Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Several
bottles on the Group 2 shelf of the chemicals store had damaged labels.
(a) Two bottles are clearly labelled ‘sulphate’. The solid in bottle A dissolves
easily in water but none of the solid in bottle B appears to dissolve when
added to water.
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(2)
(c) Describe a test to show that the solid in bottle D is barium hydroxide and
not magnesium hydroxide.
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(3)
Give the name of each of the gases formed and write an equation for this
chemical reaction.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
(a) Write the equation for the neutralisation of sulphuric acid by ammonia.
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(1)
(b) 2.50 dm3 of impure ammonia gas was passed into excess sulphuric acid.
6.23 g of crystals of ammonium sulphate were produced.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount (in moles) of ammonia required to produce this
mass of ammonium sulphate.
(1)
(1)
(2)
(v) Calculate the volume of 1.30 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid needed to
make 6.23 g of ammonium sulphate.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
3. (a) When the Group 2 element calcium is added to water, calcium hydroxide
and hydrogen are produced.
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(1)
(b) State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as
the atomic mass of the metal increases.
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(1)
(c) (i) Define the term first ionisation energy, and write an equation to
represent the change occurring when the first ionisation energy of
calcium is measured.
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(4)
(ii) State and explain the trend in the first ionisation energy of the Group
2 elements.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
4. (a) The compounds lithium chloride, sodium bromide and potassium iodide
can be distinguished from one another by the use of flame tests.
Lithium chloride
Sodium bromide
Potassium iodide
(3)
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Lithium
chloride.........................................................................................
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Sodium
bromide.........................................................................................
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Potassium
iodide............................................................................................
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(4)
(ii) Write an equation, including the state symbols, for the reaction
between solid lithium chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
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(1)
(c) During one process for the manufacture of iodine the following reaction
occurs:
2–
2IO3 + 5SO2 + 4H2O I2 + 8H+ + 5SO 4
SO2........................................................................................................
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2–
SO 4 .....................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Use your answers to part (c)(i) to explain whether SO2 has been
oxidised or reduced in the above reaction.
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
A ccount
I M a s s o f p ie c e o f lim e s t o n e = 5 .2 4 g
II A m e a s u r in g c y li n d e r w a s u s e d t o t r a n s f e r 5 0 c m 3 o f 2 .0 0 m o l d m –3
a q u e o u s h y d r o c h lo r ic a c id ( a n e x c e s s ) t o a 1 0 0 c m 3 b e a k e r . T h e
p ie c e o f lim e s t o n e w a s p la c e d in t h e b e a k e r a n d le f t u n t il t h e r e w a s
no m ore effervescence.
E q u a t io n
CaCO 3 ( s ) + 2 H C l(a q ) C a C l 2 (a q ) + C O 2 ( g ) + H 2 O ( l)
III T h e a c id ic s o lu t io n in t h e b e a k e r w a s f ilt e r e d in t o a 2 5 0 c m 3
v o lu m e t r ic f la s k . A s m a ll a m o u n t o f s o lid im p u r it y r e m a in e d in t h e
f ilt e r p a p e r . T h e s o lu t io n in t h e v o lu m e t r ic f la s k w a s c a r e f u lly m a d e
u p t o 2 5 0 c m 3 w it h d is t ille d w a t e r .
IV A p ip e t t e w a s u s e d t o t r a n s f e r 2 5 .0 c m 3 p o r t io n s o f t h e a c id ic
s o lu t io n t o c o n ic a l f la s k s . T h e s o lu t io n w a s t h e n t it r a t e d w it h
0 .1 0 0 m o l d m –3 a q u e o u s s o d iu m h y d r o x id e .
H C l(a q ) + N a O H (a q ) N a C l( a q ) + H 2 O ( l)
R e s u lt s
1 2 3
B u r e t t e r e a d in g ( f in a l) 1 4 .9 0 1 5 .4 0 3 0 .2 5
B u r e t t e r e a d in g ( a t s t a r t ) 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 1 5 .4 0
T it r e / c m 3
1 4 .9 0 1 5 .3 5 1 4 .8 5
1 4 .9 0 + 1 5 .3 5 + 1 4 .8 5 3
M e a n t it r e = = 1 5 .0 3 3 c m
3
Improvement.........................................................................................
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Reason..................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Recalculate a value of the mean making clear which titres you
choose and giving your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
(2)
(b) (i) Using your answer to (a)(ii), calculate the amount (number of moles)
of sodium hydroxide in the mean titre.
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(c) The burette used in the titrations had an uncertainty for each reading of
±0.05 cm3.
(i) Which of the following should be regarded as the actual value of the
titre in titration 3?
(ii) Suggest one reason why a student may obtain volumes outside the
uncertainty of the burette when carrying out a titration.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
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(2)
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(2)
(b) Calculate the volume of gas produced if 3.0 g of sodium reacts with an
excess of water.
(One mole of any gas at the temperature and pressure of the experiment
occupies
24 dm3.)
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
8. (a) Hydrogen chloride can be made from sodium chloride and concentrated
sulphuric acid. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent this
reaction.
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(1)
(b) (i) How would you confirm that a solution said to be HCl(aq) contained
chloride ions?
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(3)
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(2)
(c) (i) Give a chemical test for chlorine, stating what you would do and what
you would see.
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(2)
PbO 2 + 4H Cl P bC l2 + C l2 + 2H 2O
(2)
(d) Sodium iodide reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to give iodine, not
hydrogen iodide. Explain why iodides react differently from chlorides in this
case.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
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(2)
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(3)
(b) Write the equation for the action of heat on barium nitrate.
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(2)
(c) (i) What is meant by the term polarising power as applied to cations?
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(2)
(ii) Give two factors which affect the polarising power of cations.
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(2)
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Bromine
Iodine
(2)
(b) Describe how you could use solutions of silver nitrate and ammonia to
distinguish a solution of sodium iodide from a solution of sodium bromide.
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(4)
(Total 6 marks)
(i) Ca + O2
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(1)
(b) State and explain the trend in thermal stability of the carbonates of the
Group 2 elements as the group is descended.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
12. (a) Describe how to use the technique of volumetric analysis to determine
the concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide given a burette containing
0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid.
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(i) Write the equation for the complete reaction of sodium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the volume of the 0.100 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid needed to
exactly neutralise 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
(2)
(c) A careless student used a conical flask to store the alkali and did not wash
it clean before use in the titration. Assuming that ‘emptying’ the conical
flask actually left 0.20 cm3 of alkali adhering to the inside of the flask.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
(b) The mass spectrum of lithium shows two peaks. Their mass/charge ratios
and percentage abundance are shown below.
Mass/charge % Abundance
6.02 7.39
7.02 92.61
Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium, giving your answer to three
significant figures.
(2)
(c) Describe a test that you would do to distinguish between solid lithium
chloride and solid sodium chloride. Clearly state what you would do and
what you would see with both substances.
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(3)
(Total 8.marks)
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(1)
(b) (i) Give the colour and physical state of bromine at room temperature,
(ii) State what you would see when aqueous bromine is added to a
solution of potassium iodide.
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(1)
(i) Write the ionic half-equation for the reduction of bromine to bromide
ions.
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(1)
(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the oxidation of Fe 2+ ions to Fe3+
ions.
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(1)
(iii) Hence write the overall ionic equation for the reaction of Fe 2+ ions
with bromine.
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(i) Write the equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
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(2)
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(1)
(e) Potassium bromide, KBr, reacts with potassium bromate, KBrO 3, in the
presence of dilute sulphuric acid to form bromine, potassium sulphate and
water.
Substance:
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Reason:
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
heat
Reaction B NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)
A ...................................................................................................................
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B ...................................................................................................................
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(2)
10.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 ammonia solution was reacted with nitric acid of
concentration 0.500 mol dm–3.
(i) What piece of apparatus would you use to measure out the 10.0 cm 3
of ammonia solution?
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(1)
(ii) What piece of apparatus would you use to add the nitric acid?
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(1)
(iii) Suggest a suitable indicator you could use to find the endpoint of this
titration and give the colour change you would expect.
Indicator ...............................................................................................
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Colour change
from .......................................................
to .......................................................
(2)
(1)
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(3)
(1)
(ii) How many moles of nitrogen(I) oxide, N2O, were formed when 4.0 g
of ammonium nitrate reacted?
(1)
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
16. The following table was used to record the results of experiments in which
aqueous solutions of halogen elements were added to aqueous solutions of
potassium halides.
(a) (i) The ticked box indicates that a reaction occurred when bromine
solution was added to potassium iodide solution.
(ii) Give ONE observation you would expect to make when bromine
solution is added to potassium iodide solution.
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(1)
(1)
Describe a test you could carry out to confirm its identity, indicating
the result of the test.
Product .................................................................................................
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Test ......................................................................................................
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Result....................................................................................................
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(2)
(b) Iodine and its compounds are quite expensive and it is sometimes
worthwhile recovering this element from solutions containing iodide ions.
This can be done by adding a solution of potassium dichromate acidified
with sulphuric acid. Iodine is then precipitated and can be separated from
the mixture.
(i) Identify the two elements which show a change of oxidation number
during the reaction, giving their initial and final oxidation numbers.
(c) The halogen elements have a wide variety of commercial and industrial
uses.
Bromine, for example, is extracted from sea water and used to make
compounds such as bromomethane, CH3Br, an insecticide.
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
17. (a) Calcium and magnesium react vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid but
with dilute sulphuric acid the calcium stops reacting even though the
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(2)
(ii) Calcium reacts slightly more vigorously than magnesium with dilute
hydrochloric acid. Suggest, in terms of atomic structure, why this is
so.
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(2)
(iii) Suggest why calcium stops reacting with dilute sulphuric acid after a
few seconds even though it did react initially.
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(2)
(b) (i) Write balanced chemical equations for the thermal decomposition of
potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate. Do not include state symbols.
Potassium nitrate
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(1)
Calcium nitrate
(ii) State the relative thermal stability of potassium nitrate and calcium
nitrate and explain how it is related to the sizes and charges of the
ions involved.
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(5)
(Total 14 marks)
1 2 3 4
Burette reading (final) 25.30 25.30 25.85 25.95
Burette reading (at start) 0.00 0.50 0.75 1.25
Titre/cm3 25.30 24.80 25.10 24.70
(a) (i) The student was supplied with a burette that may not have been
clean. What precautions should be taken before filling it with the
standard hydrochloric acid solution?
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(2)
(ii) Describe the colour change that tells when the end point has been
reached.
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(2)
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(2)
(1)
(iii) Calculate the amount (in moles) of pure sodium carbonate in 25.0
cm3 of solution.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the amount (in moles) of pure sodium carbonate in 250
cm3 of solution.
(1)
(2)
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
19. (a) (i) Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2, is one of the products formed when
strontium reacts with water.
(2)
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(1)
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid used in the titration.
(1)
(2)
(2)
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(3)
(iii) A 0.5 mol dm–3 solution of strontium nitrate was mixed with a 0.5 mol
dm–3 solution of potassium sulphate, K2SO4.
Write an equation for the reaction which occurs. Add state symbols to
the equation, using the data below.
Solubility
mol/1000 g water
KNO3 3.75
SrSO4 7.11 × 10–4
(2)
(2)
(b) A 2.20 g sample of potassium nitrate was heated strongly and the
following reaction occurred.
(2)
(2)
(c) State and explain the trend in the thermal stability of the nitrates of Group I
as the atomic number increases.
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(3)
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
21. (a) Define the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer, and suggest
which element in Group 7 is the strongest oxidising agent.
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(2)
(i) Write the ionic equation for this reaction. There is no need to include
state symbols.
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(2)
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(1)
(c) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric
acid and solid sodium chloride.
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(1)
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(1)
(d) Draw the shapes of the following molecules, and mark on the diagram the
value of the bond angles in each case.
(i) BCl3
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Formula NaOH
Soluble in water
Solid which absorbs moisture and acidic gases from the air
Solid is corrosive
Reacts with acids in aqueous solution
e.g. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(i)
The technician prepares the solution and checks its concentration, following the
procedure outlined below.
V The mean titre is 23.50 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid.
(a) Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide that the technician needs to take,
to make 5 dm3 of solution of concentration 0.100 mol dm–3.
(2)
(3)
(c) The actual concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is not exactly
0.100 mol dm–3 as the technician intended.
(i) Suggest ONE reason for this, which is a consequence of the way in
which the technician makes up the solution.
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(1)
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(1)
(d) (i) Explain the meaning of the term corrosive as applied to solid sodium
hydroxide.
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Show ALL the electrons present and give the charge on this ion.
(2)
(b) Why do salts containing magnesium ions give no colour in a flame test?
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(1)
(Total 3 marks)
24. This question is about a mixture, M, which contains 80% of potassium bromide,
KBr,
and 20% of potassium chloride, KCl, by mass.
(a) When concentrated sulphuric acid was added to mixture M and the
mixture gently warmed, four different gases were given off.
(i) What would happen to moist universal indicator paper when held in
this mixture of gases?
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(1)
(ii) What would you see if a glass rod, dipped into concentrated
ammonia solution, was held in these gases?
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(1)
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(1)
(b) (i) What would you see when silver nitrate solution is added to a
solution of mixture M?
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(1)
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(2)
S o lu b ility P o ta s s iu m b ro m id e
in 100
w a te r
/g p e r 1 0 0 g
o f w a te r
80
60
P o ta s s iu m c h lo rid e
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
T e m p e ra tu re / ºC
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(2)
Use your calculation and the graph to predict which crystals will form
on cooling to 20 °C, and what will be left in the solution.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
25. (a) (i) Write the ionic half-equation to show the oxidation of calcium, Ca, to
calcium ions, Ca2+.
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(1)
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(1)
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(1)
(iv) State what you would expect to see when calcium is added to water.
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(2)
(b) State the trend in solubility of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements as
the atomic number increases.
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(1)
(c) Write an equation to show the reaction between sodium and chlorine, to
produce sodium chloride.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
a
solid ......................................................................................................
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a
liquid .....................................................................................................
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a
gas .......................................................................................................
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(3)
(b) Explain why the hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride, HCl, are:
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(2)
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(1)
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(2)
ClO– ..............................................................................................................
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ClO3– .............................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
27. You are provided with the following apparatus and materials.
Phenolphthalein indicator.
In your answer you must include how you would detect the end point and
what you would do to obtain a reliable result.
You do not need to include any details of calculations you may carry out
on your results.
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St John's RC Comprehensive School 65
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(6)
25.0 cm3 of the aqueous 0.0500 mol dm–3 ethanedioic acid required 25.50
cm3 of the aqueous sodium hydroxide for neutralisation.
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
Explain what effect this would have on the student's volume of sodium
hydroxide solution used in the titration.
[No calculation is required in your answer.]
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Suggest ONE reason why the disinfectant may not destroy all of the virus
present on footwear.
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(1)
A 25.0 cm3 sample of sodium carbonate solution was titrated using 1.00
mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to determine its concentration. 42.0 cm 3 of acid
was needed to neutralise the sodium carbonate solution. The indicator
used to find the end-point was methyl orange.
(2)
(ii) What piece of apparatus should you use to add the hydrochloric
acid?
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(1)
(1)
(ii) Use your answer from (c)(i) and your equation from (b)(i) to work out
the number of moles of sodium carbonate in the 25.0 cm 3 sample.
(1)
(iii) Use your answer from (c)(ii) to work out the concentration, in mol
–3
dm , of the sodium carbonate solution.
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
29. In the manufacture of beer, brewers often add small amounts of salts of Group 2
elements to the water used. These salts influence the chemical reactions during
the brewing process.
Two such salts are calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate.
(a) A flame test can be used to confirm that a sample of a salt contains
calcium ions.
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(3)
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..............
(2)
(iii) Impurities in the salt may lead to other colours being observed in the
flame.
What metal ion is likely to be present if a yellow flame is seen?
..............................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(b) Magnesium sulphate can be used in its anhydrous form, MgSO 4(s), or in
its hydrated form, MgSO4.7H2O(s).
An experiment was carried out to find the enthalpy change when hydrated
magnesium sulphate dissolved completely in water.
excess water
MgSO4.7H2O(s) MgSO4(aq) + 7H2O(l)
(2)
(2)
(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change for
the reaction.
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given
to 2 significant figures.
(2)
(i) Use the cycle to write an expression for ΔHr using ΔH1 and ΔH2.
(1)
Include a sign and units in your final answer, which should be given
to 2 significant figures.
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
You may assume that you are given a weighing bottle containing an
appropriate amount of sodium carbonate, but that you still need to
find the mass of sodium carbonate by weighing.
..............................................................................................................
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(3)
1 2 3
Burette reading at 24.80 48.90 24.40
end/cm3
Burette reading at 0.00 24.80 0.00
start/cm3
Titre/cm3 24.80 24.10 24.40
(i) Give the colour change that would be observed at the end point.
From .....................................................
to ..........................................................
(1)
..............................................................................................................
..................
..............................................................................................................
..................
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(c) Using the mean titre given and your answer to (a)(ii), calculate the
concentration of the hydrochloric acid in mol dm –3. The equation for the
reaction in the titration is:
(2)
If 0.5 cm3 of water was present in the pipette, calculate the percentage
error this would cause in the volume of hydrochloric acid needed in this
titration.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
Sodium bromide and sulphuric acid are used to generate the hydrogen bromide
in the reaction flask.
Mix sodium bromide, 50% sulphuric acid and butan-1-ol, then heat the
mixture under reflux for about 30 minutes.
Rearrange the apparatus for distillation and distil off the impure 1-
bromobutane.
(1)
(b) The diagrams below show the reflux apparatus and the separating funnel
used in the preparation.
C ondenser
(i) Explain the purpose of the vertical condenser in the reflux apparatus.
..............................................................................................................
.......................
..............................................................................................................
.......................
..............................................................................................................
.......................
(2)
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(4)
(c) Give ONE safety precaution (apart from wearing eye protection and a
laboratory coat) that should be taken during the preparation. Give a
reason for your choice.
.......................................................................................................................
................
.......................................................................................................................
................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
...............................................................................................................................
.................
(Total 1 marks)
(a) Complete the electronic configuration of the strontium atom, using s,p,d
notation.
1s22s2 ...........................................................................................................
..................
(2)
(b) (i) Write a balanced equation which represents the change that
corresponds to the first ionisation energy of a strontium atom. Include
state symbols in the equation.
(2)
(2)
(c) Suggest why strontium compounds are used in distress flares and
fireworks.
.......................................................................................................................
...............
.......................................................................................................................
...............
(1)
(ii) strontium
hydroxide. .........................................................................................
(1)
(2)
(2)
.......................................................................................................................
...............
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(3)
(b) (i) Write the equation for the reaction between concentrated sulphuric
acid and solid potassium chloride, KCl.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
1s2 ................................................................................................................
.................
(1)
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(3)
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(3)
Similarity ..............................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
..............
Difference .............................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
..............
(2)
Peak at m/e %
24.0 78.6
25.0 10.1
26.0 11.3
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
36. Sodium and chlorine react together in a redox reaction to form sodium chloride,
NaCl.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction of sodium with chlorine.
.......................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................
(3)
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..............
(1)
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
38. A student investigated the ease with which Group 2 metal carbonates thermally
decompose when heated with a Bunsen burner.
The student heated each carbonate separately in a test tube. The volume of
gas collected in a gas syringe was measured after two minutes.
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(2)
(b) In each experiment, the student used the same number of moles of metal
carbonate.
Calculate the mass of barium carbonate, BaCO3, that should be used for a
valid comparison.
(3)
(c) (i) Calculate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide that would be
produced by the complete decomposition of 0.21 g of magnesium
carbonate.
(1)
(d) The following results were obtained after heating each sample for two
minutes.
..............................................................................................................
..............
..............................................................................................................
St John's RC Comprehensive School 97
..............
..............................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(ii) Describe a chemical test that would be used to confirm the identity of
the gas produced.
Test ......................................................................................................
..............
Result ...................................................................................................
..............
(2)
..............................................................................................................
..............
..............................................................................................................
..............
..............................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)
39. (a) Describe TWO observations which can be made when crystals of hydrated
magnesium nitrate are heated.
Observation
1 ...........................................................................................................
.....
.......................................................................................................................
................
Observation
2 ...........................................................................................................
.....
.......................................................................................................................
................
(2)
(b) Name ONE of the gases evolved. Describe a test for this gas to confirm its
identity and give the result.
Name of
gas .......................................................................................................
...........
Test and
result ....................................................................................................
...........
.......................................................................................................................
................
(2)
(i) Describe how you would obtain dry crystals of hydrated barium
chloride, BaCl2.2H2O, from the reaction mixture.
..............................................................................................................
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(4)
(ii) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this reaction.
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
..............................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................
..................
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii) When carrying out a flame test on a solid, state a suitable material on
which it can be supported in the flame.
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(Total 12 marks)
41. (a) A few crystals of potassium iodide were put into a test tube with a similar
quantity of phosphoric acid, H3PO4. The mixture was warmed. Misty white
fumes were seen at the mouth of the test tube.
(i) Give the name or formula of the misty white fumes which formed in
this reaction.
..............................................................................................................
..................
St John's RC Comprehensive School 103
(1)
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. State symbols are not
required.
H3PO4 + KI → +
(2)
(iii) A sample of the misty white fumes was collected and dissolved in
water.
What reagent would be used to confirm the identity of the halide ion
present in the solution? State what you would expect to see when it
is used.
Reagent ...............................................................................................
...................
Observation ..........................................................................................
..................
(2)
(b) If potassium iodide crystals are reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, a
complicated reaction occurs in which a mixture of gases is produced.
(i) What would you see, other than misty white fumes, when this
reaction occurs? Give ONE observation.
..............................................................................................................
..................
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii) One of the gases in the mixture is hydrogen sulphide, H 2S. It can be
identified by holding a piece of filter paper soaked in a solution of
lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, or lead ethanoate, (CH3CO2)2Pb, in the gas.
..............................................................................................................
..................
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
........................................................................
(1)
The solution was warmed to drive off the excess chlorine and was then
made up to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask. A titration was used to measure
the concentration of iodine in the solution.
..............................................................................................................
..................
(1)
(ii) Name a suitable indicator and state the colour change at the end-
point of this titration.
Indicator ...............................................................................................
..................
(1)
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
42. (a) Calcium reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Write the equation for this reaction. Give TWO observations that could be
made during this reaction.
Equation
.......................................................................................................................
..............
Observations
.......................................................................................................................
..............
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.......................................................................................................................
..............
(4)
(b) State the trend in the solubility of the Group 2 hydroxides, as the atomic
mass of the Group 2 element increases.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(c) (i) Show that the following data are consistent with the empirical formula
CaN2O6.
(2)
(ii) Explain why the thermal stability of the Group 2 nitrates increases as
the atomic number of the Group 2 element increases.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
43. (a) Define the term oxidising agent in terms of electron transfer.
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..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
...........................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................
(1)
(c) State the appearance of a gas evolved when concentrated sulphuric acid
is added to solid sodium bromide.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
ClO– ......................................................................
ClO3– ......................................................................
(2)
Write an ionic equation for this reaction and explain, in terms of oxidation
numbers, why this is a disproportionation reaction.
Equation
.......................................................................................................................
..............
Explanation
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(4)
(f) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to show the process that
occurs when the first electron affinity of chlorine is measured.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
...............................................................................................................................
................
(Total 1 mark)
(i) Write an ionic equation, with state symbols, but omitting spectator
ions, for the reaction which takes place.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(b) Iodine molecules can be converted into iodide ions using sulphur dioxide.
An unbalanced equation is given below.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(c) The reaction between iodine and sulphur dioxide can be used to estimate
the concentration of sulphur dioxide, which is used as a preservative in
wines.
(i) Why is there a need to decolorise the red wine before samples are
titrated?
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
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.............
(1)
(3)
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
46. Flame tests were performed on the following compounds of calcium and
sodium.
calcium
St John's RC Comprehensive School 117
hydroxide .............................................................................................
.........
sodium
hydroxide .............................................................................................
..........
(2)
.......................................................................................................................
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
47. (a) Sodium iodide reacts with chlorine to produce sodium chloride and iodine.
(i) State the oxidation numbers of the iodine and chlorine species in the
spaces provided.
(ii) Use these oxidation numbers to explain why this reaction is a redox
reaction.
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(3)
(iv) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas required to produce this amount
of iodine.
(1)
(b) (i) Give the colour of iodine and its physical state at room temperature
and pressure.
Colour ........................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
48. Before a solution of hydrochloric acid can be used in volumetric analysis, its
concentration must be found accurately.
.......................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................
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(1)
Give ONE reason why the sodium carbonate is dissolved in distilled water
and then made up to 250 cm3 of solution, rather than just dissolved in 250
cm3 of distilled water.
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(1)
Number of titration 1 2 3
Burette reading (final) / 31.10 32.55 30.30
cm3
Burette reading (initial) / 0.00 2.05 0.00
cm3
Volume of HCl used / 31.10 30.50 30.30
cm3
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(2)
(1)
(iv) Hence calculate the amount (moles) of hydrogen chloride, HCl, used.
(1)
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
49. (a) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium with oxygen to form calcium
oxide, CaO.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(2)
(c) (i) Name the compound formed when calcium oxide reacts with water.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
The solution was titrated with hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.100 mol
dm–3.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(b) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration and state the colour change
you would see at the end-point.
Indicator ...............................................................................................
.......................
(1)
(d) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in the titration.
(1)
(e) Use your answers from (c) and (d) to calculate the mass of the
hydrated crystals which would react with two moles of hydrochloric acid.
(1)
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(g) The molar mass of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is 106 g mol–1. Use this
value and your answer to (f) to work out the value of x in the formula for
the hydrated crystals.
If you did not get an answer to (f) use the value 196 (this is not the answer
you would get if you do the calculation correctly).
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
..............
.......................................................................................................................
Sodium chloride
..........................................................................
...............
Magnesium chloride
..........................................................................
...............
(2)
(ii) Explain the changes which occur when electrons in sodium produce
a flame
colour.
..............................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(iii) Suggest ONE use for the coloured light produced by sodium.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(d) The table below gives some ionisation energies for sodium and
(i) Write the chemical equation, with state symbols, which corresponds
to the first ionisation energy of magnesium.
(2)
(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of magnesium is greater than
the first ionisation energy of sodium.
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(2)
Explanation ..................................................................................
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(3)
(e) Which atom has the larger radius, sodium or magnesium? Explain your
answer.
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)
52. (a) Complete and balance an equation for each of the following reactions. Do
not include state symbols.
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(3)
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
53. Tartaric acid is an organic acid. Volumetric analysis can be used to find out how
many acid, –COOH, groups each molecule of the acid contains.
Ta represents the rest of the tartaric acid molecule, and x is the number of
hydrogen atoms in the molecule which are part of the acid, –COOH, groups.
The equation for its reaction with sodium hydroxide can be written as follows:
The value of x can be found by experiment. 25.0 cm3 of 0.110 mol dm –3 tartaric
acid solution was titrated with 0.235 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, using
phenolphthalein as the indicator. The following results were obtained.
1 2 3
Burette reading (final) / cm3 36.25 23.50 47.35
Burette reading (initial) / cm3 12.30 0.05 24.00
Volume of NaOH used / cm3 23.95 23.45 23.35
(a) In this titration what is the colour change for the phenolphthalein indicator?
From ..................................................
(b) State why the mean (or average) titre should be based only on titrations 2
and 3.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(1)
(d) (i) Calculate the amount (moles) of tartaric acid in 25.0 cm 3 of 0.110 mol
dm–3 solution.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide in the mean titre.
(1)
(1)
(iv) Hence state the value of x, which is also the number of –COOH
groups in each tartaric acid molecule.
x = ....................
(1)
(e) Tartaric acid has a molar mass of 150 g mol–1. The percentage
composition by mass is C 32%, H 4%, O 64%.
Use these data to show that the molecular formula of tartaric acid is
C4H6O6.
(4)
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Write an equation for the reaction which occurs. State symbols are
not required.
(2)
(i) Write the oxidation numbers at the start and the end of the reaction.
(ii) Explain why the numbers in the balanced equation are consistent
with the changes in oxidation number.
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(2)
(c) The boiling points of three hydrogen halides are shown below
(i) Explain the trend in boiling point of the three hydrogen halides.
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..............................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Predict a value for the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride. Explain your
reason for choosing this value.
Explanation
..............................................................................................................
.............
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
55. (a) Write the equations to show the action of heat on the following solid
nitrates. State symbols are not required.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(i) Both calcium and barium metals react with water to give the metal
hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
What difference would you expect to see after calcium metal and
barium metal have reacted with water?
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
(2)
(ii) The reaction between barium metal and excess dilute sulphuric acid
stops after a very short time. Suggest an explanation for this.
..............................................................................................................
.............
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.............
..............................................................................................................
.............
..............................................................................................................
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(2)
A Very soluble
B Soluble
C Slightly soluble
D Insoluble
(1)
(d) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of calcium metal with dilute
hydrochloric acid. Include state symbols in your equation.
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
56. A titration is carried out by adding sodium hydroxide solution from a burette to
25.0 cm3 of aqueous 0.0500 mol dm–3 butanedioic acid, (CH2COOH)2, to which
a few drops of phenolphthalein have been added.
Diagram I
s o d iu m h y d ro x id e
s o lu tio n
2 5 .0 c m 3 o f
b u ta n e d io ic a c id
+ p h e n o lp h th a le in
Describe the procedure you would follow, using the apparatus shown in
Diagram I, for a second, accurate titration. Include in your description the
colour change at the end point.
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(4)
(b) The burette readings recorded by a student carrying out the titrations are
shown in the table below.
Titration
1 2 3
numbers
Burette reading
23.90 23.60 23.65
(final) / cm3
Used in mean (
)
Diagram II
23
24
(1)
(2)
(c) (i) Calculate the amount (moles) of butanedioic acid, (CH 2COOH)2, in
25.0 cm3 of the 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution.
(1)
(1)
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(ii) Write the formula of the ion responsible for turning the indicator
paper this colour.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
58. (a) What colour do lithium compounds produce during a flame test?
.......................................................................................................................
..............
(1)
(b) In what way do the electronic transfers taking place in the production of a
flame colour differ from those occurring when lithium atoms ionise?
.......................................................................................................................
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(1)
(Total 2 marks)
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..............
(2)
(c) Write equations for the following reactions. Do not include state symbols.
..............................................................................................................
.............
(1)
Fluorine
Fluorine was first isolated by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1886 after
twenty-five years of continuous research. Fluorine is the most reactive element,
reacting with nearly all organic and inorganic chemicals. It started to be
produced on an industrial scale in the 1940s. It was needed to make
uranium(VI) fluoride, UF6, a chemical essential for the enrichment of uranium
which was needed initially for the first atomic bombs and is now used in some
nuclear power stations.
The electrolysis cell uses a carbon anode and a steel cathode. The anode is
made of hard carbon, not graphite, since graphite would rapidly disintegrate due
to infiltration of the small fluorine atoms between the carbon layers. A typical cell
has up to 40 anodes and contains 1,250 kg of electrolyte. Such a cell can work
at 12 V with a current of 6,000 A producing 4 kg of fluorine per hour. Because of
the hydrogen fluoride impurities, about 2.08 mol of hydrogen fluoride are
needed to make each mole of fluorine, F2. Cells operate at about 90°C. Cooling
is necessary to maintain this temperature. This is achieved by a cooling jacket
around the cell through which water is pumped at 80°C.
Fully saturated fluorocarbons made from fluorine have many uses, including
use as refrigerants, lubricants, and in artificial blood. Many anaesthetics, such
as enflurane and isoflurane, are made indirectly from fluorine. Important
inorganic compounds made from fluorine include nitrogen trifluoride and
tungsten hexafluoride used in electronics manufacture and ‘graphite fluoride’
used in battery manufacture.
(538 words)
(Source: adapted from Blue John and family: F, HF and Fluorides by Harold Fielding and Brian Lee,
Chemistry in Britain, April 1978)
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(1)
(ii) Explain why water at 80°C is used to cool the cell rather than water
at a lower temperature.
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(1)
(d) Suggest ONE reason for and ONE reason against the enrichment of
uranium.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Compound Decomposition
temperature / °C
MgCO3 400
BaCO3 1360
Use the idea of polarisation of ions to explain why MgCO 3 decomposes more
readily than BaCO3.
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(Total 3 marks)
(i) barium
(ii) strontium
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(1)
(2)
(c) (i) Write the equation for the reaction of barium with water. Do not
include any state symbols.
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(1)
(ii) When a small piece of barium is added to water, the barium gets
smaller and eventually disappears.
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(2)
(iii) What would be the effect of adding a piece of blue litmus paper and a
piece of red litmus paper to the aqueous product of the reaction in
(ii)?
Red
litmus ...........................................................................................
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• A white wine with an ethanol concentration of 2.25 mol dm –3 was opened and
allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 weeks.
• A 25.0 cm3 sample of the wine was transferred to a clean conical flask and
phenolphthalein indicator added.
• The titration was repeated and the titre values in cm3 were 26.35, 26.90 and
26.45.
(a) (i) Name the piece of apparatus used to measure 25.0 cm 3 of wine.
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From ...................................................... to
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(1)
(1)
(iv) Hence calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid, in mol dm –3.
(2)
(v) Calculate the percentage of the ethanol that has oxidised, given that
one mole of ethanol forms one mole of ethanoic acid.
(1)
(c) Suggest why this method would not be effective for the analysis of the
acid content of a red wine.
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(Total 11 marks)
+ + + Io n s
+ +
+ + +
D e lo c a lis e d
e le c tro n s
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(1)
(ii) Suggest why the melting point of lithium is greater than that of
sodium.
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(2)
(b) Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample
of lithium chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen.
(i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of lithium chloride showing all the
electrons.
Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram.
(ii) Describe the changes that occur within the lithium ion to produce the
flame colour.
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(2)
(iii) Name ONE other metallic element whose compounds produce a red
coloured flame.
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(Total 8 marks)
65. (a) (i) What condition is necessary to make a solution containing a mixture
of potassium iodate, KIO3, and potassium iodide from iodine and 4.0
mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution?
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(1)
iodine ...............
(2)
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(b) The purity of a sample of potassium iodate, KIO3, can be found by reacting
it in aqueous solution with two chemicals to form iodine. The quantity of
iodine formed can then be found by titration.
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(iii) Name the indicator used in this titration and state the colour change.
From ...................................................
to ...................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
A ethanoic acid
B hydrochloric acid
C nitric acid
D sulfuric acid
(Total 1 mark)
A colourless
B green
C red
D yellow-red
(Total 1 mark)
68. Separate flame tests are carried out with lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium and strontium salts. How many of these metal ions would
colour the flame red?
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
(Total 1 mark)
A magnesium
B calcium
C strontium
D barium
(Total 1 mark)
70. The Group 2 metals, considered in order of increasing atomic number, show a
decrease in
B nuclear charge
C chemical reactivity
D ionic radius
(Total 1 mark)
71. When a Group 1 metal nitrate is heated, brown fumes are observed. The metal
could be
A lithium
B sodium
C rubidium
D caesium
(Total 1 mark)
A red
B pink
C orange
D yellow
(Total 1 mark)
73. The volume, in cm3, of 0.25 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid required to neutralise
100 cm3 of 0.125 mol dm–3 barium hydroxide solution, Ba(OH)2(aq), is
A 25
B 50
C 100
D 200
(Total 1 mark)
A 5,2,2
B 2,5,2
C 2,5,5
D 5,5,2
(Total 1 mark)
The amount of iodine formed is then found by titration with sodium thiosulfate
solution of known concentration.
The ionic equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium thiosulfate in
aqueous solution is
Procedure ............................................................................................
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Recording of
measurements .............................................................................
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(2)
(1)
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the number of moles of iodine
which reacted.
(1)
(1)
In many swimming pools, chemicals other than chlorine are used to form
chloric(I) acid. This is partly because the use of chlorine gas causes much
more corrosion of metal parts in swimming pools than does chloric(I) acid.
(i) State and explain the type of reaction that occurs when chlorine
attacks a metal, using the example of iron.
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(ii) Suggest one other reason why the use of chlorine is undesirable in
swimming pools.
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(c) Discuss and explain the science community’s advice that CFCs should no
longer be used in aerosols, foams and refrigerants. Support your answer
with one or more equations.
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(6)
(Total 17 marks)