FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

Chapter I
Introduction to Police Photography

I. Definition of terms

Photography

Derived from the Greek word “Phos” or “Photos” which means “light” and “Grapho” means
“Writing” or “Graphia” meaning “to Draw”. Sir John F. W. Herschel coined the word photography
when he first wrote a letter to Henry Fox Talbot.

• Is the art and science of reproducing image by means of light through some sensitized
material with the aid of a camera, Lens and its accessories and the chemical process
required in order to produce a photograph.
Forensic
Derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means “a market place” where people gathered
for public discussion.
When used in conjunction with other science it connotes a relationship to the administration
of justice. It is sometimes used interchangeably with the word legal.
Police Photography
Is the application of the principles of photography is relation to the police work and in the
administration of justice.
Photograph
Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography.
Picture
Refers to all kinds of images it can be a product of photography or not.
Note: Picture and photograph are not the same for a picture is a generic term is refers to all kinds of
formed image while a photograph is an image that can only be a product of photography.
II. Historical Evolution of Photography

Alphonse Bertillon

• Father of Forensic Photography

• He created the “Bertillonage” system
• Bertillonage System was a technique for describing
individuals using photographs and measurements of
specific physical characteristics. Police used special
instruments to take precise measurements of a
criminal’s arms, ears, nose, trunk, head, face, feet and
hands, as well standing height, sitting height,
distance between fingertips and arms outstretched.
Distinctive features including eye color, scars and
deformities were noted. Each measurement was
carefully recorded on a standardized card, which
also included mug shots, and placed in orderly files.

Camera obscura

• latin words which mean “dark chamber”

• it is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen
• forerunner of the photographic camera
Mo Ti

• noted that a pinhole can form an inverted and focused image when light passes through the
hole and into a dark area.
• First-recorded person to have exploited this phenomenon to trace the inverted image to
create a picture

Aristotle

• A famous Greek philosopher who invented the first pinhole camera that was later known as
camera obscura (Italian word for darkroom chamber) which literally translated to Darkened
fox.
• Artists or painters, in order to get accurate perspective of natural scene and scales of their
subjects they utilizes the Camera Obscura.
• He was the one who succeeded in recording the principle that the light entering through a
small hole produces an inverted image or figure.
Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen)

• invented the first true pinhole camera

• he described how a sharper image could be produced by making the opening of the pinhole
smaller

Roger Bacon
 • English philosopher and Franciscan friar who in his study of optics, included a discussion of
the physiology of eyesight, the anatomy of the eyes and brain and considered light, distance,
position, size, direct vision, reflected vision and refraction, mirrors and lenses
Johannes Kepler

• a German mathematician and astronomer who applied the actual name of camera obscura
and later added a lens and made the apparatus transportable in the form of a tent
Johann Zahn

• built the first camera obscura that was small enough for practical use as a portable drawing
aid in 1685 because the only way to preserve the images produced by the camera was to
manually trace them
Albert Magnus

• discovered silver nitrate

Georg Fabricius

• discovered silver chloride

1800

• Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura
by means of light-sensitive substance
John Hershel

• invented the cyanotype process – “blueprint”

• first to use the terms “photography”, “negative”, “positive”
• used Sodium Thiosulphate in 1819 as solvent of silver halides; it can be used to “fix” silver-
halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast - made the first glass negative
in 1839
1822

• Joseph Nicephore Niepce produced the first photoetching

1833

• Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre introduced the Daguerreotype process, the first commercially
successful photographic process in the history of photography
William Henry Fox Talbot

• British inventor and pioneer of photography. He created the Calotype process in 1840 using
the chemical development of a latent image to greatly reduce the exposure needed to compete
with the daguerreotype
Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield

• began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876

 • enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised

1885

• George Eastman (founder of Kodak) marketed the first flexible photographic roll film

1920

• the electronic video camera tube was invented, starting a line of development that eventually
resulted in digital cameras which largely supplanted film cameras after the turn of the 21 st
century
Lumiere brothers

• introduced the autochrome, the first commercially successful color process

Kodachrome

• the first modern integral tripack color film, introduced by Kodak in 1935. It captured the
three basic color components in a multilayer emulsion.
1981

• Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a charge-coupled device for imaging which
saved images to disk

1991

• Kodak unveiled the DCS100, first commercially available digital single lens reflex camera

III. Types of Photography

1. Forensic Photography – the process of photographing the crime scene or any other objects
for court presentation.
2. Photomacrography- photographing of objects directly enlarged on the negative and
magnified from 1 to 9 times.

3. Photomicrography – The art of photographing minute objects when magnified by means of

a microscope and enlarged from 10 times and up.
4. Infra-red Photography – The art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects
by means of infra-red light.
• It is also utilized to examine charred documents, overwritten and in detection of
gunpowder.

5. Ultra-violet photography – The art or

process of photographing or recording
unseen objects by means of ultra-violet
light or filters.

• It involves two methods. The use of

ultra-violet filter and the use of
ultra-violet lamp.

• Some elements of an object will

reflect or absorb ultra-violet
differently.
 6. Spectograph– A process use in determining the kind of metals submitted for examination.

7. X-ray photography– The process of photographing or recording internal structure of the

body.
Other Types of Photography
1. Flash Photography (photographing with flash) – It is a technique applied whereby
exposures are made with illumination from one or more photograph.

2. Mug shot photography – It is usually use for personal identification which is the first use of
photography in police work.

3. Thermo photography – A kind of photo where we use laser beam radiation using laser beam
film.
Thermal imaging is simply the process of converting infrared (IR) radiation (heat) into
visible images that depict the spatial distribution of temperature differences in a scene
viewed by a thermal camera.
4. Aerial photography–A kind of photography applied for photo mapping. Taking of
photograph above the subject.
5. Underwater photography – photographing things under water.

IV. Objectives of Police Photography

1. To produce a pictorial record of everything pertaining to the crime.
2. To help in keeping the police officer’s memory accurately as possible as to where the find
things.
3. To help on securing and obtaining confession, disposition and information relating to the
case.
V. Importance of Forensic Photography
1. Small objects but of great importance in a crime committed may escape in the first phase of
examination by the investigator but maybe seen and recorded on the photograph.

2. A good photograph of the scene is a permanent record which is always available especially in
court presentation, in court proceedings; fiscals and defense lawyers have generally never
visited the scene of the crime. As a general rule, take many photograph of the crime scene and
select the best.
3. Used as an aid by investigator to describe in court some of the details of the crime scene they
have investigated several months ago, the small details and exact locations of objects.
4. To assist the investigators in using photographic equipment and techniques in their effort to
solve crimes.
Uses of Photography in Police Work
1. Identification - This is the very first use of photography in police work. Use to identify
criminals, missing persons, lost property, licenses, anonymous letters, bank checks, laundry
marks, and the civilian or personnel fingerprint identification files.
2. Communication and micro film files – Investigative files, accident files, transmission of
photos (wire photos) photographic supplements to report electro photography machines.
3. Evidence – Crime scenes, traffic accidents, homicides, suicides, fires, objects of evidence,
latent fingerprints, evidential traces can frequently be improved by contrast control (lighting,
film and paper filters), by magnification (photomacrography, photomicrography) or by
invisible radiation.

4. Offender detection – Surveillance, burglar traps, confessions, re-enactments of crime.

5. Court Exhibits – Demonstration enlargements, individual photos, projection slides, motion
pictures.
6. Reproduction or copying – Questionable checks and documents, evidential papers,
photographs, official records and notices.

7. Personnel Training – Photographs and film relating to police tactics, investigation

techniques, mob control, and catastrophe situations.
8. Crime and Fire Prevention Hazards – lectures, security clearance detection devices, photos
of hazardous fire conditions made when prevention inspections are made.
9. Public Relations – Film pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency traffic
education, public cooperation and civil defense.
 Chapter II
The Essentials of Photography

I. LIGHT: ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES

Light is a form of energy. Visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that creates the
sensation of light when it falls on the human eye. The properties of all electromagnetic radiation
can be described by wavelength, frequency, and energy.

Light
• A form of radiant electromagnetic energy which travel in wave motion.
• It is a wavelength of radiant energy capable of visual detection.
• It is a radiant energy which emanates from heat.
• It travels at a speed of about 186,000 miles per second in air or 300,000 km/second in an
open space but they differ in wavelength and frequency

Wavelength
It is defined as the property of a wave in which the distance between the identical points of
two successive waves are calculated. Wavelength of light is the distance between two successive
crests or troughs of the light wave.
Visible spectrum
Visible spectrum is the observable region of the electromagnetic wave visible to the human
eyes. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the visible spectrum ranges from the infrared region to the
UV region. The range of lights spectrum can be detected from about 400 nanometers (Violet) to
about 700 nanometers (red). Beyond this range, the human eye is unable to see the rest of the
electromagnetic waves.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Note: As wavelength decreases, frequency increases and energy increases

Rainbow colors
1. Violet – 400 to 440 nm 2. Blue – 440 to 490 nm
2. Green – 490 to 540 nm
3. Yellow – 540 to 590 nm
4. Orange – 600 to 650 nm
5. Red – 650 to 700 nm

Photographic rays of modern photography

1. X-rays – 1 to 30 nm
2. UV rays – 30 to400 nm
3. Visible light – 400 to 700 nm
4. Infrared rays (Beyond the red) – 700 to 100 nm

Primary colors of light

1. Red
2. Green
3. Blue
Secondary colors of light
1. Yellow
2. Cyan
3. Magenta

White – the presence of all colors

Black – is the absence of all colors or the absence of light
Frequency
Measured by counting the number of waves passing a stationary point in each second (cycles
per second or hertz)

Energy
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which can be seen by the human eye.
Light consists of photons which are produced when an object’s atoms heat up. It is a type of kinetic
energy. Light energy travels in the form of waves. It travels faster than sound and all others.

A. TYPES OF LIGHT

Lights can largely be classified into visible and invisible light.

a. Visible Light- Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the human eye.
It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye.
b. Invisible Light- lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the
retina of the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultrat-violet and Infra-red lights.
B. PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS
a. X-ray - Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by passing an
electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally discovered by Conrad
Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of shadow photography.

b. Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet)- Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers
designed to photograph fingerprints in multi colored background, documents that are altered,
decipherment of erase writing and developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as
“black Light”.
c. Visible Light- It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons
designed for ordinary photographing purposes.
d. Infra-red (Beyond the Red)- Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength
ranging from 700 to 1000 millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of over-written
documents, obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out photography. It is
sometimes referred to as heat rays).
C. QUALITIES OF LIGHT

1. Directions- Where there is a single source, the direction is clearly defined. Where there are
multiple sources, or light is diffused as on a cloudy day, the direction is less evident or
totally absent.
a. Front light - It is the lighting that comes from the camera itself (flash).
b. Side light - Lighting that falls on a subject at an angle. It is ideal for conveying a
subject’s shape and form.
c. Back light - Light source from behind the subject, causing the subject to appear as
silhouette.
2. Intensity- It refers to the strength of light. This varies according to the output of light
source and distance from the source.
Two classifications of light intensity
a. Strong contrast (high contrast)- Strong light with a huge difference in brightness
between the highlight and shadow areas.
b. Weak contrast (low contrast)- Weak light with a small difference in brightness
between the highlight and shadow areas.
3. Color- Light varies in color depending upon its source and the substance through it passes.
Natural sunlight has a different mixture from incandescent lighting or electronic flash, and
the color of sunlight itself varies depending upon the atmospheric conditions and time of
the day.
The following are the characteristics of color:
a. Hue
b. Saturation
c. Brightness
D. PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
1. Reflection- It is the deflection or bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.
a. Regular- Happens when light hits a flat, smooth and shiny surface.
b. Irregular of diffused- Occurs when light hits a rough or uneven but glossy object.

2. Refraction- The bending of light when passing from one medium to another.

3. Diffraction- The bending of light when it hits a sharp edge opaque object.

4. Rectilinear- The nature of light that normally travels in straight line.

5. Interference - Color can be produce by interference of light waves in thin film like in soap
bubbles or a film of oil floating in water. The light reflected from the top surface of such a
film undergoes a reversal or phase but light reflected from the bottom of the surface does
not undergo this type of change.

6. Absorption- The nature of light to be absorbed in the process of dark surface.

7. Filtration- The character of light to be altered from its colorless into visible state.

8. Polarization- The process by which the vibration of light are confined to a definite plane,
and the speed of light can be measured.

9. Fluorescence - These happen when molecules of the fluorescent material absorb energy at
one wavelength and radiate it at another wavelength.

E. KINDS OF OBJECT AS TO HOW THEY BEHAVE TO LIGHT

1. Transparent Object
• Allows sufficient visible light to pass through them that the object on the other side
may be clearly seen.
e.g. air, water, diamond, clear glass, and lens
2. Translucent Object
• Allows light to pass, however diffuse it sufficiently that objects on the other side may
not be clearly distinguished.
e.g. waxed Paper, plastic thin sheets, butter paper, and Vegetable oil
3. Opaque Object
• So greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the object on the other side is very difficult
if not impossible.
e.g. bricks, walls, books, tables, and trees

F. SOURCES OF LIGHT

1. Natural Light- light which come to existence without the intervention of man
 e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
a. Bright Sunlight- object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the
object appears glossy.

b. Hazy Sunlight- object in an open-space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. This is

due to thin clouds that cover the sun.
c. Dull Sunlight- object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the
sun.
2. Artificial Light- otherwise known as man-made light
e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp.
a. Continuous radiation- Those that can give continuous illumination.

b. Short illumination (flash unit)- Because it is battery powered, it is more convenient for
field work where AC current is not available.

G. FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCES

1. Ultra violet lamp

• It comes in variety of shape, sizes and power.

• Some units are portable battery operated and are easily carried and can meet the
rugged and rigorous demand for field work.
2. LASER – Light Amplification through Simulated Emission of Radiation

• By illumination certain items with LASER, they would fluoresce or could be made to
stand out in sharp contrast with their background.
• This was especially significant in locating dried biological stains.
• It provided a way for criminalist to finally see, locate, and visually record evidence that
they know that they had been missing.
• Quite expensive.

3. Alternative Light Source (ALS)

• Far more inexpensive alternative to Forensic Laser.

• It uses variety of band pass filters to provide a high intensity beam of a non-coherent
light.
4. Forensic Light Sources (FLS)

• Applied to a wide variety of relatively inexpensive light sources which use filtered
white light.
 Chapter III
Sensitized Materials

Sensitized Materials
Refers to films and papers that are composed of emulsion containing silver halide crystals
suspended in gelatin and coated on transparent or reflective support.

Silver Halide Crystals

• It carry minute specks of metallic silver – so called sensitivity specks with amount in mass
about 1/1,000,000,000 part of the silver halide crystal.
• It is a compound of silver with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine crystal.

Photographic Film
• It is a cellulose tape or plate where silver salts are suspended capable of recording light.
• Its primary function is to record the image that is focused upon it by the lens of the camera.

Photographic Film Structure

A. Structure of Black and White Film

1. Top Coating/ Protective Layer
The top layer of the film protects the fragile emulsion from human hands. There is
always an oily substance on skin that, if transferred to the emulsion, would effectively ruin
the film. The protective coating also protects the emulsion from minor scratches and
abrasions. The protective coating washes away during film processing
2. Emulsion layer
The emulsion is the true "heart" of film. It is the part of the film that records the image
by physically reacting to light that reflects from the scene being photographed, passes
through the camera's lens and strikes the film.
Only one emulsion is required for B&W photographs because it is the amount of light,
not the color, that activates the chemical reaction.
3. Film Base
The base, the thickest of the layers, supports the other layers. Plastic-based films are
commonly called "films" while paper-based films are called "photographic papers."
Polyester is a particularly suitable base for film because it is dimensionally stable.
Dimensionally stable materials do not appreciably change size when the temperature or
moisture level of the film change.
4. Antihalation Backing
The bottom layer of a sheet of film is a very dark-colored material that prevents
halation. This anti-halation backing prevents light from passing through the film and
subsequently reflecting back up from any reflective surface under the film. Because light
reflects at an angle, the reflected light would not return at the same angle as it struck the
reflective surface. The light, travelling at an unwanted angle, would expose halos (hence the
name halation) around existing images. The dark-colored material absorbs any light that
penetrated the film, thus preventing the light from reflecting and causing halation. The anti-
halation backing is washed away during film processing.
B. Structure of Colored Film
1. Top Coating
2. Emulsion layer
Color film requires three layers of emulsion, each of which is sensitive to only one of
the primary colors of light: blue, red, or green. As light passes through the layers, each
emulsion records areas where its particular color appears in the scene. When developed, the
emulsion releases dye that is the complementary color of light recorded: blue light activates
yellow dye, green light s magenta, and red light is cyan. Complementary colors are used
because they produce the original color of the scene when the film is processed.
Exposure is made simultaneously in three layers. Each layer responding to only one
of the additive primary colors. After exposure and during the film processing, the yellow color
of the layer is destroyed.
3. Film Base
4. Antihalation Backing

Typology of films

A. Classification according to use

1. Black and White Film- carries the suffix pan or ortho
2. Color Film- films that have names ending in COLOR; color negatives for prints; the negative in
this type of film is divided into blocks and is color positive. It is composed of hue dyes.
Reversal (transparency) used in projection viewing.

B. Types based on Film Speed (according to light sensitivity)

1. Fast film-contains numerous numbers of large grains of silver halides that usually develop
in groups; film that are very sensitive to light. When the available light is dim, this type of
film is best because of the low reflection power of the subject against a background. It is low
in contrast, but high in brightness; has grainy result.
2. Slow film- film that requires longer period of time to completely expose their emulsion to
light; film with fine grains of silver halides.

Emulsion Speed
The sensitivity of the film to light; the extent to which emulsion is sensitive to light. The
different indicators of emulsion speed are as follows:
a. ASA (American Standard Association) Rating. This is expressed in arithmetical value.
12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600
b. DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) Rating. This is expressed in logarithmic Value
12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 37
c. ISO (International Standards Organization) rating. This is expressed in the combined
arithmetical and logarithmic values.
12/12, 25/15, 50/18, 100, 2
1. ISO 25- slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best color and sharpness.
2. ISO 100- ISO 200- for general purpose
3. ISO 100- slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low shutter speed; has fine grains
of silver halides; produce sharp image
 4. ISO 200- twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO 100; has large grains; produce large
sharp image
5. ISO 400- for dim light or with moving subject
6. ISO 1000 and up- for extremely low light conditions or for fast moving objects.

Film speed
The standards set by the International Standard Organization (ISO) are used throughout the
world. The firs number of an ISO rating represents an arithmetic measure of film speed, whereas the
second number represents logarithmic measure.

Granularity or Graininess
• This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed after the development of
an exposed film.
• The sizes of the metallic silver grains are dependent on the emulsion speed of the film and
the type of developing solution that is used in the processing.
• The rule is: the lower emulsion speed rating, the finer is the grain and conversely, the higher
the emulsion speeds rating of the film, the bigger the grains.
• Likewise, a film developer will produce a finer grain than a paper developer when used for
film processing.
C. Types based on Spectral Sensitivity

Spectral Sensitivity- responsiveness of the film emulsion to the different wavelengths of light
sources.

1. Monochromatic Film-film that is sensitive to a single color of light (for black and white)
a. Blue sensitive film- a film specially treated that makes it more sensitive to blue rays of
light.
b. Ultra-violet sensitive film-sensitive to UV rays only

2. Panchromatic film- sensitive to ultra-violet rays and all light found in the visible spectrum,
especially to blue and violet light. It is suitable for general use in the preparation of black and
white photography because it produces the most natural recording of colors.
a. Process Panchromatic Film- permit short exposure under average lighting condition
and has the advantage of fine grain structure.
b. Grain Panchromatic Film
c. High Speed Panchromatic Film- designed originally photographing objects under
adverse lighting condition

3. Orthochromatic Film-film that is sensitive to UV rays, blue and green colors, but not to red.
Red portions are recorded as dark tones, while green and blue parts appear as light tones
when printed. This is popular in the market as Kodalith Film.

4. Infrared Film- a special type of film that is sensitive to infrared and ultra-violet radiation. It
is also sensitive to all the colors found in the visible spectrum. IR film is useful in penetrating
haze because of its longer wavelength.
5. Polaroid film- Contains chemicals for developing and fixation. A special type of sensitized
material that produces a photograph immediately after exposure.
6. X-ray Film- A material which is sensitive to x-ray region of electromagnetic spectrum

Photographic Paper
The result of photography in its final form is the photograph. One material necessary to
produce a photograph or positive print. It has emulsion that is coated with opaque material like
paper.

Structure of the Photographic Paper

A. Basic layers of printing paper:

1. Emulsion layer- the layer containing minute silver suspended in gelatin; the layer of chemical
needed to reproduce the opposite tone of the negative print.
2. Baryta layer- a gelatin containing Baryta crystals to increase the reflectivity of the paper.
3. Base- made of hardened white paper, which must be chemically pure to ensure that it will not
interfere with the chemical processes to which the emulsion is subjected.
B. Types of Photographic Paper

Based on the emulsion used:

1. Silver Chloride Paper- contains silver chloride emulsion; grained and produce deep black
images; used for contact printing. Its sensitivity to light is low. Generally, the size of the
positive print is the same as the size of the negative used and usually it will give blue-black
tone if properly developed.

2. Silver Bromide Paper- contains silver bromide emulsion. Light sensitivity of this type is faster
than the silver chloride paper. The photographic paper is used for projection printing or
enlarging process wherein the negative image is projected or enlarged. If properly developed,
the silver bromide paper will give a black tone.

3. Silver Chlorobromide Paper- contains a combination of silver chloride emulsion; its emulsion
speed lies between that of chloride and bromide papers; used both for contact and projection
printing. The sensitivity of this paper is either slow or fast. The slow emulsion is used for
contact printing while the fast emulsion is used for projection printing.

4. Variable Contrast Paper- combines the contrast ranges in one paper, it uses a special
Chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast responses upon exposure to
different colored light.

C. Classification of Contrast Range:

1. Low contrast- usually suitable to a very high contrast negative to produce a normal print or
photograph.
2. Normal and Medium Contrast
3. High/Hard Contrast- suitable to a very low contrast negative to compensate for lack of
brilliance and produce a normal print or photograph.
4. Very Hard or Extra Hard Contrast

D. According to Physical Characteristics:

Weight
1. Light weight- are used when the thickness of the paper is not a consideration and high degree
of flexibility is necessary.
2. Single weight- are paper used for small print or print which need to be mounted on solid and
fine details are necessary in the production. Used for ordinary photographic purposes.
3. Double weight- generally used for large prints because they stand up better under rough
treatment.

Surface Texture
1. Glossy papers- preferred where fine detail and brilliant images a required. For evidence
2. Semi-matte papers- are with decided textures which obscure fin details.
3. Rough papers- used for large prints or where breadth rather than detail is necessary.

Color
1. White- are preferred for cold effect
 2. Cream- are preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscapes, or when warmth effect is
desired.
3. Buff papers- preferred for tone prints.

E. Grade of Photographic papers

Because of the fact that all negative do not print best on one kind of paper, and in order to
permit printing for special effects, photographic papers is made in several different grades of contrast
and surface texture. Velox paper made by Kodak offers the following degrees of contrast and glossy
surface:
1. Velox No. 0- used for printing from extremely contrast negatives, the low contrast in the
paper sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the negative to give a new print.
2. Velox No. 1- used for high contrast negative
3. Velox No. 2- a paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives.
4. Velox No. 3- used for negatives that have weak contrast.
5. Velox No. 4- provides for sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It
is useful in printing pictures which high contrast is desired.
6. Velox No. 5- for flat negative that are unprintable

The choice of photographic paper for printing will depend upon the purpose of photographs
to be made. Black and White object are usually printed in a white base photographic paper. For
Portrait Photograph, a cream paper base photographic paper. For law enforcement photography,
smooth photo paper is necessary.