HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Name : Mahroof Raj T.A

Registration No. : 12306432 Name : Adwaid Krishna
Roll No. : K23EFA26 Registration No. : 12305403
Email: mahroofraj13@gmail.com Roll No. : K23EFA25
Email: adwaidkrishna44@gmail.com
Name : Madhav Hemakumar
Registration No. : 12303391 Name : Aadhil A Kareem
Roll No. : K23EFA24 Registration No. : 12308250
Email: madhavhemakumar@gmail.com Roll No. : K23EFA21
Email: aadhilajasakr@gmail.com

Abstract— A half-wave rectifier circuit with the application
emphasis placed upon power supply is the subject of this
project. The study involves theoretical understanding,
practically implements, and evaluates the performance using
semiconductor diodes, resistors, and capacitors. This circuit is
designed for converting sinusoidal AC into pulsating DC. This
is because they place so much emphasis on important
parameters like output voltage, ripple factor, and efficiency. In
this regard, it explores important aspects such as diode
features, load resistance factors, and filter considerations
towards enhancing the efficacy of the converter. In addition, it
describes how changes in input voltage, load resistance, and
capacitance affect the circuits’ power level, robustness, and
limitations. This knowledge forms the basis for future studies
on rectification principles useful in small-scale power supply
systems and electronics equipment.
Therefore, this project gives a detailed exposition of
practical aspects of the half wave rectification technology
converting between theory and practice. This offers new vision
about core revising concepts, which are also a starting point to
make other progresses concerning power electronics and
circuits.
Keywords—Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current
(AC), Ripple factor, Efficiency, Circuit optimization,
Rectification
I. INTRODUCTION
Reliable and efficient power supply system for
electronics is very crucial. Power electronics cannot function
without rectification because it is about turning alternating
current (AC) into direct current (DC). The simplest and the
most economical of all rectification circuits is the half-wave
rectifier that dominates low power applications. The project
involves the designing as well as analysis of a half wave
rectifier circuit in order to discuss the theoretical aspects, as
well as the operational techniques essential in the supply of
power.
A half-wave rectifier works in such a way that only one
half-cycle of the alternating current input signal is allowed to
go through the circuit thereby producing an output that
appears like a pulsed DC signal after half wave rectification.
Theoretical knowledge will be related to practice through this
project as it explores how rectifier circuit is created using
diode, resistor and capacitor. It is important to test key
performance parameters including output voltage, ripple
factor, and efficiency in order to optimize the circuit for
practical applicability. Also, the effect of changes of input
voltage, load resistance and capacitor will be studied making
it possible to understand the stability of this device at
different operating conditions. This is how the project hopes
to add to the basic knowledge underlying rectification
principles’ implementation on power feeds systems as well
as electronics.
II. OBJECTIVE
A. To construct a half wave rectifier.
B. To find the waveforms produced and to find the
efficiency and ripple factor of half wave rectifier.
III. MATERIALS REQUIRED
S.no Name Quantity
1 Bread Board 1
2 Diode 1
3 Resistor 1
4 Transformer (606) 1
5 Multimeter 1
6 LED 1
A. Bread Board
Breadboards are important electronic tools for quickly
prototype circuits on a temporary basis. The grid of
interconnected metal stripes enable one to conveniently insert
any component to the unit, no soldering required. It becomes
a perfect testing ground where circuit designs can be quickly
refined. Breadboarding offers an easy way of trying many
electronic configurations in real time without having to build
circuits and wiring.
B. Diode
A diode is a special kind of semiconductor device that
permits current only in one direction. This device is
comprised of two layers which are brought together by their
junction to regulate the passage of electricity. A diode
conducts when a voltage is applied in the forward direction
while it behaves like a barrier for current when a voltage is
applied in the reverse direction. The diodes are essential for
different kinds of electronics like rectification or signal
demultiplexing since they control the movement of current in
one way.
C. Resistor
Resistor is an important component of electronics which
limits the flow of current within a circuit. It is a unit that is
expressed in ohms (Ω) it come in a fixed of variable type.
There are two types of resistors; fixed resistors whose
resistance is constant and variable ones whose resistance can

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be manually adjusted. In electronics, resistors serve as
current limiters, voltage splitters, and bias setters. Their
ability to shape and manage electric signals is fundamental
towards designing electronic devices.
D. Transformer (606)
An electrical device known as a transformer transfers energy
between two circuits by means of electromagnetic induction.
It is made up of winding coils around a common magnetic
core that changes the voltage level in AC systems. AC
current generates voltage in the secondary coil when it goes
through the primary coil making this setup useful for
transmitting power and transforming voltages. The
transformer constitutes the heart of electricity distribution,
without which most homes would go dark, many business
activities could grind to a halt, and many nations could be
plunged into complete darkness.
E. Multimeter
A multimeter form one of the most indispensable electronic
devices used for determining voltage, current, and resistance
in electrical circuits. It has test probes for component checks
and continuity tests that make it a handy tool used for
troubleshooting and diagnostics. A compact multimeter is
very popular among technicians and amateurs and helps in
measuring various electrodes and devices’ maintenance and
review.
F. LED
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are light-emitting diodes that
emit light when an electric current passes through them. Its
efficiency, durability, and compact size make it widely used
for lighting in a variety of applications. LEDs consume less
energy, last longer than traditional light sources, and are an
integral part of today’s lighting solutions. As technology has
advanced, LEDs have become an integral part of displays,
signage and lighting systems, helping to save energy and
improve the visual quality of many electronic devices
IV. THEORY
w.r.t. its upper end, the diode is reverse biased and so does
not conduct. Thus, during the negative half cycles of the
input ac voltage, the current through and voltage across the
load remains zero. The reverse current, being very small in
magnitude, is neglected. Thus, for the negative half cycles no
power is delivered to the load.
Since only half-cycles of the input wave are used, it is
called a half wave rectifier.
A. Ripple Factor
It is defined as the ratio of AC voltage at the output
(Vac)to the DC voltage at output (Vdc).
RIPPLE FACTOR=Vac/Vdc
B. Efficiency
It is the ratio of output DC power to the input AC power.
EFFICIENCY=Vdc2/Vrms2 where
Vrms2=Vac2+Vdc2
V. PROCEDURE
 Connect the two circuits as shown in the circuit
diagram. Connect the primary side of the
transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to
rectifier input.
 Using a CRO observe the waveforms produced by
the two rectifiers.
 Measure the DC voltage and the rms value of AC
voltage of the two circuits using a multimeter.
 Also measure the AC input voltage in the circuit.
 Calculate the efficiency and ripple factor of half
wave rectifier.

The diode is connected in series with the secondary of the

transformer and the load resistance RL. The primary of the
transformer is being connected to the ac supply mains.
The ac voltage across the secondary winding changes VI. OBSERVATION
polarities after every half cycle of input wave. During the A. Waveform of Half Wave Rectifier:
positive half-cycles of the input ac voltage i.e., when upper
end of the secondary winding is positive w.r.t. its lower end,
the diode is forward biased and therefore conducts current. If
the forward resistance of the diode is assumed to be zero the
input voltage during the positive half-cycles is directly
applied to the load resistance RL, making its upper end
positive w.r.t. its lower end.
During the negative half cycles of the input ac voltage
i.e., when the lower end of the secondary winding is positive
 Firstly, I wish to thank Dr. Rekha to whom I am forever
indebted to for their aspiring guidance, invariably
constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project
work. I would also like to thank our HOD for giving the
opportunity of performing the project and availing the
facilities of the school lab. Special thanks to our lab assistant
for his insightful comments and suggestions.
I wish to assure you all that the keen pleasure which I feel
in this regard serve only to enhance my profound
appreciation of the great honour which you have done to me
and my sincere gratitude for your generous action.
REFERENCES
B. Values and Calculations
Following books and websites were a source for my
Half wave rectifier: project:
Vrms=4.67V
Vdc=2.93V 1. NCERT Physics text book
Vac=3.64V 2. https://www.elprocus.com/half-
Ripple factor=1.24 waverectifier-circuit-working-theory/
Efficiency=39.3%
3. https://www.adda247.com/school/halfwave-
VII. CONCLUSION rectifier/
From the waveforms observed we can say that: A half wave
rectifier gives discontinuous and pulsating dc output across
the load resistance (as seen in CRO).
Thus, half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for
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Realizing that no duty is more important than that of conference. Failure to remove template text from
returning thanks I wish to express my sense of obligation to your paper may result in your paper not being
all who have helped me through this venture and without published.
whose guidance and encouragement this project wouldn’t
have been possible.