CBSE Class 10

Chapter No. 1

D E
AK
L K
F U
Mr. Praful Kakde
A
R Point, Katol
Career
P
Introduction:
Something which is ‘living’ (not dead) is said to be
‘alive’. E
In most simple terms, ‘alive’ means K D‘having life’
K A .
U L
Alive is called ‘jeevit’ or ‘zinda ’ in Hindi. We are alive
and you are also alive.AF
Those things which
R
P are alive are called ‘living
things’.
Introduction:
All the plants and animals (including human
beings) are alive or living things.
D E
AK
K
criteria do we use to decide
L
What
F U
R A ?
whether something is alive
P
Movement
The most important criterion to decide whether
something is alive (or not) is the movement.
D E
Movement is one of the most AK
important signs of
life in an organism. L K
F U
R
All the living things A move by
(which are alive)
P
themselves without any external help.
Movement
In some cases the movements of living
things are quite fast which D E can be easily
A K
L K
observed by us but in other cases
the movements Aare
U
F very slow and hence
P R
observed with difficulty.
Movement
For example, the movements in most of the
animals are fast and can be observed
D E easily but the
A K
movements in plants are usually slow and observed with
difficulty.
L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
it D
For example, a frog moves when K E
jumps into a pond,
K A
UL
AF
P R
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
it D
For example, a bird moves when K E
flies in the sky,
K A
UL
AF
PR
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
D E
A K
For example, an athlete moves when he runs
L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
E
D in water
For example, a fish moves when itKswims
K A
UL
AF
P R
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
E
D we clap
For example, We move our handsKwhen
K A
UL
AF
P R
Movement
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
D E
AK
For example, our chest moves up and down when we
breathe
L K
F U
R A
P
Introduction:
Animals can move from one place to another or they
can move their body parts.
E
For example, And a dog can wagKitsDtail.
K A
UL
AF
P R
Movement
frog, bird, fish,
All these movements show that a
dog and human beingsDare E alive (or
AK
living things). L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
The plants are fixed in the soil at a place, so they
cannot move like animals from D E place to place.
The plants can only move K
K
A of their body
parts
UL
AF
such as leaves, flowers, shoots and roots.
R
P towards a stimulus such
The plant parts move
as sunlight, gravity or water, etc.
Movement
For example, the shoot, the leaves and flower of
a sunflower plant move by bending D E towards
AK
the sun so as to face the sunlight
L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
For example, The leaves of a Mimosa pudica
plant (sensitive plant) move by E
folding up when
K D
touched with a finger.
K A
UL
AF
P R
Movement
For example, Plants also show movement by
E
growing their roots and shoots bigger.
D
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
Non-living things (which are not alive) cannot move
by themselves.
D E
K
For example, a stone is a non-living
A thing which
cannot move by itself from oneKplace to another or show
U L
F
any other type of movement.
A
P
We will have to moveR it by applying force from
outside.
Movement
All the living things (plants and animals) are made up of
tiny living units called cells. E
K of
The cells themselves are madeAup
D still smaller
L K
F U
particles called molecules .
R A
very small scale
P
The movements over (as those in
the molecules of living things) are invisible to the
naked eye.
Movement
The invisible molecular movement is, however,
necessary for the existence of life.
D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
Movement
Viruses do not show any molecular
movement in them (until they infectEsome cell) and this
K D
A
has created controversy about whether
K they are truly
alive or not. UL
A F
P R
Movement
In addition to movement, the living things also show
some other characteristics. E
All the living things (which are K Dalive) have some
K A
common characteristics
U L (or features) which
make them different A F from non-living things
P R .
The characteristics of living things are as follows :
Movement
(i) Living things can move by themselves.
(ii) Living things need food, air D Eand water.
A K
(iii) Living things can grow
L K .
F U
respond to changes
(iv) Living things can
R A
P
around them. They are sensitive.
Movement
(v) Living things respire (release energy
from food). D E
AK
(vi) Living things excrete K(get rid of waste
UL
materials from F
their
A body).
P R
(vii Living things can reproduce. They can
have young ones.
Life Processes
All the organisms perform some basic functions
to keep themselves alive. E
K D
The basic functions performed
K A by living
organisms to maintain UL their life
AF on this earth
P R
are called life processes.
Life Processes
The basic life processes common to all the living
organisms are :
Nutrition and Respiration; K D E
Transport and Excretion; K A
UL
AF
Control and Coordination (Response to stimuli);
Growth; P R
Movement and
Reproduction.
Life Processes
taking of
The process of nutrition involves the
E
food inside the body andDconverting it
AK
into smaller molecules L K which can be
absorbed by the body.FU
R A
P
Life Processes
Respiration is the process which releases
energy from the food absorbed
D E by the
AK
body.
L K
F U
R A
P
Life Processes
Transport is the process in which a substance
absorbed or made in one D E part of the
A K
body is moved toLother K parts of the
body. F U
R A
P
Life Processes
Excretion is the process in which the waste
materials produced in the D E cells of the
A K
body are removedLfrom K the body.
F U
R A
P
Life Processes
Control and coordination (or response to
E the living
stimuli) is a process which helps
D
AK
organisms to survive in the changing environment
around them. L K
F U
R A
P
Life Processes
The process of growth involves the
change from a Dsmall
E
organism to a big Korganism AK
UL
F
(or an adult organism).
A
P R
Life Processes
In movement, the organism either moves
from one place to another E or moves
K D
A
its body parts while Kremaining at the same
place. UL
AF
P R
Life Processes
The process of reproduction involves the
making of more organisms D E from the
AK
K
existing ones, so thatL organisms could live on
this earth for ever. FU
R A
P
Energy is Needed for the Life Processes
All the living organisms need energy to
perform various life processes. D E
AK
They get this energy from
L K food .
F U
which provides energy
A
Food is a kind of fuel
R
P
to all the living organisms.
Energy is Needed for the Life Processes
The living organisms use the chemical energy
E
for carrying out various life processes.
D
They get this chemical energyA K
from food through
L K
chemical reactions.FU
R A
Living P
organisms continuously need
energy for their various life processes and
other activities which they perform.
Energy is Needed for the Life Processes
For example, energy is required by an organism
even during sleep.
D E
K
This is because when we areAasleep, a number of
K
biological processesULkeep on occurring in
A F
R energy.
the body which require
P
Energy is Needed for the Life Processes
Our heart beats non-stop even when we are
asleep to pump blood throughout the
D E body.
AK
And this beating of heart requires energy.
L K
U requires a continuous
Thus, the working of heart
F
R
supply of energy.A
P
Energy is Needed for the Life Processes
The energy required by an organism comes
from the food that the organism D E eats.
AK
L K
Thus, food is the basic requirement of all the
F U
living organisms for obtaining energy
R A .
P
NUTRITION
Food is an organic substance.
The simplest food is glucose.
D E
It is also called simple sugarK. AK
A more complex food F isUL
starch.
R A
Starch is made from P glucose.
The general name of substances like glucose
(sugar) and starch is ‘carbohydrates’.
NUTRITION
Carbohydrates are the most common foods for
getting energy.
D E
Fats and proteins are also A K
foods.
L K
F U
(A wider definition of food, however, also includes
mineral salts, R A
P vitamins and water which
are essential for the normal growth and
development of an organism).
NUTRITION
The process of taking in food (consuming food)
and utilising it is called nutrition. E
K D
It is a process in which food isAobtained in order
L K
to utilise it to provide F U energy for performing
various metabolic R A
activities of the organism.
P
Actually, the term ‘nutrition’ comes from the word
‘nutrient’.
NUTRITION
A nutrient is organic or inorganic
an

D E
substance required for the maintenance of
AK
life and survival of a living organism .
KL
In most simple terms, a Unutrient can be said to be a
AF
R
particular type of food.
P
NUTRITION
A nutrient can be defined as asubstance which
an organism obtains from itsEsurroundings
K D
and uses it as a source KofA energy or for the
L
biosynthesis of itsFUbody constituents (like
R A
P
tissues and organs).
NUTRITION
For example,
carbohydrates and fats are E
D
the nutrients which are used Kby
K A
an organism mainly as aLsource
F U
of energy R A
P
NUTRITION
For example,
whereas proteins and E
mineral salts are nutrientsK D
K A
used by an organismUL for the
F
biosynthesis ofRAits body
P
constituents like skin,
blood, etc.
NUTRITION
Nutrition is a process of intake of nutrients

D E
(like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,
A K
vitamins and water) by an organism as well as the
utilisation of these L K
nutrients by the
F U
organism. R A
P
Modes of Nutrition
Modes of nutrition means methods of
procuring food or obtainingE food by an
K D
organism. K A
UL
AF
P R
 D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
Modes of Nutrition
There are mainly two modes of nutrition :
1. Autotrophic, and
D E
2. Heterotrophic. K
A
L K
F U
R A
P
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in
which an organism makes (or E synthesizes)
its own food from the simple K D
K A inorganic materials
like carbon dioxide and UL water present in the
F
A help of sunlight energy).
surroundings (with the
P R
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
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1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
Please note that food is an organic material
(like glucose, etc.).
D E
K
A nutrition, organic
This means that, in autotrophic
L K
material (food) is Umade (or synthesized)
AF
from inorganic
P Rmaterials like carbon dioxide
and water by utilizing the sunlight energy.
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
The green plants have an autotrophic mode of
nutrition.
D E
The autotrophic bacteriaAalso K obtain their food
by the autotrophic mode L K
of nutrition (though most
F U
A
bacteria are not autotrophic).
R
P
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
The organisms having autotrophic mode of
nutrition are called autotrophicE organisms or
K D
just autotrophs. K A
UL
AF
P R
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
Those organisms which can make
their own
food from the inorganicE substances
K D
K A
present in the environment , are called
autotrophs. UL
FA
PR
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
All the green plants are autotrophs (because
they can make their own foodEfrom inorganic
K D
substances like carbon dioxide and water present in
K A
the environment).
UL
Non-green plants AF are, however, not
P R
autotrophs.
Certain bacteria called ‘autotrophic bacteria’
are also autotrophs.
1. Autotrophic Mode of Nutrition
The autotrophic organisms (or autotrophs) contain
the green pigment called chlorophyll which is
D E
K
capable of trapping sunlight energy.
A
L K
This trapped sunlight energy is utilised by the
autotrophs to make F U food by combining
R A
P
inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and
water present in the environment by the
process of photosynthesis
2. Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in
which an organism cannotE make (or
synthesize) its own food K D from simple
K A
inorganic materialsULlike carbon dioxide and
AF
P R
water, and depends on other organisms for its food.
2. Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of
nutrition.
D E
Most bacteria and Afungi K also have
L K
heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
F U
R A
P
2. Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
All the animals have a heterotrophic mode of
nutrition.
D E
Most bacteria and Afungi K also have
L K
heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
F U
R A
P
2. Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
Those organisms which cannot make their own
food from inorganic substances likeE carbon dioxide
and water, and depend on other K D organisms for
K A
U L
their food are called heterotrophs.
AF
P R
2. Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition
All the animals are heterotrophs.
Man, dog, cat, deer, tiger, bear, lion, cow, etc., are all
D E
heterotrophs.
AK
L K
The non-green plants (like yeast) are also heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs depend FU on autotrophs and other
R A
P
heterotrophs for their food.
In other words, animals are heterotrophs which
depend on plants or other animals for their food.
 D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition
A heterotrophic organism (or heterotroph) can
obtain its food from other organisms inEthree ways.
D
K is of three types :
So, the heterotrophic mode of nutrition
K A
1. Saprotrophic nutrition,L
F U
R A
2. Parasitic nutrition, and
P
3. Holozoic nutrition.
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition (or Saprophytic Nutrition)
Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism obtains its food from E decaying
organic matter of dead K D plants, dead
K A
L , etc.
animals and rottenUbread
AF
R
‘Sapro’ means ‘rotten’
P
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition (or Saprophytic Nutrition)
Fungi (like bread moulds, mushrooms, yeast), and
many bacteria are saprophytes. E
Fungi and bacteria are a kind of K D
plants
K A .

UL
So, we can also say that saprophytes are the plants
which feed on Rdead F
A and decaying organic
matter. P
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition (or Saprophytic Nutrition)
The saprophytes break down the complex
organic molecules present in Ddead E and decaying
matter and convert them A K into simpler
L K
substances outside theirF U body.
R A
P
These simpler substances are then absorbed by
saprophytes as their food.
1. Saprotrophic Nutrition (or Saprophytic Nutrition)

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
2. Parasitic Nutrition
The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism derives its food from the body of
D E
AK
another living organism (called its host) without
killing it. L K
F U
R A
P
2. Parasitic Nutrition
The organism which obtains the food is called
a ‘parasite’, and the organismE from whose
K D
A the ‘host’.
body food is obtained isKcalled
UL
AF
P R
2. Parasitic Nutrition
organism (plant or animal)
A parasite is an

D E
which feeds on another living organism
called its host. AK
receives its LK
food
A parasite
F U from the host but
gives no benefit R A
to the host
P in return.
A parasite usually harms the host.
The host may be a plant or an animal.
2. Parasitic Nutrition
Most of the diseases which affect mankind, his domestic
animals (like dogs and cattle) and his crops are caused
D E
by parasites.
AK
Parasitic mode of nutrition is K
observed in several fungi,
bacteria, a few plantsFU
L
like Cuscuta (amarbel) and
some animals like P R A
Plasmodium and roundworms.
2. Parasitic Nutrition
Thus, the micro-organism ‘Plasmodium’ (which causes
malaria disease) is a parasite.
Roundworm which causes diseases in man
D E and domestic
A K
animals (like dogs and cattle) is also a parasite.
Roundworms live inside the L K body of man and his
F U
domestic animals. A
Several fungi andPR bacteria, and plants like Cuscuta
(amarbel) are also parasites.
Some other examples of parasites are ticks, lice, leeches
and tapeworms.
3. Holozoic Nutrition
‘Holozoic nutrition’ means ‘feeding on solid food’
(which may be a plant product or an animal product).
D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
3. Holozoic Nutrition
The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an
organism takes the complex organic food
D E
materials into its body by
AK the process of
L K
ingestion, the ingested food is digested and then
F U
R A
absorbed into the body cells of the organism.
P
3. Holozoic Nutrition
The undigested and unabsorbed part of the food
is thrown out of the body of theEorganism by the
process of egestion. K D
K A
The human beings and most
U L of the animals have
A F
a holozoic mode of nutrition.
R
P cat, dog, cattle, deer, tiger,
In other words, man,
lion, bear, giraffe, frog, fish and Amoeba, etc.,
have the holozoic mode of nutrition.
3. Holozoic Nutrition

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
3. Holozoic Nutrition

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
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NUTRITION IN PLANTS
The process by whichgreen plants make their
own food (like glucose) from D E
carbon dioxide
and water by using sunlight A K energy
L K in the
presence of chlorophyll
F U, is called photosynthesis .
R A
Oxygen gas isPreleased during photosynthesis.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS

The process of D E
photosynthesis takes AK
K
the green UL
place in
A F
P R
leaves of a plant .
NUTRITION IN PLANTS

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in
the form of a simple sugar called glucose.
E
D
This glucose food made in theKleaves is then sent
K A
to the different parts of L the plant.
F U
The extra glucose isAchanged into another food called
P R
starch.
This starch is stored in the leaves of the plant.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
The green plants convert sunlight energy into
chemical energy by making carbohydrates
E (foods).
K
The food prepared by photosynthesisD provides all the
energy to a plant which L
A
K to grow.
it needs
F U
And when we eat plant
R A foods (like foodgrains, fruits
and vegetables), Pthe chemical energy stored in
them is released in our body during respiration.
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
The photosynthesis takes place in the following three
steps:
D E
(i) Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy K
into
K
A chemical energy, and
UL
splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen by light
A F
energy.
(iii) Reduction of P
R
carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form
carbohydrate like glucose by utilising the chemical
energy (obtained by the transformation of light energy).
NUTRITION IN PLANTS
Conditions Necessary for Photosynthesis:
1. Sunlight, E
2. Chlorophyll, K D
K A
3. Carbon dioxide, and
UL
AF
4. Water. P R
NUTRITION IN PLANTS

D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
 D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
 D E
AK
L K
F U
R A
P
 D E
AK
Thank You
F UL K
R A
P