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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The
human mind is our fundamental resource.
John F. Kennedy
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. discussed the concept of nation building and its importance;
2. explained the relationship between development and
nation-building; 3. discussed the role of S & T in the Philippines
Nation Building;
4. evaluated the government policies pertaining to S & T in terms of
their contributions to nation-building; and
5. identified actual S & T policies of the government and appraise their impact
on the development of the Filipino nation.
INTRODUCTION
Ratnasiri (2006) in her editorial stated “It is a well-established fact that science
and technology impacts all aspects of our lives as well as the planet we live on. The
science and technology induced changes have for the most part benefited mankind
although there is many a case where science and technology-based innovations have
been used for the detriment of mankind, pursued for either wealth and power or both.
It is the responsibility of all concerned to ensure that science and technology is used
wisely to benefit mankind.
The reality today is that most benefits accrued from science and technologies
have not reached the majority of people, particularly the poor in the developing
countries.
Science and Technology has been one of the main driving forces of the
economic growth of nations. Most developed countries have generated new
technologies with potential to result in dynamic economic performance. This however
has not been the case with most of the developing countries and their developmental
plans have not given adequate emphasis and importance to science and technology
and in particular to research in the science and technology aspects. Countries like
India, South Korea and Taiwan in the region have achieved much through science
and technology and stand out as having demonstrated the absolute importance of
science and technology for economic growth. These countries are examples for the
developing
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counties. The impact of technology on society without doubt is going to be even more
marked in the future.
It is then of paramount importance to generate and develop new knowledge in
science and technology for application nationally through our own research capability.
It is also necessary to concentrate on the rapid transfer and exchange of proven
technologies from other nations to reap the benefits of the global trends to stimulate
our economic growth.
That science and technology plays a decisive role in the economic growth of
nations in a foregone conclusion. It is then pertinent to also consider and rethink
about the role of scientists and technologists in stimulating the economic wellbeing of
the country. It is well accepted that scientists and technologists must necessarily
generate new knowledge by engaging in meaningful and appropriate research and
developmental activities. A question needs to be posed to the researches as to
whether their role should be limited to only the narrow confines of creation of new
knowledge. If scientists and technologists are to contribute significantly to social and
economic changes resulting in the development of the country, their role should
expand beyond generation of new knowledge and assume the role of advising the
decision makers and finally making the decisions on the science and technology
prospects, choices and priorities for the country.
How can scientists and technologists contribute to achieving this multiple role
which is a dire necessity for the economic development of the country? As creators of
new knowledge, the researchers must focus their work on nationally and globally
important and competitive areas of research which are multidisciplinary in nature.
This means that the research must be goal and result oriented. The results of course
must be tangible and significant. The advice of scientists and technologists whose
findings are of national and global significance will no doubt be much sought after by
the authorities. In view of this it is important that the scientists and technologists on
their part make a total commitment to add and develop significantly to the knowledge
base in science and technology aspects which are of economic importance to the
nation.”
Thus, this chapter will recognize the importance of providing profound
understanding of science and technology in nation-building. Specifically, it aims to
discuss the impact of scientific knowledge, efforts and even other influences in the
context of Philippine nation-building.
CONTENT
Fagoyinbo (2013) explained that “the word nation is often used synonymously
with state, as in the United Nations. But a state is more properly the governmental
apparatus by which a nation rules itself” (p.411). in approaching the question of nation
building, and its relationship to state-building, it is important to keep in mind that this
definition specifies the “legitimate use of force”. (Stephenson, 2005)
Many aspects shall be considered in achieving a strong nation. As Prof.
Gambari (2008) enumerated, these aspects include:
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• building a political entity (territory, rules, norms, principles and common
citizenship);
• building institutions (symbolizes political entity – institutions such as a
bureaucracy, an economy, the judiciary, universities, a civil service, and civil
society organizations); and
• building a common sense of purpose, a sense of shared density, a collective
imagination of belonging. (para.1)
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development and perhaps realistically as managing citizen-subjects experiencing
“wrenching social transformations (p.2).
Economic Situation
The development field has always been highly influenced by economic
thought, as exemplified by the fact that development has been primarily measured by
increases in Gross National Product (GNP) and or the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP).
The global economic situation has become a basis for determining the
classification of countries. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social
Affairs (UN/DESA), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) and the five United Nations regional commissions, including Economic
and Social Commission for Asia and the pacific (ESCAP) launched the World
Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) reports. This provides annual reports on
world economic trends in different dimensions. It also serves as basis for classifying
countries around the world as to developed economies, economies in transition and
developing economies. Many nations continuously strive to attain “developed”
category which motivates them to strengthen their own economic dimensions. The
WESP report 2018 stated that an “improved global economic situation” offers the best
chance for countries to address “long-term issues” which hinders development. The
said issues include low carbon economic growth, reducing inequalities, economic
diversification and eliminating deep-rooted barriers. (United Nations, 2018)
Take a look at the classification in Figure 1 below of the countries made by the
United Nations.
The major developed economies include Canada, Japan, France, Germany,
Italy, United Kingdom, and United States. Moreover, developing countries can be
found at the regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Conversely,
least developed countries can also be found in those regions.
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In many developing countries, science and technology plays and important role
in social and economic progress. The importance of science and technology in
addressing the national and international issues necessitates the promotion of various
science and technology program throughout the developing countries.
This agency is responsible for the formulation of policies, plans, and programs
for the development of higher education system in the country. It has been mandated
to promote quality education and ensures the implementation of educational policies
relevant to continuous advancement of learning.
The National Economic and Development Authority
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Figure 2. 12 Pillars of Competitiveness
This long-term aim may be too ideal for many since this will not automatically
transform our country into becoming one of the so called “developed country”. In
reality, global transformation will require long time frame and more tedious process
and would, therefore, play a minimal effect in the national development. This is
because transformation is a gradual process undertaken through holistic strategies
for national development. (Borbon, V.; Dela Cruz, Ma.E., Flores, R.; Gerona-Medina,
Z. and Lee, A., 2000). Furthermore, these strategies shall be translated down to the
local efforts which have been realized to have greater effect on the country’s
socioeconomic progress. Hence, how relevant are the following pillars to the main
aim of the government’s plan?
How should the S&T agenda be directed towards attaining national development
goals and objectives? Borbon, et al. (2000) declared that major efforts in science and
technology shall be pursued and firmly done to attain the transformation aimed by
the country. Sagasti (as cited in Borbon, et al., 2000) enumerated specific
peculiarities which shall be considered in generation and development of local
science and technology capabilities designed for particular national conditions
includes:
a. a well-defined national science and technology plan and its relation to global
socio-economic development strategies;
b. science and technology interaction with the nation’s sociopolitical,
economic, educational, and cultural aspects;
c. development of institutional science and technology infrastructure;
d. local generation of science and technology capacity; and
e. resource availability for science and technology.
In this connection, the DOSY ensures that policies, efforts and plans include in
the science and technology agenda is closely linked to the national development plan.
The DOST prepared the Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022 to
ensure that results of science and technology endeavors are geared towards and
utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the people. Figure 5
presents the priority areas included in the S&T agenda 2017-2022.
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The HNRDA is divided into five sectors. The agenda is founded on the
three pillars of development which is aligned with the AmBisyon Natin 2040 and each
sector has six issue-based National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)
programs respectively.
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A number of DOST programs are being enhanced and continued as mandated
by enabling laws and executive orders up to this time. Implementation of these
programs are being made possible programs in partnership with other related
government agencies. In summarized scope this includes programs in R&D, S&T,
human resource and development, agriculture development, health and nutrition,
environment sustainability, and disaster preparedness and hazard mitigation.
One of the most promising strategy in breaking the barriers that hinder
Philippines progress, in terms of Science, technology, and Innovation (STI), is
enhancing the competitiveness of the country’s science and technology human
resources. This strategy recognizes the role of every individual inventor whose works
became the womb of new and innovated scientific knowledge honed towards
sustaining the advancements necessary for building the nation.
“He was recognized for his research on the ecology and diversity of Philippine
amphibians and reptiles, as well as marine biodiversity and conservation of marine
protected areas. His work has led to a national policy on marine no-take zones or
protective areas, which has become a model of coastal resource management that
has been adopted by other countries”. (para. 8)
“He was recognized for his achievements in the field of plant physiology,
especially the induction of flowering of mango and micro propagation or the rapid
multiplying of stock plant of important crop species”. (para. 14)
“He is known for his research and conservation efforts in invertebrate biology
and ecology. He was pivotal in the world’s first national-scale assessment of damage
to coral reefs, resulting in international conservation initiatives such as the Global
reefs and Risk Analysis, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and the International
Coral Reef Action”. (para. 20)
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Gavino C. Trano Jr., Ph.D.
“He was cited for his outstanding contributions in the field of tropical marine
phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity.
He published extensive studies on the culture of seaweed species that
benefited the livelihood of coastal populations and was the first to report the
occurrence of “ice-ice” disease that affected many seaweed farms. (para. 25)
Keeping up with the rapid advancement of science and technology all over the
world is crucial. Advancement nowadays cannot be limited to acquiring advance
facilities and technologies but more on the acquisition and enhancement of
knowledge and skills essential in meeting the demands of the highly competitive and
scientific
based society.
In the Philippines and around the world, science and technology-based and a
knowledge-based economy are the common concerns. Living in such an environment
requires expectations and skills to survive. (SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011) The
effort of investing in science, technology, and innovation shall be supported and
sustained through breaking resource gaps, specifically in the education sector. As
John F. Kennedy, former US President, said, “Our progress as a nation can be no
swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental
resource.” That is, in meeting the demands of the 21st century world, what should be
the direction of science education?
In all fairness with the Philippine government, efforts to improve quality
education have always been part of its plan of action. The Department of Education,
through the National Education for All Committee (NEC), engaged in benchmarking
strategy with the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional
Center for Education Innovation and Technology (SEAMEO INNOTECH). The said
undertaking stated on February 2011 is to secure affirmation of basic of basic
education reforms (curriculum structures and contents) towards meeting the demands
of 21st century.
Fensham (2006) (as cited in SEI-DOST & UP NISMED, 2011) explained that
traditionally, science content areas such as life science, physical science, and earth
and space science, are presented as “separate subjects” to achieve mastery on
concepts, principles, and processes (Figure 6). The new science education
curriculum shows a revolutionized inclusion of the three content areas to accentuate
the “understanding of the connections and interrelationship” of various science
concepts. Added to this are the themes which are valued in “real-life contexts”
namely, “maintaining good health and living safely; utilizing energy and coping with
changes and conserving and protecting the environment”. This implies that learning
how to apply the concepts shall be pursued further towards more meaningful
learning.
Such arrangement of the curriculum has been founded in the true aim of
education. It can be traced back in 1996, when the International Commission on
Education for the 21st Century to UNESCO, headed by Jacques Delors, identified
learning throughout life as a key to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Delors
further presented the framework based on the “Four Pillars of Education – learning to
know, learning to live together, learning to do, and learning to be”. The report,
highlighted the need for individuals to “learn how to learn” for them to manage the
rapid changes and challenges of the present and the future. Thus, suggesting lifelong
learning that involves the development of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and valued
throughout one’s life – from early childhood through adulthood. (SEAMEO
INNOTECH, 2012)
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Figure 6. The significant connections of inquiry skills, scientific attitudes, and contact
in supporting holistic development of a scientifically literate individual.
Can you still imagine how your life be without electricity? How about riding
using carabaos or barely walking along the street instead of riding cars or jeepney?
Or being engaged in traditional ways of living?
Many people would appreciate the advancements in science and technology
for providing them with comforts and conveniences in everyday living. Lives have
been saved medical breakthroughs and people enjoy good productions of food,
clothing and the materials that they need in building shelters. Behind these
advancements S&T products and innovations are developed in countries known for
their excellent application of science.
The following are some of the latest Filipino inventions:
1. Aerogas Catalytic Combustor (ACC) – an anti-pollution, ecofriendly made by
Engr. Marinto C. Martinez. It is a fuel saver and power booster engine device
which can be practically used on all types of internal combustion engines like
engines of jeeps, cars trucks, ships and motorcycles and even gas fired power
plants. Aside from its economical cost, it also supports the implementation of
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
2. SALT (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) – an environmental-friendly lamp
that runs with just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water created
by Aisa Mijeno. This invention made it possible for those who live in costal
areas and remote barrios to have light source.
3. SALAMANDER Amphibious Tricycle – a six-person seating capacity (four in
water), amphibious tricycle powered by either a 5kW electric engine or a 250cc
gasoline motor invented by Atoy Llave. The invention is desired to address
the problems of many commuters in a flood-prone country. The invention was
featured in Top Gear.com.ph in 2015.
All these and many other Filipino inventions are continuously flourishing. It
reflects the wisdom of Filipinos in dealing with scientific knowledge and their
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environment. These are not only products of influence from other Western cultures
but said to be products of traditional science.
Indigenous technologies and practice reflect not just ways of working but also
the ways of knowing and thinking of people in the community. People are amazed by
how these indigenous systems, which have no equivalent in the modern science,
empowered other societies or even nation to live quite successfully for many
generations. Indeed, the role of indigenous science and technology in nation building
shall not be neglected and overshadowed by the other kind of modernity introduced in
the world today.