MI

NISTRYOFEDUCATI
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CURRI
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The Ministry of Education owns the copyright to this Year 5 Textbook. Schools may reproduce this in part or in full for classroom
purposes only. Acknowledgement of the CDU Section of the Ministry of Education copyright must be included on any
reproductions. Any other use of this textbook must be referred to the Permanent Secretary for Education through the Director
Curriculum Advisory Services.

Issued free to schools by the Ministry of Education.

Trial Version 2016

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Ministry of Education, Fiji wishes to acknowledge the contribution made by Mrs. Komera Tuicakau
in the completion of this text.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Difference between FORM and VALUE 2
Definition of VALUE 5
VALUE SCALE 9
Categories of VALUE 12
- tint
- shade
- Activities

Shading with Pencils 17

- Range of Pencils
- Activities

Different types of shades created by light 22

- Highlight, transitional light, core of the shadow, cast shadow

Steps in shading 23
Types of shading 34
- Hatching
- Contour hatching
- Cross Hatching
- Scumbling
- Stipling
- Activities

BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
APPENDIX 46

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 iii

INTRODUCTION
In Art is fun 5, we focus on the Art Element – Value. By now these are the topics that you should be
familiar with, they have been covered in the lower levels:

Year 1 – Dots & colour identification

Year 2 – Lines & Primary colours

Year 3 – Shapes, Secondary & Tertiary Colours

Year 4 – Forms, Warm and Cool Colours

Revisit the topics you are not familiar with as they are all related, understanding one further enhances
your understanding of the others. It is our intention to cover all the Art Elements by the end of your
primary school years.

ART ELEMENTS

LINE SHAPES FORMS VALUE TEXTURE SPACE COLOUR

As mentioned earlier. The central focus for Year 5 is VALUE. Here, our attention will be on 2D figures
and shading them to give the 3D illusion. Therefore, our focus will be on drawing and you will need
good art pencils to use throughout the year.

You are introduced to different art pencils under the sub – heading, shading with pencils. Your learning
will be further enhanced if you have access to the right materials.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 1

+

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 2

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORM AND VALUE
Value and Form are often used interchangeably and some people regard the two terms as the same. In
fact these two terms are different. When we talk about form, we are simply referring to the 3d outline
of an object. (As covered in Year 4)

FORM

Whereas Value/Tone refers to the darkness or lightness of a picture. When value /tone is applied in
drawing, it re-emphasize the 3D aspect of the item drawn. In other words value is added to a 2D drawn
object to emphasize its 3D image.

VALUE

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 3

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 4
 VALUE
defined
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 5
VALUE

 Value is the range of lightness and darkness within a picture.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 6

  Value is created by a light source that shines on an object creating highlights
and shadows. It also illuminates the local or actual color of the subject.

 Value creates depth within a picture making an object look three dimensional
with highlights and cast shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in
value as it recedes to the background giving the illusion of depth.

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 Value;

ARTICULATES
FORM AND
VOLUME

DESIGNATES
DEFINRS
ASPACE VALUE SURFACE
QUALITY AND
TEXTURE

POTRAYS A
MOOD

 Articulates form and volume

 Designates surface quality and texture
 Portrays a mood
 Defines a space

The use of value is the main tool for drawing of three-dimensional figures. It enhances the form
and the volume of the object drawn.
It is also important to observe value from nature to enhance the students’ perception on
quality and texture.
In regards to mood, value is usually referred to as a dark area expressing a sad or depressed
feeling and vice versa.
Normally, value in space is limited to forms as being associated with dark and spaces associated
with light. This however limits the creative possibilities and should not be regarded as a
convention or a basic thumb rule.

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 VALUE SCALE

Make your value scale. Values are the lights and darks of your drawing. A value scale will help
you determine the different depths of your shaded drawing. A complete value scale will range
from white all the way to black with many shades of gray in between. However, most objects
only use 5 adjacent values on the value scale.

 To create a value scale, you should start by drawing a long rectangle. You can do this on the
corner of your drawing. Or, if you prefer, draw it on a separate piece of paper.
 Break the rectangle up into 5 squares, numbering them 1 through 5. You can do more than 5 as
you grow in your shading skills, but 5 shades in the scale gives you a place to start.
 Intensify the darkness for each number: 1 should be completely white, 2 should be lightly
shaded, 3 should represent moderate shading, 4 should be dark, and 5 should be as dark as
you can get it.
 You should not have both white and black on your shading scale, unless your subject is under a
very strong, direct light source. Otherwise you should be working with shades of gray only.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 9

 ACTIVITY
On the value scale below, fill in two other hues(colours)

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 1. The lightest shade of the two colours :Grey(i) and Blue(ii) are given on the
first boxes. You are to shade in the other boxes showing the darker shades of
the colours. Go gradually with the darkest shade of that colour in the last box.
2. You are to choose another colour of your choice for no. (iv) and do the same
thing like in (ii) and (iii). No. (i) has been done as an example.

(i) GREEN (EXAMPLE)

(ii) GREY

(iii) BLUE

(iv)

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 11

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 12
Categories of Value:

 Tint is adding white to a colour (hue) to create lighter values such as light blue
or pink.
 Shade is adding black to a colour(hue) to create dark values such as dark blue
or dark red.

- Name of the colour

- Colour + White

- Colour + Black

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 13

TINTS, TONES AND SHADE

When black & white (grey) is added to hue, it is known as tones.

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ACTIVITIES
1. Colour in the hues on the outer space (use paint/coloured pencils), on the inner space,
add white to the hue, colour in to find its tint.

TINT

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 2. Colour in the hues on the outer space, on the inner space, add black to the hue, colour in
to find its shade.

SHADE

3. In groups, enlarge the diagrams on a white chart and do the same activity.
Display on the classroom walls.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 16

 Shading with Pencils

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 Shading with Pencils

Before you Start – How to Hold the Pencil

Use an overhand grip for these exercises.

Fill a sheet of scrap paper with broad marks made with the side of the lead until you’re
comfortable working with a pencil held this way.

Without colours we can shade with Grey Pencils. This is easier as pencils come in
range from the lightest to the darkest.

 Artist pencils come in a range of hardness and softness. This is marked on the pencil by a "B" or
"H". The mark "B" refers to soft graphite, and is typically available in 8B, 6B, 4B, and 2B with
8B being the softest. "H" refers to a hard pencil, with "8H" being the hardest and "2H" being the
softest.
 For the best shading, use the softest pencil you have available. This will allow you to blend the
pencil easily, while a hard pencil will be very difficult to shade with.
 Typical school pencils are HB, which is a middle ground of hardness/softness. You can use an
HB pencil if it is all you have available, but softer pencils will be easier to work with.
 Paper that is too smooth (printer paper) or too rough (construction paper) will be very difficult to
shade. If you can, use a good drawing paper.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 18

The commonly used one is the HB Pencil, which is used in the early primary school
writing.

Pencil Ranges
Light/Dar Rang
k e
2H
H
Lightest …….Darkest

F
HB

2B

3B

4B

5B

6B

7B
8B

2H is the lightest and 8B being the darkest. They are available at all bookshops. It is
advisable that you have at least 4 range of Pencils, preferably H, B, 3B, and 5B or
H,2B, 4B and 6B.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 19

ACTIVITY

1. With your 4 range of Pencils shade in the boxes below, the first box will be
white and the last will be black. In between you are to shade in your range of
Pencils.( when shading use short strokes)

white H black

2. In groups, shade in the following on a white background

White H B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B black

3. Shadow Drawing
On a Sunny day, take a clear white paper(A4), and a Pencil and do the
following.
i. Place the paper below a leaf/flower. The shadow will fall on the paper.
What colour is the shadow? ______________________________.
ii. Use a fine leaf/grass/flower, place your paper underneath and quickly
sketch the outline of the shadow. Using the darkest range of Pencil that

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 20

 you have shade in your sketch. Write your title as shadow drawing and
include the date at the bottom of your paper.
4. In your art book, do the following:

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 There are five different kinds of light used to shade objects in art:

1. Highlight
2. Transitional light (middle values)
3. Core of the shadow
4. Reflected light
5. Cast shadow

 They go according to the different shades with highlight being white and cast shadow
having the darkest shade.
 The first thing you need to determine is the source of light, once you determine the
light, directly opposite will be the cast shadow, your highlight will be on the same side as
the light, and in between the cast shadow and highlight is where you will place the
transitional light, core of the shadow and the reflected light.
 Also important will be your value scale, this will be your guide in the shades that you are
going to use.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 22

 Steps in SHADING

1.

Source: wikihow

1
Choose the right supplies. Although drawing can be done with a (HB) regular school pencil
and printer paper, for complex shading it is necessary to use specialized artist pencils. You can
find inexpensive artist graphite pencils at most bookshops. If you are able, find sturdy drawing
paper with a fine grain to help absorb the shading you will be doing.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 23

 Source: wikihow

2
Create a line drawing of your subject. Use an object in real life or take a photograph of your
subject, and print a physical copy of it. Make sure that your subject is still, and that you have
plenty of time to get a good outline of it.

 Look around your home for ideas. Household objects like flowers, plants, kitchen utensils, or
clocks make good subjects. .
 Refer to the negative space to create a more accurate line drawing. Negative space is the
space and forms around your subject. For example, if you are drawing a chair, this is the space
between the rungs and chair legs.
 If you use a photograph to draw from, consider converting it to gray scale before printing it. This
will help you to get more accurate shadings, because your object will already be in black and
white.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 24

 Source:wikihow

3
Make your value scale. Values are the lights and darks of your drawing. A value scale will help
you determine the different depths of your shaded drawing. A complete value scale will range
from white all the way to black with many shades of gray in between. However, most objects
only use 5 adjacent values on the value scale.

 To create a value scale, you should start by drawing a long rectangle. You can do this on the
corner of your drawing. Or, if you prefer, draw it on a separate piece of paper.
 Break the rectangle up into 5 squares, numbering them 1 through 5. You can do more than 5 as
you grow in your shading skills, but 5 shades in the scale gives you a place to start.
 Intensify the darkness for each number: 1 should be completely white, 2 should be lightly
shaded, 3 should represent moderate shading, 4 should be dark, and 5 should be as dark as
you can get it.
 You should not have both white and black on your shading scale, unless your subject is under a
very strong, direct light source. Otherwise you should be working with shades of gray only.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 25

 Source: wikihow

4
Locate your light source. You will be shading away from your light source; the brightest
(lightest) areas will be those closest to the light, and the darkest areas will be the furthest away.

 Pay special attention to any glares or reflections, as those tend to be the brightest areas of your
subject. Indicate these areas on your drawing.
 Your light source will create shadows which you will need to fill in. The shadows are what create
a realistic drawing, so don't forget to shade these as well as the bright areas.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 26

 Source:wikihow

5
Choose a shading method. Depending on your subject, your light source, and your desired
texture for the drawing, you can choose from several different shading methods. The most
common include hatching, cross hatching, and circular shading (scumbling). However, there
are other shading methods too that can be used.

 Hatching is the process of drawing many parallel lines that are close together to create a shade.
This is best for objects that lack texture or have a natural grain (such as hair).
 Cross hatching is a shading method by which you draw crossing lines which form many little 'X'
shapes on your drawing. This is a great way to add darkness quickly and easily while
simultaneously adding texture.
 Circular shading(scumbling) is done by creating small overlapping circles. You can create a lot
of texture by spacing the circles far apart and using heavy lines, or create a smooth blend by
keeping the circles tight and close together.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 27

 Source: wikihow

6
Create a preliminary shading of your drawing. Because you are still in the "edit" mode of
your drawing, do not use the full darkness of your pencil so that you can erase or move
shadows and light spots. This means press lightly, and only barely fill in areas that need
shading.

 Leave the very brightest parts of your drawing white. Or, use your eraser to remove the pencil
and make a highlight or reflection.
 Refer back to your subject frequently to compare it with your drawing. Make sure you get the
main shadows and reflections in the right places.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 28

 Source: wikihow

7
Add more layers of shading. Darken gradually, each time laying a thin layer of shade. The
contrast between light areas and dark areas should become more clear and distinct.

 Use your value scale as a guide. This will help you remain consistent throughout your drawing.
 Take your time. "The process is much like a black & white photo slowly developing in the tray in
the darkroom. Patience is key at this phase."
 As you deepen your shading, the outline of your drawing should slowly disappear. In real life
most things don't have solid outlines - simply a change in value. The same should hold true for
your drawing; don't darken the outline, darken the shadows.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 29

 Source: wikihow

8
Blend shaded areas. For the smoothest blend, use a blending stump. This smooths out any
rough edges and makes the shading more gradual and realistic. Hold the blending stump just
like a pencil. Press lightly at first, until you determine how much blending you want to do. You
can always go over it again.

 You can also use your fingertips for blending if you do not have any blending stumps available.
 Use an eraser to brighten up spots that might have been accidentally blended. This could be
around the outline of shapes or in areas where there is direct light
 Just remember that most people, even fine/famous artists, were not as good as they are now
when they were just starting out.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 30

Activity
1. On the circles given below, shade in, account for the light source.

b.

c.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 31

 2. On the cubes given below, shade in. Account for the light source.

(a)

(b)

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 32

 3. Shade the following cylinders.

(a)

(b)

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 33

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 34
TYPES OF SHADING

The basic drawing techniques for creating value when drawing with pencil involves exactly the same
strokes as when using a pen. The basic strokes include hatching, cross-hatching, contour-hatching,
scumbling, and stippling, as shown in the examples below.

Hatching - a row of lines, all facing in the same direction. More

dense and concentrated in the areas that appear darker.

Cross-hatching - similar to hatching, except with the addition of

criss-crossing lines.

Contour-hatching - follows the contour, or curve or outline, of the

object. In this case, the hatching is rounded to match the shape of
the circle.

scumbling - tiny, squiggly circular lines - sort of like "controlled

scribbling"

stippling - placing many, many dots on the paper to indicate shading.

Probably the most time consuming of all the methods, but creates
some neat effects.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 35

ACTIVITY
MATCHING (MATCH THE LETTERS TO THE NUMBERS)

1 HATCHING A

2 SCUMBLING B

3 CROSS HATCHING C

4 STIPLING D

5 CONTOUR HATCHING E

ANSWER;

1 2 3 4 5

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 36

 4. Shade according to the instructions given.

1 Contour Hatching

2 Stipling

3 Cross Hatching

4 Scumbling

5 Hatching

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 37

 5. On the fruits given below shade using the stipling technique, account for the light
source. (Note: the closer the dots the darker the shade)

STIPLING

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 38

 6. On the fruits given below shade using the cross hatching technique, account for the
light source.

CROSS HATCHING

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 39

 7. On the fruits given below shade using the scumbling technique, account for the light
source.

SCUMBLING

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 40

 8. On the fruits given below shade using the hatching technique, account for the light
source. (Note: the closer the dots the darker the shade)

HATCHING

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 41

 9. On the fruits given below shade using the contour hatching technique, account for the
light source.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 42

 CONTOUR HATCHING

In your drawing book shade the following. Identify your light source

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 43

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 44
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Carol Rosinski, Drawing 7 April 2015, 13 May 2015
<http://www.studentartguide.com/articles/one-point-perspective-drawing

 Crispin Sandra, Drawing, Ministry of Education, Education Resource Centre, Nasinu,
1979.
 Drawing 4 September, 2014. 20 March,
2015,<http://www.artyfactory.com/perspective_drawing/perspective_index.html
 Fussell Matt, 10 Quick Drawing Tips, 2 Apr.2014, 26 Mar.2015 >http://www.virtual
instructor
 Harold Olejarz, Perspective Drawing, 8 Jan, 2015, 10 May, 2015,
<http://www.olejarz.com/arted/perspective/

 Drawings, 15 August, 2012, 3 May,

2015,<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)
 Stensel Peter, Design in Life, Singapore, Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd,2007

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 45

 APPENDIX

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 46

Gradated Shading Made With the Side of the Pencil

Use the overhand grip to shade.

 Using light pressure, make short back and forth motions with your pencil. Make
the hatch marks in the same direction but vary their length so that they’ll blend
well as you add more. (Make them between a 1/2 and 3/4 inches long.)
 Very important: Instead of pressing harder to create a darker value, go over the
area several times until it darkens.

Now Shade a Ball

Ball Shading Model

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 47

 Line Drawing

Step One – Line Drawing

Quickly draw the ball and its shadow using an overhand grip with light pressure on the
pencil. Tip the pencil up on its point a bit, so that it makes a thinner line.

The overhand grip is a good one for drawing quickly but it is not precise. You can see
that the ball and shadow are not perfect, and yours do not have to be either for this
shading exercise to work. Just lightly draw a circle and try to get the shadow in about
the same position as in the photo.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 48

 First Shading

Step Two – First Shading

Using the same overhand grip, but lowering the angle of the pencil so that the full side of
the lead is on the paper, very lightly shade the entire ball.

Use short, back and forth hatching motions, all in the same direction, with a very light
pressure on the pencil.

The hatches should be between 1/2 to 3/4 inches long, so you will need to make three or
four passes across the ball to fill it completely.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 49

 Define Highlight

Step Three – Define Highlight

Define the main highlight, near the top left of the ball, by shading the area around it to a
slightly darker value.

The highlight’s edge is fuzzy and indistinct, so make the hatching surrounding it uneven
and the edges will look “soft”.

Lightly shade the rest of the ball again.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 50

 Shade Main Shadow

Step Four – Shade Main Shadow

Take time to look at the most obvious shadow on the ball and notice that its crescent
shaped. It starts at the right top of the ball, above the cast shadow, and it ends at the
bottom of the ball, near the left edge of the cast shadow. Shape the shadow as you shade
it in by making several passes over the area until it darkens.

To make sure the shading is not getting too dark, squint your eyes at your drawing and
compare it to the photo.

Darken the right side of the ball into a slightly lighter value than the shadow you just
shaded, being careful to leave the small reflected highlight at the bottom of the ball.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 51

 Add Subtle Shading

Step Five – Add Subtle Shading

To make the shading look more realistic, you’ll need to add the more subtle shadows.
Squint your eyes at both the photo and the drawing again. Since this shading method
creates a rough texture, squinting your eyes will help you see it as smoother and more
unified.

To refine the shading over the entire ball, keep your eyes on the photo and only take
quick glances at the shading on your drawing as you work. You can compare the two
more easily this way. Use several light layers to gradually darken the shading until it
matches the photo.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 52

 Shade Cast Shadow

Step Six – Shade Cast Shadow

To add the cast shadow, first take the time to observe that the shadow is darker than the
ball at the bottom and is lighter than the ball near the top. Tip the pencil up on its point
so you can hatch in the small area of the shadow under the ball, and then lower its angle
again to gradate that value into the rest of the shadow.

To finish, tip the pencil to its point and darken the right edge of the ball slightly, just
under the center point. Gradate that line into the body of the ball so that it will look
“sharper” on the shadow side and “softer” on the ball side. Draw a sharp dark line
underneath the ball’s bottom edge in the same way, but blend this line into the shadow.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI ART IS FUN 5 53