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LABORATORY REPORT 2
Name
Movement Through
Date Section
Membranes
Score/Grade
Diffusion
1. Time in minutes for methylene blue to become evenly dispersed throughout the beakers.
Answers will be similar to those shown below.
25°C 15
50°C 2
2. What causes the more rapid dispersion? Molecules move faster at higher temperatures.
3. What is the principal driving force for net diffusion? The diffusion gradient.
4. Solution concentration using conductivity probe Answers will be similar to those shown below.
1% NaCl 10,336
3% NaCl 15,286
6. For which NaCl concentration do you observe the greatest change over time? Why do you think this
is the case?
The 10% NaCl solution, because the concentration gradient between the dialysis bag and the
water in the beaker is the greatest.
7. Between which time intervals did the greatest change occur? Between 0 and 1 minute.
3
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8. Using Fick’s law of diffusion as a reference, identify the specific part of the equation that brings about
the change in the rate of diffusion over time.
As NaCl diffuses into the beaker, the concentration gradient is reduced (therefore reducing the
rate of diffusion).
Osmosis
1. Osmotic pressure Answers will vary; example values are provided.
Total movement 22 42 56 67 73 75
60% sucrose
10-min movement 22 20 14 11 6 2
2. Plot osmotic pressure Answers will vary. See Appendix C for information on plotting a graph.
Total movement (mm)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
7. Osmosis in plant cells Answers will vary; example values are provided.
Solution Initial Volume (ml) Final Volume (ml) Percent Change in Volume
Distilled water 1.80 2.26 +25
8. If the final cell size were examined, how would it compare for the potato cells in each solution? Explain.
Distilled water – greatly enlarged; 0.4% NaCl – enlarged; 0.9% NaCl – no change (isoosmotic);
5% NaCl – smaller; 10% NaCl – quite shrunken in size.
Tonicity
1. Record the lysis time. Answers will be similar to those shown below.
Distilled water 30
0.2% NaCl 45
0.4% NaCl 75
2% NaCl No lysis
5% NaCl No lysis
2. Explain the differences in cell size you observed under the microscope between cells in the 5% NaCl
solution and cells in the distilled water.
5% NaCl – cells are crenated since water moves out of the cell.
Distilled water – cell fragments due to lysis.
3. Compare the mechanisms causing lysis of cells in these solutions:
0.2% NaCl Osmotic movement of excess water into the cells.
Soap solution Detergent action disrupts cell membrane’s lipid matrix.
4. In which of the solutions would crenated cells be found? In the 2% NaCl and the 5% NaCl.
At the second session of the 42d Congress that body, and the
President as well, were compelled to consider a new question in
connection with politics—an actual conflict of State Governments.
There had always been, in well regulated State governments,
returning boards, but with a view the better to guard the newly
enfranchised citizens of the South from intimidation, the Louisiana
Republicans, under very bold and radical leaders, had greatly
strengthened the powers of her returning boards. It could canvass
the votes, reject the returns in part or as a whole of parishes where
force or fraud had been used, and could declare results after such
revision. The Governor of Louisiana had made several removals and
appointments of State officers for the purpose mainly of making a
friendly majority in the returning board, and this led to the
appointment of two bodies, both claiming to be the legitimate
returning board. There soon followed two State governments and
legislatures, the Democratic headed by Governor John McEnery, the
Republican by Governor Wm. Pitt Kellogg, later in the U. S. Senate.
Kellogg brought suit against the Democratic officers before Judge
Durell, of the Federal District Court, and obtained an order that the
U. S. Marshal (S. B. Packard, afterwards Governor), should seize the
State House and prevent the meetings of the McEnery legislature.
Then both governments were hastily inaugurated, and claimed the
recognition of Congress. The Senate Committee reported that Judge
Durell’s decision was not warranted, but the report refused a decisive
recognition of either government. A bill was introduced declaring the
election of Nov. 4, 1872, on which this condition of affairs was based,
null and void, and providing for a new election, but this bill was
defeated by a close vote. Later on, Louisiana claimed a large share in
National politics. Somewhat similar troubles occurred in Alabama,
Arkansas, and Texas, but they were settled with far greater ease than
those of Louisiana. The correspondence in all of these cases was too
voluminous to reproduce here, and we shall dismiss the subject until
the period of actual hostilities were reached in Louisiana.
The Grangers.
S. M. Cullom,
Speaker House of Representatives.
John Early,
President of the Senate.
John L. Beveridge,
Governor.
The same spirit, if not the same organization, led to many petitions
to Congress for the regulation of inter-state commerce and freight
rates, and to some able reports on the subject. Those which have
commanded most attention were by Senator Windom of Minnesota
and Representative Reagan of Texas, the latter being the author of a
bill which commanded much consideration from Congress in the
sessions of 1878–’80, but which has not yet secured favorable action.
In lieu of such bill Senator Cameron, of Pennsylvania, introduced a
joint resolution for the appointment of a Commission to investigate
and report upon the entire question. Final action has not yet been
taken, and at this writing interest in the subject seems to have
flagged.
The disastrous political action attempted by the Grangers in
Illinois and Wisconsin, led to such general condemnation that
subsequent attempts were abandoned save in isolated cases, and as a
rule the society has passed away. The principle upon which it was
based was wholly unsound, and if strictly carried out, would destroy
all home improvements and enterprise. Parties and societies based
upon a class, and directed or perverted toward political objects, are
very happily short-lived in this Republic of ours. If they could thrive,
the Republic could not long endure.
Supplementary Civil Rights Bill.
“Article —.
SHERIDAN’S REPORT.
New Orleans, January 10, 1875.
P. H. Sheridan,
Lieutenant-General.
JOINT RESOLUTION.
George F. Hoar,
W. A. Wheeler,
W. P. Frye,
Charles Foster,
Clarkson N. Potter,
William Walter Phelps,
Samuel S. Marshall.