gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…wZ:

GKwU b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿv

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³
wek¦we`¨vjq
GgGW ‡cÖvMÖvg
wØZxq wm‡g÷vi
2q wm‡g÷vi Ryb 2021 Uvg© (2020 e¨vP)cixÿv

M‡elK t
bvg : wbgvcÖæ gvigv
AvBwW b¤^i : 20-2-02-890-079
wm‡g÷vi : 2q wm‡g÷vi
‡cÖvMÖvg : GgGW
wkÿvel©: 2020-2021(e¨vP-2020)
 ÷vwW ‡m›Uvi: miKvwi wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR,
PÆMÖvg|

gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…wZ :

GKwU b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿv
GgGW ‡cÖvMÖvg
wØZxq wm‡g÷vi
2q wm‡g÷vi Ryb 2021 Uvg© (2020e¨vP)cixÿv

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq Aax‡b miKvwi

wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR, PÆMÖvg Gg.GW
wWwMÖi Rb¨ Dc¯’vwcZ M‡elYvcÎ

M‡elK:
bvg : wbgvcÖæ gvigv
AvBwW b¤^i : 20-2-02-890-079
wm‡g÷vi : 2q wm‡g÷vi
‡cÖvMÖvg : GgGW
wkÿvel© : 2020-2021(e¨vP-2020)
÷vwW ‡m›Uvi : miKvwi wUPvm©
‡Uªwbs K‡jR, PÆMÖvg|

ZË¡veavqK
W. gxi Avey mv‡jn kvgmyÏxb
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miKvwi wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR, PÆMÖvg|

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

i

gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…wZ :

GKwU b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿv
 wbgvcÖæ gvigv
ii

M‡elYv wk‡ivbvg

gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi ‡jvKms¯‹…

wZ : GKwU b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿv
 iii

‡NvlYv cÎ

Avwg wb¤œv¯^vÿiKvix †NvlYv KiwQ †h,Ò gvigv b„-

‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…wZ: GKwU b„-ZvwZ¡K mgxÿvÓ
M‡elYvg~jK wbeÜwU Avvgi wbR¯^ M‡elYvKg©| Avgvi
Rvbvg‡Z Gwk‡ivbv‡g B‡Zvc~‡e© Ab¨‡KD M‡elYv ev
Òw_wmmÓ Gi Ask we‡kl Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wek¦we`¨vjq ev
cÖwZôv‡b ‡Kvb cÖKvi wWwMÖ, wW‡cøvgv ev
cÖKvkbvq Avwg Dc¯’vcb Kwiwb|

bvg : wbgvcÖæ gvigv

AvBwW b¤^i : 20-2-02-890-079
wm‡g÷vi : 2q wm‡g÷vi
‡cÖvMÖvg : GgGW
wkÿvel© : 2020-2021(e¨vP-2020)
÷vwW ‡m›Uvi : miKvwi wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR, PÆMÖvg|
 6

Aby‡gv`bcÎ

Avwg wbgvcÖæ gvigv, Gg.GW (Uvg©-212), wkÿvel©:

2020-2021 (e¨vP-2020) KZ©„K Dc¯’vcbK…Z I
`vwLjK…Z Ò gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi ‡jvKms¯‹…wZ: GKwU
b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿvÓ wk‡ivbv‡g M‡elYv g~jKcÎwU
m¤ú‡K© Avwg cÖZ¨qb KiwQ †h, GwU Avgvi cÖZ¨ÿ
ZË¡veav‡b wjwLZ i‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU Avw` I
g~jZË¡ M‡elYvKg©|

M‡elYvcÎwU †jLv Avwg cvV K‡iwQ Ges Gi ‡hŠw³KZv

I DrKl©gvb m¤ú‡K© Avwg mš‘ó n‡qwQ| Gg.GW
wWwMÖ cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ M‡elYvcÎwU Rgv †`Iqvi Rb¨
Aby‡gv`b KiwQ|
W. gxi Avey mv‡jn kvgmyÏxb
cÖfvlK (ivóªweÁvb)
miKvwi wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR, PÆMÖvg|

DrmM©

cig c~Rbxq wcZv-gvZv (cÖqvZ) I Am¤úª`vwqK

†PZbvq wkÿv `vb †`Iqv mKj wkÿK gÛjx‡K| hvuiv
Avgv‡K G c„w_exi iƒc-im-MÜ Dc‡fvM Kivi Ges
cÖK…Z wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
 8

K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
bvbvb mxgve×Zv gv‡S I mK‡ji AvšÍwiKZv I mn‡hvwMZvq
wb‡Ri HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póvq gvigv †jvKms¯‹…wZ: GKwU
b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿv ‡QvU Avev‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z †c‡i Avwg
Avbw›`Z I mevi Kv‡Q AvšÍwiK K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ|

G M‡elYv Òw_wmmÓ cÎ †jL‡b Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Ges Qwe

mg~n msMÖ‡ni we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb kÖ‡×q wkÿK W. gxi
Avey mv‡jn kvgmyÏxb, Kzgvi cÖxwZk ej msM„nxZ eB,
AšÍ‡ii K_v- 2q LÛ W. wK wK G Ges B›Uvi‡bU ‡_‡K
msM„nxZ Z_¨ I Qwe| mswkøó mKj‡K K…ZÁZv Ávcb
KiwQ|

Avwg mK‡ji my¯’Zv I me©v½xb g½j Kvgbv KiwQ|

bvg : wbgvcÖæ gvigv
AvBwW b¤^i : 20-2-02-890-079
wm‡g÷vi : 2q wm‡g÷vi
‡cÖvMÖvg : GgGW
wkÿvel© : 2020-2021(e¨vP-2020)
÷vwW ‡m›Uvi : miKvwi wUPvm© ‡Uªwbs K‡jR,
PÆMÖvg|

M‡elYvi mvims‡ÿc
Ô¤ªvBgvÕ kã ‡_‡K gvigv kãwUi DrcwË| gvigv b„-‡Mvôx
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx, hv‡`i AwaKvskB
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg cvnvwo I mgZj A‡j emevm K‡ib|
msL¨vi w`K ‡_‡K gvigviv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡ji wØZxq
e„nËi b„-‡Mvôx|

evsjv‡`‡ki gvigv b„-‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…wZ I HwZn¨ Ae¯’v

M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wePvi we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq Giv I †`‡ki
mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Ask wQj Ges Av‡Q| gvigv‡`i Rxeb aviv
Avw`g, AwZ mnR mej I ˆewkó¨ gq| GLv‡bv gigviv `yM©g
cvnvo ce©‡Z, mf¨Zvi Avov‡j wewfbœZv Rxebhvcb K‡ib|
bvbvb iKg ixwZbxwZ| Av‡jv‡K mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZ
HwZn¨ I AvPvi AvPiY KvVv‡gv mwZ¨B g‡bvgy»Ki|
1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki gvigv RbmsL¨v
1,57,301| 2011 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx 2,02,974 Rb Ges
2022 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi I M„nMbbv Abyhvqx 2,24,262 Rb
emevm K‡i|

wewfbœ †Mv‡Î ev `‡ji wef³ gvivgv I †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x

wb‡R‡`i †Mvôxi g‡a¨ weevne܇b Ave× n‡Z cv‡i| gvigv
mgv‡Ri AwaKvskB RygPvl ev K…wlRxex| Z‡e B`vwbs
wkÿvq Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b PvKzixwRwi I e¨emvqx I Av‡Qb|

10

gvigv mgv‡Ri cÖavb n‡ji ‡evgvs ev ivRv| GQvov cvovi

cÖavb Kvievwi I †ivqvtR&v Øviv mvgvwRK kvmb| e¨e¯’v
cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|

gvigv‡`i cÖavb cÖavb Drme ¸‡jv‡Z bvbvb ai‡bi gyL‡ivPK

Lvev‡ii Av‡qvR‡b gva¨‡g bv‡P Mv‡b ‡g‡Z mw¤§wjZfv‡e
cvjb Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËi b„-‡Mvôx gvigv m¤úª`v‡qi

†jvKms¯‹…wZ G Rxebaviv, ag©, weevn ,‡ckv, Drme cÖf…
wZ ixwZbxwZ m¤ú‡K© Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡iv³ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUvB cÖgvwbZ, Ògvigv
b„-‡Mvôxi ‡jvKms¯‹…wZ: GKwU b„-ZvwË¡K mgxÿvÕ
M‡elbv Kg©wU GKwU mvgvwRK M‡elYv| †Kbbv gvigv
m¤úª`v‡qi wewfbœ †jvKms¯‹…wZ G M‡elYvq dz‡U
D‡V‡Q| Kv‡RB Gai‡bi bZzbZ¡ M‡elYv gva¨‡g b„‡Mvôxi
Rxeb I ˆewPΨ‡K `„wó‡MvP‡i Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b
n‡q‡Q|

11

m~wPcÎ
µwgK bs weeiY b¤^i
wk‡ivbvg III
‡NvlYvcÎ IV
Aby‡gv`bcÎ V
DrmM© VI
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi VII
 M‡elYvi mvims‡ÿc VIII
wPÎ ZvwjKv XII
Aa¨vq-1 : M‡elYv --
1.1 f~wgKv 01
1.2 M‡elYvi jÿ¨ 03
1.3 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ 05
1.4 M‡elYvi Abygvb 05
1.5 M‡elYvi mgl¨v 06
1.6 ZvwË¡K †cÖÿvcU 09
1.7 M‡elYv c×wZ 10
1.8 M‡elYvi ‡hŠw³KZv 12
1.9 Kg©cwiKíbv 13
wØZxq Aa¨vq
2.1 gvigv cwiPq 16
2.2 Av‡Mi K_v 17
2.3 emevm 19
2.4 RbmsL¨v 20
Z…Zxq
12 Aa¨vq
3.1 gvigv‡`i mgvR 22
3.2 `j ev †MvÎ 23
3.3 ‡cvkvK cwi‡”Q` 24
3.4 fvlv 25
3.5 gvigv eY©gvjv 27
3.6 ‡ckv 28
3.7 ag© 30

3.8 weevn 31
3.9 Rb¥ 33
 3.10 g„Zz¨ 34
3.11 gvigv Lvevi 35
3.12 hy‡×i Ae`vb 36
PZz_© Aa¨vq
4.1 Drme 37
4.2 gvigv evsjv m¤úK© 43
4.3 gvigv ms¯‹…wZ I msMxZ 44
4.4 gvigv †jvKmvwnZ¨ 46
4.5 gvigv †jvKKvwnbx 48
cÂg Aa¨vq
Dcmsnvi 57
Z_¨m~Î 58
wPÎ ZvwjKv

13

wPÎ ZvwjKv
wPÎ-2.1 : gvigv cwiPq 16

wPÎ-2.2 : Av‡MKvi K_v 18

wPÎ- 2.3 : gvigv‡`i emZevwo 19

wPÎ-2.4 : 6ô RvZxq Av`gïgvwi, 2022 20

wPÎ-3.1 : gvigv mgv‡R cÖavb †evgvs (ivRv) 23

wPÎ-3.2 : wi‡Mv ev ÿ¨vsmv gvn& (gvn& n‡”Q 24

gwnjv‡`i m‡¤^vab Kiv nq)

wPÎ- 3.3 : eZ©gvb I Av‡Mi gvigv‡`i †cvlvK cwi‡”Q` 25
 wPÎ-3.4 : fvlv 26

wPÎ-3.5 : gvigv eY©gvjv 28

wPÎ- 3.6 : cÖavb †ckv K…wlKvR ev RygPvl 29

wPÎ-3.6.1 : gvQ aiv 29

wPÎ-3.6.2 : Kvco eybb 29

wPÎ- 3.7 : ‡eŠ× wenv‡i 30

wPÎ- 3.8 : gvigv‡`i weev‡ni Abyôvb Av‡MKvi I 32

eZ©gvb Qwe
wPÎ-3.9 : gvigv‡`i wkï 33

wPÎ-3.10: gvigv‡`i A‡šÍ¨wówµqv (WzsZ&B‡cv‡qt) 34

wPÎ-3.11 : gvigv‡`i wcÖq bv¯Ív (gywÛ, KjvcvZvi wcVv), 35

mewR evukKzoj BZ¨vw`

14
wPÎ- 3.12 : gyw³‡hv× BD †K wPs exi weµg 36

wPÎ- : gvigv‡`i i_hvÎv Drme 39

4.1.1
wPÎ-4.1.2 : gvigv‡`i cÖeviYv Drm‡e fzZ cyZzj 42

(‡cvt‡Qvgvn&)
wPÎ-4.1.3 : dvbym Drm‡e 42

wPÎ-4.3.1 : gvigv‡`i ev`¨hš¿ 44

wPÎ-4.3.2 : gvigv‡`i _vjv b„Z¨ 45

wPÎ-4.3.3 : gvigv‡`i QvZvi b„Z¨ 45

wPÎ- : gvigv‡`i ‡jvKKvwnbx (j¾veZx Mv‡Qi Mí) 52

 4.5.1
wPÎ-4.5.2 : †evKv I eyw×nxb gvby‡li Mí 54

wPÎ- : UzbUzwb I Kz‡bve¨v‡Oi Mí 56

4.5.3

15I

Aa¨vq-cÖ_g
M‡elYv
f~wgKv
eZ©gvb we‡k¦, GgbwK Avgv‡`i mgv‡R I M‡elYv GKwU
eûj e¨eüZ kã| ÔM‡elYvÕ Gi Avi GKwU evsjv cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e
ÔAbymÜvbÕ ‡K MÖnY Kiv hvq| hvi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv
Investigation| Bs‡iwR‡Z M‡elYv‡K Research Investigation ev Study ejv nq|
Z‡e evsjvq AbymÜv‡bi †P‡q M‡elYv kãwU‡K AwaKZi
MÖnY‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †Kbbv M‡elYv kãwU
A‡bK †ewk ˆeÁvwbK ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i| Z‡e GK_v g‡b ivL‡Z
n‡e ‡h, M‡elYv ej‡Z ‡KejgvÎ ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv‡KB eySvq bv|
ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv I Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi M‡elYvi g‡a¨ Aek¨B my¯úó
cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| †hgb, Avgiv Rvwb ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv Avi
mvwnZ¨ welqK M‡elYv GK iKg bq| Avevi Rxe weÁv‡bi
M‡elYvi mv‡_ c`v_© weÁv‡bi M‡elYvi i‡q‡Q cÖPzi cv_©K¨|
GQvov mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi M‡elYv Ges AvPiY weÁv‡bi
M‡elYvi g‡a¨ I i‡q‡Q ¯^vZš¿¨ ˆewkó¨| Z‡e, Gme cv_©K¨ g~jZ
M‡elYv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi aib I ˆewP‡Î¨i iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| welq I
Kjv‡KŠk‡ji cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ _v‡K|
Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z cvwi †h, M‡elYv wel‡q hZUv m¤¢e ˆeÁvwbK
c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ AbymÜv‡bi GK cÖwµqv| Bs‡iwR‡Z Research kãwU
GKB m‡½ KZ¸wj kã mgwó enb K‡i| †hgb:
R- Rational hiking
E- Expert and exhaustive Thinking
S- Search for Solution
E- Exactness
A- Analytical analysis
R- Relationship of facts. reading

Page-01
C- Careul reading, Critical observation, Constructive attitude.
H- Honesty and Hard Work.
Research kãwU Giƒc c~Y©v½ aviYv cvIqvi ci M‡elYvi GKwU
mg¨K aviYv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cvwi|

Avevi GLv‡b jÿbxq †h, M‡elYv K_vwUi mv‡_ KZ ¸‡jv kã I

Z‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv Kx, †Kb Ges wKfv‡e
(What, Why & how) cÖvPxb mf¨Zvq †ewk fvM wMÖK `vk©wbKiv
wPšÍv Ki‡Zb Ô‡KbÕ (Why) kãwU wb‡q| †m mgq Zviv M‡elYv
Ki‡Zb g~jZ wPšÍv wbf©i , hyw³ wbf©I I AwfÁZv wbf©i (thinking
based, rational based & experience based) c×wZi gva¨‡g| GK‡Î GmeB n‡”Q
AbymÜvb c×wZ (investigation method)| eZ©gv‡b M‡elYv Kv‡R Kx,
†Kb Ges Kxfv‡e N‡U Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× bv †_‡K KZ¸‡jv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i c×wZMZ M‡elYv Pvjvb n‡q
_v‡K|
Gme c`‡ÿc ¸‡jv n‡jv-
cÖ_gZ : mgm¨v †_‡K D™¢zZ cÖkœ msMÖn Kiv,
wØZxqZ : mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ DØy× nIqv,
Z…ZxqZ : mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv,
PZz_©Z : mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †KŠkj wba©viY Kiv,
cÂgZ : †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i cÖvß Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ
wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv|

AZGe M‡elYv †h GKwU `xN© cÖwµqv Zv ejvB evûj¨| G

cÖm‡½ weL¨vZ M‡elK K¨vRvi, eyK Ges µM (Katzer, Cook & Crough:
2000) e‡j‡Qb †h ÒI define research here as the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information (data) in order to increase. our understanding of the phenomenon
with which we ore concerned or interested”

Page-2

A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î wZwb ej‡Z ‡P‡q‡Qb †h, Ò M‡eYYv n‡”Q

GKwU c×wZMZ cÖwµqv,
hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡`i AvMÖn Abyhvqx Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ Z_¨
msMÖn I Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvwiÓ| msÁvwU‡K we¯ÍvwiZ
e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡j Dc‡i ewY©Z M‡elYvi c`‡ÿc ¸‡jvi mv‡_
my›`ifv‡e wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e| Z‡e Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ
M‡elKMY M‡elYv cwiPvjvbvi †ÿ‡Î PviwU wel‡qi cÖwZ jÿ¨
ivLvi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, Gme welq¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v
fv‡e M‡elYv ejv hvq bv| Z‡e G¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ iƒcB n‡”Q
ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
1| †Kej gvÎv Z_¨ msMÖn‡K M‡elYv ejv hvq bv|
2| M‡elYv ej‡Z †Kejv Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev¯’vbšÍi †KB eySvq
bv|
3| †Kejv gvÎ Z‡_¨i we‡kølY‡K M‡elYv ejv hvq bv|
4| †Kv‡bv Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖwZ †KejgvÎ `„wó AvKl©‡Yi
welqwU‡K I M‡elYv ejv hvq bv|

myZivs ejv hvq †h, M‡elYvq mgm¨v ‡_‡K D™¢zZ, mywbw`©ó

jÿ¨, Kg©cwiKíbv, cvkvcvwk KZ¸‡jv Dc-mgm¨v I _vK‡Z cv‡i,
djvdj mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z c~e©vbygvb Ges Z_¨ msMÖn I Z_¨
we‡køl‡Y gva¨‡g avivevwnKfv‡e Pj‡Z _vK‡e|

1.2 M‡elYvi jÿ¨:

AbymwÜrmy gb me©`vB e¨vKzj _v‡K| Ávb wccvmy
gvbyl wPiKvj ÁvbR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ avweZ| ÁvbvR©‡bi AvKv•Lv
gvbe mf¨Zv‡K µg AMÖmigvb K‡i‡Q| †mB Áv‡bi h_v_©Zv
wba©viY Kiv M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨| weÁvbm¤§Z Ávb AR©‡bi
†ÿ‡Î M‡elK‡K mKj åvwšÍi cÖebZv‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z nq|
 Page-03

ZvB Zv‡K †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© Dcmsnv‡i DcwbZ nIqvi

c~‡e© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î M‡elK‡K ¯§iY ivL‡Z nq Zvi g~j¨eva
†Kvb fv‡e †hb M‡elYv‡K cÖfvweZ bv K‡i| M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ nj
ˆeÁvwbK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi
Avwe®‹vi Kiv| M‡elYvi g~j jÿ¨ jywK‡q _vKv mZ¨‡K, hv GLbI
Avwe®‹…Z nqwb Zv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv hw` I cÖwZwU M‡elYv
Aa¨vq‡bi wKQz wbw`©ó jÿ¨ _v‡K, wb‡¤œ D‡jøwLZ
fvM¸‡jv‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e M‡elYvi jÿ¨ ¸wj nj:-
1. GKwU cÖc m¤ú‡K© cwiwPwZ jvf Kiv A_ev Zvi ga¨
w`‡q bZzb `„wófw½ AR©b Kiv|
2. GKwU wbw`©ó e¨w³, Ae¯’v I `‡ji ˆewkó¨ mg~‡ni eY©bv
Kiv|
3. ‡Kvb wKQz N‡U hvIqvi gvÎv A_ev Zvi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ
Ab¨ wKQz‡K wba©vib Kiv|
4. PjK ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AcwiKwíZ m¤ú©K ¸‡jv‡K c~e©vbygvb
Kivi Rb¨ cixÿv Kiv|
5. cyivZb Z_¨ †_‡K Áv‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb gvÎv I mvavibxKi‡bi
AbymÜvb Kiv|
6. bZzb Z‡_¨i gva¨‡g cyivZb wm×všÍ ¸wj‡K Svwj‡q †bIqv|
7. bZzb avibvi Rb¥ †`Iqv ev Áv‡bi Abvwe¯‹…Z w`MšÍ
D‡¤§vPb Kiv|
8. we`¨gvb Áv‡bi g‡a¨ `›`¦ mg~‡ni mgvavb Kiv|
 9. ‡h mgm¨vi †Kv‡bv mgvavb nq bv Zv‡K P¨v‡jÄ wnmv‡e
MÖnY Kiv|
10.M‡elbvi jÿ¨ bZzb bZzb M‡elbv g~jK `„wófw½ D™¢veb
Kiv|
11. M‡elbvi jÿ¨ m„RbkxjZvi cwiPq cÖ`vb Kiv|

Page-04

12. mgm¨v wPwýZKi‡bi gva¨‡g mgvR‡K †mev cÖ`vb Kiv|

13. gvbyl I Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki Kj¨vb
e„w×-K‡ib|
14. ˆeÁvwbK cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g DwjøwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi
mK‡ji Kv‡Q AewnZ Kiv|

GQvov I Lye ms‡ÿ‡c M‡elYvq g~jZ 8 ai‡bi jÿ¨ n‡Z cv‡i-

1. Avwe¯‹vi
2. eY©bv
3. ‡evSvcov
4. e¨vL¨v
5. Abygvb
6. cwieZ©b
7. g~j¨vqb
8. cÖfvemg~n wba©viY

1.3 M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

 1. gvigv b„‡Mvôxi †jvK ms¯‹…wZi PP©vi bvbvw`K
AbymÜvb I eY©bv|
2. gvigv b„‡Mvôxi †jvK ms¯‹…wZ wUwK‡q ivLvi
D‡`¨vM A‡š^lY I we‡kølY|
3. gvigv b„‡Mvôxi †jvK ms¯‹…wZ m‡PZbZv g~j¨vqb|

1.4 M‡elYvi Abygvb

 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g emevmiZ gvigv b„‡Mvôxi †jvKms¯‹…
wZi PP©v LeB Kg|
 gvigv b„‡Mvôxi †jvK ms¯‹…wZ iÿvi wPšÍv †Zgb GKUv
‡bB|
 gvigv b„‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ †jvK ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvi
Afve i‡q‡Q|

Page-05

1.5 M‡elYvi mgm¨v

mvavibZ M‡elbvi mgm¨v n‡”Q †Kvb M‡elK ZvwË¡K
wKsev ev¯ÍweK AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q RwUjZvq co‡j hv mgvavb
ev e¨vL¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i| Avi M‡elbvi cÖ_g avcB n‡”Q M‡elbvi
Rb¨ mgm¨v wba©viY Ges M‡elbvi mgm¨v‡K cwi¯‹vi iƒ‡c
eY©bv Kiv| Avi GB mgm¨v KL‡bv M‡el‡Ki AvMÖn †_‡K
Av‡m Avevi KL‡bv Z‡Ë¡i Dci I wbf©i K‡i| Avi mgm¨vi Dci
wbf©i K‡i M‡elYvi †ÿÎ wbe©vPb K‡ib GKRb M‡elK| M‡elYvi
wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨B g~jZ M‡elbvq mvwnZ¨
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq, wKš‘ Zvi †_‡K I †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU
Kvh©Kix M‡elbv c×wZ MÖnY Kiv| Avi †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖvwZôvwbK
msev` cÎ, m‡¤§j‡bi Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, miKvwi cÖwZ‡e`b, eB,
B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nq| mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi
mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv hvq, †hgb: ZË¡ I aviYv jä mvwnZ¨
Ges c~e© AwfÁZvjä Aa¨q‡bi mvwnZ¨ mg~n|
M‡elbvi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨vg~jK n‡j M‡elbv g~jK cÖ‡kœi cixÿv
g~jK DËi wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB cixÿv g~jK DËi‡K cÖKí
e‡j| cÖKí Av‡ivnx A_ev Ae‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
Av‡ivnx (Inductive): GwU n‡j K‡Zv¸‡jv mij m‡Z¨i gvav‡g
GKwU mvaviY mZ¨ ev P~ovšÍ m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqv| GwU Z_¨
wbf©i| ‡hgb-
iæûj Avgxb GKRb ‡`k †cÖwgK ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx| Avwmd
GKRb †`k ‡cÖwgK ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx| ‡bZvRx myfvl P›`ª
†evm GKRb †`k †cÖwgK ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgx| myZivs me
¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgxB †`k †cÖwgK|

Page-06

Ae‡ivnx (Deductive): GKwU P~ovšÍ m‡Z¨i gva¨‡g c~e©

wba©vwiZ / cÖgvwbZ GKwU m_¨ †_‡K K‡Zv¸‡jv mij m‡Z¨
DcwbZ nIqvi c×wZ n‡”Q Ae‡ivn| GwU Abygvb wfwËK Ges
ZË¡ wbf©i|
‡hgb-
gvbyl giYkxj|
‡eMg ‡iv‡Kqv GKRb gvbyl|
myZivs ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv gibkxj|
M‡elYv mgm¨v (Research Problem ) n‡jv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv welq,
KvwVb¨, evav, ØÜ, weZ©K, AwR©Z Áv‡bi g‡a¨ k~b¨Zv
BZ¨vw` hv jÿ¨ K‡i M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv| GKRb M‡elK hLb
M‡elYv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Zvui M‡elYvq e¨envwiK mgm¨v wb‡q
KvR K‡ib ZLb wZwb IB wbw`©ó mgm¨vi h_v_© cwieZ©‡b
Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ c×wZ MZ AbymÜvb cÖwµqv Pvjvb| Avevi
hLvb ZvwË¡K †Kv‡bv M‡elYv mgm¨v wb‡q M‡elYv cwiPvjbv
Kiv nq ZLb jÿ¨ _v‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv ZË¡ ev welq‡K e¨vL¨v
we‡kølY K‡i mZ¨ D×vi Kiv|

Page-07

Research Proposal Flow Chart

1. Introduction What?
Why?
How?
 Research Question Summary of Proposal

Literature on Topic 2. Literature Review?

Literature on Method Find a Hole
Theoretical Approach Why? How? Look for Debates

Research Design Selection and Access

Research Procedures 3. Methodology Human Subject Review
Kind of Data Ethics Statement
Collection Procedures How? Costs and Funding

Evidence of Importance 4. Preliminary Preliminary Findings

Informs Methodology Important Categories &
What? Relationships

Alternatives
Weaknesses 5. Statement of Limitations What your research will do

Contributions 6. Conclusion Importance

What? How? Why?

Page-08

1.6 ZvwË¡K †cÖÿvcU

 ZvwË¡K †cÖÿvcU M‡elYvi Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© w`K|
g~jZ ZvwË¡K n‡”Q ZË¡welqK ev ZË¡ m¤^Üxq Ávb| A_©vr †m
mKj welq¸‡jv‡K eySvq, †hwelq ¸‡jv Aa¨qb K‡i Ávb AR©‡bi
Rb¨ †Kvb cÖKvi e¨envwiK wbixÿY Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î ZvwË¡K M‡elYvjä Ávb c‡ivÿfv‡e
cÖ‡qvwMK †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvwË¡K M‡elYv †cÖÿvc‡U
cÖavb PviwU ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| GmKj ˆewkóvewj Øviv M‡elYvi
ZvwË¡K w`KwU mn‡RB †evSv hvq| GB ˆewkó¨ ¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. ‡hŠw³KZv
2. we‡kølYvZœK
3. cixÿvg~jK
4. MvwYwZK
ZvwZ¡K †cÖÿvcU M‡elYv¸‡jv †h‡nZz Zvrÿwbfv‡e e¨envwiK
†ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv, ZvB G‡`i m¤ú‡K© mvavi‡bi g‡a¨
Kg‡ewk m‡›`n ‡_‡KB hvq| eZ©gvb c„w_ex ZvwË¡K Áv‡b
A‡bK †ewk mg„×, hZUv mg„× bq e¨envwiK M‡elYvq| Ghy‡M
gvby‡li Kv‡Q ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi fvÛvi A‡bK eo| GB ZvwË¡K
Ávb‡K ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GwU GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ|
Z‡e G¸‡jv‡K e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z A‡bK mgq †j‡M
hv‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi c_
a‡iB e¨envwiK Ávb A‡bK ‡ÿ‡ÎB weKvk jvf K‡i|
 Page-09

1.7 M‡elbv c×wZ

M‡elbv c×wZ n‡j wbw`©ó c×wZ ev †KŠkj hv GKwU
welq m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ mbv³, wbe©vPb, cÖwµqv Ges we‡kølY
Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
M‡elYv c×wZ n‡jv Avcwb †hfv‡e Avcbvi M‡elbv Pvjv‡Z Pvb,
Zvi GKwU mymsMwVZ wbqg| G g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ _v‡K †WUv
msMÖ‡ni c×wZ, cwimsL¨vb we‡kølY, AskMÖnYKvix‡`i
ch©‡eÿY BZ¨vw`i g‡Zv welq¸‡jv|
M‡elYv c×wZi D‡Ïk¨ nj M‡elYvi c×wZi wcQ‡b hyw³ e¨vL¨v
Kiv, †WUv msMÖ‡ni c×wZi wcQ‡b hyw³ e¨vL¨v Kiv, †WUv
msMÖ‡ni c×wZ, we‡køl‡Yi c×wZ Ges M‡elYvi Kv‡Ri bvbvb
g~j welq ¸‡jv‡K mg_©b Kiv|

GKRb M‡elK, Zvi M‡elYvKg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z wb‡b¥v³

welq¸‡jv AšÍfz©³ K‡i|
1. †WUv †Kvb ai‡bi msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e? (M‡elbvq GwU‡K
†WUv UvBc ev †Kvb ai‡bi DcvË e¨envi n‡e Zv wb‡`©k
K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc: cÖv_wgK †WUv, gva¨wgK
†WUv,ga¨wgK †WUv, ¸YMZ †WUv Ges cwigvb MZ
†WUv BZ¨vw`)|
2. Kvi KvQ ‡_‡K GwU msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e? (M‡elYvq
GwU‡K m¨v¤úwjs wWRvBb ejv nq)|
3. wKfv‡e GwU msMÖn Ki‡Z nq? (GwU‡K †WUvmsMÖn
c×wZ ejv nq)|
4. wKfv‡e GwU we‡kølY Kiv nq? (GwU‡K †WUv we‡kølY
c×wZ ejv nq)|

Page-10

‡WUv UvBc

‡WUv
we‡kølY c×wZ M‡elbv c×wZ

m¨v¤úwjs
wWRvBb

‡WUv msMÖn
c×wZ
1. DcvË msMÖn c×wZ (G c×wZ‡Z i‡q‡Q mvÿvrKvi, mgxÿv,
†dvKvm MÖæc, ch©‡eÿY| mvÿvrKvi n‡Z cv‡i MÖæc AvKv‡i
ev G‡Ki ci GK K‡i| mgxÿv Rwic AbjvBb ev K¨w³MZfv‡e Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv hvq| †dvKvm MÖæc n‡”Q wbw`©ó welq ev
gZvgZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv| ch©‡eÿY nj GKwU wbw`©ó mgq
Ges ¯’v‡b cwiPvwjZ M‡eelYv)|
2. ¸YMZ, cwigvbMZ Ges wgkÖ M‡elYv c×wZ (‡h M‡elbvq
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË mivmwi ch©‡eÿb, mvÿvrKvi, cÖkœgvjv,
‡dvKvm MÖæc, Av‡jvPbv c×wZ gva¨‡g bZzb fv‡e Rvbv, Zzjbv
Kiv nq ¸bMZ c×wZ‡Z| cwigvbMZ c×wZ‡Z cwimsL¨vbMZ
c×wZ e¨envi K‡i e¨vL¨v -we‡kølY Kiv nq|

Page-11

wgkÖ M‡elYvq Dfq cš’v‡K GKwÎZ K‡i wbw`©ó Z_¨ Ges

cwimsL¨vb cÖ`vb Kiv|)
3. Z_¨ we‡kølY c×wZ (G c×wZ‡Z msMÖnxZ Z_¨mg~‡ni
ms‡KZvqb, web¨vm, †kÖwY mijxKiY I e¨vL¨vKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
Dcv‡Ëi mwVK we‡køl‡bi ØvivB Kvh©Kix M‡elYv m¤úbœ
n‡Z cv‡i)|

1.8 M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv nj M‡elbv cÖ¯Ív‡ei GKwU †K›`ªxq
Dcv`vb| GwU GKRb M‡elK‡Ki Kv‡Ri cwiKíbvi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i, hv Aa¨qbwU ev¯Í‡e m¤úvw`Z nIqvi Av‡M
wbwg©Z nq|
GwU GKRb M‡elK‡Ki †gŠwjK/ ZvwZ¡K M‡elYv Kv‡Ri
mvwnZ¨ ch©v‡jvPbv cÖv_wgK Z_¨ ev ch©‡eÿ‡bi ¯úó weeiY
we‡kl|
GwU M‡elK‡Ki wbw`©ó cÖwµqv gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM/ e¨envwiK
M‡elYvq Abykxjb mn we`¨gvb mgm¨vi Dci hyw³ ‰Zwi hv
fv‡jv fv‡e bw_fz³ Ges mgvavb Kiv KvR|
hv c~‡e©i M‡elYvi Z_¨ ev cÖgvb ch©‡eÿY mn Dc¯’vc‡bi
gva¨‡g cvVK‡K †evSv‡Z cviv|
GKRb M‡elK‡Ki ¯úó jÿ¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ hv c×wZMZ fv‡e mswÿß
eY©bv (Ges b¨vh¨Zv) gva¨‡g D³ M‡elYvi Kv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡Zv
†evSv‡bv cÖwµqv n‡”Q M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv|

Page-12

1.9 Kg©cwiKíbv
M‡elbvq Kg©cwiKíbv n‡jv †Kv‡bv we‡kl jÿ¨ AR©‡bi
Rb¨ mywbw`©ó cÖ¯Ívebvi wfwˇZ c~e© M‡elbvi Kv‡Ri
Abyhvqx cwiKíbv K‡g©i wbhy³ nIqvi †ÿÎ we‡kl|
 Kg©cwiKíbv GKwU mywbw`©ó jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K|
 Aek¨B GwU GKwU wjwLZ `wjj|
 mg¯Í cwiKíbv D³ `wj‡j wjwceÜ _vK‡e|
D³ `wj‡j Kv‡Ri mgqKvj, cÖ¯Íve cÎ I Aby‡gv`b, gvV ch©v‡q
Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY KvVv‡gv , wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`i
D‡jøL _vK‡e|
g~jZ M‡elYvi gva¨‡g Ávb AR©b Kiv| A_©vr bZzb Ávb ev
bZzb Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| cyivZb Áv‡bi e¨envi Kivi cvkv-cvwk
bZzb bZzb AwfÁZv I Ávb AR©b Kiv n‡”Q M‡elbvi g~j KviY
Ges Gi h_vh_ djvd‡ji R‡b¨ Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
M‡elYv Kg©cwiKíbv bgybv-
M‡elYv Kvh©µg mgmqKvj
M‡elYvi cÖ¯ÍvecÎ Rgv I Aby‡gv`b Rvbyqvwi 2023
M‡elYvi DcKib cÖ¯‘ZKiY I wdì IqvK© ‡deªæqvwi 2023
cÖ¯‘wZ I Iwi‡q‡›Ukb Z_¨ msMÖn `‡ji
cÖwkÿY K¬vm
wdì IqvK© ev gvV ch©v‡q Z_¨ msMÖn I gvP©- Ryb 2023
Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi KvVv‡gv cÖYqb
Z_¨ we‡kølY RyjvB - ‡m‡Þ¤^i
2023
Lmov cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi I Dc¯’vcb A‡±vei 2023
Z‡_¨i h_v_©Zv hvPvB IqvK©mc (Validation b‡f¤^i 2023
Workshop)
Po~šÍv wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb wW‡g¯^i 2023

Page-13
wPÎ: gvigv m¤úª`vq

Page-14
 Aa¨vq-wØZxq
gvigv cwiPq

Page-15

f~wgKv:
evsjv‡`k GKwU eû RvwZ, ms¯‹…wZ, ag© Ges fvlvi †`k|
G‡`‡ki evsjv fvlv-fvwl e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx evOvwj‡`i cvkv-cvwk
my`xN©Kvj a‡i emevm Ki‡Q A‡a©K kZ ÿz`ª-b„‡Mvôx
m¤úª`vq| AvPv‡i, Abyôv‡b, a‡g©, fvlvq, e‡Y©, ms¯‹…vi
ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Giv wbR¯^ I ¯^Zš¿| Giv evsjv‡`‡kiB Awe‡”Q`¨ Ges
Awbevh© Ask|

2.1 gvigv cwiPq

evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ cÖvq 50wU Avw`evmx RvwZ‡Mvôxi

cwiPq cvIqv †M‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU gvigv| gvigv evsjv‡`‡ki
GKwU Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi I wØZxq e„nr RvwZmË¡v|

gvigv RvwZ‡Mvôxi †jvKmKj‡K bvbv Rb bvbv bv‡g

Wv‡K| †hgb- gvigv, gM, ÿ¨smv, ivLvBb cÖf…wZ bv‡g WvKv
nq|

gvigvMY cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi wØZxq msL¨v Mwiô b„-‡Mvôx|

cÖK…wZibxjvq †e‡o IVv Aib¨Pvix gvigvMY mnR mij Rxeb hvcb
K‡i| nvwm-Lywk webqx I Kg©V GB Rb‡Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv cve©Z¨
PÆMÖv‡gi Av‡iv `kwU RvwZ‡Mvôxi mv‡_ mKj mv¤úªv`vwqKZvi
D‡aŸ© GKmv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k hyMhyM a‡i emevm K‡i Avm‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK I cÖhyw³ AMÖmi d‡j gvigvÕiv wkÿv`xÿv I
Av_©-mvgvwRK w`b w`b AMÖMwZi AšÍivq| wewfbœ AÂj I
GjvKvi †f‡` fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, AvPvi-AvPiY I mvgvwRKZv Abyôvb
wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g I cwiP‡q avib I enb K‡i|
 Page-16

evsjvwcwWqv g‡Z, gvigv kãwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q evwg©R kã

ÔgvqvbgvÕ †_‡K, hvi A_© evg©vi Awaevmx| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k eg©x
ms¯‹…wZi AbymvixMY cÖavbZ wZbfv‡e cwiwPwZ| Zv‡`i cwiPq
ev›`ievb GjvKvq gvigv, K·evRvi GjvKvq ivLvBb Ges LvMovQwo
GjvKvq ev gs mv‡K©‡j †cøBsmv gMÕ (msM„nxZ: my‡i›`ªjvj
wÎcyiv: 1994: 73)|

cÖK…wZ cÖ¯Ív‡e gvigv GKwU Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôxi I

wØZxq e„nr RvwZmË¡v AwaKvix| ¯^ ¯^ †MŠiegq cwiP‡q Zviv
evsjv‡`kx| G‡`‡ki ˆewPΨgq I mg„× ms¯‹…wZi AwaKvix|

wPÎ-2.1: gvigv cwiPq

 Page-16

2.2 Av‡Mi K_v

gvigv‡`i Avw` Drm wb‡q bvbvb K_v cÖPjb Av‡Q| Kw_Z
Av‡Q, ÔgvigvÕ kãwU cvwj kã gvi¤§v †_‡K G‡m‡Q| gvigviv
AvivKvb †_‡K G‡m‡Q weavq Zv‡`i Ô ¤ªvBgvÕ bvg †_‡K
wb‡R‡`i ÔgvigvÕ bv‡g f~wlZ K‡i|

gvigv Rb‡Mvôx mvaviYZ gM bv‡g cwiwPwZ wQj|

wKse`šÍx †_‡K Rvbv hvq Ô fvi‡Zi ÿwÎqiv GK`v AvivKv‡b
GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡i| wLªóxq beg kZvãx †_‡K AviKv‡bi
P›`ªeskxq ivRb¨eM© wb‡R‡`i‡K gMa es‡kv™¢zZ e‡j cwiPq
w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Kvjµ‡g P‡›`ªeskxq ivRv‡`i hk L¨vwZ Pvwiw`‡K
Qwo‡q c‡o Ges mgy`q AvivKvbevmx mvaviY fv‡e ÔgMÕ bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i, (msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K cvIqv)|

gM bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Kivi †cQ‡b A‡b‡Ki gZvgZ we‡ePbv

mg~n wb¤œiƒc:
MÖxq©vm‡bi (1909) g‡Z, gM kãwU B‡›`vPxb Rb‡Mvôxi
†_‡K M„nxZ|
cÖ‡dmi wW.wR. nj e‡jb, ÔgM kãwU g‡½vj k‡ãi weK…Z iƒcÕ
(Zvjvk: Ave`yj nK †PŠayix: 1984:26)|
‡Kbbv g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ AvivKvbx Rb‡Mvôxi mv`„k¨
Av‡Q (msM„nxZ)|
W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK g‡b K‡ib, ÔgMaÕ †_‡K gM k‡ãi
DrcwË n‡q‡QÕ|
Ô‡evgvs ivRv gs‰k cÖæ †PŠayix 1950 mv‡j ZrKvjxb c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi miKv‡ii cÖwZ gvigv‡`i gM AvL¨v †`Iqvi wel‡q AvcwË
Rvbvb Ges 1951 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix‡Z Zv‡`i cÖK…wZ RvwZ cwiPq
gvigv ZvwjKvfz³ Kivi Aby‡iva K‡ibÕ (msM„nxZ Z_¨)|

Page-17
 wPÎ- 2.2: Av‡MKvi K_v
eZ©gv‡b cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡j gvigv bv‡g eûj cwiwPZ Ges
evsjv‡`‡k bvMwiK wn‡m‡e gM bq, gvigv bvgB Awf‡cÖZ|

Page-18

2.3 emevm
evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g RbmsL¨vi w`K ‡_‡K gvigv
wØZxq msL¨v Mwiô b„‡Mvôx| ev›`ievb I LvMovQwo †Rjvq
Zv‡`i AwaKvs‡ki emevm| GQvov iv½vgvwU, K·evRvi,
g‡nkLvjx I cUzqvLvjx Ges fvi‡Zi wÎcyiv I wg‡Rvivg cÖ‡`‡k
Zv‡`i emwZ i‡q‡Q| cÖvqkB Zv‡`i Avjv`v Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e
†`Lv hvq| gvigviv emev‡m R‡b¨ cve©Z¨ †Rjvq †hgb cvnvo I
cvnv‡oi wb‡P mgZj f~wg‡KB †e‡Q †bq| mgZj f~wg‡Z Zviv k³
LywUi Dci gvPvs gZ K‡i Ni evwb‡q evm K‡i|

eZ©gv‡b Kv‡jµ‡g Dbœq‡bi d‡j gvigv ev›`ievb I LvMovQwo

†Rjv kn‡i mgZj f~wg‡Z KvuPv- cvKv `vjvbevwo evwb‡q
emevm K‡i|
 wPÎ- 2.3: gvigv‡`i emZevwo

Page-19
2.4 RbmsL¨v
evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg Avw`evmx Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| 1991 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki gvigv RbmsL¨v
wQj 1,57,301 Rb|
2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvwi‡Z gvigv‡`i msL¨v Avjv`v fv‡e †`Lv‡bv
nqwb| 2011 mv‡ji Av`g ïgvwi Abyhvqx Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v 1,95,723 Rb
|

Av`gïgvwi I M„nMYbv 2022 Abyhvqx †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 0.61%

†eŠ×| PÆMÖvg wefv‡Mi †gvU RbmsL¨vi 2.99% ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôx hv
mKj wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m‡ev©”P|

50wU RvwZmËvi g‡a¨ cveZ©¨ PÆMÖv‡gi Rb‡Mvôx gvigv‡`i

msL¨v wØZxq Zg ¯’v‡b| gvigv‡`i msL¨v 2 jvL 24 nvRvi 262
(Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv 2022 Abyhvqx)|
 wPÎ-2.4: 6ô RvZxq Av`gïgvwi, 2022
Dcmsnvi
evsjv‡`‡k wØZxq e„nËi b„‡Mvôx n‡”Q gvigv m¤úª`vq| gvigv‡`i
wbR¯^ cwiPq, Avw` K_v ev BwZnvm, emevm I RbmsL¨v Ae¯’v G
M‡elYvi gva¨‡g bZzbZ¡ iƒ‡c cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|

Page-20

Aa¨vq- Z…Zxq
gvigv‡`i mgvR
 Page-21
f~wgKv:
gvigv mgv‡Ri AvPvi AvPiY, Abyôvb, ixwZbxwZ I ms¯‹…
wZ Ab¨vb¨ b„-‡Mvôx ‡_‡K Avjv`v| wZb cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g
Giv bvbvb ev wewfbœ †Mv‡Î bv‡g emevm Ki‡Q| GjvKvi wfbœ
nIqvq Zv‡`i ixwZbxwZ AvPvi-e¨envi I wKQz wfbœiƒ‡c n‡q
_v‡K|

3.1 gvigv‡`i mgvR

 gvigv mgvR e¨e¯’v wcZ…Zvwš¿K| Z‡e cyiæl‡`i g‡Zv †g‡qiv I
ˆcZ…K m¤úwËi mgvb DËivwaKvwibx nq| HwZn¨MZ gvigv mgvR
e¨e¯’vcbv‡K MÖvg, †gŠRv I mv‡K©j wZb ch©v‡q fvM K‡i
cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| MÖvg cwiPvjbvq cÖavb n‡”QbÔKvievwiÕ|
†gŠRv ch©v‡q Ô‡nWg¨vbÕ Ges mv‡K©j cÖavb n‡”Qb ivRv ev
gvs| hv‡K mv‡K©j Pxd ejv nq|

eZ©gv‡b gvigv‡`i `ywU mv‡K©j we`¨gvb| LvMovQwo ‡Z

i‡q‡Qb ÔgsÕ mv‡K©j I ev›`iev‡b Ô‡evgvsÕ mv‡K©j| †evgvs
mv‡K©‡ji cÖ_g ivRv wQ‡jb gsPcÖæ (1599-1631Bs) eZ©gv‡b
†evgvs mv‡K©‡ji ivRv Av‡Qb DPcÖæ †PŠayix (24 GwcÖj 2013-
eZ©gvb) | wZwb †evgvs mv‡K©‡j 17Zg ivRv ev ‡evgvsMÖx|

Rb¥ , g„Zz¨, weevn G wZbwU Aa¨vq‡K gvigviv wb‡R †`i

mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g mgvRe× (Ave×)
K‡i‡Q| gvigv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †MvÎ I Dc- †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ ixwZbxwZ,
AvPvi-Abyôvb cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î wKQz wKQz e¨wZµg I m~² ZviZg¨
i‡q‡Q|

ixwZbxwZ AbymiY I AvPvi-Abyôvb ‡g‡b Pjvi eva¨evaKZv gvigv

mgv‡R i‡q‡Q|

Page-22
 wPÎ- 3.1: gvigv mgv‡R cÖavb †evgvs (ivRv)

3.2 `j ev †MvÎ
gvbgv‡`i g‡a¨ Avevi †MvÎ ev `j I fvM i‡q‡Q| Avi GB
†MvÎ ¸‡jv Zv‡` c~e© cyiæ‡`i evm ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i
ˆZwi nq| †MvÎ ¸‡jv n‡jv: wi‡Mv ev ÿ¨smv, KK`vBsmv,
gv‡iv:mv, K¨K&d¨vmv, d«vsmv, _smv, c¨v‡jOv, IqBsmv,
gywiÿ¨smv, js`ymv I iLBsmv|

ev›`ievb GjvKvq (‡evgvs mv‡K©‡j) wi‡Mv ev ÿ¨smv,

gywiÿ¨smv, K¨ù¨vmv emevm K‡i| iv½vgvwU wewfbœ Dc‡Rjv
†Z Ges LvMovQwo GjKvq (gs mv‡K©‡j) KK`vBsmv, gv‡iv :
mv, d«vsmv, _smv, c¨v‡jOmv , IqBsmv, js`ymv Ges K·evRvi I
cUzqvLvjx w`‡q iLBsmv i‡q‡Q|

Page-23
 wPÎ-3.2: wi‡Mv ev ÿ¨vsmv gvn& (gvn& n‡”Q
gwnjv‡`i m‡¤^vab Kiv nq)

3.3 †cvkvK cwi‡”Q`

gvigv cyiæliv Ô‡`qvnÕ (aywZ/jyw½) bv‡g GK cÖKvi
Zvu‡Z ˆZwi Kvco ci‡Zv| Zviv †`qvn& mv‡_ evwi÷v Avuw½
cwiavb K‡i| cyiæ‡li ÔLesÕ (cvMwo) c‡i| †g‡qiv Ô †e`vB
Auvw½Õ bvgK GK ai‡bi eøvDR c‡ib|

†g‡qiv †h Kvco w`‡q eyK Xv‡K Zv‡K Ô ivsMvB LesÕ e‡j|

†g‡qiv wb¤œv‡Mœ we‡kl Ô w_¡s ev _vwgÕ cwiavb K‡i|
GQvov Ôw_¡s ev _vwg mv‡_ wn«‡`B Avuw½, T¨v‡`B Avuw½
I cwiavb K‡ib| gvigv †g‡qiv j¤^v Pzj iv‡L Ges Pz‡ji bvbvb fv‡e
hZœ K‡i| Pzj AvPwi‡q my›`i K‡i †Lvucv evwb‡q GK cv‡k dzj
ci‡Z cQ›` K‡i| GQvov gvigv †g‡qiv Zzjv n‡Z myZv ˆZwi K‡i
iO‡ei‡Oi c‡QŠt ev K¤^j, Les ev Iobv, Ktiæs ev Pv`i eyb‡Z cQ›`
K‡ib|

Page-24

wPÎ- 3.3 : eZ©gvb I Av‡Mi gvigv‡`i †cvlvK cwi‡”Q`

3.4 fvlv
gvigv‡`i wbR¯^ fvlv Av‡Q| fvlv ZvwË¡K‡`i g‡Z, gvigv‡`i
fvlv Ô‡fvU eg©xÕ kvLvi eg©x `jfz³ GKwU fvlv| eY©gvjvi bvg
¤ªvBgvRv: evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K †jLvi ixwZ Abymvix eY©gvjv
Dcgnv‡`kxq cÖvPxb eªvþxwjwc n‡Z D™¢zZ| gvigviv wewfbœ
Dc‡MÖv‡Î wef³ †hgb: ÿ¨smvtPvMvt, KK`vBsmvtPvMv:,
IqBsmv t PvMvt, gv‡ivt mvPvMvt K¨K&d¨vmv- PvMvt
cÖf„wZ|
 gvigv fvlvq 12wU ¯^ieY© Ges 33wU e¨ÄbeY© wg‡j †gvU
45wU eY©gvjv i‡q‡Q|

wU.GBP. jyBb g‡b K‡ib-Ôgvigv fvlv AvivKv‡bi cÖv‡`wkK

Dcfvlv hv †_‡K AvaywbK eg©x fvlvi Rb¥| Zv‡`i eY©gvjv
eg©x eY©gvjvi gZ| GB eY©gvjvi DrcwËi cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi eªvþx
I L‡ivwó wjwc ‡_‡KÕ (msM„nxZ)|

Page-25
W. gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi g‡Z gvigviv g‡½vjxq eg©x| G‡`i fvlv
†fvUeg©x ev ‡fvUPxbv fvlv eskRvZ| ÔG‡`i fvlv mg~n GL‡bv
eg©x I AvivKvbx mgagx©| A_©vr `yÕ GKwU k‡ã mvgvb¨
D”Pvi‡bi †f` Qvov †Zgb cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv| myZivs ejv hvq
AvivKvbx I eg©x fvlvi mv‡_ gvigv fvlvi m¤úK© fvlv msiÿ‡b I
fvlv bevq‡b| AZGe Giv Nwbô m¤úwK©Z m‡nv`i fvlv ( †P`bv:
2008:4)| (msMÖwnZ)

†Mv·f‡` gvigv fvlviƒ‡ci cv_K¨ i‡q‡Q| ‡hgb- ÿ¨smv, ev

K`vBsmv, gv‡iv: mv, K¨K&d¨vmv, d«vsmv, _smv, c¨v‡jOmv,
IqBsmv, gywiÿ¨smv, js`ymv iLBsmv, †`i kã D”PviY ¯^Zš¿ ai‡bi|
†mRb¨ D”PviY ixwZi ØvivB †Kvb gvigv †Kvb †Mv‡Îi Zv
mn‡RB †evSv hvq| (msM„nxZ)
 wPÎ- 3.4: fvlv

Page-26
3.5 gvigv eY©gvjv
gvigv‡`i wbR¯^ nid ev eY©gvjv Av‡Q| GB nid eg©x ni‡di
g‡Zv| A‡bK cwÛZMYiv g‡b K‡ib K‡¤^vwWqvi gb‡ÿ‡gi nid
†_‡K gvigv ni‡di DrcwË n‡q‡Q| GB ni‡di †jLv gvigv‡`i A‡bK
cyuw_ cy¯Í‡Ki cvÛzwjwc Av‡Q| gvigv‡`i wKqvs ev wenv‡i
gvigv nid †kLv‡bv nq| eZ©gv‡b miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M Ges
†emiKvwi ms¯’v cve©Z¨ ev›`iev‡b, LvMovQwo‡Z wbR¯^ nid
‡jLvcov †kLv‡bvi Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

gvigv fvlvi kã ¸‡jvi mwVK evsjv eY©všÍKib Kiv GK cÖKvi

Am¤¢e| gvigv fvlvq nmšÍhy³ e¨Äb aŸwbi D”Pvib cÖvq Dn¨
_v‡K Ges Lye g„`y fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq|
evsjv fvlvi mv‡_ gvigv fvlvi evK¨ MVbixwZi mv½wZc~Y©|
‡hgb-
evsjv : Avwg fvZ Lve|
gvigv : Ov _gs Pvt †dvn&
GLv‡b cÖ_‡g KZ©v c‡i Kg© Ges †k‡l wµqv c` e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
gvigv fvlvi wµqvi Kv‡ji GKwU D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki‡j welqwU Av‡iv
¯úó n‡e|
Kvj evsjv gvigv
eZ©gvb Kvj Avwg hvq Ov jv& ‡it
AZxZ Kvj Avwg wM‡qwQjvg Ov jv& wL e¨v
fwel¨r Kvj Avwg hve Ov jv& †dv:

Page-27
 wPÎ-3.5: gvigv eY©gvjv

3.6 ‡ckv
gvigv g~jZ cvnvo I ebR m¤ú‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡`i cÖavb †ckv
K…wlKvR| Ryg Pvl Zv‡`i RxweKv wbe©v‡ni cÖv_wgK K…
wlR cÖqvm| Aek¨ Gi cvkvcvwk Zviv cvnvwo AiY¨ †_‡K Mv‡Qi
cvZv, g~j Ges K›` msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g Lv‡`¨i Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i|
Giv eQ‡ii gvP© GwcÖj gv‡mi w`‡K Ry‡gi Rb¨ cvnv‡o Av¸b
†`q| †g-Ryb gv‡mi w`‡K w`‡K Av¸‡b †cvov‡bv cvnv‡o Ryg Pvl
ïiæ K‡i| Giv cvnv‡oi avb, f~Æv, gwiP, he, mwilv, gkjv MvQ,
wgwó Kzgov, Pvj Kzgov, gvidv, UK cvZvmn wewfbœ iKg
mewRi Pvl K‡i| GQvov Giv ‡Qv‡Uv cvnvwo cïcvwL wkKvi
K‡i| cvnvwo wSwo I b`xi gvQ wkKvi K‡i Lvq| Avi Aemi mgq
cyiæliv evu‡ki †eZ w`‡q Szuwo, gvQ aivi iæB, N‡ii bvbvb
cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm evbvb Ges †g‡qiv iO‡ei‡Oi myZv w`‡q
Kvco ey‡bb|

Page-28

wPÎ- 3.6 : cÖavb †ckv K…wlKvR ev RygPvl

 wPÎ-3.6.1: gvQ aiv

wPÎ-3.6.2: Kvco eybb

Page-29
3.7 ag©
gvigv g~jZ ‡eŠ× ag©vej¤^x| Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk wKQz wbR¯^
mbvZb AvPivbyôvb K‡i| gvigviv †_iev` †eŠ× a‡g© wek¦vmx|
cvwj fvlvq iwPZ wÎwcUK nj cweÎ MÖš’| ag©xq wel‡q Zviv
`ywU `‡j wef³| GKwU mbœ¨vmx m¤úª`vq Ges AciwU mvaviY
Rxeb hvcb cÖK…wZ| †eŠ× mbœv¨vmxiv eªþPh© eRvq †i‡L
Mv‡q L‡qwi I njy‡` i‡Oi †cvkvK c‡i Ges wenv‡i ev wKqvs G
Ae¯’vb K‡ib| Ab¨ Ask ¯¿x, mšÍvb I AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡`i mv‡_
mvgvwRK m¤úªxwZ eRv‡q cvwievwiK Rxeb hvcb K‡i|

wPÎ- 3.7: ‡eŠ× wenv‡i

Page-30

3.8 weevn
gvigv mgv‡R weev‡ni AbyôvbwU ïiæ nq ÒjvK&-‡_n& †cv‡qt
ev jvK&-Ps‡cv‡qtÓ ev weev‡ni cÖ¯‘wZg~jK Abyôv‡bi ga¨
w`‡q| GB AbyôvbwU g~jZ Av‡qvRb Kiv nq cwiev‡ii gv-evev,
AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, eÜz-evÜe I cvov- cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i GKwÎZ KiY I
Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨| bvix cyiæl Dfqc‡ÿi m¤§wZ‡Z I mvgvwRK ixwZ
Abymv‡i cv‡Îi wcZv-gvZv ev eÜz evÜe K‡qKRb eq¯‹ e„×
cÖ_vMZfv‡e e¨envh© DcKviY wb‡q K‡bi evwo‡Z hvq| GB
mKj DcKiY wfZ‡i _v‡K-‡evZj g`, 25wU mycvix, 1 weov cvb,
wewbœ fvZ, wgwó, AvL I 1 ‡Rvov bvwi‡Kj| K‡bi evwo‡Z
wM‡q AvbyôvwbK fv‡e K‡bi gv-evevi Kv‡Q Zv‡`i †g‡qi
weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| gv-evevi m¤§wZi ci Zv‡`i †g‡qi gZvgZ
†bqv nq| †g‡qi gZvgZ cvIqvi ci cvÎxcÿ Abyiƒc Avi GK †evZj g`
cvÎ cÿ‡K cÖ`vb K‡i Ges my›`i K‡i Avc¨vq‡b e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
Gici †R¨vwZl †W‡K ivwkdj I we‡qi w`bÿY I ZvwiL wVK Kiv
nq| mewKQz ïf jÿbhy³ n‡j cvÎ cÿ GKwU w_¡¡s ev _vwg (‡g‡q‡`i
wb¤œv‡Mœ Kvco), Avuw½ I‡qn& (eøvD‡Ri Kvco), iƒcv ev
¯^‡Y©i GKwU AvswU w`‡q cvÎx‡K Avkxev©` K‡ib| we‡qi 2
w`b Av‡M cv‡Îi gv-evev ev AwffveK wbR evwo‡Z M„n‡`eZv
D‡Ï‡k¨ (Pysgvs‡jt) c~Rvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| c~Rv‡Z †`eZvi D‡Ï‡k¨
1wU ïKi, cvuPwU gyiMx ewj †`qv nq (Z‡e GwU GjvKvi I
†MvÎ/`j †f‡` Av‡qvRb I wewfbœ ai‡bi K‡i _v‡Kb)| we‡qi
ZvwiL avh©¨ n‡j cvÎcÿ †_‡K cvÎxc‡ÿi evwo‡Z 1wU †gviMmn
we‡qi wbgš¿Y cvVv‡bv nq| we‡qi w`b mvgvwRK I ag©xq ixwZ
Abymv‡i cv‡Îi evwo cÖ‡ek Øv‡i 2wU KwP Kjv MvQ, mvZv
myZv w`‡q †cPv‡bv 2wU cvwb fwZ© Kjm (wi Rvs Dt) iv‡L|

Page-31
eD Avb‡Z hvIqvi mgq wm× †gviM, g` ˆZwi nIqvi c~‡e© fv‡Z
im gywj cvwbi mswgkÖb 1 ‡evZj (wPs‡in&), 1 ‡evZj g`, _vwg
I †e`vB Avuw½ 1 ‡mU (‡g‡q‡`i wb¤œvs‡ki I Da©v‡½i cwi‡aq
†cvkvK) mn bvbvb DcKib wb‡q hvIqv nq| we‡qi w`b wm×
†gviMwU‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wgwk‡q ei K‡ib Rb¨ GKwU
cv‡Îi cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| weevn Abyôv‡b mK‡ji g½‡j R‡b¨ †eŠ×
wfÿz dvs K‡i we‡qi evwo‡Z cÂkxj MÖnY, g½jm~Î cvV I
wcÛ`vbmn bvbv iKg ag©xq Abyôvb cvj Kiv nq|

Ae‡k‡l weev‡ni Abyôvb (jvK&-Qs Pv-P& ‡cv‡qt) m¤úbœ Kiv

nq| Gici †_‡K Zviv ¯^vgx-¯¿x iƒ‡c mgv‡R ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
GQvovI gvigv mgv‡R †cÖ‡gi weevn I ¯^xK…wZ i‡q‡Q| Zviv
eû weevn Ges weaev weevn Ki‡Z cv‡i| evj¨ weevn I †hŠZzK
wewbgq gvigv mgv‡R wbwl×| cyiæl I bvix Df‡qiB weevn
we‡”Q‡`i mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|

wPÎ- 3.8: gvigv‡`i weev‡ni Abyôvb Av‡MKvi I

eZ©gvb Qwe
 Page-32

3.9 Rb¥
gvigv mgv‡R mšÍvb Rb¥ n‡j mvZ w`b ci A_ev cwiev‡i
myweav gZ w`b wba©viY K‡i AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb I mšÍvb cÖm‡ei
mgq hviv wQ‡jb Zv‡`i wb‡q LvIqv‡bv nq(‡g‡`n&-
Zsn&‡cv‡qt) Av‡qvRb Kiv‡bv nq|

gvigv Rb‡Mvôx Rb¥všÍiev` I †R¨vwZlZ‡Ë¡ cÖPÛ fv‡e

wek¦vm K‡i| †Kvb mšÍvb Rb¥ wb‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib †h, Zv‡`i
c~e© cyiæl‡`i †KD bv †KD Avev‡iv Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avi
ZvB beRvZ‡Ki bvgKiY c~e© cyiæ‡li bv‡gi Av`‡j Kiv nq| gvigv
cwiev‡ii Rb¥ †bqv cÖ_g mšÍv‡bi bvgKi‡Yi mgq A‡bK cwiev‡ii
wkïi bv‡gi cÖ_g Aÿi ev †kl Aÿi wn‡m‡e ÔDÕ hy³ K‡i, ‡hgb: D
‰kby ev by‰kD gvigv| Avevi mšÍvb hw` cwiev‡ii Kwbô nq,
Zvn‡j Zvi bv‡gi cÖ_‡g ev Ô_yBÕ hy³ nq, †hgb: _yB‡gwPs ev
†h _yBwPs, gscÖæ_yB gvigv BZ¨vw`|
gvigv mgvR †h‡nZz wcZ…Zvwš¿K ZvB bvix I cyiæl Dfq
m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix nq| cwiev‡ii mšÍvb msL¨v Kg n‡j mgvb As‡k
fvM Kiv nq| Avevi mšÍvb msL¨v †ewk n‡j bvixiv m¤úwËi
GKPZz_©vs‡ki `vex`vi nq| A_©vr wcZvi m¤úwËi wZb PZz_©vs‡ki
gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i cyÎ mšÍvbMY Avi GK PZz_©vsk cvq ¯¿x Ges
Kb¨v mšÍvbMY|
 wPÎ-3.9: gvigv‡`i wkï
Page-33
3.10 g„Zz¨
evsjv‡`‡ki gvigv m¤úª`v‡q g„Z †`n `vn I Kei Dfq e¨e¯’v
cÖPwjZ| Avevi †eŠ× wfÿzK‡`i g„Zz¨ n‡j ‡eŠ× ag©xq ixwZ
Abyhvqx A¯’vqx †eŠ× wenvi ˆZwi K‡i †mLv‡b ivLv nq| g„Zz¨
mg‡qi ci †_‡K Ges bZzb eQi cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M A‡šÍ¨wówµqv ev
WzsZ&B †cv‡qt Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z nq| D³ A‡šÍ¨wówµqv Abyôv‡b
(WzsZ&B‡cv‡qt) GjvKvi I mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ag©xq cÖwZôvb
n‡Z mBs b„Z¨ I GqBs (Mv‡bi gva¨‡g wfÿz‡Ki Rxeb e„ËvšÍ
eY©bv) BZ¨vw` Av‡qvR‡b gva¨‡g Abyôvb m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
†Kvb e¨w³ GjvKvi ev MÖvg ev cvovi evB‡i gviv †M‡j H g„Z
†`n‡K Avi GjvKvq ev cvovq ev MÖv‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq bv|
g„Z †`n Uv‡K k¥kv‡b ev wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †i‡L ixwZ Abyhvqx
mKj KvR †kl K‡i `vn ev Ke‡i e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
wPÎ-3.10: gvigv‡`i A‡šÍ¨wówµqv (WzsZ&B‡cv‡qt)

Page-34
3.11 gvigv Lvevi

gvigv‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨ n‡j fvZ, Ryg gwi‡P fZ©v, wm× kvK
mewR, wSwo I b`xi gvQ, KvuKov, kvgyK, wPswo BZ¨vw`|
GQvov I ïK‡ii gvsm, ïKbv gvQ, bvwà (ïUKx gv‡Qi ev wPswo
w`‡q ˆZwi GK cÖKvi gkjv) Zv‡`i wcÖq Lvevi| gvigviv
jvK&‡mv †L‡Z †ewk cQ›` K‡i| jvK&‡mv n‡”Q PvUbx ev
fZ©v, †hgb- †cu‡c, g~jv, Kjvi Mv‡Qi wfZ‡i Ask, Ryg Pvj
Kzgov PvUbx ev fZ©v ev jvK&‡mv †L‡Z I cQ›` K‡i| GQvov
Zviv Ry‡gi wewbœ Pvj, KvKb Pvj w`‡q bvi‡Kj I wPwb ‡hvM
K‡i GK cÖKvi cv‡qm †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| gvigv‡`i Ab¨Zg cQ‡›`i
Av‡iKwU mewR Lvevi n‡”Q evu‡ki KwP Ask hv evkuKzoj
bv‡g cwiwPZ| gvigviv we‡K‡j Lvevi ev bv¯Ív wn‡m‡e Pv‡ji
ˆZix GK cÖKvi jyWzjm ÔgywÛÕ †L‡q _v‡Kb| G‡Z ïUKx ¸‡ov,
gwiP Avav fv½v ¸‡ov, bvwà w`‡q ˆZwi †Svj, UK (†jey/‡ZuZzj)
w`‡q cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| wewfbœ HwZn¨evnx Abyôv‡b g` Zv‡`i
wcÖq cvbxq Ges GB g` A‡b‡K wb‡RivB ˆZwi K‡i|
 wPÎ-3.11: gvigv‡`i wcÖq bv¯Ív (gywÛ, KjvcvZvi wcVv),
mewR evukKzoj BZ¨vw`

Page-35
3.12 hy‡×i Ae`vb
gvigv hy‡× †h‡Z PvB‡j Av‡MB †_‡K kÎæi Av¯Ívbv I ¸ßP‡ii
Ae¯’vb, †jvKej, kw³, c_NvU BZ¨vw` †R‡b wb‡q mvnmxKZv
mv‡_ eyw× LvwU‡q Avµgb KiZ|

wVK †Zgwb GKvˇi gyw³hy× mgq evsjvi `vgvj †Q‡j‡`i mv‡_

Kvu‡a Kvua wgwj‡q mvnmx I eyw×gËv mv‡_ gyw³hy‡×
AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i GKgvÎ
Avw`evmx I wØZxq e„nËi b„‡Mvôxi exi gyw³‡hv×v DK¨vwPs
ev BD. †K.wPs gvigv (1933-25 RyjvB 2014)| wZwb 6bs ‡m±i
e„nËi iscy‡i hy× K‡ib DBs KgvÛvi Gg. Lv‡`gyj evkvi Aax‡b|
¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Zvi mvnwmKZvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi Zv‡K exi

weµg †LZve cÖ`vb K‡i|

wPÎ- 3.12: gyw³‡hv× BD †K wPs exi weµg

(05.05.1932-25.07.2014)
Dcmsnvi: gvigv b„‡Mvôx evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ HwZ‡n¨ I
Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Ask| gvigv‡`i †jvK ms¯‹…wZ hyM
hyM a‡i evsjv‡`‡k GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e aviY, I cvjb K‡i
Avm‡Q|

Page-36

Aa¨vq-PZz_©
Drme
f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËi Avwaevmx Rb‡Mvôx n‡”Q
gvigv gvigv‡`i Drme ‡jvK ms¯‹…wZ, ‡jvK mvwnZ¨ (cÖev`,
avuav), †jvKKvwnbx ¸wj Ab¨vb¨ Avw`evmx ev b„‡Mvôx ‡_‡K
Avjv`v I ˆewPΨgq|

eZ©gv‡b gvigv‡`i ‡jvKms¯‹…wZ ¸wj PP©v bv _vKvq Av‡¯Í

Av‡¯Í nvwi‡q hv‡”Q|
4.1 Drme
Ab¨vb¨ Avw`evmx ev b„‡Mvôxi g‡Zv gvigviv I Rb¥, g„Zz¨
we‡q Ges beel© Dcj‡ÿ bvbv iK‡gi HwZn¨evnx Drme cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
G‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Drme mg~n n‡”Q- ey× c~wY©gv
(KQzsjv‡eª), Avlvpx c~wY©gv (Iqv‡Qvjv‡eª), gay c~wY©gv
(‡c:qvn‡Qv‡qs jv‡eª), cÖevibv c~wY©gv (Iqv‡M¨vqvB jv‡eª) Ges
beel© cvjb (mvsMÖvB †cvt‡q) I eQ‡i ‡k‡l w`‡K b‡f¤^i gv‡m
KwVb Pxei `vb Drme cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Gme Drm‡ei cvkvcvwk
Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK Drme I cvjb K‡i _v‡K, hv cÖvq mgqB cve©Z¨
PÆMÖv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ Avw`evmx RvwZ †Mvôx‡`i mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y©|

ey× c~wY©gv-GB c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z gnvgvbe I

gnvgwb †MŠZg ey‡×i wZbwU ¯§„wZ weRwiZ, h_v- Rb¥
MÖnY, e„×Z¡ jvf I gnvcwiwbe©vb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| GwU GKwU
ag©xq Drme| cÖ‡Z¨K eQ‡iB A‡bK DrmvB I DÏxcbvi g‡a¨ w`‡q
w`bwU gnvmgv‡iv‡n DrmewU cvjb Kiv nq|

Page-37
Avlvpx c~wY©gv-c~wY©gv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB hv †MŠZg
ey‡×i Rxe‡b bvbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| ewY©Z
Av‡Q: GK Avlvpx c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z †MŠZg ey× wm×v_©
iƒ‡c gvZ…M‡f© cÖweó n‡qwQ‡jb, 29 ermi eq‡m wZwb ¯¿x
cyÎ me gvqv Z¨vM K‡i M„nZ¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb, Avlvpx
c~wY©gv‡Z cÂeM©xq wkl¨‡`i‡K cÖ_g ag© †`kbv
Kwi‡qwQ‡jb Ges me †k‡l GKB c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z wZwb
gvZ…‡`ex‡K m×a© †`kbvi Rb¨ ZvewZsm ¯^‡M© Mgb
K‡iwQ‡jb|

Abyiƒc c~wY©gvi wZw_‡ZB †eŠ× wfÿzmsN ‰ÎgvwmK

elv©eªZ Awaôvb MÖnY K‡ib| wfÿz‡`i AbZ¨g evrmwiK AvPvi
el©vevm ïiæ nq Ges ‡kl nq Avwk¦bx c~wY©gv‡Z| GB
c~wY©gv‡Z †eŠ× ag©vej¤^xiv wewfbœ ag©xq c~Rv AvPvi
Abyôvb cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|

wPÎ- Avlvpx c~wY©gv

 Page-38
gay c~wY©gv-gay c~wY©gv †eŠ×‡`i Ab¨Zg GKwU ag©xq
Drme| G w`bwU †eŠ× BwZnv‡m GKwU HwZnvwmK I
Zvrch©gq w`b| fv`ª gv‡mi c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z G Drme cvjb Kiv
nq| G w`bwU Dcj‡ÿ †eŠ× m¤úª`vq ey× c~Rv, mxejx c~Rv, kxj
MÖnY, msN`vb, gay I †flR `vb, bvbvb iKg djg~j `vb, evwZ
cÖR¡jb, wfÿz msN‡K wcÛ`vbmn bvbv ag©xq AvbyôvwbKZv
m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|

wPÎ- gay c~wY©gv

 Page-38
cÖeviYv c~wY©gv-‡eŠ× ag©vej¤^x‡`i cvwjZ GKwU ag©xq
Drme ; hv Avwk¦bx c~wY©gv bv‡g I cwiwPZ| †eŠ×
ag©vej¤^x‡`i wbKU GKwU wØZxq e„nËg ag©xq Drme|
Avwk¦b gv‡mi c~wY©gv wZw_‡Z GB Drme cvwjZ nq| GB
w`‡b †eŠ× ag©vej¤^xiv KvM‡R dvbym ˆZwi K‡i ag©xq Mv_v
cvV K‡i Pzjvgwb ˆPZ¨‡K c~Rv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvKvk cÖ`xc
wn‡m‡e dvbym evwZ D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| Iqv‡M¨vqvB †cv‡qt ev
cÖeviYv Drm‡e bvbv iKg evnvwi wcVv, cywj, cv‡qm ˆZwii ayg
c‡i| GQvov G Drm‡e g~j AvKl©Y n‡jv g½j i_hvÎv| wekvj i_
ˆZwi K‡i G‡Z ey×g~wZ© ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gici g½j i_wU †K›`ªxq
†eŠ× wenvi n‡Z iwk w`‡q †U‡b kn‡ii cÖavb mo‡K Nyiv‡bv nq
Ges G mgq †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x bvix-cyiæl, wkï wK‡kvi, hyeK-
hyeZx †gvgevwZ R¡vwj‡q ey×gywZ©‡K c~Rv Kiv nq| me‡k‡l
i_wU wemR©‡b gva¨‡g cÖeviYv c~wY©gvi i_hvÎv mgvwß nq|
 wPÎ- 4.1.1: gvigv‡`i i_hvÎv Drme

Page-39

mvsMÖvB †cv‡qt ev beel© Drme-gvigv‡`i beel© cvj‡bi

Drme mvsMÖvB bv‡g cwiwPZ| cyivZb eQi‡K we`vq Rvwb‡q bZzb
eQi‡K eiY Ki‡Z mvsMÖvB †cv‡qt (Drme-‡cv‡qt) cvjb Kiv nq|

Zviv ˆekv‡Li w`‡b wewfbœ Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g cvjb K‡i| wb‡R‡`i

ms¯‹…wZ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ bee‡l© †kvfvhvÎv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bvP,
Mvb, bvbv ai‡bi gyL‡ivPK Lvevi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|

beel© ev mvsMÖvB w`‡b G‡K A‡b¨i Kzkj wewbgq K‡i I eq¯‹

c~Rv I Kiv nq| eq¯‹ c~Rv ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡Ri cÖexY e¨w³‡`i m¤§vb
Rvbv‡bv nq|

gvigv‡`i G w`‡bi cÖavb AvKl©Y n‡”Q Rj‡Kwj Abyôvb ev

cvwb ‡Ljv| gvigv fvlvq Rj‡Kwj Abyôvb‡K ejv nq Ôwijs‡cv‡qtÕ|

mvsMÖvB cÖ_g w`‡b bvbv iKg c~Rv ga¨ w`‡q ïiæ K‡i `ycy‡i
†ejv‡Z ey× ¯œv‡b Abyôv‡b ci Rj‡Kwj Drme ev wijs‡cv‡qt ïiæ nq|
wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b dz‡j mw¾Z c¨v‡Ûj ˆZwi K‡i gvigv hyeK
hyeZxiv I †QvU-eo eq‡mi mevB wg‡j ev`¨ Avi Mv‡bi Zv‡j c¨v‡Û‡ji
wfZ‡i Rj‡Kwj ev cvwj †Ljv nq| mvsMÖvB Gi ˆgÎx cvwb wQwU‡q
mevB Avb‡›` bZzb el© ei‡Y †g‡Z D‡V|
 wPÎ- mvsMÖvB †cv‡qt

Page-40
KwVb Pxei `vb Drme- ‡eŠ× a‡g©i GKwU ag©xq AvPvi, I
Drme, hv mvaviYZ evsjv P›`ªcwÄKv Abyhvqx Iqv‡M¨vqvB ev
cÖeviYv c~wY©gv cvj‡bi cvi GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
myweavRbK mg‡q cvjb Kiv nq| GB Abyôv‡b g~jZ †eŠ×
wfÿzK‡`i wÎ-Pxei bv‡g we‡kl †cvkvK `vb Kiv nq| †eŠ×
ag©vej¤^xMY c~‡Y¨i Avkvq cÖwZ eQi Gfv‡e Pxeimn wfÿz‡`i
Ab¨vb¨ `vbxq `ªe¨ mvgMÖx I `vb K‡i _v‡Kb|

Zzjv †_‡K myZv ˆZix K‡i Zv is K‡i GK iv‡ZB ev 24

N›Uvi g‡a¨ ˆZix K‡i †eŠ× wfÿz‡`i cwiav‡bi Pxei ˆZix Kiv nq e‡j
G‡K KwVb Pxei `vb e‡i|

GQvovI gvigviv cvuP cÖKvi wec` iÿv cvIqvi R‡b¨

‡ivIqvmvsgv (cvov iÿvKvix †`ex) Ges ÿ¨smvsgv (Rjiÿx †`ex)
c~Rv Kiv nq, wec‡` g‡a¨ Av‡Q-AwMœ, Rj, Liv el©v I eRªcvZ
Ges mgv‡R mK‡ji g½‡ji R‡b¨ c~Rv Kiv nq|
 wPÎ- KwVb Pxei `vb Drme

Page-41

wPÎ-4.1.2: gvigv‡`i cÖeviYv Drm‡e fzZ cyZzj

(‡cvt‡Qvgvn&)
 wPÎ-4.1.3: dvbym Drm‡e

Page-42
4.2 gvigv evsjv m¤úK©
gvigv fvlvq eg©x AvivKvbx kã ev mv`„k¨ kã cÖPzi cwigv‡b
_vK‡jI Gi mv‡_ evsjv kã †Kvl I e¨vKiYMZ k„•Ljvi wgj jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| evsjv fvlvi mv‡_ h‡_ó Awgj _vK‡jI evsjv fvlvi A‡bK k‡ãi
mv‡_ gvigv k‡ãi DrcwËMZ wgj ev ˆbKU¨ we¯Ívi| †hgb- jvO
(¯^vgx) wjPz, kvwo, jyw½, Us BZ¨vw` kã Dfq fvlvq cÖPzi evsjv
kã cvIqv hvq| †hgb-‡`k (UBs‡cÖ), PvB›`v (Pvu`), Avtev
(AveŸv) , Avmvt‡k (Av‡¯Í), Avivn& (g`), †c‡bwmt (KvVuvj),
†jey (‡jgytwmt), M&qBwmt(‡chviv), ew_ (eU), bLs (bvK),
Kvqv(‡`n ev kixi), Kjs (Kgjv), fvn& (gvQ), †QBsevs (Pzj), wit
(cvwb), nvs (ZiKvwi), BZ¨vw` kã evsjv ev evsjv DrmRvZ|
mvZw`b MYbv FZz MYvb
iwe-Zvjvs¸wb MÖx®§Kvj-wbsivwk
‡mvg- Zvjvsjvt el©vKvj-‡gvtivwk
g½j- AvsMv kxZKvj- Qsivwk
eya- eya
e„n¯úwZ-µvmvtwew`
ïµ-mµv
kwb- wP&wbs

gvigv fvlvi msL¨v MYbvi kvwãK iƒc n‡”Q-

GK-ZB, `yB-bn&B, wZb- mys, Pvi-‡jt, cvuP-Ovt, Qq-LªK, mvZ-

Ln&bB, AvU-mn&B, bq-‡Kvt, `k-‡Q, GKk-Zvivt, nvRvi- _s, jÿ-
wmns|

Page-43
4.3 gvigv ms¯‹…wZ I msMxZ

evsjv‡`‡k gvigv wØZxq e„nËi b„‡Mvôx| cvsLys, RvBK, Kvc¨v

BZ¨vw` gvigv ms¯‹…wZ Ask| GQvov eQ‡i GKevi ivRv LvRbv
Av`vq wbqg hv‡K gvigv fvlvq cBsRªv †cvt‡q bv‡g cwiwPZ
GwU I mvs¯‹…wZK Ask we‡kl| bvbvb cÖwZKzjZvq GwU
GLb eÜ Av‡Q Z‡e ABs ev LvRbv Av`vq Kiv nq|
wØZxq e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ gvigv mgv‡Ri _vjv b„Z¨,cvLv
b„Z¨,QvZv b„Z¨,cÖ`xc b„Z¨gvQ aiv I Ryg KvUv b„Z¨ Lye
cwiwPZ I RbwcÖq|
gvigv msMx‡Zi cÖavb cÖavb aviv ¸wj n‡jv:K¨vc¨v,
PvMvqvO, mvLªvO, i`yt, jv½v, mvBsM¨vB jyOwU cÖf…wZ|
Mv‡bi ïiæ‡Z Ôqyw`qvÕ my‡i n‡”Q ¯^”Q cweÎ fv‡jv-evmv
cÖKvk Kiv, Ô Av‡jvI‡qsÕ GwU g~jZ †kvKMxwZ,Ôgvney`tÕ
my‡ii K‡É Avnevb Kiv nq|
hš¿mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †mBs I‡qBs (e„ËKvi eo AvK…wZ ‡jvnvi
ev`¨hš¿),wctwjC(evuwk), ‡LªLs, wK‡qI‡qBs (‡QvU
†Xvj),WzsLjs, wµbvn, †cn& cÖf…wZ gvigv ms¯‹…wZ
ev`¨hš¿ we‡kl|

wPÎ-4.3.1: gvigv‡`i ev`¨hš¿

Page-44
 wPÎ-4.3.2 : gvigv‡`i _vjv b„Z¨

wPÎ-4.3.3 : gvigv‡`i QvZvi b„Z¨

Page-45
4.4 gvigv †jvKmvwnZ¨

gvigv fvlvq cÖev` evK¨: cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi my‡L-`yt‡L †jvK

PwiÎ, mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †cÖibvg~jK cÖev` evK¨ Øviv
cÖKvwkZ nq|
1. myn‡Mvn& gtKs †gt‡µsMs, gtKs †Kvt`s †Kvt†`vt weª‡ivn&
Iqs (c‡ii Awbó K‡i ‡hRb, wb‡Ri Awbó exR K‡i †m ecb)|
2. cTTv †kv‡q t Dt jyn& †gvLvt (we`¨viƒc ab Pzwi Kiv hvq bv)|
3. Qvivt wgqv‡Mt mvt wm&‡it (AwZ cwÐZ dj fv‡jv bq)|
4. Qvs j&v‡Mt †js g&‡jvn& (nvwZ †h‡Z iv¯Ívi `iKvi nq bv)|
5. LtiyK& gZ&‡Kt A`t g&L t (cv‡q AvNvZ bv †c‡j †KD gv‡K
¯§iY K‡i bv ev ‡nvuPU †L‡j gv‡K g‡b civ)|
6. Avt‡ivn& n¬v‡Mt G¨v‡in& gvtn¬v (iƒ‡c Av‡Q wKš‘ ¸‡b
bvB)|
7. mvtwgqvt PvtMvt bvn& wSngvn& jvt‡M `ytLv ivn&‡i (A‡b¨i
K_vq c_ Pj‡j `ytL ev Kó cvq)|
8. ATs Ps‡Mt AKs Pvt iv‡in (mey‡i †gIqv d‡j)|
9. jtdvn& wµ‡Mt jt‡Ms `ªvivn, ‡O‡in& K¨vqvn& (‡jv‡fi cvc,
cv‡ci g„Zz¨)|
`ytLv †Ls‡Mt myLvt ivn‡it (Kó Ki‡j †Kó †g‡j)|
10. µxt†gvs †jvt‡Mt †T‡gvs K¨vs (eo hw`
n‡Z PvI, †QvU nI Z‡e)|
11. wLt Pqt g&‡Kn qs n«v‡it (cÖ‡qvR‡b
gvbyl‡K †LvuRv)|
12. jv‡dvt †g‡Znt‡K& †jqs bvn&
‡Zvn‡it, cÖt‡dvt †g‡Znt †K& †Qqs bvn& †Zvn‡it (Pj‡Z bv
Rvb‡j c‡i hvIqv gZb, ej‡Z bv Rvb‡j ‡evKv †`Iqvi gZb)|

Page-46
gvigv fvlvi avuav t b„‡Mvôx mgv‡Ri †jvKR welqvejx wb‡q
gvigv fvlvq avuav m„wó n‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨, GjvKvi †MvÎ ev `j KÉ
I my‡ii wfbœZv g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e mgv‡R
eyw×wfwËK wPšÍv, g‡bvfve, cÖvK…wZK, K…wlR I
M„n¯’vjx welqvw` dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

1. QvBsevO KBqvs cvn& †mn&qvs|

evsjv t PzjgyVx a‡i, _vci gviv|
DËit gnBs A_©vr evukKzoj|
2. †µwjB IqxwjB †µwjn IqxwjB|
evsjvt hZ ‡`wL ZZ `~‡i/‡`wL `~‡i nIqv
DËi t bvn& A_©vr Kvb|
3. Av‡gtgv mvt gyBs‡it bvB`sMvt|
evsjvt w`w` mšÍvb cÖme K‡i cvk¦‡`k †_‡K|
DËit g°v A_©vr f~Æv|
4. ‡dvjyn gvn& jBs‡`vt †jv‡Mvn& †g¨vT|
evsjvt Lv‡Uv ivÿzmx, gvbyl wM‡j Lvq|
DËit AvsMx A_©vr Rvgv|
5. ‡µn‡mt †Qtjys jvIqv ‡dvns|
evsjvt nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q `kwU Zviv XvKv|
DËit †mvIqvn A_©vr `vuZ|
6. AvgynB †Ovwjn mvt wµwjB |
evsjv t gv‡qi Kvbœvq mšÍvb eo nIqv|
DËi t †LªBIqs A_©vr myZv ev‡Ûj ˆZwi|

Page-47
 7. jnevBs †Z‡ÿ¨B gvn A‡ÿ¨v‡gvn& †Z‡QB njyns RyI‡qs
mynsjvn&
evsjvt GKwU †cø‡U 12wU wgwó 3wU PvgP|
DËi t bvnwit A_©vr Nwo|
8. ‡Qvt‡Kn& Z&‡Qvn †d«n‡Mt †jn& Z&RyqvK&
evsjv t ai‡j GK gyV, †dj‡j GK Rwg|
DËi t †KvIqvBs A_©r gvQ aivi Svj|
9. Av‡gn& Bsbvn& Ovt Bs _yt wL¨vqvs eK&|
evsjv t Avcbvi Avi Avgvi N‡i Øvi mivmwi
DËi t Avivn& ZvsPvn& A_©vr g` ˆZwi Kiv|
10. Av_vt Kvn& K¨sP&iB , Av‡_t gvn& †KvWzýB
evsjv t Dc‡i bywo Ask, wfZ‡i big Ask
DËi t †c‡bn&wm t A_©vr KvuVvj|

4.5 gvigv †jvKKvwnbx

cÖvPxbKv‡j gvigv †jvKKvwnbx ev wK”Qv, Mí ¸wj gv,

`vw`-bvbx eywoiv gy‡L gy‡L ej‡Zb Ges †kvbv‡Zb| Ges Gfv‡e
iƒcKí I ev¯Íe Rxeb Kvwnbx ¸wj ms¯‹…wZ avivq ch©vqµg
ˆewkó¨ eRvq ivLZ| hyM hyM a‡i ms¯‹…wZ aviK I evnK
wn‡m‡e Ges hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Rxeb RxweKv †ÿ‡Î †cÖiYv
Drmvn AR©b K‡i Avm‡Q|

Kv‡ji wee©Z‡b gvigv †jvK Kvwnbx ¸wj msiÿ‡b cÖ‡qvRb

g‡b K‡ib KviY gy‡Li cÖPvwiZ mvwnZ¨ fz‡j hvIqv m¤¢ebv
wQj| ZvB DcRvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK Bbw÷wUD‡Ui mvwnZ¨cÎ
ÔwMwi wbS©iÕ, AšÍ‡ii K_v (2q LÛ) Mí m¤¢vi, ev›`ievb ‡Rjv
cwil` I mvs¸ Ges cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi b„‡Mvôx Aay¨wlZ Rbc‡`i
¯‹zj g¨vMvwRb I cÎ cwÎKvq gvigv †jvKKvwnbx Pvcv‡bv nq
Ges msiÿ‡bi myweav MÖnY K‡i|

Page-48
gvigv †jvK Kvwnbxi wekvj Ask Ry‡o i‡q‡Q ivRv ev`kv,
cixi, eb¨ cÖvbx‡K Kíbv K‡i ¸”Qv‡bv MíKvwnbx| †hgb- GK
ivRvi mvZ Kb¨v, UzbUzwb I Kz‡bve¨vO, ARMi Kvwnbx,
j¾veZx Mí, ‡evKv gvby‡li Mí ¸‡jv wZb cve©Z¨ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨
Awfbœiƒ‡c cÖPwjZ|

j¾veZx Mv‡Qi Mí- MíwU wb¤œiƒc ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv

nj| A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi K_v, GK iv‡R¨i ivRvi GK my›`i cyÎ-mšÍvb
wQj| mšÍv‡bi e‡qvmwÜ n‡Z †`‡L GKw`b ivbx ivRv‡K ej‡jb-
ÔgnvivRÕ Avgv‡`i mšÍvb †Zv eo n‡q hv‡”Q| GKw`b †m ivR¨
kvmb Ki‡e| Avgiv K-w`bB ev ‡eu‡P _vKe| Avgv‡`i AeZ©gv‡b
Zv‡K †K †`L‡e? wePvi eyw×, ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡Z Zv‡K Ávb
AR©‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv wK Avgv‡`i KZ©e¨ bq?

ivRv Rev‡e ej‡jb, Ôivbx wcÖqZgv! Avwg †Zv ZvB fvewQ|

wKš‘ ivRcyÎ Ávb AR©‡b R‡b¨ †M‡j wKfv‡e _vK‡eb †m
wPšÍvq mšÍvb‡K gvqvRvj †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Zb Pvb bv| ZLb ivRvi
wPšÍv †`‡L ivbx ej‡jb wb‡Ri mšÍv‡bi Rxeb aŸsm K‡i hvIqv
wK iKg fvjevmv gnvivR?

ZvB Avi wej¤^ bq gnvivR, Avgv‡`i mšÍvb‡K Fwli wbKU w`‡q

Avmyb|
 ZLb ivRv mšÍvb we`¨v AR©‡b hvIqv R‡b¨ wZb eQi Kv‡ji
Lv`¨ I e¯¿ mvgMÖx Ges wZbk ˆmb¨ I Zv‡`i cv‡_q mvgMÖx
cÖ¯‘‡Z Av‡`k w`‡jb|

ciw`b mKv‡j ivRcyÎ iIbv D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡q gvZvi wbKU

n‡Z we`vq I Avk©xev` MÖnY Kij| ivRv ivRcy·K wb‡q
ïfn¯Íx‡Z P‡o ˆmb¨- mvgšÍ wb‡q Fwli wbKU iIbv n‡jb| †m w`b
iv‡Z Zviv wenv‡i †cŠuQv‡jb| ciw`b mKv‡j ivRv Fwli wbKU
wM‡q Zvui Av`‡i cyÎ mšÍvb‡K Ac©b Ki‡jb|

Page-49
ej‡jb, Avcwb mvwnZ¨, wkí we`¨v, kvmb we`¨v, ab we`¨v,
hy`a we`¨v, cÖf…wZ‡Z cvi`k©x Ki‡eb| Fwl ej‡jb, mycyÎ
gnvivR, Avwg Avcbvi cy·K MÖnY Kijvg| Avcwb wbwð‡šÍ
Avcbvi iv‡R¨ wd‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib|

ivRv iv‡R¨ wd‡I G‡m ivbx‡K ‡mB me K_v Rvbv‡jb Ges

ab¨ n‡jb| eû eQi †K‡U hvIqvi ci Fwl ivR cy·K wewfbœ we`¨vq
cvi`k©x Ki‡jb| GK mgq ivRcy·K †diZ cvV‡bvi Rb¨ mgq G‡jv|
GKw`b ivR cyÎ Fwli AbygwZ‡Z wd‡i hvIqvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡jb
Ges hvIqvi c~‡e© ivR cyÎ Fwl‡K GKwU g~jevb nxiv ¸iæ `wÿYv
`vb K‡i we`v‡qi cÖv_©bv Kij| Fwl ivR cy·K GKwU Z‡jvqvi,
cvuPkwU Zximn GKwU abyK w`‡jb| GK †g‡q‡K †W‡K ivR
cy·K ej‡jb, Ò cyÎ, G Kb¨v †K Avwg GK MÖvg n‡Z Kzwo‡q
†c‡qwQjvg| †m Avgvi m‡½ wek eQi hver Av‡Q| †mI bvbvb
we`¨vq cvi`k©x Ges MZ wZb eQi hver ‡Zvgv‡K I mvnvh¨
K‡i‡Q| Zzwg I‡K wb‡q hvI †m †Zvgv‡K wewfbœ Kv‡R
mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ò Zvici `y-R‡bB we`vq wb‡q iv‡R¨i w`‡K
iIbv nj|

‡h‡Z †h‡Z Zviv GK Mfxi e‡b G‡m †cŠuQvj|

‡mw`b wQj AvKv‡k †gNk~b¨, cÖLi †iv`, m~h© ga¨vKv‡k

R¡jR¡j Ki‡Q| nvU‡Z nvU‡Z †g‡qwUi cv‡qi Nvu‡q c~Y© nj|
ivR cyÎ Kb¨v‡K wc‡V wb‡q Pj‡Z jvMj Ges GK mgq ivRcyÎ
K¬všÍ n‡q GKMv‡Qi Qvqvq e‡m coj| Ggb mgq Kb¨v wPrKvi
w`‡q ejj, Ô ivRcyÎ, wcÖqZg! GK eb¨ n¯Íx Avgv‡`i w`‡K †a‡q
Avm‡Q| Avcwb Zv‡K Zx‡ii AvNv‡Z nZ¨v Kiæb, bv nq Avgiv
gviv coe|ÒivRcyÎ n¯Íx‡K Zxi w`‡q †g‡i †djj| Avevi hvIhv ïiæ
Kij|

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eû `~i ‡h‡Z cvuPk WvKv‡Z mvg‡b c‡o †Mj| ivRcyÎ Zx‡ii
AvNv‡Z Pvik wbivbeŸB Rb WvKvZ‡K †g‡i †djj| †k‡l iBj
WvKv‡Z `‡jj †bZv| ivRcy‡Î Zxi I †kl n‡q‡Mj| WvKvZ
ivRcy·K Svc‡U aij| `yR‡bi g‡a¨ Kzw¯Í nj| WvKvZ wQj
kw³kvjx Avi Z‡jvqviwU wQj Kb¨vi nv‡Z| ivRcyÎ wb‡P c‡o †Mj|
ivRcyÎ Kb¨‡K ejj, Ò Kb¨v, wcÖqZgv! Avgv‡K Z‡jvqviwU `vI|
Ò WvKvZwU wQj my›`i| Kb¨v WvKv‡Zi ¯¿x nevi ¯^cœ †`Lj|
Kb¨v fz‡ji cixmxgv nvwi‡q †djj| AZGe ivRcy·K Z‡jvqv‡ii
avivj w`K ai‡Z w`j| G my‡hvM wb‡q WvKvZ ivRcy·K nZ¨v
Kij| Gici Kb¨v WvKvZ‡K ejj, ÒWvKvZ mycyiæl, Avcbv‡K
Avwg mvnh¨ K‡iwQ, Avgv‡K wb‡q Pjyb| Avwg Avcbvi ¯¿x ne|
Ó Zvici Kb¨v WvKv‡Zi mv‡_ P‡j †Mj| ivR cyÎ †`n ILv‡b c‡_
c‡o _vKj| ‡h‡Z †h‡Z WvKvZ fvej, G gwnjv ivRcyÎ ¯^vgx‡K
†i‡L wKfv‡e Avgv‡K fvjevm‡Z cv‡i, Am¤¢e| wek¦vmNvUKiv
kÎæi ‡P‡q fq¼i| Gici WvKvZ eyw× K‡i ejj, Kb¨v eb¨v b‡` wekvj
cvwb †Zvgvi Mqbv-MvwU, Kvco ‡Pvco ¸‡jv `vI Avwg Icv‡i
†i‡L Avme| Kb¨v WvKv‡Zi K_vi gZ me Ly‡j w`j| WvKvZ
me¸‡jv wb‡q b`x cvov n‡q cvwj‡q ‡Mj| Kb¨v g„Z ivR cy·K
wb‡q b`xi cv‡o e‡m Kvu`‡Z _vKj| ¯^‡M©i †`eivR B›`ª ivR
cy·`i `ytL jÿ¨ K‡i c„w_ex‡Z wZb †`e cy·K wb‡q †b‡q Avmj|
B›`ªivR gv‡Qi iƒc avib Kij Avi GK †`ecy·K gvsmLÛ, GKRb‡K
wPj I AciRb wkqv‡ji iƒc avib Kij| †kqvj GK LÛ gvsm wb‡q
†Svc †_‡K †ei n‡q G‡m Kb¨vi A`~‡i LvIqvi fvb Kij| AvKv‡k
wPj D‡o NyicvK †L‡Z jvMj| GK mgq b`x †_‡K eo gvQ b`xi
cv‡o DVj| †kqvj gvQwU‡K LvIqvi †jv‡f gv‡Qi w`‡K †`Šo
†h‡ZB wPjwU gvsm LÛwU ‡Qvu ‡g‡i wb‡q †Mj, Avi gvQwU I
b`x‡Z †b‡g ‡Mj|

Page-51
‡kqv‡ji †evKvwg †`‡L Kb¨v †kqvj‡K ejj,ÒI‡i †evKv ‡kqvj,
†Zvgvi gvsm LÛwU KZ fvj wQj| gv‡Qi †jv‡fi me nviv‡j| GLb
eyS‡j †Zv gRvv!Ó ZLb ‡kqvj ejj, Ò I‡i Kb¨v Avwg Avevi I
gvs‡mi LÛ †Lvu‡R wb‡Z cvie| wKš‘ Zzwg ivRcy·K Avi
Lyu‡R cv‡e bv| †m †Zvgv‡K fvjevmZ, ‡Zvgvi Kó eySZ| Ò ZLb
Kb¨v ivRcy·K nviv‡bvi †kv‡K I wb‡Ri †evKvwg fzj eyS‡Z
‡c‡i Kvu`‡Z Kvu`‡Z g‡i ‡Mj| †`eivR B›`ª ivRcy‡Îi cÖvY
wdwi‡q w`j| ivRcyÎ †R‡M D‡V †`L‡Z †cj cv‡k Kb¨v g„Z †`n I
Zvi cv‡k Av‡Q PviRb †jvK| †`eivR B›`ª me K_v ivRcy·K Ly‡j
ejj| ivRcyÎ †mLv‡b Kb¨v‡K Kei w`‡q wbR iv‡R¨ wd‡i †Mj|
iv‡R¨ ivRÕ ivbx I cÖRvMY ivRcy·K wd‡i ‡c‡q Avb‡›` †g‡U
DVj| Avevi GK eQi ci ivRcyÎ wkKv‡i †ei n‡jb Ges Kb¨v
Kei¯’v‡b w`‡K †M‡jb| †`L‡Z †cj, Kei ¯’v‡b GK cÖKvi j¾veZx
Mv‡Q f‡i †M‡Q, ‡m¸‡jv †Kvb ¯úk© Kiv hvq bv, ¯úk© Ki‡j
by‡q c‡o| ZLb †_‡K j¾veZx Mv‡Qi we¯Ívi NUj|

wPÎ- 4.5.1: gvigv‡`i ‡jvKKvwnbx (j¾veZx Mv‡Qi Mí)

Page-52
ZrKvjxb mg‡q gvbyliv KZ ‡evKv wQj Ges AwZ †evKv fq¼i
iƒc ‡bq, GB †QvU I ms‡ÿ‡c Ô‡evKv gvby‡li MíÕ Zz‡j aiv nj-

cyivbKv‡j †Kv‡bv GK my›`i MÖv‡g GK‡evKv gvby‡li

`¤úwË evm KiZ| ¯^vgx wQj †evKv| msmv‡i Avq- e¨q †Kv‡bv
wn‡m‡e K‡i Pjv eyw× †bB| Avevi †jvKwU ¯^fve wQj iæÿ‡Z ev
GK †N‡qwg| †Kv‡bv wKQz wPšÍv fvebv bv K‡i g‡b hv RvMZ
ZvB K‡i †djZ| †Kv‡bv iKg †L‡U †L‡q Zv‡`i msmvi P‡j|
GKw`b Zv‡`i N‡i eD‡qi gv-evev †eov‡Z Av‡mb Ges Zv‡`i
msmvi Ae¯’v †`L‡Z Av‡m| ZLb N‡i ¯^vgx bv _vKvq eD Zvi
wbR evev‡K fvj Lvevi LvIqv‡bvi wØav †eva Kij, wPšÍv Kij-
Zvi ¯^vgx hw` G‡m Zv‡K †evKv w`‡j ev ivM Ki‡j G‡Z msmvi
AmyLx n‡e| GUv †f‡e eD Zvi evwoi Av‡k cv‡k Lv‡j ‡_‡K
kvgyK Kzwo‡q G‡b my›`i K‡i ivbœv K‡i Zvi gv-evev‡K †L‡Z
†`q| LvIqv ci †ejv †k‡l w`‡K RvgvB‡K †`Lv bv †c‡q Dbviv P‡j
hvb| wVK c‡ii w`b ¯^vgxi gv-evev G‡m nvwRi n‡jb ZLb I
¯^vgx N‡i wd‡iwb| ¯¿x wPšÍv Kij †h‡nZz ¯^vgxi gv-evev
G‡m‡Qb fv‡jv K‡i Avc¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e bq‡j †m G‡m ivM Ki‡eb|
GB ‡f‡e N‡i cvwjZ eo †gviM †K‡U my¯^v`y fv‡e ivbœv K‡i
Avc¨vqb Ki‡jb|

ZLb I ¯^vgxi gv- evev Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡K †`Lv bv †c‡q wd‡i

†M‡jb| c‡ii w`b KvR †kl K‡i ¯^vgx N‡i wd‡i G‡jv Ges ¯¿x
Zv‡K me Ly‡j ejj| Gevi ¯^vgxi gv_vq Kzeyw× †Lqvj G‡jv †h-
Zvi gv-evev‡K kvgyK w`‡q LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q Avi Avgvi
(¯^vgx) gv-evev‡K †gviM gvsm ivbœv K‡i LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 Page-53
wKQzÿY Mfxi fv‡e wPšÍv Kij-kvgyK ZiKvwi w`‡q fvZ
LvIqv‡bv n‡q‡Q Rvwb bv KZ gy‡Vv ‡kl n‡q ‡M‡Q G‡f‡e
eD‡K kvgyK †Lvkv †Kv_vq †d‡j‡Q I ¸wj Kzwo‡q G‡b Mbbv
K‡i eD‡K ejj, †Zvi gv evev‡K kvgyK ZiKvwi‡Z †L‡Z w`‡qQ,
Avwg Mbbv K‡i †`Ljvg G‡Z A‡bK kvgyK wQj| GK GKwU
kvgy‡Ki gvs‡m mv‡_ GK gy‡Vv fvZ †L‡j KZ¸‡jv fvZB bv
†L‡q †d‡j‡Q| wKš‘ Avgvi gv- evev †Zv `yB wZb UzK‡iv
gvsmv w`‡q `yB-wZb gy‡Vv †L‡q‡Q|

Avgvi mviv gv‡m I eQ‡ii Kvgv‡bvi me †kl n‡q hv‡e| bv, n‡e bv
G e‡j ‡Zvi mv‡_ msmvi Kiv hv‡e bv| GB e‡j eD‡K ZvjvK w`‡q
Ni †_‡K ‡ei K‡i w`j|

Ô †evKv I eyw×nxb GK †N‡qgx gvby‡li mv‡_ c_ Pjv KóKi|

 wPÎ-4.5.2: †evKv I eyw×nxb gvby‡li Mí

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wg‡_¨ msev` ïwb‡q fq †`Lv‡bvi cwibv‡g Kz‡bv e¨v‡Oi kvw¯Í
cvIqv Ges Kz‡bv e¨v‡Oi wcV Agm„Y nIqv wcQ‡b KviY
ÒUzbUzwb I Kz‡bv e¨v‡Oi MíÓ ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv nj-

GK`v †Kvb GK iv‡R¨ ivRv I e‡bi cï cvwL wg‡j emevm KiZ|

GKw`b Kz‡bv e¨vO kn‡i ‡M‡jb Ges kni ‡_‡K wd‡i G‡m
UzbUzwb mv‡_ †`Lv nj| UzbUzwb Kz‡bv e¨vO‡K wR‡Ám Kij
eÜz Zzwg kn‡i wM‡qwQ‡j wK Lei ï‡b G‡mQ? ZLb Kz‡bv
e¨vO ejj Av‡i eÜz ewjI bv Kvj `ycy‡i ci cÖPÛ So e„wó n‡e Ges
c„w_ex aŸsm n‡q hv‡e| G‡Z †Zvgvi evmv †f‡½ hv‡e, eo eo
MvQ c‡i hv‡e, A‡b‡Ki Ni evwo ‡ÿZ bó n‡q hv‡e| G w`‡K G
Lei ¸wj ï‡b UzbUzwb f‡q w`K-‡ew`K I Mv‡Qi G Wvj †_‡K I
Wv‡ji Do‡Z _vKj Ges MZ© †f‡e eo cvwL (isivs) cvLvi wfZ‡i
jywK‡q †Mj| is ivs cvwL f‡q AvZw¼Z n‡q GK wPrKvi w`‡q
DVj (isivs e‡j ‡W‡K DVj)| H Mv‡Q g‡bi my‡L Kzg‡ov †L‡Z
_vKv evb‡ii nvZ †_‡K fvix Kzg‡ov dm‡j c‡o †Mj| wVK ZLbB
Mv‡Qi wb‡P wQj GK MfeZ©x nwiY| Kzg‡ovwU Mf©eZx
nwi‡Yi wc‡V coj, nwiY f‡q †`Šov‡Z ïiæ Kij| c‡_ KzÐjx
cvKv‡bv ï‡q _vKv ARMi gv_vq k³ ÿzi Pvc c‡o ‡Mj| G‡Z ARMi
ivMvwš^Z n‡q eb †gviM I gyiwM evmv n‡Z me wWg †L‡q
‡djj| †gviM †i‡M wM‡q wcucov evmv ‡f‡½ w`j| wcucovI
ivMvwš^Z n‡q eb ïK‡i AÛ‡Kv‡l Kvgo w`j| eb ïKi e¨v_v I
hš¿bvq ‡i‡M GK K…l‡Ki KPz †ÿZ ZQbQ K‡i w`j|

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me ‡k‡l ÿwZMÖ¯’ K…lK ivRvi Kv‡Q bvwjk w`j Ges mwVK
wePvi cÖv_©bv Kij-ivRv me ï‡b µgvš^‡q ïKi, ARMi, nwiY,
evbi, isivs cvwL I UzbUzwb nvwRi nj| GK GK K‡i me †`vl
¯^xKvi ci UzbUzwb cvwL ejj- Ky‡bv e¨vO LeiwU †`Iqvi Kvi‡b
I cÖvY f‡q GB KvR K‡iwQ gnvivR| ivRvi wb‡`©‡k wmcvnxiv
Kz‡bv e¨vO‡K a‡i Avbj me NUbvi g~j Acivax nj Kz‡bv e¨vO|

ivRvi Av‡`‡k wmcvnxiv Kz‡bve¨vO‡K Av”Qv ‡eZ wcUzwb

†`q| †e‡Zi AvNv‡Z Kz‡bv e¨v‡Oi wc‡V †QvU †QvU ¸wUKv
†`Lv hvq Ges e¨vO‡K AvNvZ Ki‡j mv`v i‡Oi Kl †ei nq| GUvB
wQj Kz‡bve¨v‡Oi ˆewk‡ó¨ kvw¯Íi dj|
 r

wPÎ- 4.5.3: UzbUzwb I Kz‡bve¨v‡Oi Mí

Page-56

Dcmsnvi
Rb¥ ‡_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ bvbv ˆewPÎgq, †jvKms¯‹…wZ, HwZn¨ I
ci¤úivi ga¨ w`‡q gvivgviv ÿz`ª Rxeb‡K m„‡kvwfZ K‡i‡Q|

gvigv‡`i Rxeb I RxweKv wb‡q ˆZwi I cyi‡bvi m‡Z¨i mÜv‡bi

†jvK- ms¯‹…wZ, †jvK Kvwnbx, HwZn¨ I AvPvi Abyôvb ¸‡jv
AvRI †eu‡P Av‡Q †QvU I e„n`vKvi M‡elYvi gva¨‡g|

gvigv‡`i wbR¯^ gvZ…fvlvi ‡jvKms¯‹…wZ PP©vi my‡hvM

Ges cwimi AZ¨šÍ mxwZg e‡j Zv‡`i wkí, ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨,
HwZn¨ msiÿ‡Yi I weKv‡ki mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| †`k I RvwZi
Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk G¸wj msiÿ‡Yi c`‡ÿc ‡bIqv DwPZ hv RvZxq
g~javiv RvwZmË¡v ms¯‹…wZ mg„wׇZ mnvqK n‡e|

Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b d‡j Ges ‡KD wkL‡Z AvMÖnx nIqvq gvigv

‡jvKms¯‹…wZ I HwZn¨ cÖvB wejywßi c‡_| wØZxq Rb‡Mvôx
I b„ZvwË¡K ms¯‹…wZ‡K cyb¾xweZ Ki‡Z I ‡jvKms¯‹…wZ
a‡i ivL‡Z G M‡ellv cÖqvm| myZivs gvigv HwZn¨ I mvs¯‹…
wZK BwZnvm‡K evuwP‡q ivL‡Z n‡j givgv‡`i †jvKms¯‹…
wZ‡K evuwP‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|

Page-57

Qwe I Z_¨m~Î
1. wkÿv M‡elYv, EDM-2405, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|

2. w_wmm I M‡elbvi iƒc‡iLv-W. mvBdzÏxb KvRx|

3. cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi mgvR I mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨ-
kvgmyÏxb wkwkig m¤úvw`Z|
4. m¤úv`Kxq| RbRvwZi fvlv msiÿY RiæwiÒ cÖ_g Av‡jv| (02-
09-2022)
5. Marma Sites google.com (22.10-2022)

6. ‡`‡k RbmsL¨v GLb 16 †KvwU 51 jvL, ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK|

msMÖ‡ni ZvwiL 27-07-2022 (Wikipedia.org)
7. AšÍ‡iiK_v (2q LÛ)Mí m¤¢vi-wKwK G m¤úvw`Z (ev›`ievb
cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil`)|
8. Avw`evmx RvwZmËvi HwZn¨evnx el©eiY- Kzgvi
cÖxwZkej|
9. mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv I w`K wb‡`©kbvq- kvgmyÏxb
wkwki, wkÿK cÖwkÿK, miKvwi wkÿK cÖwkÿY
gnvwe`¨vjq|
10. gvigv-evsjv Awfavb- Ry‡qj eo–qv
(2022)
11. evjv wcwWqvq gvigv
(BDwKwcwWqv Kg‡Ý gvigv msµvšÍ wgwWqv)|
12. Ò ‡Zvgv‡`i G FY †kva n‡e bv|
msMÖ‡ni 18-08-2016
13. ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi mvs¯‹…wZK
Bbw÷wUDU, ev›`ievb cve©Z¨ ‡Rjv cwil`, ev›`ievb|

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