How Do We Get Substances We Need?

Diffusion
Support: State what diffusion is.

Foundation: Describe examples of diffusion in the body,

linked to surface area to volume ratio.

Higher: Explain how the concentration gradient,

temperature and surface area affect diffusion.
Benefit: Linking the needs of organisms to their environment
 What is Diffusion?
• Nature often tries to find balance:
– Hot food cools to match room temperature.
– A see-saw will reset to the middle if left alone.

Diffusion is the movement of particles in a fluid (liquid

or gas), from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration.
Diffusion In Action: One Gas
 What is Diffusion?
As diffusion occurs from an area of high concentration to one
of low concentration until equilibrium is reached, we say the
particles move down a concentration gradient.

A good example is how oxygen moves from the air into the blood: there’s more
oxygen in the air in your lungs than in your deoxygenated blood, so….
Diffusion Demo…
Diffusion Demo…
 Let’s Explain It
• Why did the visible gas ring form closer to one
end than the other?
 Practical
Apparatus 1. Make sure you’re wearing your lab
2 x beakers, coats and goggles!
one filled with
hot water, one
2. Carefully drop one crystal into each
with cold
beaker, and observe.
2 x Potassium
Permanganate 3. Describe and explain what happens
crystals in your books.

10 minutes
1 2 3

Higher or
Foundation
6 5 4

available
Who will lose heat the fastest? Why?
 Rate of Diffusion
Support: State what diffusion is.

Foundation: Describe examples of diffusion in the body,

linked to surface area to volume ratio.

Higher: Explain how the concentration gradient,

temperature and surface area affect diffusion.
Benefit: Linking the needs of organisms to their environment
Surface Area Affects the Rate of Diffusion
Objective One:
Effect of increase in size
on surface area

For each of the ‘organisms’ above work out the surface area, volume
and then surface area to volume ratio.
SA=6 SA=24 SA=96
Vol=1 Vol= 8 Vol=64
SA/V=6:1 SA/Vol=3:1 SA/Vol=1.5:1

What is the consequence of this?

 What Are the Factors That Affect the
Rate of Diffusion?
• Write a list of factors as a small group: make sure you
have a think about how they affect the rate of diffusion.
– I can think of seven!

5 minutes
 What increases the rate? Why does it affect the rate?
Temperature

Pressure

Concentration

The mass and size of the

diffusing particles

The presence of a fluid for the

Higher or
particles to diffuse through.
Foundation
The distance travelled. available
The surface area of the
partially permeable membrane
crossed.

20 minutes
Higher What increases the rate? Why does it affect the rate?
Temperature

Pressure

Concentration

The mass and size of the

diffusing particles

The presence of a fluid for the

particles to diffuse through.

The distance travelled.

The surface area of the

partially permeable membrane
crossed.
 Changing Concentrations
During diffusion molecules move from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration. They are said to move down a
concentration gradient.

Diffusion is a passive process

which means that no energy
is needed.

Molecules diffuse until they

are evenly spaced apart and
high low
concentration concentration equilibrium is reached.

The rate of diffusion depends on several factors, such as

the distance the particles have to travel and the difference
in concentration.
Diffusion: true or false?
 Explain how the lungs increase the
rate of diffusion of oxygen, using the
example changes from the table. (e.g.
temperature etc)
 Two Options….
• Complete an • Complete an
Experiment. Investigation.
– You will receive full – No instructions
instructions. – Make your own
– An EASIER option investigation based on
– Without any choice. the materials provided to
answer the question:
‘how does density of
medium affect the speed
of diffusion?’
– The HARDCORE option!
30
minutes
 Which is the Most Concentrated Squash?
Concentration is always in terms of the solute (the squash here), not the water.

5 minutes
 Osmosis
Support: Describe osmosis as the movement of
water particles.
Foundation: Explain the direction of osmosis in terms of
dilute and concentrated solutions

Higher: Prepare an experiment to measure the rate

of osmosis.
Benefit: working out how sports drinks work
 What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a low concentration
solution (more dilute) to high concentration solution, across a partially-
permeable membrane.

partially-
permeable
membrane
(visking tubing)

water

glucose

5 minutes
 What is Osmosis?
A partially-permeable membrane has holes in it that permit water
molecules through but are too small for larger molecules. An example is
the cell membrane.

partially-
permeable
membrane
(visking tubing)

water

glucose
10
minutes
Draw diagrams to represent the molecules in liquids:

pure water, less Same proportions concentrated

solute than a as a cell solution, more
cell solute than a cell
Isotonic
Hypotonic Hypertonic

5 minutes
What will happen to these cells?

Same concentration Higher concentration Lower concentration

of solute inside and of solute outside of of solute outside of
outside of the cell the cell the cell
No net osmosis, Water leaves the Water enters the
cells stay the same cell cell
5 minutes
Predicting Osmosis

5 minutes
 Osmosis and Cells
What’s the main structural difference between animal and plant
cells?

Plant and animal cells both have a partially-permeable plasma membrane. Only
plant cells have a rigid cell wall.

plasma
membrane

cell wall

red blood cell

plant cell
5 minutes
 The next two slides will show cells exposed to dilute
and concentrated solutions

Plant
You’d draw/write about
a plant cell in
hypertonic solution
here

Hypertonic Hypotonic
(lots of solute) (lots of water)

Animal
10 minutes
 Check Your Answers

Plant

Plasmolysed
Turgid

Hypertonic Hypotonic
(lots of solute) crenation (lots of water)
lysis

Animal
Mark These
Find Your Notes on Osmosis and Read Them
This Is The A-level Version, So Ignore Water Potential
 Osmosis Required Practical
DOUBLE
Support:
Learning Describe
outcomes different levels of organisation in
1terms of trophic
Provide levels. list of control variables
an extensive
2Foundation:
CompleteExplain
a thorough risk assessment
what resources organisms compete
for
3 Draw a clear graph to represent your results
Higher: Explain the interdependence of species in a
community.
Benefit: Correcting issues with previous write ups.
 Todays Aims
• Read through the full instruction sheet. We’ll
do a group quiz on the instructions in five
minutes.
This Is The A-level Version, So Ignore Water Potential
 Todays Aims
• Using the next slide, complete your:
– Hypothesis
– Variables
– Risk Assessment
Hypothesis Changing ______________ will/ won’t affect _______________
Prediction I’ve made my hypothesis this way because…..
Variables Your independent variable is the variable that is changed.
The ‘dependent’ variable is reliant on the independent variable, and is the thing
being measured in your experiment.
Your control variables are anything else that could change and that could affect
the results. The list here can be really long.

Risk Use the support sheet to help you, and iPads to research.
Assessment
Method Step by step, like a recipe. Make it really clear and slow, so a five year old could follow it.

Table of Results Remember, you only write units (eg cm, seconds) in the headings of the table, not where you record your results.

Graph of Sharp pencil for everything please! Line graph for continuous data, bar chart for
Results discrete data.
Analysis What does your graph/table show? Is there an overall trend? Quote some data to
back yourself up.
Evaluation This is how good your experimental design is. Use these words:
Accurate: Can you be certain that eg your highest result is the best one? Improved
by adding smaller intervals around your best result.
Reliable: You did repeats for each level of the independent variable and the same
thing happened each time.
Hypothesis Changing ______________ will/ won’t affect
_______________
Prediction I’ve made my hypothesis this way because…..
Variables Your independent variable is the variable that is changed.
The ‘dependent’ variable is reliant on the independent
variable, and is the thing being measured in your
experiment.
Your control variables are anything else that could change
and that could affect the results. The list here can be
really long.
Risk
Assessment
Use the support sheet to help you, and iPads to research.
 Find Your Practical Plan
• You need at least 40 minutes with the potatoes
in their solutions so work quickly.
• Don’t forget to weigh each slice before it goes
into the liquid!
 Osmosis Required Practical
DOUBLE
Support:
Learning Describe
outcomes different levels of organisation in
1terms of trophic
Provide levels. list of control variables
an extensive
2Foundation:
CompleteExplain
a thorough risk assessment
what resources organisms compete
for
3 Draw a clear graph to represent your results
Higher: Explain the interdependence of species in a
community.
Benefit: Correcting issues with previous write ups.
 Todays Aims
• Using the next slide, complete your:
– Practical
– Table
– Graph
– Analysis
– Evaluation
Risk
Assessment
Use the support sheet to help you, and iPads to
research.
Method Step by step, like a recipe. Make it really clear and slow, so a five year old could follow it.
Table of Results Remember, you only write units (eg cm, seconds) in the headings of the table, not where you record your results.
Graph of
Results
Sharp pencil for everything please! Line graph for
continuous data, bar chart for discrete data.
Analysis What does your graph/table show? Is there an overall
trend? Quote some data to back yourself up.
Evaluation This is how good your experimental design is. Use these
words:
Accurate: Can you be certain that eg your highest result is
the best one? Improved by adding smaller intervals
around your best result.
Reliable: You did repeats for each level of the
independent variable and the same thing happened each
time.
 Tell your partner some similarities and
differences between osmosis and diffusion.
 Active Transport
Support: Describe different levels of organisation in
terms of trophic levels.
Foundation: Explain what resources organisms compete
for

Higher: Explain the interdependence of species in a

community.
Benefit: Linking the needs of organisms to their environment
Diffusion is moving down a concentration
gradient (passive)

Which way will the particles move?

moving UP or against a concentration gradient
(active)

ENERGY

The particles can move up the concentration

gradient if energy is used. This is active transport
 Active Transport
Active transport occurs across semi permeable
membranes and moves particles from a low
concentration to a higher concentration. This is
against the concentration gradient.
 Active Transport
• Carrier proteins are needed to get these
molecules into the cells and these use energy.
Energy

• What cell organelle will there be a lot of

inside cells that do active transport?
 Higher Diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Concentration
gradient
direction

Membrane
type

Particle type/
examples

Active or
passive?
Choice of
Diagram
foundation (1-5) or
Example
higher (3-9)
Example
 Higher Diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Concentration
gradient
direction

Membrane
type

Particle type/
examples

Active or
passive?

Diagram

Example

Example
Wordsearch
Explain Why Bigger Organisms Can’t Rely on
Diffusion of Gases Across Their Skin Alone

5 minutes
Explain Why Bigger Organisms Can’t Rely on
Diffusion of Gases Across Their Skin Alone

5 minutes
Transport Systems DOUBLE

Support: Recall how the intestines and lungs in

mammals are adapted for transport.
Foundation: Describe the adaptation of fish gills for
transport

Higher: Explain how the effectiveness of exchange

surfaces is increased.
Benefit: Linking the needs of organisms to their environment
 Last Year You Learned the Adaptations of the
Intestines and Lungs
• Draw out what you remember in your books…

10 minutes
Set Up a Double Page in Your Books
Alveoli Gills

Villi Roots and

Leaves

5 minutes
10 minutes
 How Is The Small Intestine Adapted?
The wall of the small intestine is lined with many tiny finger-like
projections called villi. These are very thin and increase the surface area
of the small intestine, both of which increase the speed of diffusion.
capillary network
villus

small intestine

blood vessels
 Diffusion And The Small Intestine
How does glucose enter the cells of the villi?
The concentration of dissolved food molecules is higher in the small intestine
wall cells than in the dissolved food inside the gut. How does glucose move into
the cells?

The glucose moves by active transport

glucose
from the small intestine into the cells,
moving from lower to higher
concentration.
 Diffusion And The Small Intestine
How does glucose enter the blood?
The concentration of dissolved food molecules is higher in the small intestine
wall cells than in the blood entering the villus. How does glucose move into the
blood?

The glucose diffuses from the small

glucose
intestine into the blood, moving from
higher to lower concentration.
10 minutes
 Label the different parts of the respiratory system and describe what they do

Trachea
Ribs

Alveoli
Bronchi

Bronchioles
Lung

Intercostal
Muscles Diaphragm
 Notes So Far…
Alveoli Gills

Villi Roots and

Leaves
20 minutes
 What Are Three General Features of Surfaces
Adapted for Transport?
• Large surface area
• Maintained concentration gradient
• Thin diffusion pathway
Transport Systems DOUBLE
Support: Recall how the intestines and lungs in
mammals are adapted for transport.
Foundation: Describe the adaptation of fish gills for
transport

Higher: Explain how the effectiveness of exchange

surfaces is increased.
Benefit: Linking the needs of organisms to their environment
Today You’ll Complete the Double Spread
Alveoli Gills

Villi Roots and

Leaves
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active
Transport
 How Are Gills Adapted for Diffusion?
The diffusion of gases occurs in the gills. They are adapted for this function in the
following ways:
 Lamellae are thin. This decreases the distance gases have to travel
between water and cells.
 Blood flows through the gills,
maintaining the concentration
gradient. This means blood
always meets water with a higher
oxygen concentration, so oxygen
diffuses into the blood.
 The lamellae give a large
surface area for gas exchange
to occur across.
 Leaf Root
Photosynthesis
happens here. It
uses water and
CO2, and makes
O2 .

These cells
absorb CO2 from
the air

CO2 and O2 from the

Diffusion Diffusion
air move into the
plant here
Osmosis Osmosis

Active Active
Transport Transport
 How Are Leaves Adapted for Diffusion?
The diffusion of gases occurs in the leaves. They are adapted for this function in
the following ways:

 Leaves are thin. This decreases the distance gases have to travel
between the air and cells.

 There are air spaces between

cells. This increases the speed
of diffusion from the air to the
cells inside the leaf.

 There are lots of stomata

(pores) on the undersides of
leaves. These let gases in and
out.
 Revision Lesson
• Work through practice
Qus on
http://tiny.cc/MissJKS4 until
you find one you didn’t
know. Find out the
missing theory, then…

• Homework: Write a
memory task sheet based
on the content you didn’t
understand when doing
the questions.
 How Are Plants Adapted For Transport?
The structures of cells and tissue in different parts of the plant
are adapted to allow transportation of essential materials.
Leaves are entry and exit points
for the gases needed by plants.

Stems connect the roots to the leaves,

flowers and fruits. They contain cells
specially adapted for transportation of
water, minerals and sugars.

Roots absorb water and

minerals from the soil.

10
minutes
 Which Cells Transport Nutrients?
Plants contain two types of cell adapted for transportation.
Xylem cells transport water
and minerals up the stem from
the roots to the shoots and
leaves. This transport occurs
in one direction only.
Phloem cells transport sugars
produced in the leaves up
and down the stem to growing
and storage tissues.
The cells are arranged in plants as vascular bundles.
Both phloem and xylem form continuous systems connecting
roots, stems and leaves.
 How is Xylem Adapted for Transportation?
Water and minerals travel in xylem
vessels.

Xylem vessels have thick cellulose

cell walls, strengthened by lignin.
The inside of the cell is hollow.
Xylem vessels are dead cells.

Xylem vessels transport water and

minerals from the roots to the
shoot and leaves. This transport
only occurs in one direction.

The thick walls of xylem cells also

help support plants.
 How Is Phloem Adapted To Transportation?
Phloem is made of columns of living
cells. They transport food, in the form
of sugars.

Sugars are carried from the leaves

to the growing and storage parts
of the plants. This movement
takes place in both directions.

Phloem cells are also called sieve

tubes. Cells are joined by small holes in
the cell wall at the end of each cell,
forming a continuous system. The end
cell walls are called sieve plates.
Cells In The Vascular Bundles
How do Gases Move In and Out of Plants?
Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and produce
oxygen. These gases move in and out of the plant through the
leaves by diffusion.
When the concentration of
carbon dioxide inside the plant
is low, it will diffuse in from the
air, through pores in the leaves
into the plant cells.

If the concentration of oxygen

is high inside the plant, it will
diffuse from the plant cells
through the pores and into the
air.
 How Are Leaves Adapted for Diffusion?
The diffusion of gases occurs in the leaves. They are adapted for
this function in the following ways:
 Leaves are thin. This decreases the distance gases have
to travel between the air and cells.

 There are air spaces

between cells. This
increases the speed of
diffusion from the air to
the cells inside the leaf.

 There are lots of

stomata (pores) on
the undersides of
These let gases in and out.
leaves.
 What Are Stomata?
On the underside of leaves are small holes, or pores, called
stomata. A single hole is called a stoma.
Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells, which control the
opening and closing of the stoma.
When carbon dioxide levels are low inside the
plant, the guard cells gain water and become
turgid. They curve out, opening the stoma and
allowing gases in and out. Water also evaporates
through stomata.
High carbon dioxide levels cause the guard cells to
lose water, closing the stoma.
What would happen if the stomata were
permanently open?
 Summary Time
• Summarise todays transport information into a
cartoon: it can be a scene-by-scene cartoon
strip or a picture with labels.
– Try to minimise the words used to ten or less!

10
minutes
Check Your Objectives…
Know that plants also have specialised
organs.
Label the main parts of a plant and describe
their function.

Explain how plant organs are adapted for

the exchange of material.

Benefit: knowing that plants have complex organs too.

5minutes
 Diffusion
Define diffusion.

Describe how diffusion occurs across a

concentration gradient.

Explain how dissolved substances such as

oxygen move through the cell membrane.

Benefit: understanding how smells get from sources to your nose!

 What is Diffusion?
• Diffusion is the spread of particles in a fluid.

• Nature often tries to find balance:

– Hot food cools to match room temperature.
– A see-saw will reset to the middle if left alone.

• Diffusion is the movement of

particles out from an area of high
concentration.
 What is Diffusion?
As diffusion occurs from an area of high
concentration to one of low concentration, we
say the particles move down a concentration
gradient.

• A good example is how oxygen moves from the

air into the blood: there’s more oxygen in the air
in your lungs than in your deoxygenated blood,
Diffusion Demo…
 Let’s Explain It
• Why did the visible gas ring form closer to one
end than the other?
 Practical

Apparatus 1. Make sure you’re wearing your

2 x 100ml lab coats!
beakers, one
filled with hot 2. Carefully drop one crystal into
water, one with each beaker, and observe.
cold
3. Describe and explain what
2 x Potassium happens in your books.
Permanganate
crystals
Explain the Steps…

1. How does air move

into our lungs?
2. How and why does
CO2 move out of our
red blood cells?
3. How and why does
oxygen move into our
red blood cells?
 What Are the Factors That Affect the
Rate of Diffusion?
• Write a list of factors as a small group: make sure you all
know how they affect the rate of diffusion.

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration
• The mass and size of the diffusing particles
• The presence of a fluid for the particles to diffuse
through.
• The distance travelled.
 Rate of Diffusion
Complete an experiment to investigate rates
of diffusion in liquids and gels.

Analyse the results of your experiment.

Explain the results of your experiment.

Benefit: trying out an investigation: taking control.

Diffusion In Action: One Gas
 Changing Concentrations
During diffusion molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration. They are said to
move down a concentration gradient.

Diffusion is a passive process

which means that no energy
is needed.

Molecules diffuse until they

are evenly spaced apart and
high low
concentration concentration equilibrium is reached.

The rate of diffusion depends on several factors,

such as the distance the particles have to travel and
the difference in concentration.
 Two Options….
• Complete an • Complete an
Experiment. Investigation.
– You will receive full – No instructions
instructions. – Make your own
– An EASIER option investigation based on
– Without any choice. the materials provided to
answer the question:
‘how does density of
medium affect the speed
of diffusion?’
– The HARDCORE option!
Diffusion: true or false?
Absorbing Glucose
Define diffusion.

Describe how diffusion occurs across a

concentration gradient.

Explain how dissolved substances move

through a partially permeable membrane

Benefit: connecting diffusion to real cellular processes.

 Diffusion Occurs…
• In fluids, ie. Liquids and gases.
 Practical
1. Obtain a 30 cm piece of dialysis tubing. Tie
Apparatus one end to form a bag. To open it, rub the
1 x 250 ml beaker. end between your fingers.
1 x pipette 2. Test the solution for the presence of glucose
and record the results in a table.
Glucose solution.
3. Place 15 mL of the glucose solution in the
30cm dialysis bag. Tie off the other end, leaving some air
tubing space.
4. Fill a 250 mL beaker two-thirds full with
For testing: distilled water. Test this for glucose and
record the results in a table.
Glucose testing
5. Immerse the bag in the beaker of solution.
strips.
6. Leave for 15 minutes (work on worksheet)
1 x 250ml beaker. and retest the water around the bag. Record
the final colour.
 What Happened?
• What body process Homework
does this represent?
Complete the worksheet
including extensions, using
books or the internet to
research.
 How Do You Define…
Write definitions • Tissue
of these terms in A group of cells working together to perform
the same function within an organism, eg.
your books and muscle tissue.
give an example:
• Organ
leave a line in
A group of tissues that perform a specific
between so you function or functions, eg. the leaf, whose
can add to your function is to photosynthesise and transpire.
definitions. • Organ System
A group of related organs which have an
overall function, eg. the skeletal system
(support and movement).
 Cells and Cell Transport Overview
Cell Structure: Dissolved Animal
B2.1.1 Substances: B2.1.2 Organs B2.2.1
Animal Organs: Systems
Define what an organ or organ system is.

Name the main organ systems in the human

body and state their functions.

Produce a poster of one main organ system

which explains its components and functions.

Benefit: understanding how complex our body systems are.

 In Pairs…
• Write a list of all the human organ systems you can think of:
you only have one minute!

• Nervous System
• Circulatory System
• Reproductive System
• Digestive System
• Urinary (Excretory) System
• Breathing (Gas Exchange) System
• Muscular-Skeletal System
 Research an Organ System
1. Draw around a person from the
room on a big piece of paper.
2. Use books from the room to
research an organ system in
pairs.
3. Draw out the organs involved
to the right scale, cut them out
and add some information on
them about what they do.
4. Stick them on the outline
where they should go.
 Presentation Time!
• Remember, you only have five minutes!
 Evaluation
• Mark your group members out of ten for
effort. What could they improve on next time?
 Order the Parts of the Digestive System
• Mouth
• Oesophagus
• Stomach
• Liver
• Gall Bladder
• Pancreas
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• Rectum
• Anus
 Digestive Tissues
Know that organs are made up of different
tissues.

Explain the function of some specialised

tissues in the digestive system.

Explain how organs are adapted for the

exchange of material.

Benefit: understanding why our organs are so complex.

 Specialisation
• Most human organ systems are specialised for
their function.
– E.g. the surface of the lungs is increased by the alveoli,
giving greater surface area for diffusion.
• Within an organ there are specialised tissues
which carry out specific functions.
– E.g. the stomach includes muscular tissue for churning
up food, glandular tissue for secreting digestive juices,
and epithelial tissue to cover the inside and outside.
 The Digestive
System
Digestion
– Mouth
– Stomach
– Duodenum

Absorption
– Ileum
– Colon
 The Mouth
What’s the main job of the
mouth?

The mouth masticates (chews)

the food to increase the
surface area. Saliva contains
amylase: an enzyme which
helps break down starch.

Can you name any specialised

tissues in the mouth?
 The Stomach
What’s the main job of the
stomach?

• The stomach can hold up to

2 litres of liquid.
• Its glandular tissue produces
digestive juices containing
hydrochloric acid to kill
bactera and enzymes which
break down food.
• Muscular tissue helps break
your food up further.
The Small Intestine
What’s the main job of the small
intestine?

• Glandular tissue in the pancreas

adds pancreatic juices containing
lipases, carbohydrases and
proteases which break down
food.
• Bile enters from the liver via the
bile duct. Bile is alkaline and
neutralises the stomach acid. It
also breaks up or emulsifies fats.

What happens to the broken down

 How Is The Small Intestine Adapted?
The wall of the small intestine is lined with many tiny finger-like
projections called villi. These are very thin and increase the
surface area of the small intestine, both of which increase the
speed of diffusion. capillary network
villus

small intestine

blood vessels
 Diffusion And The Small Intestine
How does the initial concentration of dissolved food molecules
in the small intestine compare with the concentration in the
blood in the capillaries?

The concentration of dissolved food molecules is higher in the

small intestine than in the blood entering the villus.

This means that the glucose

dissolved food molecules
diffuse from the small
intestine into the blood,
moving from higher to
lower concentration.
The Large Intestine
What’s the main job of the large
intestine?

• This is where water is

absorbed and any last
nutrients taken up before
waste is stored in the rectum
and expelled via the anus.
 Digestive System Bingo
• Make a 3x3 grid and write 9 digestive system key
words in them. (Not just organ names, but
enzymes, processes etc)

• I will ask questions: you can cross off a word as

soon as it comes up as an answer.

• Shout ‘Bingo’ if you get a line, ‘House’ if you get

every single keyword.
 Can You Name any Plant Organs?
• Leaves
• Roots
• Stems
• Flowers
• Seeds
• Fruit I’m adapted to absorb
sunlight for
• Cones photosynthesis. I contain
cells specialised for
collecting light and
releasing water vapour.
 Plant Organs
Know that plants also have specialised
organs.

Label the main parts of a plant and describe

their function.

Explain how plant organs are adapted for

the exchange of material.

Benefit: knowing that plants have complex organs too.

www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/cli
ps/cells-tissues-and-organs-in-pla
nts/10604.html
Plant Cells and Organs Video
 Plant Dissection
• In the double lesson we’ll work on dissecting a
plants organs. In the next lesson we’ll
concentrate on the cellular level.

• Follow the instructions carefully.

 How Are Plants Adapted For Transport?
The structures of cells and tissue in different parts of the plant
are adapted to allow transportation of essential materials.
Leaves are entry and exit points
for the gases needed by plants.

Stems connect the roots to the leaves,

flowers and fruits. They contain cells
specially adapted for transportation of
water, minerals and sugars.

Roots absorb water and minerals

from the soil.
 Which Cells Transport Nutrients?
Plants contain two types of cell adapted for transportation.
Xylem cells transport water
and minerals up the stem from
the roots to the shoots and
leaves. This transport occurs in
one direction only.
Phloem cells transport sugars
produced in the leaves up
and down the stem to growing
and storage tissues.
The cells are arranged in plants as vascular bundles.
Both phloem and xylem form continuous systems connecting
roots, stems and leaves.
 How is Xylem Adapted for Transportation?
Water and minerals travel in xylem
vessels.

Xylem vessels have thick cellulose

cell walls, strengthened by lignin.
The inside of the cell is hollow.
Xylem vessels are dead cells.

Xylem vessels transport water and

minerals from the roots to the
shoot and leaves. This transport
only occurs in one direction.

The thick walls of xylem cells also

help support plants.
 How Is Phloem Adapted To Transportation?
Phloem is made of columns of living
cells. They transport food, in the form
of sugars.

Sugars are carried from the leaves

to the growing and storage parts
of the plants. This movement takes
place in both directions.

Phloem cells are also called sieve

tubes. Cells are joined by small holes in
the cell wall at the end of each cell,
forming a continuous system. The end
cell walls are called sieve plates.
Cells In The Vascular Bundles
How do Gases Move In and Out of Plants?
Plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and produce
oxygen. These gases move in and out of the plant through the
leaves by diffusion.
When the concentration of
carbon dioxide inside the plant
is low, it will diffuse in from the
air, through pores in the leaves
into the plant cells.

If the concentration of oxygen

is high inside the plant, it will
diffuse from the plant cells
through the pores and into the
air.
How Are Leaves Adapted for Diffusion?
The diffusion of gases occurs in the leaves. They are adapted for
this function in the following ways:
 Leaves are thin. This decreases the distance gases have
to travel between the air and cells.

 There are air spaces

between cells. This
increases the speed of
diffusion from the air to
the cells inside the leaf.

 There are lots of

stomata (pores) on the
undersides of leaves.
These let gases in and out.
 What Are Stomata?
On the underside of leaves are small holes, or pores, called
stomata. A single hole is called a stoma.
Each stoma is surrounded by two guard cells, which control the
opening and closing of the stoma.
When carbon dioxide levels are low inside the
plant, the guard cells gain water and become
turgid. They curve out, opening the stoma and
allowing gases in and out. Water also evaporates
through stomata.
High carbon dioxide levels cause the guard cells to
lose water, closing the stoma.
What would happen if the stomata were
permanently open?
 Summary Time
• Summarise todays transport information into a
cartoon: it can be a scene-by-scene cartoon
strip or a picture with labels.
– Try to minimise the words used to ten or less!
Check Your Objectives…
Know that plants also have specialised
organs.

Label the main parts of a plant and describe

their function.

Explain how plant organs are adapted for

the exchange of material.

Benefit: knowing that plants have complex organs too.

 What Does a Leaf Do?
Make a list of all the
different functions of a
leaf.
 Plant Leaves
Know that leaves are organs made up of
tissues with different functions.

Describe the tissues in a leaf.

Explain how the tissues are adapted for

their function.

Benefit: knowing how plants have adapted to increase their efficiency.

Complete a Table as Below, then draw and Label
the Layers in a Plant Leaf (EXT: complete Plant
Adaptation
Qu’s on
Purpose
Diffusion Sheet)

Epidermis is very Allows more light to reach photosynthesising

thin palisade cells
 Check the Model
• Do we need to add anything?
 Revision
1. Name two things found in plant cells only.
2. What is the function of the mitochondria?
3. In which direction does diffusion occur?
4. What is the function of a chloroplast?
5. Where in the body does the process of digestion
start?
6. Where in the body is water absorbed?
7. Where in the body are nutrients absorbed?
8. Why do enzymes have to digest food before it is
absorbed into the gut?
9. Name region A.
10.Name region B.
11.Name region C.
12.Which part is selectively permeable?
13.Which part controls the cell?
14.Draw a pair of guard cells and name their
function.
15.Draw a sperm cell and name its function.
16.Draw a palisade cell and name its function.
17.Draw a red blood cell and name its function.
18.Draw a white blood cell and name its
function.
19.Draw an alveolus and name its adaptations.
20.Draw some villi and name their adaptations.
21.Draw a muscle cell and name its function.
22. What is the function of the cytoplasm?
23. If a cell is specialised for diffusion to occur across
it quickly, what might it look like?
24. What is the function of the vacuole?
25. Draw a bacterium.
26. Draw a fungus cell.
27. What organelle would you see a lot of in a sperm
cell?
28. Which part is missing in a red blood cell?
29. Which substance moves out of respiring cells?
30. Which substance moves out of photosynthesising
cells?