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Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
Sunshades
double up
as light
shelves
BENEFITS
• Maximize daylighting while minimizing solar heat gain
• Saving in electrical lighting and cooling load required
• Improve occupant views and comfort
POINTS TO NOTE
• It is important to note that the best daylight penetration typically results from using light-coloured, sloped
external shelves.
• It is important to note that reflecting coatings or films should be avoided as they may cause glare problems for
adjacent buildings.
• To improve light distribution in spaces, higher floor to ceiling height should be used.
• Light-coloured ceiling, which is free of obstructions for better light penetration should be used.
• To ensure successful implementation of light shelves, the design and profile of the sunshades should be
carefully analysed and studied. If possible, computer energy simulation should be used to evaluate trade-offs
between daylight transmission and solar control.
6.2. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
Photovoltaic cells convert the sun’s energy into electricity. They rely on the photovoltaic effect to absorb the energy of
the sun and cause currents to flow between two oppositely charged layers.
Together with a backup battery, it is suitable for low-power applications such as powering external street lighting or
devices in remote areas or where connection to the electricity mains would be not cost effective. However, because of
the relatively high cost of purchase and installation, they are not commonly used.
BENEFITS
• Environmental-friendly electricity supply
• No need to run electrical wirings
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
BENEFITS
• Maximize daylighting while minimizing solar heat gain
• Savings in electrical lighting and cooling load required
• Improve occupant views and comfort
Ceiling diffuser –
introduce natural lighting
into space
According to calculations given by supplier, it takes 13 to 14 years for payback on light pipes investment.
POINTS TO NOTE
• It is necessary to note that light pipes must be located where the sun can shine on them directly. A light pipe
will not produce a useful amount of daylight if it is shaded by adjacent buildings or plants.
• The light loss is proportional to the length-to-width ratio of the pipe. Therefore, efficiency is sacrificed if the pipe
is too long.
BENEFITS
• Improve the energy efficiency of chillers.
Research has shown that fouling starts to form after 200 to 400 hours. Fouling in condenser tubes will reduce
the heat transfer capacity of the condenser tubes.
• Lengthen the life span of heat exchangers and condenser systems as the system eliminate the condenser
tubes from scale and fouling and hence, prevent condenser tube corrosion.
• Lower maintenance costs as there is no need to shutdown the chiller for condenser cleaning.
Auto condenser tube cleaning system Potential saving
POINTS TO NOTE
• It is important to ensure that the auto cleaning system should not damage the chiller when any part of the
system fails.
• To ensure good performance, the system should also detect and alert any failure within the system so that the
fault can be rectified earlier.
BENEFITS
• Save water as no flushing required.
• Low installation cost as water connection and
flush valve are not needed.
POINT TO NOTE
• Proper maintenance is crucial to ensure the waterless urinal do not cause unpleasant smells.
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
BENEFITS
• Saving in energy consumption due to reduction in scale, corrosion and biofilm
• Environmental friendly as the system uses no chemical
• Able to control microbiological growth and minimize Legionellosis disease outbreak
• Improve cooling tower’s cycle of concentration
• Discharged blow-down water from cooling tower can be recycled and reused for other needs such as
watering plants
Copper-silver
ionization unit
Besides that, it can also be applied on the external facade such as glass, wall tiles and aluminium claddings to reduce the
maintenance and cleaning of external facades. When exposed to sunlight, TiO2 absorbs a portion of the ultra violet light
and becomes hydrophilic where water is not repelled but spreads to form a thin film on the surface. With the combination
of both photocatalysis and hydrophilic effect, TiO2 solution can reduce dirt build up on the external surface.
BENEFITS
• Coated surface can be cleaner and fresher with less frequent cleaning. Hence, savings in water, cleaning
agents and manpower costs.
• Elimination of odours
It is suitable for buildings with high cooling load requirements and has enough space for thermal energy storage. Figures
below show the typical installation of schematic diagram of chilled water thermal energy storage cooling and ice thermal
energy storage cooling.
BENEFITS
• Require fewer chillers
• Saving in electricity cost by using off-peak electricity with low tariff
• Most of the time, chillers are able to operate at designed optimum capacity with high efficiency
• Environment-friendly system
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
A case study by Florida Hospital showed that installing UVC emitter in AHU significantly reduced the need of coil-cleaning
and also saved energy. UVC emitter in AHU provides continuous disinfection and coil cleaning.
BENEFITS
• Save manpower, water and cleaning chemicals and prolong the life of the coils
• Improve indoor air quality as UVC light from the emitters destroy bacteria, viruses and mould and eliminate
odours
BENEFITS
• No pollutant byproduct using hydrogen as the fuel. The fuel cell energy is produced through a clean
electrochemical reaction that releases only water.
• The main advantage of using fuel cells over UPS is that the latter generates heat continually even when the
batteries are under float-charge. This increases the building’s energy cost.
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
BENEFITS
• Low cleaning costs
• Decomposition of bacteria, fungi, algae and germs.
• Environmental-friendly
BENEFIT
• Save construction materials and installation costs
POINTS TO NOTE
• As this system requires the use of fire-rated ducting, waiver has to be sought from Fire Safety Shelter
Department to reduce such requirement.
• Software simulation may be done to ensure that the system can perform to meet the design requirements. For
example, using Computation Fluid Dynamic software simulation to predict the fire scenarios.
BENEFITS
• Saving on operating cost due to smaller pumps.
• Saving in building material costs through downsizing pumps, pipes, valves and insulation.
POINT TO NOTE
• Although there will be penalty for chiller efficiency associated with lowering of the leaving water temperature
but the overall savings in distribution power, especially for building with high pumping head, would still be
significant. For example, building with more than 30m pump head would be considered a good choice for
using this system.
o Use heat recovery wheels, heat pipe, coil loop etc on airside system.
o Use heat pumps or heat machines to harness waste heat from condenser and improve efficiency of chiller or
condensing units.
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
BENEFITS
• Savings on manpower cost to move refuse.
• Better hygiene and cleanliness, eliminating pest and odour related problems.
POINT TO NOTE
• It is important to carefully position the discharge of the transported air after passing through a cleaning filter.
BENEFITS
• Achieve less reliance on PUB water.
• Eco-friendly system
Water recycling plant used in a construction site which uses membrane technology
and auto-cleansing system
6.18. BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS (BIPV)
BIPV is a system where photovoltaic panels are integrated into the design of a building so that the solar components
also serve as structural or design elements. Photovoltaic technologies use solar energy to produce electricity in an
environmental friendly way. To offset the cost of building facade, roofing or glazing, BIPV systems should be integrated
into a building during the initial design stages. The BIPV system can be used for:
• Roofing
• Facades, windows and curtain walls
• Skylights and atrium areas
BENEFITS
• Offsets the cost of facade, roofing, etc
• Low maintenance cost and long life span
• Savings in electricity costs
• Environmental-friendly electricity supply
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
The Tri-generation plant comprises fuel cells or gas turbines to produce electricity and heat together with absorption
chillers. The chillers will use the generated heat to produce chilled water. Figure below shows how the plant works.
The plant offers a more flexible and economical solution to ensure uninterrupted supply of electricity, chilled water and
hot water.
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Green Building Design Guide
Air-Conditioned Buildings
6. INNOVATIONS
13. Use of solar energy for water heater and lamp posts
Use solar energy for water heater Use solar energy for lamp-posts
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