CB6d

Transpiration and Translocation

Learning Outcomes:
CB6.8 Explain how xylem tissue is adapted to its functions.
CB6.8 Explain how phloem tissue is adapted to its function.
CB6.9 Describe how transpiration occurs.
CB6.10 Describe how translocation occurs.
CB6.12 Explain the effects of environmental factors on
the rate of transpiration (light intensity, air movement,
temperature, humidity).
CB6.13 Describe how to measure the rate of transpiration.

How many different specialised cells in plants

can you think of?

How are they all well adapted

to their function?
Two Examples:
Root hair cell
Absorbs water and mineral ions
from the soil
Has a large surface area
Has a thin cell wall

Palisade cell
Where photosynthesis happens in
leaves.
Has a large surface area
Has lots of chloroplasts
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What term is used to describe

the overall movement of
particles from a high
concentration to a low one?
Diffusion
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What term is used to describe the

overall movement of solvent
particles from a high
concentration to a low one, across
a semi permeable membrane?
Osmosis
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What do cells that use active

transport have a lot of?

Mitochondria
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What adaptations do root cells

have in order to increase water
absorbed?

Root hairs
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Light, carbon dioxide and

temperature are all what, when
it comes to photosynthesis?

Limiting Factors
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What are the reactants of

photosynthesis?

Carbon Dioxide + Water

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What are the products of

photosynthesis?

Glucose + Oxygen
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What is glucose stored as in the

plant?

Starch
We are going to be looking at two other types
of specialised cells in plants today.
Use the code breaker to work out their names:

21,5,18,6,10 = XYLEM

3,13,18,23,6,10 = PHLOEM
 Xylem and Phloem

Xylem and Phloem are responsible for

transporting substances from the roots
to the rest of the plant.
XYLEM
Transports water
and mineral ions.

PHLOEM
Transports
sugars.
 Xylem
Xylem cells die during their development and
their top and bottom cell walls disintegrate,
forming long empty vessels.
They are very rigid because of hard lignin in
their thick side walls, allowing them to
withstand high water pressure and support the
plant.

Describe the role of Xylem.

Explain how it is well adapted to
it’s job.
ROLE: Transports water and mineral ions in
the plant.

ADAPTATIONS:

Add any points

you may have
missed to your
answer!
 Phloem
Look at your diagram of
phloem.
Label any parts of the cell
that you can recognise.
Think about how the
phloem is well adapted to
its function.
 Sieve Cells
Cells that have a large central channel for sugar
to flow though. Form sieve tubes in the phloem
tissue.

Connected together by holes in the cell wall to

allow the sugar to flow through to the
neighbour sieve cell.

Try to identify the sieve cells on your diagram.

Label the central channel and the holes that allow
flowing between each sieve cell.
 Companion Cells
Cells that are alongside the sieve cells.

They actively pump sucrose into /out of the

sieve cells that. Pumping in increases the
pressure and causes the sucrose to flow either
up or down to where it is needed.

Try to identify the companion cells on your

diagram. Label the companion cells and the pores
through which sucrose can be pumped.
This is what
your diagram
should now
look like:

Questions:

1. Why do sieve cells have so little cytoplasm and no nucleus?

More room for the central channel.
2. Why do companion cells have so many mitochondria?
Needed to make energy for active transport.
 XYLEM PHLOEM
Hard lignin
in cell wall

Contains
companion
cells

Holes in the
end of cell
Transporting wall
Transport
vessel in
sugars
plant
Contains
Transport water Dead Cells
Sieve Tubes
and minerals
 Copy down the
following key
word and its
definition:

Translocation- the movement of sucrose

(a sugar) through the phloem in a plant.

What about the word for

movement of water though?
 Transpiration
Water transport in plants is set up by the
evaporation of water from leaves. We call
this process:

NAIPRIONARTTS

TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration
 Transpiration
The flow ofwater
…………… into a
root, up thestem
………… and out KEYWORDS:
of the leaves. Stem
Water moves up thexylem
…………… Leaves
as an unbroken chain, due
Xylem
to …………… of attraction
forces
between each molecule. As Water
water ………………… from
evaporates the
leaves Evaporates
…………… , more gets pulled
Forces
up the stem.
 Transpiration
What do you think might increase the
rate of transpiration?

End

HINT: If you increase the concentration

gradient water will diffuse faster. So what
will reduce the concentration of water
molecules outside the leaf?
 Transpiration

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration:

Moves water molecules away from
• Wind stomata

• Humidity How much water vapour is in the

air

• Temperature Particles move faster in higher

temp. so diffuse faster.

• Light intensity Stomata are wider in greater

light intensities.
But HOW?
 Measuring Transpiration
We can use a piece of equipment called a
potometer to measure transpiration and
investigate the factors that affect it.

Using CB6d.1 we are

going to set up a
potometer and measure
the effect of wind on
transpiration.
 Lab Rules

1 NEVER run in the lab.

2 ALWAYS wear safety goggles.
3 Bags/coats away- Always stand
behind your chairs.

4 Report any spills/breakages to

me straight away.

5 Be careful when touching

something potentially hot
Transpiration Investigation:
 Conclusion/Evaluation
What does the experiment show about
the effect of air movement on
transpiration?
Explain the effect of air movement on
transpiration.

How could you improve this investigation

if you carried it out again?
 Why do the
Answer as many products of
How do
stomata open
CB6 questions photosynthesis
have more
when its
light and
as you can in energy than
the What gas
close when
its dark?
the time limit: reactants. from air is
needed for
photosynthesis? Why does
LEVEL 3 How are
water vapour
roots
diffuse more
LEVEL 4 adapted to
quickly out a
Through absorb lots
Which leaf on a
LEVEL 5 what process of water?
product of windy day.
does water
photosynthesis
LEVEL 6 enter the
is used to
cytoplasm of From what Why do
make starch?
LEVEL 7 root hairs? structure companion
does water cells have so
Light evaporate many
intensity from leaves? mitochondria?
Why should
increases by leaves be
3 times, kept cook on
what is the
a hot day?
effect on
photosynthesis?
 How many high
scoring key words
can you make to do
with the CB6.

Prize for the

highest scoring
word!!!!

My word is xylem, giving me 17 points!!!!

Can you beat me?