THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE DEPARTMENT`

Daw Nant Tha Hmwe

Deputy Director
Bridge Design
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
CONCEPT

 SAFE AND PERFORMANCE

 CONSTRUCTIBILITY, SAFETY, SERVICIBILITY
 SAFELY CARRY THE SERVICE LOAD DURING DESIGN LIFE (75-
YEARS)

Ref: Design of Modern Hiway

Bridge P.95
 BRIDGE DESIGN
 STRUCTURE SYSTEM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED, CONTINUOUS, FRAMED, CABLE SUPPORTED,
ARCH, ETC.
 NATURAL & MANMADE MATERIALS
RC, PC, STEEL, COMPOSITE, TIMBER, RUBBER
 GEOMETRY & SECTIONS
CIRCULAR/ RECTANGULAR/ OVAL/ BOX
DRAG/ STIFFNESS/
 METELLOGY
WELDS, CAST STEEL, CAST IRON
 HYDROLOGY
DISCHARGE, SCOUR, EROSION
 SOIL SCIENCE
BRIDGE DESIGN
MAJOR POINTS
 FUNCTIOAL
 ECONOMY
 AESTHETIC

FUNCTION
 PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
 HIGHWAY BRIDGE
 RAILWAY BRIDGE
 UTILITY BRIDGE
BRIDGE TERMANOLOGY

 PIER
 ABUTMENT
 SUPER STRUCTURE
 SUB STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE

• Deck or Slab: supported roadway on a bridge

• Beam or Girder: A rigid, usually horizontal,
structural element
• Abutment: The outermost end supports on a
bridge, which carry the load from
the deck
• Pier: A vertical supporting structure, such as a
pillar
• Foundation
 Super structure

Sub structure

Foundation
Factors Describe a Bridge

Four main factors are used in describing a bridge:

• Span (simple, continuous, cantilever)

• Material (stone, concrete, metal, etc.)

• Placement of the travel surface in relation to the

structure (deck, through)

• Form (beam, arch, truss, etc.).

 TYPES OF BRIDGES
CONCRETE: CABLE-
 SLAB BRIDGE  SUSPENSION BRIDGE
 GIRDER BRIDGE  CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
 ARCH  EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
 SUSPENDED BRIDGE
STEEL:
 PLATE GIRDER GEOMETRY:
 BOX GIRDER  SLAB BRIDGE
 TRUSS  T-GIRDER BRIDGE
 ARCH  BOX GIRDER
 ARCH
STATIC SYS:  TRUSS
 SIMPLYSUPPORTED
 CONTINUOUS
MOVABLE BRIDGE
 FRAME
 BAILEY BRIDGE
 CABLE
 FLOATING PONTOON BRIDGE
 ARCH
 Basic Span Types

Simple Span

Continuous Span

Cantilever Span
SPAN LENGTHS
TIMBER BRIDGES

• Convenient shipping to the job site

• Relatively light, lowering transportation and initial

construction cost

• Light, can be handled with smaller construction

equipment

• Approx. 12% of the bridges in US are wood bridges

• Commonly used for 20-80 ft span

 Wood Bridge on
Concrete Abutments

TIMBER BRIDGE
 TEMPORARY
 LIGHT LOADS
 FLOW VELOCITY SCOUR >
 STABILITY PROBLEM
 18-M SPAN TIMBER
TRUSS BRIDGE

BAMBOOBRIDGE 10-M SPAN FOOTBRIDGE

TIMBER ALLOW. STRESS
SLAB BRIDGE
RC SOLID SLAB SPAN = 30-FT
VOIDED SLAB = 60-FT
PRESTRESSED \
PLANK = 12-20METER
SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN AND DRAWING
RC GIRDER BRIDGE
SPANS FROM 30-FT TO 80-FT
TYP ECONOMY SPAN = 60-FTMAX
SPAN FOR I SECTION = 80-FT
MAINTENANCE COST LESS

80-FT SPAN
RC GIRDER BRIDGE
T-BEAM
RECT-BEAM
DIAPHRAM BEAM
CANTILEVER SUSPENDED BRIDGE
 NOT ECONOMY
 CHECK UNBALANCED LOAD
 RIGID FRAME BRIDGE

•Girders and piers act together

•Cross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped.

•Design calculations for rigid

frame bridges are more
difficult than those of simple
girder bridges.
PRE-STRESSED GIRDER BRIDGE
SPAN LONGER THAN RC GIRDER

DESIGNCONSIDERATION
 LAUNCHING METHOD
 SKILLED LABOR
 QC

POST TENSIONED PC
GIRDER FOR RW

PRE-TENSIONED PC
GIRDER FOR RW
STEEL BRIDGES

• Minimum construction depth

• Rapid construction

• Steel can be formed into any shape or form

• Predictable life

• Ease of repair and demolition

STEEL BRIDGE
 PLATE GIRDER
COMPONENTS
STEEL BRIDGE
STEEL BOX GIRDER

TYPES AND COMPONENTS

STEEL BRIDGE
STEEL BRIDGE
TRUSS BRIDGE
TYPES OF TRUSS
 TRUSS BRIDGE

• Typicalspan length
150 to 1500 ft

Firth of Forth Bridge, Scotland

STEEL BRIDGE
TRUSS BRIDGE
COMPONENTS
CABLE SUPPORTED BRIDGE
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE
 CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
 EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
 SUSPENDED BRIDGE (OR)
STRESS RIBBON BRIDGE
 SUSPENSION BRIDGE

• Continuous girder with

one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.

• At both ends of the

bridge, large anchors or
counter weights are
placed to hold the ends
of the cables.

• Typical span length Golden Gate Bridge, California

250 to 3000 ft.

COMPONETS
 CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
• Continuous girder with
one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.
• From these towers
cables stretch down
diagonally and support
the girder.
• Typical span length
350 to 1600 ft.

Normandie Bridge
COMPONETS
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

AUNG ZAYA CABLE STAYED

BRIDGE MAIN SPAN = 300-MPYLON
HEIGHT = 80-M
EXTRA DOSED BRIDGES
SUSPENDED BRIDGE
ARCH BRIDGE

• After girders, arches are the second oldest bridge type.

• Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers

• Arches can be one of Larimer Avenue Bridge, Pittsburgh

the more beautiful
bridge types.

• Typical span length

130 ft – 500 ft.
COMPONETS
MOVABLE BRIDGE
BASCULE BRIDGE
VERTICAL LIFT BRIDGES
TEMPORARY BRIDGE

 BAILEY BRIDGE
 FLOATING PONTOON BRIDGE
SPAN LIMITATION
 STATIC SYSTEM

1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED ( GIRDER BRIDGE & TRUSS BRIDGE)

FIXED BEARING - ROTATION ALLOWED, LOCKED TRANSLATION
- ALSO TERMED AS RESTRAINED
MOVABLE BEARING-ROTATION ALLOWED, FREE TRANSLATION
2. CONTINUOUS SYSTEM ( GIRDER BRIDGE & TRUSS)
ALL SUPPORTS –ROTATION ALLOED
BEARING SYSTEM --UNI-DIRECTION TRANSLATION ALLOWED
--MULTI-MDIRECTION TRANSLATION ALLOWED
3. SUSPENSION BRIDGE –HINGE PYLON, FIXED PYLON
4. ARCH OR FRAME --FIXED OR HINGED
GENERAL FEATURES
 STRIGHT LINE
 SKEWED
 CURVED
SKEWED BRIDGE
GENERAL FEATURES

ROADWAY (CARRIAGEWAY) WIDTH

NO. OF LANES DEPEND ON TRAFFIC VOULME ( AASHTO 2.2.2)
SIDE WALK
URBAN AREA OR REMOTE LOCATION
VERTICAL CLEARANC (HEADROOM)
ABSOLUTE MINNIMUM = MIN. 14FT ( AASHTO 2.3.2)
MANDATORY =16.5-FT (5-M) FOR INTERSTATES ROUTE IN US
ALLOWANCE FOR RESURFACING (2.2.3)MYANMAR
TYPICAL CLEARANCE = 18-FT Clearance=18-ft
GENERAL FEATURES
NAVIGATIONAL CLEARANCE( BOTH VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL)
 FOR MAJOR BRIDGE ACROSS AYAWADY, VERTICAL CLEARANCE
REQUIREMENT = 55-FT (17-M)
BEARING
AFTER FINAL STATIC SYSTEM, TYPE OF
BEARING IS MAJOR FACTOR THAT AFFECT THE
REACTION OF SUPER-STRUCTURE AND
CONSEQUENTLY DESIGN OF FOUNDATION.
-HORIZONTAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION
-FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
-ROTATION ALLOWED
TYPES BEARING
GENERAL FEATURES
 VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)
 BICYCLE RAILING
 PEDESTRIAN RAILING
 COMBINED TRAFFIC AND
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
 COMBINED TRAFFIC AND
BICYCLE RAILING

VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)

 TO BE SMOOTH CONTINOUS FACE
WITH POSTS SET BACK FROM THE
FACE
 2’-3” MINIMUM HEIGHT
TRAFFIC RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
BICYCLE RAILING
LOADS ON BRIDGES

• Permanent Loads: remain on the bridge for an

extended period of time (self weight of the bridge)

• Transient Loads: loads which are not permanent

- gravity loads due to vehicular, railway and

pedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind, ice floes,
ship collision, earthquake, etc.
 DEAD LOAD ( PERMANENT LOAD)
 SELF-WEIGHT
 ROADWAY, SIDEWALKS
 PIPES, CONDUITS
 CABLES AND OTHER
 PUBLIC UTILITY
 PAVEMENT (WEARING SURFACE)
 HANDRAIL,CURB , BARRIERS, SOUND WALL
 EARTH FILL
 EARTH SURCHARGE
 FORMWORK WHICH BECOMES PART OF THE STRUCTURE
 OTHER ELEMENTS DEEMED PERMANENT LOADS BY THE DESIGN
ENGINEER AND OWNER
LIVE LOAD
 WEIGHT OF APPLIED MOVING LOAD
 VEHICLES, TRUCKS AND TRAINS
 BICYCLES
 PEDESTRIAN

TRAFFIC LANES ENTIRE ROADWAY WIDTH BETWEEN

CURBS
DESIGN LANE = ?
STD. TRUCK TO OCCUPY WIDTH = 10 FT
DESIGN TRAFFIC LANE = 12-FT
DESIGN LIVE LOAD
TRUCK LOAD
STANDARD TRUCK
 H-LOADING & HS LOADING
FOUR STANDARD CLASSES
 H 15 , H 20 = 2-AXLE TRUCK
 HS 15 , HS 20 = TRUCK WITH SEMI-TRAILER
LANE LOAD
TANDEM LOAD

 ALTERNATE LIVE LOAD

 MILITARY LOADING
60 TONNE VEHICLE
LIVE LOAD
MINIMUM LIVE LOADING
STANDARD H-TRUCK SINCE 1944 QUESTIONED AS A
VEHICLE RELEVANT TO TRAFFIC NEEDS OF THE
21STCENTURY
MANY STATES IN US HAVE USED HS25 (125% OF HS-20)

MINIMUM LOADING FOR HIGHWAY

 125% OF HS 20 (OR) HS 25
 ALTERNALTE TRUCK LOADING
 60-TON TRUCK

WHICHEVER PRODUCES GREATEST STRESS

IMPACT LOAD

 SUDDENLY APPLIED LOAD

 INCREASED FOR DYNAMIC, VIBRATION AND IMPACT

 IMPACT FACTOR I = 50/(L+125) < 30% , where L in feet.

PEDESTRIAN LOADS

SIDEWALK LOAD (3.14.1.1)

 SPAN 0-FT TO 25-FT = 85 PSF

 SPAN 26-FT TO 100-FT = 60 PSF
 SPAN OVER 100 FT = …….< 60 PSF

FOR BRIDGE PEDESTRIAN AND/OR BICYCLE TRAFFIC

 LL=85 PSF
HORIZONTAL FORCE (LATERAL FORCE)

 LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

 TRANVERSE DIRECTION
CURB & RAILING LOAD

 RAIL LOADING (2.7.1.3)

 VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)

 BICYCLE RAILING
 PEDESTRIAN RAILING
 COMBINED TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIAN RAILING
 COMBINED TRAFFIC AND BICYCLE RAILING
TRAFFIC RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
BICYCLE RAILING
BREAKING FORCE

• Cg = 6 ft above floor slab

CENTRIFUGAL FORCES

 C = 6.68* S^2/R

 S = DESIGN SPEED (MPH)

 R = RADIOUS IN FEET
LOADS ON STRUCTURE

 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS
 STRINGERS/LONGITUDINAL BEAMS/ FLOOR BEAM
STEEL I-GIRDER (2-LANE) = S/5.5’
PC GIRDER (2-) = S/5.5’
CONC. T-BEAM (2-) = S/6’
LOADS ON STRUCTURE

REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY (3.12.1)

 ONE OR TWO LANES 100%

 THREE LANES 90%

 FOUR OR MORE LANES 75%

LOADS ON ABUTMENT
VESSEL COLLISION (VC)
OTHER EFFECTS
 SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION

 DOWNDRAG FROM FILL EMABNKMENT

 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT IF ANTICIPATED

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Resistance ≥ effect of the applied loads

Allowable Stress Design (ASD):

Strength of the Member ≥ Factor of Safety x Applied Load

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):

η ∑γiQi ≤ φi Rn

Where, Qi = Effect of loads

Rn = Nominal resistance
γi = Statistically based resistance factor
applied to the force effects
φi = Statistically based resistance factor applied to
the nominal resistance
η = Load modification factor
SOME REFERENCES:

 THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY

BRIDGES 2002 EDITION BY AASHTO
 JAPAN HIGHWAY STANDARDS VOL 1 TO 5
 BRIDGE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK by WAI-FAH
CHEN AND LIAN DUAN
 BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL by TEXAS DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION
 DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHWAY BRIDGES BY
NARENDRA TALY
THANK YOU