means that people direct children’s
attention to gender-appropriate object.
a. Choice of toys, boys are given toy cars and
machines;
b. girls are given dolls and tea sets.
c. Toys teach children what their prescribed
roles in life will be
3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are
and what is expected of them.
a. Brave boy, pretty girl
b. Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit playmates
4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their
gender - appropriate tasks
a. Girls help their mother with housework.
b. Boys are encouraged to play outside the house
B. CHURCH / RELIGION
It is a collection of cultural systems, belief
systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to
spirituality and moral values. The practice of a religion
may also include rituals, sermons, commemoration or
veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices,
festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services,
matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art,
dance, public service or other aspects of human
culture.

Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably
today as they have during the last two millennia. This is
especially true with regards to marriage and ministry.
EFFECTS OF RELIGION
1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked
to healthy, stable family life, strong marriages,
and well-behaved children.
2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the
incidence of domestic abuse, crime, substance
abuse, and addiction.
3. In addition, religious practice can increase
physical and mental health, longevity, and
education attainment.
C. MASS MEDIA
These are diversified media technologies that
are intended to reach a large audience by mass
communication. It has an immense impact on young
minds. With the advent of the Internet, television now
has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of young
minds. The culture portrayed by the mass media
emphasizes glamour, sexual satisfaction and
promiscuity, comedic vulgarity, violence, and
immediate gratification of needs.
The organizations that control these
technologies, such as television stations or publishing
companies, are also known as the mass media.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION
1. Media`s sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative
stereotypes.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote
negative stereotypes and violence
4. Sex stereotypes in kid`s TV program

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA
1. Broadcast Media - such as radio, recorded music,
film and television transmit their information
electronically.
2. Print Media - use a physical object such as a
newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics, to
distribute their information.
3. Outdoor Media - is a form of mass media that
comprises billboards, signs or placards placed
inside and outside of commercial buildings,
sports stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor
media include flying billboards (signs in tow of
airplanes), blimps, and skywriting
4. Public Speaking and Event Organising - can also be
considered as forms of mass media.
5. Digital Media - comprises both Internet and
mobile mass communication. Internet media
provides many mass media services, such as
email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio
and television.
D. SCHOOL
It is an institution for educating children,
any institution at which instruction is given in a
particular discipline, a group of people. It is an artificial
institution set up for the purpose of socialization and
cultural transmission. The school can be regarded as a
formally constituted community as opposed to mutual
communities.
HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF
SOCIALIZATION?
1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal
way provides the child with:
a. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such
as reading, writing, verbal expression,
quantitative and other cognitive abilities,
b. Education teaches languages and allows

people communicate with each other
according to positions in society.
c. Cultural achievements of one’s society.
d. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational
abilities which are necessary in order to
make one a social, useful and economically
productive member of the society.
e. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by
the society.
2. Educational systems socialize students to become
members of society, to play meaningful roles in
the complex network of independent positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes
to the needs of the contemporary society.
4. Education widens the mental horizons of pupils
and teaches them new ways of looking at
themselves and their society.
5. Education offers young people opportunities for
intellectual, emotional and social growth. Thus
education can be influential in promoting new
values and stimulating adaptation of changing
conditions.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs,
the school enables the child to learn a number
of other social roles and skills which are also
important for his/ her overall development as a
member of society.
a. Education teaches the laws, traditions and
norms of the community, the rights that
individuals will enjoy and the responsibilities
that they will undertake.
b. Education teaches how one is to behave
toward his/ her playmates and adults.
c. Education teaches how to share things and
ideas.
d. Education teaches how to compete responsibly
e. Schooling teaches how to cooperate
f. Schooling instils the community’s pattern of
respect; thus how to relate to others well and
obey rules.
g. Schooling enables one to internalize the
culture of one’s society.
h. Education leads toward tolerant and
humanitarian attitudes. For example, college
graduates are expected to be more tolerant
than (high school graduates in their attitudes
toward ethnic and social groups.
E. PEER GROUPS
These are both social group and primary group
of people who have similar interests (homophily), age,
background, or social status. The members of this
group are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and
behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct
patterns of behavior.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS
1. Serve as a source of information
2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
4. Teach unity & collective behaviour in life
5. Identity formation - is a developmental process
where a person acquires a sense of self.
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (DISADVANTAGES) OF
PEER GROUPS INFLUENCE
1. Peer pressure - often used to describe instances
where an individual feels indirectly pressured
into changing his/her behavior to match that of
his/her peers. Taking up smoking and underage
drinking are two of the best known examples.
2. Future problems
3. Risk behaviors
4. Aggression and pro - social behaviour
5. Sexual promiscuity
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the law creating the National Youth

Commission?
a. RA 1425 b. RA 8044
c. RA 10086 d. RA 10390
2. It is an act to include in the curricula of all public
and private schools, colleges and universities
courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
a. RA 1425 b. RA 8044
c. RA 10086 d. RA 10390
3. It is an act to promote environmental awareness
through Environmental Education (EE) and covers
the integration of EE in the school curricula at all
levels.
a. RA 10086
b. The Philippine Constitution
c. RA 9512
d. RA 8044
4. What month of the year is considered the
Environmental Awareness Month in the
Philippines?
a. March b. November
c. September d. October
5. It is the development perspective and process
that is participatory and empowering, equitable,
sustainable, free from violence, respectful of
human rights, supportive of self-determination and
actualization of human potentials.
a. Women and Development
b. Women in Development

c. Gender and Development
d. Gender in Development
6. It was one of the first international organizations
to recognize the need for Women in Development,
appointing a WID Adviser in 1977.
a. World Trade Center
b. Philippine Bank
c. European Union
d. World Bank
7. Republic Act No. 9710 is otherwise known as?
a. Magna Carta for Men
b. Magna Carta of Women
c. Youth in Nation Building Act
d. National Environmental Awareness and
Education Act
8. It refers to the specific set of characteristics that
identifies the social behavior of women and men
and the relationship between them.
a. sex b. femininity
c. masculinity d. gender
9. Which of the following does not define gender?
a. varies over time and space
b. learned through socialization
c. biological
d. unequally valued
10. It is the fact or state of belonging to a social group
that has a common national or cultural tradition.
a. race b. ethnicity
c. social class d. religion
11. It is the process by which norms and expectations in
relation to gender are learned by women and men.
a. gender socialization
b. socialization
c. gender equality
d. gender roles

12. It gives men and women the entitlement to all
aspects of human development.
a. gender equality b. gender roles
c. gender inequality d. gender socialization
13. It is a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given
to roles and expectations of males and females.
a. gender roles b. gender socialization
c. gender stereotype d. gender inequality
14. Which of the following is not an aspect in the
concept of gender stereotyping?
a. traits and characteristics
b. social roles
c. capacities
d. leadership
15. Which of the following is not an example in gender
stereotype of males in the aspect of social roles?
a. portrayed as leaders
b. physically weaker and fragile
c. provides financially for the family
d. works as managers
16. Which of the following is not a specific characteristic
for a female?
a. aggressive b. fearful
c. peaceful d. loving
17. It is the principal institution for the socialization of
children.
a. church b. peers
c. mass media d. family
18. Luis’ family is being headed by her mother because
his father is already dead since he was 3 years old.
What kind of family structure does he have?
a. conjugal family
b. matrifocal family
c. extended family
d. monogamous family

19. It is a family composed of a grandparent, a brother,
his sister, and her children.
a. childless family b. polygamous family
c. avuncular family d. single family
20. Roberto has step brothers and sisters. Both his
parents had remarried. What type of family does he
have?
a. blended family b. avuncular family
c. extended family d. chosen family
21. It refers to a family when a woman is married to
more than one husband at a time.
a. polygyny b. polyandry
c. polyamory d. fraternal polyandry
22. Based on the laws of the Muslim, males can marry
up to four wives. What term is referred to it?
a. polygyny b. polyandry
c. polyamory d. fraternal polyandry
23. It means that people direct children’s attention to
gender-appropriate object.
a. active exposure b. verbal appellation
c. canalization d. manipulation
24. It means telling children what they are and what is
expected of them.
a. active exposure b. verbal appellation
c. canalization d. manipulation
25. It is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems,
and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality
and moral values.
a. peers b. community
c. mass media d. religion
26. These are diversified media technologies that
are intended to reach a large audience by mass
communication.
a. mass media b. church
c. family d. peers

27. Which of the following is an example of an outdoor
mass media?
a. radio b. websites
c. billboards d. newspapers
28. What type of mass media uses a physical object
such as a newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics, to
distribute their information?
a. broadcast media b. digital media
c. print media d. outdoor media
29. Which of the following is not an example of a digital
media?
a. websites b. blogs
c. pamphlet d. email
30. It is a developmental process where a person
acquires a sense of self.
a. gender roles b. identity formation
c. peer pressure d. identity crisis

CHAPTER VI
CITIZENSHIP
Learning Objectives
Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a
citizen in a political society, which membership
At the
implies, end of this chapter
reciprocally, the
a duty of studentson
allegiance should be of
the part
the able to; and duty of protection on the part of the
member
State.
1. Demonstrate the Filipino duties and
Citizen is a person
obligations having the title of citizenship.
as a citizen.
He is the member of a democratic community who
enjoy full civil and political rights, and is accorded
protection inside and outside the territory of the State.
CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM

NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL
From the point of view of international law,
“citizenship” and “citizen” do not exactly mean the
same as “nationality “and “national.” The national of a
State include not only its citizens who enjoy full
civil and
political privileges but also all others who are not its
citizens, but because they owe allegiance to it, are not
regarded as aliens. While all citizens are nationals of a
State, not all nationals are citizens of a state.

MEANING OF SUBJECT AND ALIEN
A citizen is a member of a democratic community
who enjoys full civil and political rights. In Monarchial
State, He is often called Subject.
An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing
in or passing through another country. He is a
popularly called “foreigner.” He is not given the full
rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive protection
as to his person or property.
GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP

1. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood
relationship or place of birth.
2. Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in
case of collective naturalization of the
inhabitants of a territory which takes place when
it is ceded by one state to another as a result of a
conquest or treaty.
WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE

CITIZENSHIP?
1. Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal
principle that a person’s nationality at birth
is determined by the place of birth (e.g. the
territory of a given state)
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the
legal principle that, at birth, an individual
acquires the nationality of his/her natural
parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this
principle.
2. Filipino By Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen -
which is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and
clothing him with the privileges of a
native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of
a former nationality and the fact of entrance into
a similar relation towards a new body.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZENS
(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of
the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with
law.
IDEALS POLICY ON NATURALIZATION

The policy on naturalization should be guided
by our own national interest. Perhaps the ideal is that
only those who have come to love the country, who
have integrated themselves into the citizenry and who
can contribute to the development of the nation
should be
conferred citizenship by naturalization.
Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a
foreigner into the political body of the state and
clothing him with the rights and privilege of
citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former
nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar
relation towards a new body politic.
NATURE OF NATURALIZATION
An alien does not have a natural, inherent or
vested fight to be admitted to citizenship in a state.
Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or privilege which
a sovereign government may confer on, or withhold
from, an alien or grant to him under such conditions as
it sees fit without the support of any reason
whatsoever.
Citizenship in our republic be it ever most
powerful nation if the world, can take such citizenship
for granted or assume it as a matter of right. In view
of the above

principles, the rule is that in case of doubt concerning
the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in favor
of the state and against the applicant for naturalization.
THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING

BY NATURALIZATION
1. By judgment of the court
The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino
citizen must apply for naturalization with the proper
Regional Trial Court / Court of First Instance. The
Revise Naturalization Act is the present naturalization
law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to
the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII,
Sec.3.);
2. By direct act of Congress

In this case our law - making body simply enacts
an act directly conferring citizenship to a foreigner.
3. By administrative proceeding
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the
Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000,”aliens
born and residing in the Philippines may be granted
Philippine citizenship by administrative proceedings
before a special committee on naturalization. The
petition for citizenship shall be filled with the
committee which has the power to approve, deny or
reject application as provided in the law.

WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN
BY NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION ACT?
Under Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised
Naturalization Law the applicant must possess the
following qualifications:
1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age
on the day of the hearing of the petition;
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a
continuous period of not less than ten years;
3. He must be of good moral character and believes
in the principles underlying the Philippine
Constitution, and must have conducted himself
in a proper and irreproachable manner during
the entire period of his residence in the
Philippines in his relation with the constituted
government as well as with the community in
which he is living;
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth
not less than five thousand pesos, Philippine
currency, or must have some known lucrative
trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
5. He must be able to speak or write English or
Spanish or anyone of the principal languages;
6. He must have enrolled his minor children of
school age in any of the public or private schools
recognized by the Bureau of Public Schools of the
Philippines where Philippine history,
government and civics are taught or prescribed
as part of the school curriculum, during the
entire period of the residence in the Philippines
required of him prior to the hearing of the
petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen;

WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR
NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION LAW?
Under Section of 4 of the Revised Naturalization
Law, the following persons cannot qualify for
Philippine citizenship:
1. Persons opposed to organized government or
affiliated with any association or group of persons
who uphold and teach doctrines opposing all
organized governments;
2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity
or propriety of violence, personal assault, or
assassination for the success and predominance of
their ideas; Polygamists or believers in the practice
of polygamy;
3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral
turpitude;
4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or
incurable contagious diseases;
5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the
Philippines, have not mingled socially with the
Filipinos, or who have not evinced a sincere desire
to learn and embrace the customs, traditions, and
ideals of the Filipinos;
6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the
Philippines is at war.
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than
the United States, whose laws do not grant Filipinos
the right to become naturalized citizens or subject
thereof;
LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any
of the following ways:
1. Voluntary
a. By Naturalization in a foreign country

b. By express renunciation of citizenship
(expatriation)
c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support
the constitution and law of foreign country
d. By rendering service to or accepting commission
in the armed forces of a foreign country
The voluntary loss or renunciation of one’s
nationality is called EXPATRIATION.
2. Involuntary
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization
by the court
b. By having been declared by competent authority
a deserter of the Philippine armed forces in times
of war.
WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST

PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
1. By naturalization
2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the
necessary oath of allegiance to the Republic of
the Philippines and registering the same in the
proper civil registry.
3. By direct act of congress
RETENTION AND ACQUISITION OFCITIZENSHIP

Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the
“Citizenship Retention and Re- acquisition Act of
2003” which was approved in August 29, 2003, natural
born citizens of the Philippines who have lost their
Philippine Citizenship by reason of naturalization as
citizens of a foreign country are deemed to have
reacquired Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath
of allegiance to the Philippine Republic.

OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
“I (Name) , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will support and defend the Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal
orders promulgated by the duly constituted authorities
of the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize
and accept the supreme authority of the Philippines
and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and
that I impose this obligation upon myself without
mental reservation or purpose of evasion.”
The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who,
after the effectivity of the Act, become citizens of a
foreign country shall retain their Philippine citizenship
upon taking the aforesaid oath.
DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
The unmarried child, whether legitimate,
illegitimate or adopted, below 18 years of age, of those
who reacquire Philippine citizenship upon effectivity of
the Act shall be deemed citizens of the Philippines.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES

Those who shall retain or re - acquire Philippine
citizenship under the Act shall enjoy full civil and
political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities
and responsibilities under existing laws of the
Philippines and the following conditions:
1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage
must meet the requirement under Section 1,
Article V of the Philippine Constitution, RA 9189
otherwise known as “The Overseas Absentee
Voting Act of 2003 and other existing laws.
2. Those seeking elective public office in the
Philippines shall meet the qualification for
holding such public office as required by the
Constitution and existing laws and, at the time
of the filing

of the certificate of candidacy, make a personal
and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign
citizenship before any public officer authorized to
administer oath;
3. Those appointed to any public office shall
subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance
to the Republic of the Philippines and its duly
constituted authorities prior to their assumption
of office. They must renounce their oath of
allegiance to the foreign country where they took
that oath;
4. Those intending to practice their profession in
the Philippines shall apply with the proper
authority for a license or permit to engaged in
such practice; and
5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to
any public office in the Philippines cannot be
extended to, those who:
a. Are candidates for or are occupying any
public office in the country of which they are
naturalized citizens; and/or
b. Are in active service as commissioned or non
- commissioned officers in the armed forces of
the country of which they are naturalized
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO

AN ALIEN?
1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries
an alien does not automatically lose his or her
citizenship, even if his or her nationality was
granted by his or her husband’s or wife’s country.
2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed
under the law to have renounced their citizenship
such as taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign
country.
3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and
acquires her husband’s citizenship, she will
possess two citizenships, Philippine citizenship
and that of her husband.
WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his
state. Section 5 prohibits more particularly naturalized
Filipinos from practicing what is called “dual
allegiance” declaring it inimical to national interests.
Note that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual
citizenship but dual allegiance of citizens.
Dual citizenship refer to the possession of two
citizenships by an individual, that of his original
citizenship and that of the country where he became a
naturalized citizen. It arises because our laws cannot
control laws of other states on citizenship but dual
allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or
decision.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE CITIZENS?

1. To be loyal to the republic.
Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the
republic and love and devotion to the country. The
citizen must be proud of his country, its customs,
traditions, language, and institutions. He must share in
its glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the
“home of our people, the seat of our affections and the
source of our happiness and well-being.”
2. To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs
and creeds, government policies, the wisdom and
validity of laws, even the correctness or judicial
decisions and decrees, but in field of love of country,
national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford
to differ for these are matters in which they are
mutually and vitally interested, for to them they mean
national existence or survival as a nation or national
extinction.

3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.
The development and welfare of the state should
be the concern of every citizen for he will be the first to
enjoy the benefits thereof. Anything that affects him,
individually and personally. He is affected by its ills
and disorder, growth and stability.
4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for
our nation. Laws are enacted in accordance with it for
the good of all. It is therefore the duty of every citizen
to defend and respect the constitution and obey the
laws. If the people would disregard them, the
government would collapse, and this would mean
lawlessness and the disintegration of the social order.
The constitution contains provisions designed to insure
that is the accord.
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted

authorities.
The larger interest of the group and the nation
that he must serve necessarily involve his own. And he
would be recreant to the claims of that interest if he
did not actively concern himself with the affairs of his
government. It is not enough for example that a citizen
should take care that in his daily life he does not violate
any of the multitudinous rules.
6. To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the

rights of others.
Society is composed of men, each with interest of
his own. In the course of life, the interest of man
conflict with those of many others. Amidst the
continuous clash on interest, the ruling social
philosophy should be that, in the ultimate social order,
the welfare of every man depends upon the welfare of
all.
Chapter VI: Citizenship
101
7. To engage in gainful work.
Employment is not the obligation solely of
the state. Every citizen should consider it his own
responsibility and should strive to become a useful an
productive member of society to assure not only
himself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life
worthy of human dignity.
8. To register and vote.

Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which
every qualified citizen must perform. It is through
suffrage that the will of the people is expressed. The
quality of public official of the government, depend,
direct or indirectly, upon the voters.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. It is a term denoting membership of a citizen in

a political society, which membership implies,
reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the
member and duty of protection on the part of the
State.
a. alien b. citizen
c. citizenship d. subject
2. Citizens of the British Monarchy are referred to?
a. alien b. citizen
c. subjects d. monarchs
3. What is the other term for a foreigner?
a. alien b. citizen
c. subjects d. monarchs
4. It is the legal principle that a person’s nationality at
birth is determined by the place of birth.
a. jus sanguinis b. jus por santo
c. jus soli d. jusku lurd
5. Harry Potter was born in the Philippines. His
parents were both British but renounce their
citizenship upon deciding to stay for good in the
country. Is Harry a Filipino?
a. No.
b. Yes
c. No. because he is a British.
d. Yes. But he is half – blood.
6. Which of the following is a Filipino naturalized
citizen?
a. Clare who was born in the Philippines.
b. Guila who was born in Bacolod.
c. Klyzia who was born in Batanes.
d. Shela who renounced her former US citizenship.
7. It is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the
political body of the state and clothing him with the
rights and privilege of citizenship.
a. naturalization b. citizenship
c. renunciation d. socialization
8. How many years is the required length of time that a
foreigner may reside in our country in order that he
or she may be granted a Filipino citizenship through
naturalization?
a. 10 years b. 20 years
c. 5 years d. 3 years
9. Currently, China is at war with the Philippines.
Chong Quay La, a Chinese is applying for a Filipino
citizenship. Can his application be granted by the
Republic of the Philippines?
a. No.
b. Yes
c. It depends on the PSA.
d. It depends on the DFA.
10. Kyle leaves the Philippines and decided to never
come back. What is being referred in the statement?
a. expedition b. naturalization
c. repatriation d. expatriation
11. Dina is a Filipino citizen who marries a Thai. Does
she lose her Filipino Citizenship?
a. No.
b. Yes.
c. Yes, because she is now a Thai citizen.
d. It depends.
12. It is loyalty owed by a person to his state.
a. patriotism b. devotion
c. obedience d. allegiance
13. It refers to the possession of two citizenships by an
individual, that of his original citizenship and that of
the country where he became a naturalized citizen.
a. dual allegiance b. naturalization
c. citizenship d. dual citizenship
14. How many citizenship can a woman have if she
marries an alien?
a. 9
b. 2
c. as many as she wants
d. only 1
15. Which of the following is not a ground for
reacquiring lost Philippine Citizenship?
a. by naturalization
b. by repatriation
c. by expatriation
d. by direct act of congress

105
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Nicholas S. Caballero, Ph.D

Nicholas S. Caballero, Ph.D

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Chapter II: Nationalism and Patriotism 17

Chapter III: Filipino Nationalism 31

Chapter V: Related Philippine Laws that Promotes

Chapter VI: Citizenship 91

An unknown author once said a forewarning

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER

WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER

THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER

FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS

Learning Objectives is a meeting point for cultures

China, the United States, and Spain mainly

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 1

THE MOST WELL - KNOWN TRAITS

2 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

3. Strong Family Ties and Religions

4. Generosity and Helpfulness

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 3

5. Strong Work Ethics

6. Loving and Caring

4 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination)

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 5

6. Tardiness (Filipino time)

6 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 7

11. Attention Taker

12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive

8 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

14. Passivity (lack of leadership)

15. Other Negative Traits

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 9

10 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION

2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations)

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 11

12 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer

1. What best describes kanya – kanya syndrome?

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 13

14 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

Chapter I: Filipino Influences Traits and Characteristics 15

16 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

Chapter II: Nationalism and Patriotism 17

18 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

Chapter II: Nationalism and Patriotism 19

20 Character Formation 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

Chapter II: Nationalism and Patriotism 21