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1 The white solids sodium sulfate and potassium carbonate may be distinguished using a flame test.
(a) (i) Identify a material from which the flame test wire could be made. Justify your answer.

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(ii) Describe how to carry out a flame test on a solid, giving the expected flame colour for each of these
compounds.
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(b) Sodium sulfate and potassium carbonate may also be distinguished using chemical tests. Give a chemical
test for each compound which would confirm the identity of the anion. Include the expected results. (4)
Test1
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Test2
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2. A group of students carried out a thermochemistry experiment to determine the
relative atomic mass of a metal, M.
Procedure
Step 1 Transfer 50.0 cm3 of a 1.35 mol dm−3 solution of copper(II) sulfate to an expanded polystyrene cup
placed in a glass beaker.

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Step 2 Weigh out, as accurately as possible, a known mass of the finely powdered metal M.
Step 3 Measure the temperature of the copper(II) sulfate solution.
Step 4 Quickly add all of the powdered metal, stir the mixture continuously and note the highest temperature
reached.

(a) Each student carried out the experiment using a different mass of the metal.
(i) Give a reason, other than preventing heat loss, for placing the polystyrene cup in a glass beaker. (1)
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(ii) Name the piece of apparatus suitable for measuring 50.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution. (1)
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(iii) Powdered metal reacts much faster than filings or granules.
Suggest why this is important in this experiment. (1)
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(b) The students’ results were collected in a table.

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(i) Plot a labelled graph of mass of metal on the horizontal axis against temperature change on the vertical axis.
(3)

ii) Determine the mass of metal M that reacts exactly with 50.0 cm3 of 1.35 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate by
drawing appropriate best-fit straight lines. You must show your working on the graph. (2)

(iii) The equation for the reaction of M with copper(II) sulfate is

M(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Use the equation and your answer to (b)(ii) to calculate therelative atomic mass of M.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. (3)

(iv) One mass of M in the experiment gave an anomalous data point. Suggest a reason, other than measurement
error, for this anomaly. (1)

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3 A saturated solution of barium hydroxide was formed by adding barium oxide to water until no more would
dissolve. The equation for the reaction is
BaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ba(OH)2(aq)
The resulting mixture was filtered to remove excess solid. The concentration of the barium hydroxide solution
was found by titrating portions of the saturated solution with hydrochloric acid of known concentration.
10.0 cm3 portions of the saturated barium hydroxide solution were placed in conical flasks and titrated with
0.200 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid added from a burette.
Three drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the solution in each conical flask.
(a) State the colour change observed at the end-point of the titration. (2)

From ................................................................. to .....................................................

(b) Some of the results are shown.

(i) Complete the table. (1)

(ii) Give a reason why the first titre should not be used to calculate the mean titre. (1)
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(iii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in the mean titre. (2)

(iv) The equation for the reaction in the titration is

Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Calculate the concentration of barium hydroxide, in g dm−3, giving your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures. (3)

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 (c) Solid samples of soluble barium compounds such as barium oxide are toxic by inhalation due to the
presence of barium ions. Give a safety precaution that should be used to minimise this risk when adding
barium oxide to water. (1)
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(d) Barium also forms a peroxide. A bottle of barium peroxide has the hazard symbol Give the meaning of this
symbol. (1)

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4 4 An experiment is carried out to determine the value of n in the formula of hydratedzinc sulfate,
ZnSO4.nH2O. The following procedure is used.
Step 1 Weigh an empty crucible.
Step 2 Add two spatula measures of hydrated zinc sulfate to the crucible. Reweigh the crucible with the
hydrated zinc sulfate.
Step 3 Heat the crucible and hydrated zinc sulfate to remove the water of crystallisation.
Step 4 Allow the crucible to cool. Reweigh the crucible and the anhydrous zinc sulfate.
The equation for the reaction is
ZnSO4.nH2O(s) → ZnSO4(s) + nH2O(g)
Results

(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set up for heating in Step 3. (2)

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 (b) Complete the table of results. (2)

(c) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of anhydrous zinc sulfate, ZnSO4, left after heating. (2)

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of water lost during heating. (2)

(iii) Calculate the value of n, using your answers to (c)(i) and (ii). (2)

(d) A data book gives the formula of hydrated zinc sulfate as ZnSO4.7H2O.
Two possible errors that might occur during the experiment are:

Error 1
Some of the hydrated zinc sulfate was lost from the crucible during heating in Step 3.
Error 2
The crucible was not heated for long enough for all of the water of crystallization to be lost.

(i) Predict the effect, if any, each error will have on the measured mass of water lost and hence the calculated
value of n. (4)
Error 1
Effect on measured mass of water lost
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Effect on calculated value of n
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Error 2
Effect on measured mass of water lost
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Effect on calculated value of n
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(ii) Suggest how you could improve the experiment to stop the hydrated zinc sulfate from ‘jumping out’ of the
crucible during heating. (2)
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(iii) Suggest how you could make sure that all the water of crystallisation is lost during heating. (1)
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