Izzat Un NISSA

Group-98

«С.Ж. АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» КЕАҚ

НАО «КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА»
Department of Normal Physiology with Biophysics course Students’ independent
work Редакция: 1

Страница 1 из 5
Tooba Javid Gm23-105
Protocol №2

Task №1. Describe the process shown in the figure. Give an explanation for each element.

The diagram shows a simplified representation of the sodium-potassium pump, also known
as the Na+K+-ATPase. It is a transmembrane protein that uses the energy from ATP
hydrolysis to pump three Na+ ions out of the cell and two K+ ions into the cell. This creates
an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, which drives a variety of cellular
processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and secondary active transport.

The sodium-potassium pump consists of four subunits: two alpha subunits, one beta
subunit, and one gamma subunit. The alpha subunits are responsible for the ATP
hydrolysis and ion transport activities of the pump. The beta and gamma subunits play
regulatory roles.

The process of sodium-potassium pumping can be divided into the following steps:

Na+ binding: Three Na+ ions bind to the alpha subunit of the pump on the cytoplasmic side
of the cell membrane.

ATP binding: ATP binds to the alpha subunit of the pump, causing a conformational
change that transports the Na+ ions to the extracellular side of the cell membrane.

ATP hydrolysis: ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, providing the energy for the pump to
transport the Na+ ions.

K+ binding: Two K+ ions bind to the alpha subunit of the pump on the extracellular side of
the cell membrane.




Izzat Un NISSA
Group-98

«С.Ж. АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» КЕАҚ

НАО «КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА»
Department of Normal Physiology with Biophysics course Students’ independent
work Редакция: 1

Страница 2 из 5
Tooba Javid Gm23-105
K+ transport: The K+ ions are transported to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane.

Pump reset: The pump returns to its original conformation, ready to begin the cycle again.

The sodium-potassium pump is essential for maintaining the cell's ionic balance and
membrane potential. It also plays a role in a variety of other cellular processes, such as cell
signaling, cell volume regulation, and muscle contraction.

Explanation of each element in the diagram:

1. NK ATP-ase: This is the sodium-potassium pump itself. It is a transmembrane protein

that uses the energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump three Na+ ions out of the cell and two
K+ ions into the cell.

2. Na+ kanal: This is a sodium channel. It allows Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell down their
electrochemical gradient.

3. K+ kanal: This is a potassium channel. It allows K+ ions to diffuse out of the cell down
their electrochemical gradient.

4. внеклеточное пространство: This is the extracellular space. It is the fluid outside of the
cell.

5. цитоплазма: This is the cytoplasm. It is the fluid inside of the cell.

Task №2. Fill in the table.

№ Types of Organ/s being What is Placement of electrodes

rheography examined determined?
1 Photoplethysmo Skin Blood flow On skin surface
graphy
2 Impedance Limbs (e.g., arms, Blood volume On limbs
Rheography legs) changes
3 Rheoencephalo Brain Blood flow in On scalp
graphy brain
4 Ballistocardiogr Whole body Heart movements Underneath the body
aphy
Izzat Un NISSA
Group-98

«С.Ж. АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» КЕАҚ

НАО «КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА»
Department of Normal Physiology with Biophysics course Students’ independent
work Редакция: 1

Страница 3 из 5
Tooba Javid Gm23-105
5 Impedance Chest Cardiac On chest
Cardiography parameters
.....

Task №3. Draw graphs of wave oscillations with a frequency of 20 Hz and an amplitude of 20
cm; 10 Hz and amplitude 30 cm; 5 Hz and amplitude 40 cm.

1. Frequency: 20 Hz, Amplitude: 20 cm

/\

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

2. Frequency: 10 Hz, Amplitude: 30 cm

/\/\

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \
 Izzat Un NISSA
Group-98

«С.Ж. АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» КЕАҚ

НАО «КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА»
Department of Normal Physiology with Biophysics course Students’ independent
work Редакция: 1

Страница 4 из 5
Tooba Javid Gm23-105

3. Frequency: 5 Hz, Amplitude: 40 cm

/\

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

/ \

Task №4. Show in the figure the directions of the vectors of somatic and dendritic dipole
moments.

The soma c and dendri c dipole movements are in opposite direc ons. The soma c dipole moves
towards the synap c terminal, while the dendri c dipole moves away from the synap c terminal. The
soma c dipole is generated by the accumula on of posi ve ions at the synap c terminal. This
accumula on is caused by the in ux of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels. The
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 Izzat un Nissa
Group no.98

«С.Ж. АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ» КЕАҚ

НАО «КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА»
Department of Normal Physiology with Biophysics course Students’ independent
work Редакция: 1

Страница 5 из 5
Tooba Javid Gm23-105
dendri c dipole is generated by the accumula on of nega ve ions at the dendrite. This accumula on is
caused by the in ux of chloride ions through voltage-gated chloride channels.

The opposite direc ons of the soma c and dendri c dipole movements help to ensure that the electrical
signal is propagated e ciently down the axon. The soma c dipole helps to push the electrical signal
down the axon, while the dendri c dipole helps to prevent the electrical signal from leaking back into
the dendrite.
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