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Grade 11

Subject CHEMISTRY

Lesson Chapter -3 Chemical Calculation

Relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and formula mass based

Topic on the 12C scale
Week /
Date

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Relative atomic mass, Ar

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Relative atomic mass, Ar

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Define Relative atomic mass
• The relative atomic mass is the weighted average mass of naturally
occurring atoms of an element on a scale where an atom of
carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units.
Mathematical Definition of Relative atomic mass

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Calculation of relative atomic mass
Example
• Average mass of one atom of an element chlorine is 35.5. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of chlorine. (average mass is calculated using mass
spectrometer)
Answer

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 Relative isotopic mass
• Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons.

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 Relative molecular mass, Mr
➢This is for molecules or compounds which have no ions.(covalent
compounds)

▪ The relative molecular mass of a compound (Mr) is

▪ the relative mass of one molecule of the compound on a scale
where the carbon-12 isotope has a mass of exactly12 units.

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 Calculation of relative molecular mass, Mr
Class work :
• Calculate the relative molecular mass of ethanol
Answer
Formula C2H5OH
Ar of carbon = 2 x 12 = 24
Ar of hydrogen = 6 x 1 = 06
Ar of Oxygen = 1 x 16 = 16
= 46

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 Relative formula mass, Mr
➢For compounds containing ions we use the term relative formula
mass.
➢This is calculated in the same way as for relative molecular mass.
➢It is also given the same symbol,Mr

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 Calculation of Relative formula mass, M r

Example :1
• Calculate relative formula mass of sodium chloride
Formula NaCl (Na+ Cl-)
Ar of Na+ = 1 x 23 = 23.0
Ar of Cl- = 1 x 35.5 = 35.5
= 58.5

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 Calculation of Relative formula mass, M r

Example Question.1 b
• Calculate the relative formula mass of copper(II) sulfate crystals,
CuSO4.5H2O

Ar of Cu = 1 x 63.5 = 63.5
Ar of S = 1 x 32 = 32.0
Ar of O = 4 x 16 = 64.0
Ar of H2O = 5 x 18 = 90.0
= 249.5
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 Calculation of Relative formula mass, M r

Question 1
• calculate the relative formula masses of the following:
a. calcium chloride, CaCl2
ans 111.1

c. ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4

ans :132.1

d. magnesium nitrate-6-water, Mg(NO3)2.6H2O

ans :256.3
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 Determination of relative atomic masses, Ar , from mass spectra
• A mass spectrometer can be used to measure the mass of each
isotope present in an
element
• It also compares how
much of each isotope
is present
• it helps to calculate
average mass of one
atom of an element
and Ar

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 Determination of relative atomic masses, Ar , from mass spectra
To calculate relative atomic mass;
• Multiply each isotopic mass by its
percentage abundance
• Add the figures together
• Divide by 100
• We get average mass of atom
• Ar will be calculated from
average mass

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 Determination of relative atomic masses, Ar , from mass spectra

• Calculate Ar of Neon using mass spectrum

• Average mass

• Ar =

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The fragmentation of propanone

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 Mass spectrometry
The fragmentation of propanone
• The peak at the highest mass-to-
charge ratio is caused by the
molecular ion (M+).
• This ion is formed by the sample
molecule with one electron knocked
out.
• In the case of propanone,
CH3COCH3, the molecular ion has a
relative mass of 58.0.
• This corresponds to CH3COCH3+,
with a mass of (3 × 12.0) + (1 × 16.0)
+ (6 × 1.0).
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 High-resolution mass spectra
• High-resolution mass spectrometers can distinguish between ions
that appear to have the same mass on a low resolution mass
spectrum
• For example, a molecular ion peak at 45 could be caused by C2H7N
or CH3NO.
• However, a high-resolution mass spectrum would show the C2H7N+
peak at 45.057 846 and the CH3NO+ peak at 45.021 462

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 High-resolution mass spectra
Using the [M + 1] peak
• a very small peak just beyond the molecular ion peak at a mass of [M + 1].
• This is caused by molecules in which one of the carbon atoms is the 13C
isotope.

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 High-resolution mass spectra
Using the [M + 1] peak
• In any organic compound there will be 1.10% carbon-13.
• We can use this fact to work out the number of carbon atoms (n) in
a molecule.
• We apply the equation

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 High-resolution mass spectra
Using the [M + 1] peak
Example

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High-resolution mass spectra

Using [M + 2] and [M + 4] peaks

• If the sample compound contains chlorine or bromine atoms, we also get
peaks beyond the molecular ion peak
• because of isotopes of chlorine and bromine.
• Chlorine has two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl, as does bromine, 79Br and 81Br

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 High-resolution mass spectra
[M + 2] peaks in CH3Cl
• CH3Cl will have molecules of CH3 35Cl (75%) and molecules of CH3
37Cl (25%).
• The molecular ion will be CH3 35Cl+, and two units beyond that on
the mass spectrum will be the peak for CH3 37Cl+.
• The peak for CH3 37Cl+ will be one-third the height of the molecular
ion.
• This is the [M + 2] peak

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High-resolution mass spectra
[M + 2] peaks in CH3Cl

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 High-resolution mass spectra
[M + 4] peaks in CH2Cl2
• Considering dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, we have

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The mole and the Avogadro constant

• Avogadro constant:
• number of constituent particles in one mole of any substance, equal to 6
× 10 23

• Ar of iron is 56, so one mole of iron is 56g.

( Ar in gram is called mole)

• There fore 56g of iron contains 6 × 10 23 atoms.

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 Mole
Definition
An amount of substance containing 6 × 10 23 particle is called
Mole.
Example
• Ar of iron is 56, so one mole of iron is 56g. ( Ar in gram is called
mole)
• There fore 56g of iron contains 6 × 10 23 atoms.

• 1 mole = Avogadro constant = 6 × 10 23

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Mass and moles

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Calculation of moles
Example:
• How many moles of sodium chloride are present in 117.0 g of sodium
chloride, NaCl? (Ar values: Na = 23.0, Cl = 35.5)

molar mass of NaCl = 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5 g mol–1

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 Calculation of moles
Class work : 1.5
• Use these Ar value (S = 32.1) to calculate the amount of substance in
moles of 10.7 g of sulfur atoms.

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 Number of atoms from mole
No of atoms = no of moles x Avogadro constant
Class work : 1.6
• Use the value of the Avogadro constant to calculate the total number of
atoms in 7.10 g of chlorine atoms. (Ar value: Cl = 35.5)

• No of atoms = no of moles x Avogadro constant

=

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 Calculation of mass from moles
Example:
• Calculate the mass of 0.20 moles of
carbon dioxide, CO2

= 0.2 x 44
= 8.8g

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 Calculation of mass from moles
Class work :
• Calculate the mass of 0.050 moles of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

= 0.050 x 106
= 5.3g

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 Moles and chemical equations
•

100 g 44g

10 ?

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 3.5 Reacting masses
Example:
Magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
calculate the mass of oxygen needed to react with 1 mole of magnesium.

24.3 ?

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 Reacting masses:
Question 8
a. Sodium reacts with excess oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na2O2.
2Na + O2 → Na2O2
Calculate the maximum mass of sodium peroxide formed when 4.60 g of
sodium is burnt in excess oxygen.

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Stoichiometry of a reaction

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 Stoichiometry of a reaction
Question. 9
• 56.2 g of silicon, Si, reacts exactly with 284.0 g of chlorine, Cl2, to form
340.2 g of silicon(IV) chloride, SiCl4. Use this information to calculate the
stoichiometry of the reaction. (Ar values: Cl = 35.5, Si = 28.1)

• Si + Cl2 → SiCl4

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Significant figures

When you are writing an answer to a calculation, the

answer should be to the same number of significant figures as the
least number of significant figures in the data.

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 Significant figures
Rules

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 Percentage composition by mass

➢Q.8 Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in iron(III) oxide

➢ Formula - Fe2O3.

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 Percentage composition by mass
Question . 10

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54 (2x27) 267

18 X (89)

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 Empirical formulae and Molecular Formula

• The Empirical formula of a compound is the simplest whole

number ratio of the elements present in one molecule or
formula unit of the compound.

• The molecular formula of a compound shows the total number

of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

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 Empirical formulae and Molecular Formula
Points to remember
• The formula for an ionic compound is always its empirical
formula
• The empirical formula and molecular formula for simple
inorganic molecules are often the same.
• Organic molecules often have different empirical and molecular
formulae.

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Empirical formulae and Molecular Formula

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 Empirical formulae
Class work :1.11

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 Empirical formulae
• A compound of carbon and hydrogen contains 85.7% carbon and 14.3%
hydrogen by mass. Deduce the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.

Elements C H
Percentage by mass 87.5 14.3

Ar value 12 1
Number of moles 87/12 14.3/1
( m/Ar) = 7.142 = 14.3
Simple ratio 7 .142/7.142 14.3/7.142
(No of moles/least value) =1 =2
Empirical formula C H2
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How to deduce the formula ?
Example: 2
• Deduce the formula of magnesium oxide.
1. burn a known mass of magnesium (0.486 g) in excess oxygen

2. record the mass of magnesium oxide formed (0.806 g)

3. calculate the mass of oxygen that has combined with the

magnesium (0.806 – 0.486 g) = 0.320 g

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How to deduce the formula ?
4. calculate the empirical formula

0.486 (0.806 – 0.486 ) = 0.320

24 16

0.486/24 = 0.02 0.320/16 = 0.02

0.02/0.02 = 1 0.02/0.02 = 1

MgO
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 Empirical formula Calculation
Class Work : 1.12
• When 1.55 g of phosphorus is completely combusted 3.55 g of an oxide
of phosphorus is produced. Deduce the empirical formula of this oxide of
phosphorus. (Ar values: O = 16.0, P = 31.0)

1.55 3.55 – 1.55 = 2.00 g

31.5 16

1.55/31.5 = 0.05 2.00/16 = 0.125

0 .05/0.05 = 1 0.125/0.05 = 2.5

P2O5
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Molecular Formula

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Molecular Formula Calculation

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Molecular Formula

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3.6 Chemical formulae and chemical equations

➢The formula of an ionic compound is determined by the

charges on each of the ions present.

➢The number of positive charges is balanced by the number of

negative charges so that the total charge on the compound is
zero

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The charge on some simple ions position in the Periodic Table

The charge on the ions of transition elements can vary. For example, iron
forms two types of ions, Fe2+ and Fe3+

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 Chemical formulae and chemical equations
1. Deduce the formula of magnesium chloride. Ions present: Mg2+ and Cl–

MgCl2

2. Deduce the formula of aluminium oxide. Ions present: Al3+ and O2–.

Al2O3

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Compound ions
➢Ions that contain more than one type of atom are called compound ions.

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Formula of Compounds

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Class work : 1.15
• Write balanced equation for,
Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride, FeCl2, and
hydrogen.

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 Using state symbols
• it useful to specify the physical states of the reactants and products in a
chemical reaction.

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Using state symbols
Class work: 1.16
• Write balanced equations, including state symbols, for the following
reaction.
a. Solid calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form
water, carbon dioxide and an aqueous solution of calcium chloride.

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Balancing ionic equations
Example:
• Write the ionic equation for the reaction of solid magnesium with
aqueous HCl.
Step 1: Write down the full balanced equation

Step 2: Write down all the ions present.

.

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Balancing ionic equations
Step 3: Cancel the ions that appear on both sides of the equation (the
spectator ions).

Step 4: Write down the equation omitting the spectator ions.

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Balancing ionic equations:
Class work: 1.17

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 Solution and concentration
Calculating the concentration of solution
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in fixed
amount of solvent (1 dm3)

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 Calculating the concentration of solution
Class work: 1.18
• Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of a solution of sodium
hydroxide, NaOH, containing 2.0 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 cm3 of
solution

• Number of moles = = 0.05 moles

• Volume = 50/1000 = 0.05 dm3

• Concentration = 0.05/0.05 = 1.0 mol dm–3

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Calculating the moles of solution
Class work: 1.19
• Calculate the number of moles of solute dissolved in 40 cm3 of aqueous
nitric acid of concentration 0.2 mol dm–3
Answer

n=cxv
=

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 Calculating solution concentration by titration

Example:
• 25.0 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide is exactly neutralised by
15.10 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.200 mol dm–3.

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sodium hydroxide

solution.

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 Calculating solution concentration by titration
C lass work: 1.19 Answer
Given
V NaOH = 25.0 cm3 = 0.025 dm3
NaOH
V H2SO4 = 15.10 cm3 = 0.01510 dm3
C H2SO4 = 0.200 mol dm–3
number of moles of NaOH = 0.00302 x 2 = 0.00604 mole
C NaOH = ?
n H2SO4 = c x v concentration of NaOH = 0.00604 / 0.025
= 0.200 x 0.01510 = 0.00302 mole = 0.242 mol dm–3
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2 1
x 0.00302
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 Calculating solution concentration by titration
Class work: 1.20
• The equation for the reaction of strontium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid is
shown below.
Sr(OH)2 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + 2H2O
25.0 cm3 of a solution of strontium hydroxide was exactly neutralised by
15.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the strontium hydroxide
solution.

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 Calculating solution concentration by titration
C lass work: 1.20 Answer
Given
V Sr(OH)2 = 25.0 cm3 = 0.025 dm3
V HCl = 15.0 cm3 = 0.015 dm3 Sr(OH)2

C HCl = 0.100 mol dm–3

C Sr(OH)2 = ? number of moles of Sr(OH)2 = 0.0015/2 = 0.00075 mole

n(HCl) = c x v concentration of Sr(OH)2 = 0.00075/ 0.025

= 0.100 x 0.015 = 0.0015 mole = 0.03 mol dm–3
Sr(OH)2 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + 2H2O
1 2
x 0.0015
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 Deducing stoichiometry by titration
• 25.0 cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution of a metal hydroxide was titrated
against a solution of 0.200 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid. It required 12.50
cm3 of hydrochloric acid to exactly neutralise the metal hydroxide. Deduce
the stoichiometry of this reaction
Answer
Step 1 : Calculate the number of moles of each reagent.
• moles of metal hydroxide = C x V

• moles of hydrochloric acid

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Step 2 : Deduce the simplest mole ratio of metal hydroxide to hydrochloric acid.
1.25 × 10–3 moles of hydroxide : 2.50 × 10–3 moles of acid
1 hydroxide : 2 acid

Step 3: Write the equation.

M(OH)2 + 2HCl MCl2 + 2H2O

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 Deducing stoichiometry by titration
Class Work: 1.21
• 20.0 cm3 of a metal hydroxide of concentration 0.0600 mol dm–3 was titrated with 0.100 moldm–3 hydrochloric
acid. It required 24.00 cm3 of the hydrochloric acid to exactly neutralise the metal hydroxide.
a. Calculate the number of moles of metal hydroxide used.

b. Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used

c. What is the simplest mole ratio of metal hydroxide to hydrochloric acid?

d. Write a balanced equation for this reaction using your answers to parts a, b and c to help you. Use the symbol M
for the metal.

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Class work: 1.22
• Calculate the volume, in dm3, occupied by 26.4 g of carbon dioxide at
r.t.p.

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 Limiting agent and Excess reactant:
• The reactant which reacts completely in the reaction is
called limiting reactant or limiting reagent.
• The reactant which is not consumed completely in the
reaction is called excess reactant

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