1ST SEMESTER FINALS REVIEW
ARTHIST
>GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
The Beginning
- The techniques and skills of Gothic
masons evolved without interruption over a
period of 400 years.
- The building in which the style achieved its
first magisterial expression was the
Abbey Church of St. Denis outside
Paris which was partly rebuilt by its abbot,
Suger, in the decade before 1144. Suger’s
personal contribution is difficult to isolate,
but he certainly represents the decisive
intervention of ecclesiastical patronage.
The new choir at S. Denis was visually quite
unlike the heavy, monumental Romanesque of
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the adjacent regions of France thru:
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1. Extremely light and open in structure making
use of fine materials akin to antique marble, with
2 rows of prominent, virtually contiguous
stained-glass windows in ambulatory chapels
and clerestory, forming a luminous backdrop to
the sumptuous altar that was its liturgical
centerpiece.
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2. Masonry was reduced to a skeletal minimum. It
provided a frame for the windows and defined
the spatial components without disrupting their
essential unity
3. St. Denis was not a very big church, but most of
the ingredients of the High Gothic cathedrals
were already anticipated. The problem was how
to apply the St. Denis style to the grander scale
and somewhat different ecclesiastical purposes
of cathedral churches.
4. Here height mattered as much as if not more
than light and color, and this raised in acute
form the problem of buttressing the high vaults
5. The first solution was essentially an adaptation
of the Romanesque idea of using galleries
above the side aisles as the basis for the
necessary supports. The result was the 4-storey
elevation which enjoyed a considerable vogue in
northern France during the second half of the
12th Century.
6. Galleries, however, created their own problems.
If they were left unglazed there was a broad
dark band between the 2 rows of windows; if
they were glazed, the windows could not be
seen
7. The great creative moment in the evolution of
Gothic came at the end of 12th century when it
was decided to dispense with galleries, and at
the same time vastly to increase the overall size
of cathedrals.
8. This was made possible by thE imaginative use
of flying buttresses, which provided the same
structural support as galleries but without walls
or roofs. This device opened the way to 2-far
reaching development
9. The disappearance of the gallery as such
allowed the organization of interior spaces to b
greatly simplified and the possibility of further
spatial unification to be explored. On the other
hand, flying buttresses made it feasible to
greatly enlarge the clerestory windows.
Geography
- Although Gothic spread across the rest of
Europe from its birthplace in northern
France, it did so start, and often without
due deference to French prototypes. This
is nowhere truer than in England.
- Gothic reached Canterbury while still in its
formative stages. And until the second half
 of the 13th century it pursued an
distinctive, insular development which
suggests that few Frenchmen came to
England and fewer Englishmen went
abroad; yet those who stayed at home
were not short of ideas of their own as to
what great churches should look like.
>GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE
Sequence of French Gothic Style B. HIGH GOTHIC ORCLASSIC GOTHIC (Circa
1. EARLY GOTHIC TRANSITION or 1200 ~1270)
PRIMITIVE GOTHIC - The Gothic style spread from the
2. HIGH GOTHIC or CLASSIC GOTHIC Île-de-France region to appear in other
3. RAYONNANT GOTHIC cities of northern France. New structures in
4. FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC the style include:
5. LATE GOTHIC ❑Chartres Cathedral (begun 1200)
A. EARLY GOTHIC TRANSITION OR PRIMITIVE ❑Bourges Cathedral (1195 to 1230)
GOTHIC ❑Reims Cathedral (1211–1275)
France: Political & Geographical ❑and Amiens Cathedral

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- The France in which the first experiments (begun 1250)

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of Gothic architecture were made, around
1140, was a geographical rather that
political entity.
- The Capetian ruling family, with their
domain centered on Paris, had only
recently established a precarious control of
the local baronage and it was to take them
nearly a century to establish the power and
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prestige which culminated in the
canonization of Louis IX in 1297, the event
had real political significance, welded
France into a single state.
- France’s central position within western
Europe became an asset, Paris was now
more than ever the administrative and
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cultural center of France. In effect, Paris
became the cultural cynosure for the whole
of western Europe. Thus, the great age of
Gothic architectural experiment coincided
with this century of France’s political &
economic expansion.
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France: Architectural Character

- The earliest development occurred in the
Ile de France Region in the 1130s, as the
architects tried to vault the thin walls that
were traditional in the area, and
culminated in Suger’s choir at S. Denis,
which achieved a new luminosity and
spaciousness.
- Certainly, it drew heavily on the fertile
Romanesque experiments of the French
Provinces, such as the technical advances
of Normandy & Burgundy, and the
decorative eagerness of the south-west.
- This era century brought an increase in the
scale of buildings as shift in patronage
become distinguishable as they were
flourishing as never before, characteristic
Gothic elements were refined to make the
new cathedrals taller, wider, and fuller of
lights.
- Buttresses were given greater weight and
strength by the addition of heavy stone
pinnacles on top. These were often
decorated with statues of angels and
became an important decorative element
of the High Gothic style.
- Another practical and decorative element,
the gargoyle, appeared; it was an
 ornamental rain spout which channeled the
water from the roof away from the building.
- Bourges is perhaps the grandest of all
medieval churches, but Chartres Cathedral
proved the more popular design, providing
the model for big cathedrals and followed
almost slavishly on ever-increasing scale
at Reims and Amiens.

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- Appeared in the second half of the 14th
century. Its characteristic features were
more exuberant decoration, as the nobles
and wealthy citizens of mostly northern
French cities competed to build more and
more elaborate churches and cathedrals.

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- The Bourges tradition, however, gave rise - Flamboyant took its name from the

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to its own group of ambitious buildings, sinuous, flame-like designs which
notably Le Mans & Coutances Cathedral, ornamented windows.
whereas the cathedral of Beauvais was a
conflation of both traditions.
- Beauvais Cathedral was also the last of
the monumental High Gothic churches
C. RAYONNANT GOTHIC (1270s ~ Mid-14th Century)
- Taste is generally known as the Rayonnant
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style means “Radiant”, describing the
tendency toward the use of more and more
- Other new features included the arc en
stained glass and less masonry in the
accolade, a window decorated with an
design of the structure, until the walls
arch, stone pinnacles and floral sculpture.
seemed entirely made of glass.
- The new style emerged owed its richly
- In the beginning of 14th Century, the
decorative repertory of Tracery patterns.
massive High Gothic Cathedrals became
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- In many ways, Flamboyant had a regional
too expensive. At the same time, a new
quality reminiscent of Romanesque or
shift in patronage became apparent. Partly
early Gothic.
on account of economic stagnation, and as
- It also featured an increase in the number
most wealthy towns now possessed
of nervures, or ribs, that supported and
splendid new cathedrals.
decorated each vault of the ceiling, both
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- The typical patron of the Rayonnant era

for greater support and decorative effect.
was private, and the archetypal Rayonnant
- Notable examples of Flamboyant Gothic
buildings was palace chapel, like Sainte
include the western facade of Rouen
Chapelle on Château de
Cathedral and Sainte-Chapelle de
Saint-Germain-en-Laye in Yvelines, about
Vincennes in Paris, both built in the 1370s;
19 km west of Paris, France. Château de
and the Choir of Mont Saint Michel Abbey
Saint-Germain-en-Laye is now the
(about 1448).
National Museum of Archaeology in
- During this period, Paris did not play the
France
major role in the generation of Flamboyant
- Note: Château means Castle in French
that it had played in the Rayonnant.
- When the Capetian line failed in 1328,
- It seems to have reflected the political
ushered to the Hundred Years War in
situation France had, after the
1337, followed by disastrous harvest, an
Paris-centered government of 13th
ailing economy, and the Back Death in
century, once more disintegrated into great
1348, a vast amount of building was
principalities.
necessary to replace damaged or
E. LATE GOTHIC (Mid-15th Century ~ 16th
destroyed churches.
Century)
D. FLAMBOYANT GOTHIC (Mid-14th Century ~ 15th
Century)
- Beginning in the 1530s, the style of French
religious and civil architecture also began
to show the influence of the Italian
Renaissance. Charles VIII of France and
Louis XII of France had both participated in
military campaigns in Italy and had seen
the new architecture there.
- Large numbers of Italian stonemasons had
also come to Paris to work on the new
Pont Notre-Dame (1507–1512) and other
construction sites. This conclude to shift of
Trend on architectural styles from Gothic to
Renaissance.
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- In spite of all the unrest and depredations,
France remained fundamentally the best
enriched of all European countries, and by
the end of 15th Century, it was possible to
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build once again on a scale reminiscentof
High Gothic, with an emphasis on such
grand architectural effects as spacious
plans and giant orders, culminating at St.
Eustache in Paris.
>GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND
(BRITISH ISLES)
ENGLAND: ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- As with the Gothic architecture of France,
English Gothic is defined by its pointed
arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large
windows, and spires. The earliest
large-scale applications of Gothic
architecture in England are at Canterbury
Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.
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- Many features of Gothic architecture had
evolved naturally from Romanesque
architecture (often known in England as
Norman architecture). This evolution can
be seen most particularly at the Norman
Durham Cathedral, which has the earliest
pointed ribbed high vault known.
- English Gothic was to develop along lines
that sometimes paralleled and sometimes
diverged from those of continental Europe.
Historians traditionally divide English
Gothic into several different periods.
- Many of the largest and finest works of
English architecture, notably the medieval
cathedrals of England, are largely built in
the Gothic style. So also, are castles,
palaces, great houses, muniversities, and
many smaller unpretentious secular,
including almshouses and trade halls.
Gothic Architecture IN ENGLAND SEQUENCE
OF ENGLISH GOTHIC STYLE
1. EARLY ENGLISH GOTHIC
2. DECORATED GOTHIC
3. CURVILINEAR GOTHIC
4. PERPENDICULAR or RECTILINEAR
GOTHIC
A. EARLY ENGLISH GOTHIC
- The First of 3 phases of English Gothic,
from the late12th through the 13th
Centuries.
- Characterized by the Lancet Windows and
Plate Tracery
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B. DECORATED GOTHIC
 - The 2nd of the 3 phases of English Gothic,
from the late 13th through the late 14th
Centuries.
- Characterized by Rich Tracery, Elaborate
ornamental vaulting, and refinement of
stonecutting techniques.

- Lower parts of previous choir retained,

C. CURVILINEAR GOTHIC
thus determining the pier forms. Earliest
- The later development o the Decorated
example of double transepts in England,
style in the second half of the 14th century,

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an idea which was to enjoy great
characterized by use of Curvilinear tracery.

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popularity.
- Nave rebuilt by Henry Revele, chief royal
architect who died in 1400. Early example
of main volume wholly in Perpendicular
style. Upper storeys are unified but the
small glazed area at high level darkens
vaults and enhances the mystic effect by
contrast with well-lit main arcade.
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D. PERPENDICULAR or
RECTILINEAR GOTHIC
- The final phase of English Gothic
architecture, prevailing from the late 14th
through the early 16th Centuries.
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- Characterized by Perpendicular tracery,
fine intricate stonework, and elaborate fan
vaults. Also called Rectilinear style.
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Gothic Architecture IN ENGLAND Notable

Churches
1.1. CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL,
- (built between 1070~1834) First Norman
Archbishop Lanfranc, begun reconstruction
in 1070. Part of original crypt remains,
identifiable by Corinthianesque capitals.
- East end is first example of whole Gothic
system inEngland. The 3-Storey internal
elevation follows changes to similar
formula in northern France in the 1170s.
1.2. DURHAM CATHEDRAL,
- (built between 1093 ~ 1133) Originally only
choir was to be vaulted.
- Very influential in Normandy and
northernFrance where the system formed
a central feature of the newly developing
Gothic style
 1.5. WESTMINSTER ABBEY,
- Vaulting enjoyed little immediate success
in England, but native masons rapidly
adopted the new decorative forms
pioneered at Durham (for example,
chevron-decorated piers, molded arches)
🡪 Galilee chapel at west end built in highly
ornate local transitional style.
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1.3. SALISBURY CATHEDRAL,
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- (built between 1220 ~ 1258 / Main Body)
Rare example of an English Gothic church
built entirely to one basic design.
- Internal Storeys clearly separated int
strong horizontal bands: extensive use of
Purbeck marble to create a strongly
colored scheme. Chapter house and
cloister 1263-84, the former closely
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modelled on the slightly earlier one at
Westminster.
1.6. WELLS CATHEDRAL,
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1.4. YORK MINSTER,
- (Gothic Inclusion: mid-12th century) It was
probably the central work of the later
twelfth century in northern England. Main
transept, of which low clerestory and tall
triforium probably reflect the disposition of
the of 12th-century choir. Vaultintended but
never constructed.
- Signs of contracts between York and latest
developments in Parisand London became
1.7. LINCOLN CATHEDRAL,
apparent in the nave, begun in 1291.
- Last great eastern extension to an English
Cathedral: general disposition of nave
elevation wasadopted but given updated
detailing.
- 13th century (rebuilt in Gothic style)
Probably the earliest example of Norman
influence in English building, even
predating 1066.
- Henry III laid foundation stone of new Lady
Chapel in 1220, took over responsibility for
funding of church building in 1245: choir,
transepts, chapter-house and east bays of
nave were completed by 1269 by three
master masons:
1. Henry de Reyns (1245-53)
2. John of Gloucester (1253-61)
3. Robert of Beverly (1261- 84).,
4. Edward the Confessor was the appointed
architect
- Some details (for example the two skin
triforium, the extensive use of Purbeck
marble) show the designer’s English
origins. Henry VII’s Chapel 1503-19, the
richest Perpendicular interior. Decorative
devices cover every surface, inside and
out, of this chapel built for the King’s
private use.
- In the adjoining Palace of Westminster,
two major mediaeval buildings were
preserved in the 9th- 10th century
- WESTMINSTER HALL (1394-1400) has
the most impressive surviving example of
a hammer – beam roof, devised by the
King’s carpenter Hugh Hurland.
- (built between 1176–1450 )Although
roughly contemporary with Canterbury,
Wells reveals little awareness of the new
French ideas arriving in Kent. Mostly
derivative of earlier local forms but creates
a rich interior without parallel. The west
front is a screen which is wider than the
nave and elaborately covered with
sculpture.
- It is the prototype for later screen facades,
none of which rival it in scale or
complexity. Pattern and details suggest
that a mason from Exeter was responsible.
- Three –bay early Gothic choir was opened
eastwards andreworked to harmonize with
the extension. Elongated octagonal Lady
Chapel with elaborate net vault.
- Scissors arches in crossing built in 1338.
Other examples of this buttressing
technique at Salisbury and originally
perhaps at Glastonbury.
- (built between 1185–1311) It was the
tallest building in the world for 238 years
(1311–1548), and the first building to hold
that title after the Great Pyramid of Giza.
 The central spire collapsedin 1548 and
was not rebuilt.
- Three portals and frieze (1140s) by
sculptors familiar with Abbey Church of St.
Denis, Paris, Reconstructed after
earthquake in 1185.
- Many themes and motifs from Canterbury
(for example piers, Purbeck marble, the
elevation, vault types and double
transepts) are adapted and enriched.
1.8. ELY CATHEDRAL,
- (built between 1220 ~ 1258 / Main Body)
Elevation of three equally tall Storeys
derived from slightl earlier work at
Winchester. Western transept completed,
choir extended eastwards by adding a
square – ended presbytery which is an
ornate derivative of the nave at Lincoln,
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from where the tierceron vaults were also
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adopted. Interior perhaps most elaborate
example of the fantastic in the work of
some architects of the Decorated period.
Central tower collapsed 1322 and replaced
by an octagonal timber lantern.
1.9. LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL,
- (built between 1195 ~1340) Built from east
to west. Nave related to north transept at
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Hereford.
- Presbytery rebuilt perhaps by William
Ramsey, pioneering architect of early
Perpendicular period.
- It is the only medieval English cathedral
with 3 spires/towers.
1.10. EXETER CATHEDRAL,
A
- (built between 1112 ~ 1400) The only
substantial remains of theNorman
cathedral are the towers over the
transepts, dating from the first half of the
twelfth century. Reconstruction in
Decorated mod began at east end.Choir
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and transepts complete by 1311. East
bays of choir begun with 2-Storey
elevation.
1.10. EXETER CATHEDRAL
- (built between 1112 ~ 1400) Later a false
triforium was inserted to harmonies with
the rest of the interior. Elaborate choir
furnishing built.
- The present building was complete by
about 1400, and has several notable
features, including an early set of
misericords, an astronomical clock and the
longest uninterrupted vaulted ceiling i
England.
1.11. KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL, Cambridge
- (built between 1446 ~ 1515)
Free-standing, tall rectangular chapel 24.4
m x 12.2 m (80 ft x 40 ft), lit by giant
Perpendicular windows.
- Aisleless but with a continuous row of low
chapels on north and south sides.
- Paneling applied equally to all surfaces
including vaults, the logical conclusion of
the first Perpendicular experiments at
Gloucester
1.12. GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL
- (built between 1089 ~ 1499) Choir may
have had 4-Storey elevation an a stone
vault. Lower two Storeys retained when
choir reworked in 14th century.
- In south transept, existing Norman
structure was recessed in an elaborate net
of tracery, similarly in choir.
1.13. WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
- (Groundbreaking: 1079) by which time
crypt and choir may have been complete.
- Transepts nearing completion when
crossing tower collapsed in 1107. Nave
built in 12th century-fragments still visible
near east end of nave.
- It is the surviving English building closest
in design to its Norman predecessors and
even ha Anglo-Norman architecture (for
example Ely, Old S. Paul’s). Retro-choir
built as a shrine for relics subtly echoes
the eastern extension at Canterbury in
purpose and plan.
- It is one of the earliest examples of a
mature English Gothic style. Most of the
work on present nave: Norman structure
retained, cut back and covered with a skin
of Perpendicular paneling, thus explaining
the mass and plasticity of the nave.
1.14. MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL
- (built between 1421~1882) The former
parish church was rebuilt in the
Perpendicular Gothic style in the years
following the foundation of the collegiate
body in 1421.
- At the end of the 15th century, James
Stanley II was responsible for rebuilding
the nave and collegiate choir with high
clerestory windows; also commissioning
the late-medieval wooden internal
furnishings, including the pulpitum, choir
stalls and the nave roof supported by
angels with gilded instruments.
1.15. FOUNTAINS ABBEY
- (Founded 1132 | dissolution on 1539) One
of the largest and best-preserved ruined
Cistercian monasteries in England.
- The abbey operated for 407 years
becoming one of the wealthiest
monasteries in England until its dissolution
in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
1.16. BEVERLY MINSTER
- Choir and both pairs of transepts complete
by mid-thirteenth century.
- The general design is derived from Lincoln
while much of the detailing closely
resembles the contemporary choir at
Fountains Abbey.
1.17. PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL
(Choir, transept and six east bays of nave
complete by 1175. Interior completed
in 1195)
- Up to end at 12th century internal elevation
is a developed version of the one invented
at Ely in 1080s. West front, late 12th and
early 13th century.
- Giant arches derived from Norman façade
at Lincoln. East chapels begun mid- 15th
century and completed first quarter of 16th
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by John Wastell, an English gothic
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architect and master mason.
1.18. TEMPLE CHURCH OF LONDON
(Founded 1185)
- Hall choir is a rare example in England of
this spatial formula although comparable
ideas were explored in cathedral
retro-choirs.
- Elevation and details relate to
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contemporary buildings in northern France.
1.19. BRISTOL CATHEDRAL
(built between 1220 ~1877 )
- Complex intersecting arcades on walls
relate to earlier chapter house at
Worcester.
- The hall-church formula occurs only rarely
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in England (see London, Temple Church).
Many details suggest some awareness of
continental ideas.
Castle
- The main strength of Norman motte and
bailey castle had been either in the shell
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‘keep’, or in ‘donjon’ within the bailey.
Fromthe early Thirteenth century, however,
the outer encircling walls were
strengthened, made thicker and higher, to
bind together the whole castle as one
defensive unit.
Castle Fortification
- MOTTE-AND-BAILEY CASTLE is a
fortification with a wooden or stone keep
situated on a raised earthwork called a
motte, accompanied by an enclosed
courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a
protective ditch and palisade.
2.1. OXFORD CASTLE
- built by the Norman baron Robert D'Oyly
who arrived in England with William I in the
Norman Conquest of England.
- The castle positioned to the west side of
town, using the natural protection of a
stream off the River Thames on the far
side of the castle, and diverting the stream
to produce a moat.
- Inside the walls the buildings included a
chapel with a crypt attached to St.
Georges Tower, which may be on the site
of a previous church.
2.2. TOWER OF LONDON
- Located on the north bank of the River
Thames in central London
- A grand palace early in its history, served
as a royal residence but later converted
into Prison and enduring reputation as a
place of torture and death, popularized by
16th-century religious propagandists and
19th-century writers.
COLLEGIATE GOTHIC
- A Secular Version of Gothic architecture,
as in the older colleges of Cambridge &
Oxford.
Comparison of gothic churches
to COLLEGIATE GOTHIC
Manor Houses
- The main residence of the lord of the
manor. The house formed the
administrative centre of a manor in the
European feudal system; within its great
hall were held the lord's manorial courts,
communal meals with manorial tenants
and great banquets.
3.1. LITTLE WENHAM HALL, Suffolk
- A castellated manor house and one of the
oldest houses in England; built by John de
Villabus in the 13th century, it was built
using some of the first English-made
bricks.
- Little Wenham one of the best –preserved
manor house of the period.
3.2. HADDON HALL, Derbyshire
- In form a medieval manor house, it has
been described as "the most complete and
most interesting house of its period".
3.3. COMPTON WYNYATES, Warwickshire
- A Tudor style country house in
Warwickshire, England.
 - Unlike many other houses of the period,
Compton Wynyates has not been greatly
altered over the centuries.
- The Comptons continued to lavish money
on this new mansion for the next century
or so; therefore, Compton Wynyates has
survived almost intact as the perfect Tudor
mansion, spared the constant
improvements of successive generations.
3.4. HAMPTON COURT PALACE
- In the following century, King William III's
massive rebuilding and expansion work,
which was intended to rival the Palace of
Versailles.
- His work ceased in 1694, leaving the
palace in two distinct contrasting
architectural styles, domestic Tudor and
Baroque. While the palace's styles are an
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accident of fate, a unity exists due to the
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use of pink bricks and a symmetrical, if
vague, balancing of successive low wings.
>GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE
Notable Churches on Île-de-France Region
1. ABBEY CHURCH OF ST. DENIS,
(completed in 1144)
- Now a Basilica, Abbey Church of St Denis
ranks as an architectural landmark—as the
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first major structure of which a substantial
part was designed and built in the Gothic
style.
- Around 1135, Abbot Suger began to
rebuild the venerable but outmoded
Carolingian church, He began with the
west-end, adding a narthex with tribunes,
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and a twin-towered west façade. The west
front seems to have been the first to have
incorporated a triple portal with column
figures.
- The choir was finished and consecrated in
1144, and although the main elevation and
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upper parts of choir were rebuilt in the 13th
century (under Rayonnant period), the
earlier ambulatories and chapels are still
intact.
- There are 2 ambulatories, with a
continuous ring of shallow radiating
chapels, the outer arcade piers are very
slender, and cannot have supported a
tribune above them; the radiating chapels
are lit by enormous stained-glass windows
making St. Denis an eclectic building, as
Suger had been impressed by, and wished
to emulate, Early Christian basilica in Italy.
- The site originated as a Gallo-Roman
cemetery in late Roman times. The
basilica became a place of pilgrimage and
the burial place of the French Kings with
nearly every king from the 10th to the 18th
centuries being buried there, as well as
many from previous centuries. (It was not
used for the coronations of kings, that
function being reserved for the Cathedral
of Reims; however, French Queens were
commonly crowned there.)
- Saint-Denis" soon became the abbey
church of a growing monastic complex,
became a cathedral in 1966 and is the
seat of the Bishop of Saint- Denis. Then
granted the title of Minor Basilica by the
Vatican.
- In the early 1840s, cracks appeared in the
north tower's masonry following several
extreme weather events, the 86m high
spire, dismantled in the 19th century.
- In March 2018, the culture ministry of
France signed an accord with the
association, officially launching the tower
reconstruction project, with works
expected to commence in May 2020.
2. SENS CATHEDRAL, Burgundy, E.
France (completed in 1534)
- Sens was the first Cathedral to be built in
the Gothic architectural style (the Basilica
of Saint Denis, the other pioneer Gothic
building built at about the same time, was
an Abbey, not a cathedral).
- The choir was begun around 1140, and
construction progressed westward. The
west front and the west portals date from
around 1200, the plan comprised single
aisles and ambulatory, with three spaced
chapels, but originally no transepts.
- The span of the nave is usually large. The
piers alternate between composite and
double column designs and correspond
with the sexpartite high vault spanning
double bays. The elevation consists of the
alternating arcade, surmounted by
decorative openings into the aisle roof
spaces with clerestory above.
- Flying Buttresses were present in original
design, though the present one’s date from
13th century, when the clerestory windows
were much enlarged.
- Sens adopt the Norman Romanesque
sexpartite vault.
- The vaulting, pier alteration and the double
column support proved very popular in the
next generation of Gothic buildings.
- Formally known as Cathédrale
Saint-Étienne de Sens.
3. CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, Paris
(Groundbreaking 1163 ~ Completed
1345)
- Its pioneering use of the rib vault and flying
buttress, its enormous and colorful rose
 windows, as well as the naturalism and
abundance of its sculptural decoration set
it apart from the earlier Romanesque style,
it houses one of the world's largest organs
and its immense church bells.
- Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully around
1163, the west towers were the last to be
completed in 1250. The original plan
comprised double aisles and ambulatories
and was on bent axial line. The transepts,
as so often in the Paris region, did not
project beyond the aisle wall.
- The interior elevation was originally of 4
levels, with an arcade of columnar piers; a
tribune, originally covered with transverse
barrel vaults, and lit by round windows;
decorative oculi opening into the tribune
roof spaces; and small clerestory windows.
.
- The high vault is sexpartite, covering
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double bays. The vault is very high – just
over 30m (100 ft.) – and the wall which
supports it very thin and articulated by very
slender face-bedded shafts.
- Double-span flying buttresses support the
nave. There are often said to be the
earliest-flying buttresses, though it is now
clear that earlier buildings, such as Sens
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also had them.
- The 13th century, attempts were made to
lighten the interior by expanding the
clerestory windows downwards,
swallowing the decorative oculi of the 3rd
Storey: the tribunes were rebuilt with larger
windows and ordinary quadripartite vaults.
A
4. LAON CATHEDRAL, Aisne Valley,
France (Groundbreaking 1160 ~
Completed 1230)
- Formally called as Cathédrale Notre-Dame
de Laon.
- Begun around 1160. The original choir and
L.
transepts were completed by 1180, the
nave by 1200. The choir was rebuilt in
1205 and extended eastward by a full 8
bays, and the west & transept towers were
completed by 1230.
- The original 1160 choir was apsidal, but
the enormous extension is rectangular,
which is very unusual in France in large,
non-Cistercian building.
- There are massive projecting transepts, 3
bays deep and aisled on all sides. The
interior elevation has 4 levels and the high
vault is sexpartite. Most of the shafting is
‘en delit’ face-bedded, with heavy ring
moldings. The upper levels are supported
both by Buttress walls behind the triforium
walls, and by the flying buttresses.
- The cathedral contains 3 splendid rose
windows. The north transept window
dating from 1190, is of heavy plate tracery
type, with window pattern cut out of a skin
of wall. The west and east window of circa
1210 are large areas of glass supported by
spokes and arches of stone.
- Exterior was designed with no less than 7
towers, two on each transept (of which not
all were completed), two on the west front
and a crossing tower.
5. CHOIR OF ABBEY CHURCH OF ST.
REMI, Reims, France (Add. 1170-90)
- The main internal elevation was standard:
4 levels, with an arcade of double
columns, a vaulted tribune, and a triforium
passage.
- The vaults were quadripartite and
supported by massive double-span flying
buttresses. The outstanding feature of the
building is the ambulatory chapels: they
are usually deep, and a wall passage runs
in front of their windows, making the first
appearance of the so-called “Remois” or
Champenois passage.
6. SOISSONS CATHEDRAL, Soissons,
France (Groundbreaking 1177 ~
Completed 1479)
- Formally known as Cathédrale
Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais.
- The earliest part of the said cathedral is
the south transept, which was finished by
1190. The rest of the cathedral, built to a
very different design, was completed in
1300.
- The difference between the south transept
and the rest of the church is striking and
shows the speed with which architecture
was developing at the end of 12th century.
- The south transept is apsidal, like the
transepts of some other north-eastern
buildings, such as the Cathedrals of
Noyon, Tournai & Cambrai. The transept is
aisled, with a tribune and 2-level east
chapel.
- The elevation has four levels, with a band
triforium above the tribune. The design is
sophisticated, with most arches and
windows arranged\ in groups of three, and
complex piers of clustered ‘en delit’
(face-bedded) shafts at the entrance to the
east chapel.
- The elevations of the choir, nave and north
transept, on the other hand, are of 3 levels,
with a columnar arcade surmounted by a
band triforium, and then by a clerestory of
enormous windows descending below the
vault capitals.
- The windows have plate tracery with large
oculi above twin lancets. The whole
cathedral is very closely related to
Chartres, with which it is almost
contemporary.
- A matching tower on the other side of the
façade was originally planned, but never
built.
7. CHARTRES CATHEDRAL, Chartres,
France (Completed 1220 – Gothic
version)
- Formally known as Cathédrale Notre-
Dame de Chartres.
- Rebuilt after a fire in 1194, incorporating
substantial remains of the previous church.
- The extensive crypt (9th-12th century) was
left intact, but slightly extended to support
the new choir above it. The western nave
.
bay, two west towers, and much of the
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west front, of early Gothic date (1135-60),
were also undamaged, and retained in the
present building.
- Chartres was designed as a pilgrimage
church, with broad aisles, doubled in the
choir, for easy circulating, and enormous
aisled transepts with triple portals and
porches to rival the west front.
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- The aisles are of equal height. All vaults
are quadripartite, that of the nave some
37m high. An arcade of alternately round &
octagonal cored ‘piliers cantonnes’ (pier
flanked by four attached shafts) supports a
band triforium and a clerestory with
windows reaching down below the vault
A
springing, and almost as tall as the arcade
itself.
- The windows are of plate tracery, with a
rosette set above twin lancets. Indeed,
Chartres was almost designed around its
windows. Vast rose windows decorate the
L.
west front and the two transept facades.
- The exterior, as originally designed, would
have had 7 towers, including a crossing
tower.
- Chartres itself had enormous influence,
providing a simplified but highly effective
design for a big, impressive cathedral,
such as Reims & Amiens
8. BOURGES CATHEDRAL, Bourges,
France (Groundbreaking 1195 ~
Completed 1230)
- Formally known as Cathédrale Saint-
Étienne de Bourges.
- The rebuilding of the Romanesque
Cathedral was begun by bishop Henri de
Sully around 1190, progressed from east
to west.
- Two Romanesque portals were retained
from previous church, one on the north,
the other on the south side of the nave.
- A large double-aisled crypt supports the
apse. This was necessary because the
ground falls away steeply to the east of
cathedral.
- The upper church is also double- aisled in
plan, with 5 small radiating chapels
opening off the outer ambulatory. The main
space is continuous, with no transepts, the
main elevation is of 3-storeys, with an
immensely high arcade, a triforium under
transverse arches, and a long clerestory
with plate- tracery windows crowned by a
sexpartite nave vault 38m.
- The aisle is of unequal height, and the
inner aisle is high enough to enjoy its own
3- storey elevation, which echoes that of
the nave.
- Both internal elevations are articulated by
a giant order which swells out beyond the
wall plane and runs uninterrupted from
base to vault. The upper levels are
supported by a double range of
double-span, steeply angled flying
buttresses.
9. REIMS CATHEDRAL, Reims, France
(Groundbreaking 1211 ~ Completed
1275)
- Also called Notre-Dame de Reims.
- Begun in 1211, and construction and
embellishment continued throughout most
of the 13th century. The building history is
complex, and still the subject of
controversy, but construction proceeded
from east to west, reaching the west front
around 1260.
- Derived from Chartres, but aisles of the
western arm are broadened for the eastern
arm (completed 1241) into a nave and
double aisles to include the transepts, thus
providing space for coronations.
- The deep radiating chapels have the
‘Remois’ passage derived from St. Remi at
Reims. The windows at all levels are
enormous.
- Bar tracery, where the windows are divided
by spokes, piers and arches of masonry,
rather than sections of wall, seems to have
been invented in the radiating chapels at
Reims, and was used throughout the
building.
- The west front and the north and south
transept facades are all dominated by
large rose windows, which also occupy the
portal tympana on the west front.
- The arcade piers have magnificent, often
naturalistic, foliage capitals, figure
sculpture extends the full height of the
west front, there are richly decorated
portals to both transept facades and the
west portals are covered with figure
sculpture.
10. AMIENS CATHEDRAL, Amiens, France
(13th Century)
- Formally called Basilique Cathédrale
Notre-Dame d'Amiens. The lack of
documentation concerning the construction
of the Gothic cathedral may be in part the
result of fires that destroyed the chapter
archives in 1218 and again in 1258—a fire
that damaged the cathedral itself.
- Bishop Evrard de Fouilly initiated work on
the cathedral in 1220.
.
- The names of all the Architects are known:
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● Robert de Luzarches - Architect
of nave
● Thomas de Cormont - Architect of
Choir
● Finished by Regnault (son of
Thomas)
- The upper parts of the west front, including
the two west towers and the Flamboyant
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west rose window, were not completed
until at least a century later than the main
volumes. At the same time, a series of
richly decorated chapels were added to the
south nave aisle.
- Amiens is very tall as vault is 42m high
with double aisles in the choir, aisled
A
transepts, and a ring of 7 radiating
chapels.
- The internal elevation throughout is on
3-levels, with a tall arcade of ‘piliers
cantonnes’, a triforium passage, and a vast
tracery clerestory. The quadripartite vaults
L.
are supported by a splendid range of flying
buttresses. The choir and nave arc are
structurally identical, and the change of
architect is apparent only in the
development of details, particularly tracery
forms
- In both architecture and sculpture, Amiens,
like Reims, belongs to the tradition
established at Chartres but tracery forms
are much more developed.
- Amiens having played an important role in
the evolution of Rayonnant style
11. BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL, Beauvais,
France (Groundbreaking 1225 ~ Never
completed, Works halted in 1600)
- Called as Cathedral of Saint Peter of
Beauvais. Work was begun in 1220, in
1225 under count-bishop Milo of Nanteuil,
received funding from his family.
- By 1240, only the ambulatory and chapels
were finished. In 1284, some of the newly
built choir vault collapsed, and the choir
was reconstructed and consolidated with
additional piers.
- The transepts were erected in the 16th
century, but in 1573, the 150m crossing
spire collapsed. The nave was never built.
And the gigantic east end is still attached
to the old 10th-century nave known as
“Basse Oeuvre”.
- The choir has double aisle of stepped
design, with a full elevation in the inner
aisle, and a ring of seven radiating
chapels.
- The main internal elevation is of 3 levels,
consisting of an arcade of enormous
‘piliers cantonnes’ and a glazed triforium
surmounted by immense traceried
windows.
- It was intended to be the grandest, and
was, in the end, the last of the great
French High Gothic Cathedrals.
12. LE MANS CATHEDRAL, Le Mans,
France (6th – 14th Century but
integration of Gothic style dated c.1120)
- Formally named Cathédrale St-Julien du
Mans.
- Nothing is known about the form of the
original church founded here by St Julian,
which was co-dedicated (as with many
early cathedrals) to the Virgin and to St
Peter.
- Although there is no archaeological
evidence for the building phases prior to
1080, the history of the bishopric and its
cathedral is extensively detailed in the 9th
century.
- But the building is unusual in that it bears
the imprint of 3 completely different
architects:
● The outer aisle and chapels are
the work of a Master trained in
the Aisne valley
● The inner aisle and the main
arcade are by a Norman master
who made lavish use of rich
moldings and foliate ornament
typical of the duchy.
● The clerestory, however, with its
great bar traceried windows, is by
a Paris-trained Rayonnant
master.
- A prehistoric menhir placed at the
southwest corner of the cathedral in 1778.
Notable Churches on Normandy, France
13. ABBEY CHURCH OF FÉCAMP,
(Groundbreaking 1168 ~ Completed
1278)
- Epitomizes this architectural style. A
handful of buildings, notably the nave of
Lisieux Cathedral, showed greater
awareness of contemporaries.
14. NAVE of ROUEN CATHEDRAL,
(Groundbreaking 1030 ~ Completed
1880 / Gothic feature Add. c.1200-1230)
- A church was already present at the
location in the late 4th century,
Construction on the current building began
in the 12th century in Early Gothic style for
Saint Romain's tower, front side porches
and part of the nave.
- The Nave, with its 3 beautiful towers,
.
varied the Fécamp type by adopting a
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4-level nave elevation, with unusual
Notable Churches on Western France
floorless tribunes.
- Some windows are still decorated with
stained glass of the 13th century, famous
because of a special cobalt blue color,
known as "the blue from Chartres".
- The Butter Tower was erected in the arly
16th century. The realization of the Butter
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Tower caused disturbances in the façade,
which caused the reconstruction of the
central portal and the west front, which
begun in 1509 and finished in 1530.
A
L.
Notable Churches on Burgundy, France
- 12TH century in Burgundy architectural
coherence is provided by the large number
of important Cistercian abbeys in the area.
Their character is elegant, but structurally
conservative and a small in volume, with
2-level elevations.
- Note: Order of CISTERCIANS, are a
Catholic religious order of monks and nuns
that branched off from the Benedictines
and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict.
15. AUXERRE CATHEDRAL,
(Groundbreaking 1168 ~ Completed
1278)
- Continues this awareness of French
developments, deriving its ‘Remois’
passage from Reims, and its 3-level
elevation with band triforium, great
traceried clerestory & double-span flying
buttresses from Chartres.
- A new openness produces an elegant
result and a new formula for the nave
reintroduced as a fashionable design of
2-level elevation such as:
● Lyon Cathedral (c.1230)
● Notre Dame at Dijon (c.1220)
● Semur-en-Auxoois (c.1230)
- Inherited from its Romanesque forbears an
emphasis on width rather than height, and
predilection for the hall church. such
example is:
● Poitiers Cathedral (c.1160-1200)
- the “nef unique” (nave
only) church.
● Angers Catehdral (c.1160-1220)
● The “nef unique” was also
favoured at both:
Toulouse & Bordeaux Cathedrals
- The outer walls tended to have windows
set rather high with wall passages running
inside them.
- In south, a tradition of small rectangular
chapels opening off the grand central
space along the length of building
developed
- The Romanesque traditions of square
bays and square quadripartite vaults
continued, particularly in Anjou, and
- Poitiers, and developed into domes, so-
called “Angevin Vault” with elegant and
multiple ribs, often supported on extremely
slender columns.
- Angevin or Plantagenet style is an
architectural building design of churches
and cathedrals during the 12th century,
characterized by cross-ribbed vaults and
extremely curved dome vaults which
resulted in the use of thick walls and piers.
It is also the start of the transition from the
Romanesque style to the Gothic style of
architecture -en.Wikipedia.org
16. POITIERS CATHEDRAL, Poitiers,
France (Groundbreaking 1162 ~
Completed 1165)
 - Formally named Cathédrale Saint-Pierre
de Poitiers.
- Construction began in 1162 by Henry II of
England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on the
ruins of a Roman basilica, built in the
Romanesque and Early Gothic styles, the
latter predominating.
- It was completed in about 1165, making it
one of the earliest stained-glass cathedral
windows in France.
17. LES JACOBINS CHURCH, Toulouse,
France (Groundbreaking 1230 ~
Completed 1278)
- It is a large brick building whose
construction started in 1230, and whose
architecture influenced the development of
the Gothique méridional (S. French Gothic)
style built entirely of pink Roman brick.
- Notable for the dignity, sobriety and
masculine quality of its foremost Buildings.
- Notable for clarity and simplicity of
elements
- Ornaments are coarse, vigorous and
reasonably restrained
Late Period (1715-1830 to 18th century)
- Particularly marked in Domestic planning
and interior decoration.
- Very many modest residences and town
“hotels” were erected.
- Room were planned for independent
approach rather than in sequence
- Double depth or deep squarish plans
become normal
- Internal corners of apartment were
sometimes rounded
- Except in church architecture, architecture

.
- The church was enlarged and embellished. became simpler and at the same time less

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Extended with the addition of a choir with classically pure
side chapels. Renaissance Architecture in FRANCE
- The height of the choir was increased, and 1. CHATEAU DE BLOIS
a vaulted roof constructed.
- In response to the technical difficulty
posed by creating a vaulted roof for the
new space, the builders installed one
oversized column in the center from which
2. CHATEAU DE BURY
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the ribs radiated outwards in all directions.
This feature has come to be known as Le
Palmier des Jacobins, the palm tree of the
Jacobins.
18. ALBI CATHEDRAL, France
(Groundbreaking 1230 ~ Completed
1278)
A
- An impressive fortress-like hall church built 3. CHATEAU DE CHAMBORD
in brick, 18m wide – the widest vaulted - design by an Italian architect
space in France. DOMENICO DA CORTONA is the most
- Has an apsidal east end with a series of famous in Loire district
flanking chapels separated by internal - DOMENICO DA CORTONA called
buttresses. "Boccador" a pupil of Giuliano da
L.

>RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN FRANCE

The Early Period (1494-1589 to 16th century)
- Combinations of Gothic and Renaissance
features
- French Renaissance adapted Gothic
features like flying buttresses and Sangallo
pinnacles 4. PALAIS DE FONTAINBLUE
- Principal building in France were castles
- French Renaissance was influenced by
traditional Gothic craftsmanship
- Salient features are picturesqueness and a
tendency to Gothic verticality
- Early buildings in France were principally
chateaux nobility
- Influence of Rome was naturally less
manifested in France 5. PALAIS DU LOUVRE, Paris
Classical Period (1589-1715 to 17th century)
 - Construction begins from time of Italian Renaissance.Largest church
Francis I to Napoleon III in the 19th
in the World.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
ARCHTS & BUILDERS OF ST. PETER
BASILICA
1. DONATO BRAMANTE
century Exhibits a complete history of the - designed the original plan (Greek
progressive stages of the French Cross plan with central dome) 1ST
Renaissance
Roman Ren. Arch't. Bramante's
6. PALAIS DU LUXEMBOURG, Paris
- was erected for Marie de’ Medici by
design in the form of an enormous
Solomon de Brosse, one of the century, Greek Cross, in 1506 with a dome
inspired by that of the huge circular
Roman temple called the
Pantheon. The mairi difference
between Bramante's design and

.
in bold and simple style with rusticated that of the Pantheon is that where

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garden façade the dome of the Pantheon is
7. CHATEAUX DE MAISONS, Paris supported by a continuous wall;
- Design by Francois Mansart one of the
that of the new basilica was to
supported only by four large piers.
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most pleasantly harmonious of all
chateaux
>RENAISSANCE ST. PETER
- birth place in Florence, Italy 15th
Century.
A
- "Rebirth" or "Revival" of the
Roman Classical Arts.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DIGNITY & FORMALITY
- shown through "symmetry ".
L.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE

STYLE
1. Reintroduction of the (5) Classical
Roman Orders of Architecture
Standardized by Renaissance
Architects: Palladio, Vignola,
Scamozzi & Chambers.
2. Use of the rusticated masonry. 2. RAPHAEL (Rafaello Sanzio)
3. Parapets are usually with - he designed the naves of the
balusters. church together with Guillano da
4. Dome on a drum. Sangallo, also proposed a Latin
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES Cross Plan, and internal
1. CHURCHES - ST. PETER arrangement of the three main
BASILICA-most important bldg. in apses.
3. Antonio Da Sangallo
- the younger brother altered the
plan of PERUZZI. And submitted a
plan w/c combines features Of
Peruzzi, Raphael and Bramante
7. GIACOMO BARROZI da
VIGNOLA
- added only side domes/cupolas.
- Climbing to the top of St Peter's
Basilica Dome is possible.

.
in its design and extends the

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building into a short nave with a
wide façade and portico of
dynamic projection.
4. MICHAELANGELO
BUONARROTTI
- presented a Greek Cross Plan &
.S
strengthened the piers of the dome
redesigned the surroundings.
- commenced the construction of the
Greek Dome. Michelangelo's plan,
extended with Maderna's nave and
façade.
A

- Michelangelo designed this dome,

which measures 135m (450 ft.)
L.

above the ground at its top and

stretches 42m (139 ft.) in diameter.

5. CARLO MADERNO
- lengthened the nave to form a
Latin Cross & added a gigantic
facade, also design the fountain
6. GIOVANNI LORENZO BERNINI
- design entrance Piazza w/ 284
lonic columns,
- Another contribution of Bernini was
the famous BALDACCHINO altar
made up of bronze
 >RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN
Architectural Character
during Spanish Renaissance Period
A. EARLY PERIOD or the Plateresque Style

.
(1492-1556)

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- Begins with the fall of Granada, notable
- Carlo Maderno later added the for the grafting of Renaissance details on
dome-top lantern the Gothic forms
8. GUILIANO da SANGALLO
- He strengthened and extended the
peristyle of Bramante into a series
of arched and ordered openings
.S
around the base.
9. BALDASSARE PERUZZI
- In 1520 Raphael also died, aged
37, and his successor Baldassare
Peruzzi maintained changes that
A
Raphael had proposed to the
internal arrangement of the three
main apses, but otherwise reverted
to the Greek Cross plan and other
features of Bramante.
L.

10. FRA GIOVANNI GIOCONDO

- was influenced by the Exuberant fancy of
- is an accomplished an architect,
Moorish art & extremely florid
engineer, antiquary, archaeologist, - Characteristics:
classical scholar, and Franciscan Outside: Renaissance Decorations
friar. Inside: Gothic Forms
11. GIACOMO della PORTA
- He subsequently altered
Michelangelo's design by adding of
lion's masks over the swags on the
drum in honor of Pope Sixtus and
adding a circlet of finials around
the spire at the top of the lantern,
as proposed by Sangallo.
12. DOMENICO FONTANA - Silver Smith like quality of style with Gothic
- completed the dome versions and decorative ornaments that
 are loosely related to the structure using
wrought iron and metal.

- sculpture style with a garlanded spiral

column, and fantastic decorations known
as the “Spanish Baroque”

B. Classical Period (1556-1650)

- marked by the closer adherence to Italian
Renaissance art.
- this period is greatly influenced by two
persons:
● Alonzo Berruguete
- a sculptors, also known

.
as the “ Spanish

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Donatello”

- Churrigueresque was developed in the late

17th century and continued to mid 18th
century due to a family of architects led by
Jose de Churriguera.
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A
D. Antiquarian Period
- Period where in architecture turned more
● Juan de Herrera and more towards ancient Classical
- notable architect who Models.
visited Flanders and Italy
to take a more classical
L.

and austere turn

C. Baroque Period or the Churrigueresque “I WISH YOU ALL GOOD LUCK”

Style (1650-1750) - LASY
- Characterized by the reaction from the
correct and frigid formalism observed by
Herrera and his followers. Renaissance
Architecture in SPAIN.