Peste

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EXAMINATION PAPER
Unit Code: AHCPCM507

Unit Title: Diagnose plant health problems
Date of Examination: 05 November 2023
Assessor Name: Anjanee Sunnah/ Alvin Gopal/ Brian Gopal
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Unit Code: AHCPCM507

Unit Title: Diagnose plant health problems
Date of Examination: 05 November 2023
Student Name: (print)
Student ID:
Assessor Name: Anjanee Sunnah/ Alvin Gopal/ Brian Gopal

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ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507, Nov 2023

Unit: AHCPCM507- Diagnose plant health problems
Review: 30/12/2023 Issue: 28/10/2023
Page 1 of
Reference:
This Assessment Information was prepared by Rabarl Pty Ltd for the use of ACAH students.
Exam duration: 2 hrs

+
Reading time: (15 minutes)
Total Marks: (125 / 178)
Pass mark: 70%

Number of points per question: as marked
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ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507, Nov 2023

Unit: AHCPCM507- Diagnose plant health problems
Review: 30/12/2023 Issue: 28/10/2023
Page 2 of
This examination is a closed book exam and must be performed at the demonstration facility ACAH
Demonstration Farm 25 Whites Road Werribee South for Melbourne Students and ACAH Demonstration Farm in
Waugh Pocket, Waugh Pocket, QLD for Cairns students.
1. Details of the plant health problem observed. Identify any Three (3) Pests. One example has been given.
Each question is worth 15 Marks.
Pest Infestation
Example:
Common name Diamondback moth (1 mark)
Botanical name Plutella xylostella (2 marks)
Damage Symptoms Larvae feed mostly on outer or older leaves of plants. Young stages rasp the undersides of
the leaves, creating damage with a characteristic "window paning" appearance, in which
the upper surface of the leaf remains intact and becomes transparent. Older larvae chew
small holes or feed at the growing points of young plants and chew floral stalks and flower
buds.
(3 marks)
Life Cycle
Eggs Larva Pupu Adult (2 Marks)

Plants in the family Cruciferae. Plants like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, Chinese
Host Range cabbage, cauliflower, collard, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, radish, turnip, and watercress.
(1 mark)
Infestation level Medium- High (1 mark)
Low/Medium/High
ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Unit AHCPCM507 - Diagnose plant health problems.
Review: 30/12/2023 Issue: 28/10/2023 Page 3 of 18
Control methods IPM Control. (5 marks)

Remedial treatment Cultural /Physical
available: (IPM)  Start off with clean, healthy transplants.
 Proper spacing and hygiene
 Remove and destroy all debris and stubbles after harvest of crops.
 Grow mustard as trap crops.
 Rotate out of crops so that they do not grow in the same field in consecutive years.
 Hand picking of the caterpillars, prune the damage parts.
Biological
 Insecticidal soaps, insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
 Horticultural oil, or neem oil
 Predators such as ground beetles, spiders, syrphid fly larvae, and true bugs and
parasitic wasps.
 Sticky traps, light trap
Chemical
Apply insecticides.
Belt

Pest 1 (15 Marks)
Common name Silverleaf whitefly / Sweet potato whitefly
Scientific name Bemisia tabaci
Host Range SLW is a serious pest of many vegetable crops, including tomato,
eggplant, cucurbits, sweetpotato, brassicas and beans. It also affects
cotton and grain crops and ornamentals.
Damage Symptoms/ Causes Feeding by SLW causes severe damage to vegetable crops through:
direct effect of feeding on plants

injecting into plants a toxin which causes physiological damage
producing honeydew which encourages sooty mould that contaminates
the product
its ability to transmit Begomoviruses viruses such as tomato leaf curl
viruses (ToLCV and TYLCV).
SLW adults and nymphs suck the sap from the plant causing reduced
plant vigour, stunting, poor growth, defoliation and reduced yields. High
populations may result in plant desiccation and death.
Life cycle

Pest 1 (15 Marks)

Infestation level The infestation level is medium to high.
Low/Medium/Hi
gh
Control methods detail an Pest free (clean) seedlings
IPM or IWM strategy) Seedlings are potentially a major means of spreading whiteflies and leaf
curl viruses into new plantings. Young plants are more susceptible to
IPM control strategies that damage from SLW, so early infestations need to be avoided. Clean
are used to manage this seedlings can be the first line of protection against the development of
pest and when they should damaging populations.
be applied Weed management
Minimising whitefly hosts is important in reducing the base population at
the start of the cropping season. A smaller base population then will
delay the time it takes for SLW numbers to reach significant levels,
reducing the number of sprays needed to control whitefly.
Common weed species that carry high numbers of SLW include sow
thistle, bladder ketmia, bell vine, burr gherkin, native rosella and star
burr. Milk or sow thistle is a regular weed host for whitefly and is
common in Queensland vegetable production areas. Control these weed
species in farming areas and seedling nurseries to minimise a build-up in
SLW populations.
Clean-up strategies for old crops/crop residues:
For moderate whitefly infestations, use an insecticide or oil treatment

effective against adults.
Use high spray volumes, normally around 600–1000 L/ha for better
coverage.
Plough in the crop within 3 days to kill all remaining nymphs on the crop
foliage.
Remember that withholding periods still apply and that produce should
not be taken from the fields for consumption. Don't feed crop residues to
livestock.
Chemical Control
Insecticides vary in their efficacy on adult and immature SLW. Select
insecticides according to the growth stage of whitefly, the infestation
level, the age of the crop and the type of crop. Good spray coverage,
particularly of the underside of leaves, is very important when using foliar
insecticide applications as SLW adults, eggs and nymphs are found
predominantly on the underside of leaves. Spray equipment should be
correctly calibrated so that the correct amounts of insecticide are applied
efficiently.

Pest 2 (15 Marks)
Common name Western flower thrips / thrips
Scientific name Frankliniella occidentalis
Host Range Wide; it has been recorded on more than 250 plants in 65 families, although it is not sure if it breeds on all
these or just feeds on them. Some examples are: soft fruit (plums, peaches, strawberries, grapes); flowers
(Gladiolus, Impatiens, Gerbera, Chrysanthemum, poinsettia); vegetables (cucumber, tomato, capsicum,
cabbages, beans), both in the field and in greenhouses. Many species of wild flowers are hosts.
Damage Symptoms/ Damage is caused by thrips in two ways. Direct damage results from feeding. The adults and nymphs have
Causes modified mandibles that puncture the cells of flowers and leaves to release their contents which they then
suck up. Foliage becomes silvery, leaves and flowers become flecked, spotted and deformed , buds fail to
open, scarring occurs on fruits of capsicum, cucumber and beans, and undersides of leaves show small black
specks of faecal material.
Indirect damage is caused by infection of crops by viruses. Thrips spread Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) .
Symptoms of the virus vary with host, plant age, and temperature. The virus causes significant damage to
vegetables in the Solanaceous family, such as tomatoes , potatoes and capsicum, but also lettuce. Many
weeds, too, are hosts.
Life cycle
Infestation level Medium to high

Low/Medium/High
Control methods .CULTURAL CONTROL

detail an IPM or IWM Western flower thrips is more difficult to control than other thrips species because it
strategy) develops rapid resistance to pesticides. Cultural control options aim to prevent infection
and minimise spread.
IPM control strategies
that are used to Before planting:
manage this pest and
Pest 2 (15 Marks)

when they should be Check seedlings to ensure that they are free from symptom. It is best for farmers to
applied raise their own seedlings, or source seedlings only from nurseries that are screened with
thrips-grade mesh, and monitored for western flower thrips and TSWV.
Remove weeds from within and around crops. Note that thrips and TSWV have very
wide host ranges, including many weeds. Grasses, however, are poor hosts and could
be used around greenhouses and nurseries to reduce the need for management of
other weeds that are hosts. A 10 m strip around greenhouses and nurseries or around
crops is sufficient. Bare ground is also effective.
Do not plant new crops next to those infested by thrips; do not plant the same crop on
the same land without a break: use a rotation; and do not plant new crops downwind
from those infested with thrips. These measures are especially important if the "old" crop
is infected with TSWV.
During growth:
Monitor routinely for thrips. Use yellow or blue sticky traps placed about 10 cm above
the crop, and inspect weekly.
Rogue any plants showing symptoms of virus.
After harvest:
Collect and destroy crop debris by burying or burning.

RESISTANT VARIETIES
There are resistant varieties of cucumber and tomato to TSWV.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
If thrips cause physical damage to the crop then insecticide sprays may be needed.
However, there are problems using pesticides to control thrips. First, the insects are
hidden within flowers and the leaves of shoots; secondly, the eggs are inserted into the
leaves making it difficult for sprays to reach them; and thirdly, thrips rapidly become
resistant to insecticides, so much so that there are large differences in the susceptibility
of thrips populations to commonly used products.
Use insecticides as follows, but note that frequent use of broad spectrum synthetic
insecticides may also lead to development of insecticide resistance in thrips populations:
Use horticultural oil (made from petroleum), white oil (made from vegetable oils), or soap
solution (see Fact Sheet no. 56). The spray will not kill all of the thrips, but it will
suppress the population enough to allow predator and parasite numbers to build up and
start to control them.
Several soap or oil sprays will be needed to bring the thrips under control. It is essential
that the underside of leaves and terminal buds are sprayed thoroughly since these are
the areas where the thrips congregate. It is best to spray between 4 and 6 pm to
minimise the chance of leaves and flowers becoming sunburnt. Test the soap and oils
on a few leaves or flowers.
White oil:
 3 tablespoons (1/3 cup) cooking oil in 4 litres water.
 ½ teaspoon detergent soap.
 Shake well and use.
 Use neem to discourage adults from feeding and laying their eggs on the plants
Do not use broad-spectrum insecticides such as dimethoate (under review in Australia,

and not allowed for use in home gardens), malathion and permethrin. They have a
greater effect on the natural enemies of western flower thrips than on the thrips.

Pest 3 (15 Marks)
Common name Oriental fruit fly
Scientific name Bactrocera dorsalis
Host Range The oriental fruit fly been recorded from 478 kinds of fruits and vegetables
(USDA 2016)including apricot avocado, banana, citrus, coffee, fig, guava,
loquat, mango, rose apple, papaya, passion fruit, peach, pear, persimmon,
avocado, mango, and papaya are the most attract crops .
Damage Oriental fruit fly damage the fruit by depositing eggs with their ovipositor into the fruit. Damage
Symptoms/ is identified as necrosis around the puncture mark, followed by decomposition of the fruit and
Causes premature fruit drop. Water-spot like markings is also indication of damage
Life cycle
Infestation level HIGH

Low/Medium/High Oriental fruit fly is one of the most damaging pests of tropical horticulture in the world, affecting
over 490 fruits and vegetables.
Oriental fruit fly can be seasonally dispersed during the monsoon season into the Torres Strait
region where it is promptly eradicated.

Control methods . The Control program includes:
detail an IPM or
IWM strategy)  trapping and identifying fruit flies for early detection
 using pheromone-based insecticide baits (blocks) to attract and kill male fruit
IPM control flies
strategies that are
used to manage
this pest and  using protein-based insecticide bait (spray) to kill adult female flies
when they should
be applied  Movement restrictions to prevent pest introduction and spread by movement of
infested fruit and vegetables.
https://apps.lucidcentral.org/pppw_v10/text/web_full/entities/western_flower_thrips_183.htm

2. Based on your observation, describe, and draw the stages of the life cycle of one pest
of your choice. Write down the scientific and common name of your chosen pest (10
Marks)
Oriental fruit fly

Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis, previously known as Dacus dorsalis and commonly referred to as the oriental fruit fly, is a
species of tephritid fruit fly that is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is one of the major pest species in the genus
Bactrocera with a broad host range of cultivated and wild fruits. Male B. dorsalis respond strongly to methyl
eugenol, which is used to monitor and estimate populations, as well as to annihilate males as a form of pest
control. They are also important pollinators and visitors of wild orchids, Bulbophyllum cheiri and Bulbophyllum
vinaceum in Southeast Asia, which lure the flies using methyl eugenol.

3. Details of the plant health problem observed. Identify the 3 diseases/disorders. Each
question carries (15 Marks) | Disorder and Disease1 (15 Marks)
Common name (1 mark)  Citrus bacterial canker

 Asiatic citrus canker
Scientific name (2 marks) Citrus canker is a plant disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
Host Range (1 mark) Affects orange, mandarin, lemon, lime, grapefruit, kumquat, calamondin, tangelo, pomelo,
citrus rootstock and native citrus species such as Citrus australasica (finger lime), C. gracilis
(Humptydoo lime) and C. inodora (North Queensland/Johnstone River lime).
All commercial citrus cultivars can be affected.

Damage Symptoms Symptoms
The bacterium causes the development of blister-like lesions on host leaves, fruit and stems.
(3 marks)
Citrus canker lesions
 Usually raised, spongy, and coloured tan to brown, surrounded by an oily, water-
soaked margin that can become a yellow ring or halo as the lesions age.
 Gradually increase in size to 5–10mm over several months.
 Large or older lesions may have a crater-like centre, which can fall out to create a
'shot-hole' appearance.
 Occur in clusters where water pools on the leaf (such as along leaf margins or tips).
The lesions can vary in size, shape and appearance depending on:

the citrus cultivar or host plant affected

the way the bacteria enters the plant (for example through stomata or entry
wounds)
 the age of the lesions
 Climatic conditions.
 The disease causes abnormal leaf fall, poor tree health, dieback, blemished
fruit and premature fruit drop.
Type of Pathogen (such as the pathogen is a bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
Fungus, bacteria, virus,
etc.) / disorder (1 mark)
Infestation level Medium to High
Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Pathogen Transmitted By Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri
(1 mark)

Control methods:
IPM control strategies that Ensure propagation material is purchased from suppliers that source their
are used to manage this budwood from Auscitrus. Check your orchard frequently for the presence of
pest and when they should new pests and investigate any sick plants for unusual symptoms. Make sure
you are familiar with common citrus pests so you can tell if you see
be applied (5 marks)
something different. Keep records of anything unusual and
ensure that all staff and visitors adhere to orchard biosecurity and hygiene
practices.
https://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=11168
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/plants/priority-pest-
disease/citrus-canker

Disorder and disease 2: (15 Marks)

Common name (1 mark)  Papaw ringspot virus
 Papaw mosaic virus
 Papaya ringspot potyvirus
 Watermelon mosaic virus -1
Scientific name (2 marks) Papaya ringspot virus - type P (PRSV-P)
Host Range (1 mark) All varieties of papaya (pawpaw or papaw) currently grown in Queensland are highly
susceptible to PRSV-P. Papaya and pawpaw/papaw are very similar. Papaya are often pear
shaped with a green/yellow coloured skin and generally have red or pink flesh while yellow
pawpaw/papaw are often rounder and larger with a pale orange skin and yellow flesh
Other hosts of PRSV-P are cucurbits such as cucumber, melons, pumpkin and squash.
Damage Symptoms Symptoms on papaya (pawpaw or papaw)
Fruit
(3 marks)
Immature fruit develop small green rings or spots or c-shaped markings on the surface.
As the fruit matures the rings and spots grow larger and become darker in colour, and as the
fruit ripens they can change in colour to yellow and brown.
The number of spots present on a single fruit can vary from a few to many.
Leaves
Mottled and mosaic colour patterns of varying severity can develop, and the leaf surface can
become ruffled or puckered.
One or more leaf lobes may become severely distorted and reduced in size, giving a
‘shoestring’ appearance.
Stems
Dark green, water-soaked streaks can develop on petioles and stems.
Plant damage
Affected plants can become stunted and fruit set can be markedly reduced or absent.
Resulting fruit can have poor flavour, a tougher texture and are more likely to develop
secondary fungal rots or black spot (a common fungal disease in southern Queensland).
The lifespan of infected plants is also reduced, and in severe cases whole plants can die within
months of infection.
Cucurbits (cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and zucchini)

The strain of PRSV-P present in Australia has almost no symptoms on cucurbits, with only
very mild distortion and mottling of leaves observed.
Type of Pathogen (such as Two distinct types of Papaya ringspot virus are known:
 Papaya ringspot virus - type P (PRSV-P) which infects papaya and cucurbits
etc.) / disorder (1 mark)  Papaya ringspot virus - type W (PRSV-W) which only infects cucurbit plants such as
cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and zucchini.
Infestation level Medium – High
Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Pathogen Transmitted By The pathogen virus called Papaya ringspot virus - type P (PRSV-P) which belongs to the
genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae.
(1 mark)

Control methods: Alternate Host Plants
• Do not move papaya or cucurbit plant
material.into papaya-growing areas.
IPM control strategies that • Do not move papaya or cucurbit transplants
are used to manage this from one area to another. Use seeds; seeds do not
carry PRY.
pest and when they should • Do not grow cucurbits near papaya fields.
be applied (5 marks) • Do not allow cucurbit weeds to grow near
papaya fields.
1
• Do not grow crops on which aphids breed
heavily.

Disorder and disease 3: (15 Marks)
Common name (1 mark) Black leaf streak (BLS) / BLACK SIGATOKA
Scientific name (2 marks) Mycosphaerella Fijiensis
Host Range (1 mark) Susceptible varieties of bananas such as Cavendish, Lady Finger, Red or Green Dacca and
Pacific Plantain.
Damage Symptoms Plant stage and plant parts affected

Black Sigatoka affects banana leaves.
(3 marks)
The unfurling and youngest fully expanded leaves on plants and suckers are the most
susceptible to infection. The leaves become more resistant as they mature.
On leaves
 Early leaf symptoms are tiny reddish-rusty brown flecks that are most evident on the
underside of leaves.
 These gradually lengthen, widen, and darken to form reddish-brown or dark brown or
black leaf streaks.
 The early streaks run parallel to the leaf veins and are more evident on the underside
of the leaf.
 The streaks broaden and become visible on both leaf surfaces.
 The streaks expand and become more oval shaped, and the centre of the lesion
becomes sunken and turns grey over time. At this stage a yellow halo may develop
around the edge of the lesion.
 In susceptible banana cultivars, high levels of disease can cause large areas of the leaf
to die, which can lead to total leaf collapse.
 As leaves die, fruit yield is reduced and ripening of bunches can be uneven.
Type of Pathogen (such as Fungus
etc.) / disorder (1 mark)
Infestation level Medium - HIGH

Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Pathogen Transmitted By Black Sigatoka is a foliar disease of banana caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis.
(1 mark)
Control methods: Inspect your banana plants regularly for the presence of unusual pest and
disease symptoms.
IPM control strategies that For black Sigatoka, look for the presence of rusty-brown or dark brown or

are used to manage this black streaks or leaf spots. Plants with advanced black Sigatoka disease will
pest and when they should have dying or dead leaves.
be applied (5 marks) Chemical control of first yellow, and then black, Sigatoka has evolved
considerably over the last 65 years. Bordeaux mixture, first used in the mid-
1930s, has been replaced by several succeeding generations of protectant
and, later, systemic fungicides. Presently, a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor,
tridemorph, several different sterol demethylation inhibitors, most importantly
propiconazole, and the methoxyacrylate, azoxystrobin, are the most
commonly used systemics.
Since there is a tendency for resistance or tolerance to develop in M. fijiensis

towards the systemic fungicides, they are usually applied in combination or
alternation with broad-spectrum, protectant fungicides, such as the
dithiocarbamates and chlorothalonil. With the exception of chlorothalonil,
these fungicides are usually mixed with petroleum-based spray oils. The oils
themselves are fungistatic and retard the development of the pathogen in the
infected leaf. When they are mixed in water emulsions with fungicides, the
resulting “cocktails” provide superior disease control.

4. Details of the plant health problem observed. Identify the 3 deficiencies Each question
carries (13 Marks)
Deficiency: 1(12 Marks)
Common name (1 mark) Boron Deficiency
Host Range (1 mark) Susceptible plants include lucerne, sunflowers and rapeseed. Moderately susceptible plants
include red clover, white clover and subterranean clover. Other relatively tolerant plants that
rarely show deficiency symptoms include barley, oats, wheat, rice and grasses.
Grasses are far less sensitive to boron deficiency than clovers and rarely show deficiency
symptoms, even when clover plants in the pasture are affected.
Damage Symptoms The symptoms of boron deficiency reflect the several functions boron fulfills in the plant, but
symptoms differ greatly among plant species. The symptoms can often be confused with
(3 marks)
other deficiencies or disorders (such as virus disease, frost or hormone damage) that cause
distorted growth. They also vary depending on the severity of the deficiency.
Boron does not easily move around the plant, and therefore a deficiency is most likely to be
seen in the younger tissues first. Because of this poor mobility boron must be continuously
taken up by plants
Growth stage of the crop General. Stunted and distorted growth, death of the growing point leading to multiple
branching causing ‘multiple crowns’ (beet), rosetting or umbrellashaped growth (lucerne).
(1 mark)
Roots. The growth of root tips is the first to be affected but this is usually not noticed in early
deficiency. Roots are severely stunted. Storage organs develop brown internal areas (brown
heart of turnips) or cracks, which may lead to rotting (heart rot of sugar beet).
Leaves. The youngest leaves are the first to show symptoms. Yellow to orange tints
(lucerne), red and purple colouration (clover), distorted, thickened or leathery leaves.
Corkiness or cracking of the mid-rib (cabbage).
Stems. Shortened, thickened, cracked or showing external corkiness (celery). Internal
cavities (cauliflower) leading to breakdown and rotting
Flowers and seed. Reduced number of flowers, low pollen production, failure
to set seed (clovers, lucerne, rapeseed), barren florets, collapse of flower
stem (sunflower).
Fruit. External cracking or corkiness. Mis-shapen fruit. Internal brown, corky
or gum areas within fruit. Symptoms are most noticeable in sensitive crops or
pasture species with a higher boron requirement.
Infestation level
Medium
Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Control methods: Boron may be applied to the soil as a straight boron material such as borax,
or it may be purchased mixed with a fertiliser. Alternatively it can be
dissolved in water and sprayed on to the crop or the soil. It can also be fed
IPM control strategies that into the irrigation water.
are used to manage this Boron mixed with fertilisers
Uniform spreading of the very small quantity of boron needed can be a
pest and when they should problem. Boron compounds can be mixed with most fertilisers to facilitate
be applied (5 marks) spreading. A granulated boron material will be blended in appropriate
proportions by fertilizer companies on request. The boron particle size used
for mixtures with fertilisers should be similar to that of the fertiliser particles to
avoid settling in the bag.
Boron sprayed on the soil

Applying boron by boom spray to the soil is a convenient way of achieving an
even spread. Higher concentrations (up to 2.5% w/v) can be used than are
safe for foliage application. Boron can be spread in some herbicide solutions
provided they are compatible.
Irrigation Boron can be applied dissolved in irrigation water. This enables

split applications, which provide a regular supply throughout the growing
season. This is particularly suited to sandy soils where boron is quickly
leached.
Seed dressings The application of boron to seed before sowing has not
proved to be effective, and in the case of inoculated legume seed it could be
detrimental.
Deficiency 2: (12 Marks)

Common name (1 mark) Potassium deficiency
Host Range (1 mark) Corn, Soybean, Alfalfa, Potato.
Damage Symptoms Potassium deficiency symptoms appear first on older leaves, initially as a light green to yellow
colour of the older leaves, progressing to marginal scorch of the edges and tips. As the severity
(3 marks)
increases these symptoms progress towards the top of the plant
Potassium-deficient plants are easily distinguished by their tendency to wilt on dry, sunny days.
The overall appearance of the plant is wilted or drooping. Deficient plants will have a stocky
appearance with short internodes. Younger leaves' growth is inhibited, and they have small leaf
blades.
Growth stage of the crop Deficiency symptoms first occur in the older leaves, and can be mistaken for disease infections.
(1 mark)
Infestation level Medium

Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Control methods: To correct a deficiency, spread organic mulch beneath plants and apply
potassium fertilizer, preferably slow-release forms such as potassium silicate
or sulfur- or polymer-coated potassium products. Potassium sulfate may be
IPM control strategies that used, and potassium will be held by organic matter and clay particles.
are used to manage this Especially with sandy soils, avoid readily leached materials (e.g., potassium
pest and when they should nitrate and potassium sulfate). Potassium nitrate may also cause an excess of
nitrogen unless nitrogen deficiency is also a problem. Do not use potassium
chloride where chlorine or salt toxicity are problems. Because a high
potassium concentration reduces magnesium availability, and excess
magnesium makes potassium unavailable, it may be best to add both
potassium and magnesium in combination if one of these is deficient.
Potassium generally stays very close to where it is placed in the soil. Banded
potassium has been shown to be twice as accessible to the crop as top-
dressed potassium. This is thought to be related to improved availability for
the emerging crop, and decreased availability for weeds. Seed must be sown
within 50 mm of the potassium drill row or seedlings may miss the higher
levels of potassium. High band rates (>15 kg/ha) of potassium can inhibit
sensitive crops (e.g. lupins, canola). If a paddock is severely deficient then
potassium needs to be applied early in the season, at seeding or up to 4
weeks after.
Deficiency: 3 (12 Marks)

Common name (1 mark)
Host Range (1 mark)
Damage Symptoms
(3 marks)
Growth stage of the crop

(1 mark1)
Infestation level
Low/Medium/High
(1 mark)
Control methods: .
IPM control strategies that

are used to manage this
pest and when they should
5. Identify three (3) weeds, and their control measures

Weed 1 (14 Marks)
Common name (1 mark) African fountain grass
Scientific name (2 marks) Pennisetum setaceum
Habitat Prefers drier, hot, rocky and generally exposed sites such as ridgelines, mine spoil, and cliffs in
arid, semi-arid and seasonally dry tropical and subtropical areas
Damage Symptoms/ Causes Environmental

 Out-competes native plants.
(3 marks)
 Increases fire intensity due to high biomass.
Economic
 Competes with pastures used for grazing.
Life cycle (1 mark)  Can live up to 20 years.

 Seeds may survive 6 years in soil.
 Seeds germinate in late spring to early summer.
 Flowering occurs mainly throughout summer.
Infestation level
Medium
Low/Medium/High (1 mark)
Control methods
Fountain grass is difficult to eliminate. Control may need to be repeated
several times a year. The long-lived seeds make continued monitoring after
IWM control strategies that treatment is essential. Control should initially be directed to outlying
are used to manage this populations followed by treatment of the core area.
pest and when they should
Small infestations of fountain grass can be removed by uprooting and
removing and destroying seed heads.
Extensive infestations of fountain grass are probably best controlled with

herbicides, combined with mechanical techniques.
Weed 2 (14 Marks)

Common name (1 mark) Bitter Sneezeweed , Narrowleaved Sneezeweed, Bitterweed, Yellowdicks
Scientific name (2 marks) Helenium amarum
Description: Bitterweed is a much-branched annual wildflower. Flowerheads are few to many on naked stems
above the foliage, yellow, the 5–10 ray florets reflexed and notched; the yellow disk is bowl-
shaped and points skyward. Blooms June–October. Leaves are profuse, linear (very narrow), to
1½ inches long, with smaller leaves arising from axils of larger ones. This plant contains bitter,
toxic substances, and cattle forced to graze on it in overgrazed pastures produce bitter milk, thus
the name bitterweed.
Damage Symptoms/ Causes H. amarum is a troublesome plant within its native range in the United States. For example,
in Texas some grazing paddocks become almost completely covered by this species. When
(3 marks)
ingested by dairy cattle, it imparts a bitter taste to their milk, rendering it undrinkable (Keeler
& Tu 1983). It is also a livestock poison, causing weakness, diarrhoea and vomiting to animals
that consume it, including sheep, cattle and horses (Dollahite et al. 1973; Tomley & Panetta
2002). H. amarum was listed as one of the few species in Helenium that has caused mortality
of sheep in Texas (Knight & Walter 2001).
Life cycle (1 mark) Life cycle: Annual
Summer annual with purplish, branching stems from 4 to 24 inches tall. Leaves are small,
threadlike and numerous. Yellow flower heads have a domelike center. Plant has a
pungent odor and a bitter taste. Often found in wastelands and unimproved pastures.
Infestation level
High
Control methods Infestations can be controlled with broad-leaf herbicides such as 2,4-D
or Grazon P+D® (Toxic
Plant Database n.d.).
IWM control strategies that
are used to manage this  Treatment: Apply 1.0 to 1.5 ounces per acre of Chaparral herbicide or
pest and when they should 1.5 to 2.0 pints of
be applied (5 marks)  GrazonNext herbicide per acre. Or apply 1.0 to 4.0 pints per acre of
Grazon P+D
 herbicide. Use lower rates when weeds are small and actively growing.
Increase rate as
 season progresses and plants become more mature.

Weed 3 (14 Marks)
Common name (1 mark) alligator weed queensland
Scientific name (2 marks) Alternanthera philoxeroides
Host Range (1mark)
Damage Symptoms/ Causes

(3 marks)
Life cycle (1 mark) Alligator weed forms new shoots in spring from nodes on existing stems or rhizomes. It
flowers from mid-summer to March, but does not produce viable seed. Severe frosts
kill stems, but regrowth occurs quickly from stems or underground rhizomes buried in soil
when favourable conditions return. In aquatic situations, stems break and float away to form
new mats or take root in shore sediments.
Infestation level

Marking Checklist Competent
1 Determine factors that influence plant health Yes No
2 Monitor and diagnose plant health problems Yes No
3. Remedy plant health problems Yes No
4 Evaluate control plan Yes No
Result: / 178
Assessor Signature...................................

https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/farms-fishing-forestry/agriculture/biosecurity/plants/insects/
horticultural/silverleaf-whitefly#:~:text=SLW%20adults%20and%20nymphs%20suck,in%20plant%20desiccation
%20and%20death.
https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant/insect-pests-and-plant-diseases/orientalff#:~:text=Oriental%20fruit
%20fly%20damage%20the,of%20damage%20(Figure%203).

............. Date...........................................


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RTO PROVIDER CODE: 21316

Unit Code: AHCPCM507

Unit Code: AHCPCM507

Assessor Name: Anjanee Sunnah/ Alvin Gopal/ Brian Gopal

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507, Nov 2023

Exam duration: 2 hrs

Pass mark: 70%

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507, Nov 2023

Botanical name Plutella xylostella (2 marks)

Eggs Larva Pupu Adult (2 Marks)

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Control methods IPM Control. (5 marks)

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Pest 1 (15 Marks)

Common name Silverleaf whitefly / Sweet potato whitefly

Scientific name Bemisia tabaci

direct effect of feeding on plants

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Pest 1 (15 Marks)

Clean-up strategies for old crops/crop residues:

For moderate whitefly infestations, use an insecticide or oil treatment

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Pest 2 (15 Marks)

Common name Western flower thrips / thrips

Scientific name Frankliniella occidentalis

Infestation level Medium to high

Control methods .CULTURAL CONTROL

Pest 2 (15 Marks)

Collect and destroy crop debris by burying or burning.

Do not use broad-spectrum insecticides such as dimethoate (under review in Australia,

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Pest 3 (15 Marks)

Common name Oriental fruit fly

Scientific name Bactrocera dorsalis

Infestation level HIGH

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Oriental fruit fly

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Common name (1 mark)  Citrus bacterial canker

All commercial citrus cultivars can be affected.

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Disorder and disease 2: (15 Marks)

Cucurbits (cucumber, melon, pumpkin, squash and zucchini)

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Disorder and disease 3: (15 Marks)

Common name (1 mark) Black leaf streak (BLS) / BLACK SIGATOKA

Scientific name (2 marks) Mycosphaerella Fijiensis

Damage Symptoms Plant stage and plant parts affected

Infestation level Medium - HIGH

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Since there is a tendency for resistance or tolerance to develop in M. fijiensis

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Deficiency: 1(12 Marks)

Common name (1 mark) Boron Deficiency

Boron sprayed on the soil

Irrigation Boron can be applied dissolved in irrigation water. This enables

ACAHT-F-089 Exam AHCPCM507 Nov 2023

Common name (1 mark) Potassium deficiency

Host Range (1 mark) Corn, Soybean, Alfalfa, Potato.

Infestation level Medium