MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC FED

INDUCTION MOTOR FOR WATER PUMPING APPLICATION

USING PERTURB AND OBSERVER MPPT ALGORITHM

An Interim Project Report

Submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By
H. SRI NAGA JYOTHI [B20EE018]
R. JAHNAVI [B20EE017]
MD. NISHATH [B20EE052]
B. KRANTHI KUMAR [B20EE054]

Under the Guidance of

Sri M. NARASIMHA RAO
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE - WARANGAL
(An AUTONOMOUS Institute under Kakatiya University - Warangal)
(2023- 2024)
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE - WARANGAL
(An AUTONOMOUS Institute under Kakatiya University - Warangal)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of the Interim Project work
entitled“MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC FED
INDUCTION MOTOR FOR WATER PUMPING APPLICATION USING
PERTURB AND OBSERVER MPPT ALGORITHM” carried out by H. SRI NAGA
JYOTHI (B20EE018), R. JAHNAVI (B20EE017), MD. NISHATH (B20EE052), B.
KRANTHI KUMAR (B20EE054) students of IV/IV B.Tech. Electrical & Electronics
Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
of Kakatiya University.

Sri M. NARASIMHA RAO Dr. G. RAJENDAR

Associate Professor., EEE Dept. Associate Professor &
HOD, EEE Dept.
 ABSTRACT

The overview on analysis and control of output from the Photovoltaic module using Maximum
Power Point Tracking is presented in this report. This project work focuses on the photovoltaic fed
water pumping using Induction motor with a model developed in MATLAB Simulink. It consists of
solar panels, a semiconductor device which is used to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity.
Efficiency of solar cell is less; it only converts 30-40% of energy incident on it to electrical energy.
Efficiency of solar cell increased by a technique called maximum power point tracking, by installing
this technique we can get additional 20-30% of extra energy. Maximum power point tracking is used
to maximize the output power from photovoltaic model. There are many types of MPPT methods
and in this project, we are using perturb and observer method because of its advantages such as low
cost, less losses, accurate results. And we use 3 phase Squirrel Cage Induction motor robust
construction, good speed regulation and high power factor. Photovoltaic array is used to run an
induction motor that drives the centrifugal pump. Induction motor is placed with pumping system.
To increase the dynamic performance of induction motor we use v/f control method. The main
advantage of v/f method is that it improves both static as well as dynamic characteristics of a
machine. Air gap flux is directly proportional to v/f. Inorder to vary the speed of induction motor if
we maintain voltage constant, if frequency is increased the flux will decrease which leads to
improper operation of the motor. If the voltage is increased by keeping the frequency constant, the
flux will increase which leads to saturation of the motor.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract i
Table of Contents ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iv
CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER NAME
NO. NO.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Solar cell 1
1.3 MPPT 2
1.3.1 Fixed voltage 2
1.3.2 Fractional open circuit method 2
1.3.3 Perturb and Observer technique(P&O) 3
1.3.4 Incremental Conductance(INC) 3
1.4 Inverters 3
1.4.1 Diode clamped or neutral point clamped type 3
1.4.2 Flying capacitors 3
1.4.3 Cascaded or H-bridge type 4
1.5 Induction motor and v/f method 4
1.6 Overall System Description 5
2 Literature survey and review 6
3 MPPT P&O method 9
3.1 P&O method 9
3.2 Algorithm of P&O method 10
4 Mathematical modelling of solar photovoltaic array and 12
MPPT algorithm
4.1 Mathematical modelling of photovoltaic module 12

4.2 Mathematical modelling of P&O MPPT algorithm 13

5 Simulation results 14
5.1 Simulink of PV array with P&O MPPT 14
5.2 Parameters 14
5.3 Results of simulink model 14
5.4 Comments 15
6 References 16

ii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE
TABLE NAME PAGE NO
NO
5.2. Parameters 14

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
NO.
1.1.1 Block diagram of MPPT technique 1
1.2.1 Solar energy cell diagram 2
1.4.3.1 Cascaded or H-bridge 4
1.5.1 Torque produced by the induction motor 5
3.1.1 P-V characteristics of P&O MPPT method 9
I-V characteristics of P&O MPPT method
3.1.2 10

Flowchart of P&O algorithm

3.2.1 11

Equivalent circuit of PV cell

4.1.1 12

4.2.1 Double diode equivalent circuit of PV cell 13

5.1.1 Simulink of PV array with P&O MPPT 14

iv
 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER- I

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Introduction

Solar technology has been widely accessible on the global market for the last
several years. It makes it possible to produce electricity without using fossil fuels. Solar-
generated electricity, though, is not without its losses. Losses may result from inclement
weather, such as overcast or wet days, drops in sunlight, shifting temperatures, etc. It may
perhaps even be the result of the MPPT power regulation technique. In spite of weather
restrictions and how they affect solar modules, maximum power point tracking is
currently used in the majority of solar circuits designs in order to maximize power
generation. For MPPT, numerous algorithmic techniques can be used. The most often
used techniques are perturb and observe (P&O). The Generalized block diagram of MPPT
Technique is shown in fig 1.1.

Fig 1.1.1 Block diagram of MPPT Technique

1.2.Solar cell
A solar cell converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. Efficiency of solar
cell is less, it only converts 30-40% of energy incident on it to electrical energy. We
use solar energy because of its advantages such as pollution free, maintenance free,
silent operation and long-life time.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

Fig 1.2.1 Solar energy cell diagram

1.3.MPPT: It is an electronic system that operates the photovoltaic modules in a manner to

extract the maximum power from the system. There are different types of MPPT methods are
shown below:

1.3.1.Fixed Voltage: It works by comparing the current voltage level to a set limit
and then either increasing or decreasing depending on the results of that comparison.
This ensures power is extracted at as high as rate possible so that you get maximum efficiency
from your system.

1.3.2.Fractional Open Circuit method: The fractional open circuit voltage method is
a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to
optimize the power output of the PV panels. It is a simple and widely used method that
estimates the maximum power point (MPP) based on the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the PV
panels. The main disadvantage of this method is that the PV array is disconnected from the load
after regular intervals for the sampling of the array voltage. This results in power loss.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

1.3.3.Perturb and Observe technique (P&O): The concept behind the P&O
method is to modify the operating voltage or current of the PV panel until you
obtain maximum power from it. The tracker operated by periodically incrementing
or decrementing the solar array voltage. Perturb and observe algorithm includes a
perturbation in the voltage and observing the power yield. By this technique,
voltage incrementing cause the power to increase if the operation is on the left side
of the MPP, and decreasing the power when it is on the right side of the MPP.

Merits: It has simple structure, Low cost, Easy to implement, Reduced

number of parameters and Accurate results.

1.3.4.Incremental Conductance (INC): This Incremental conductance method

can produce oscillations near maximum power point and requires more
computation. One disadvantage of this algorithm is the increased complexity when
compared to perturb and observe as it requires two sensors Viz. Current and
Voltage whereas P & O method requires just one voltage sensor.

1.4.Inverters: It’s a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which is what a
solar panel generates, to alternating current (AC) electricity, which the electrical grid uses.
There are different types of inverters are shown below:

1.4.1.Diode clamped or Neutral-Point Clamped type: This inverter uses diodes

and provides the multiple voltage levels through the different phases to the capacitor
banks which are in series. A diode transfers a limited amount of voltage, thereby
reducing the stress on other electrical devices. The maximum output voltage is half of
the input DC voltage.

1.4.2.Flying capacitors type: The main concept of this inverter is to use

capacitors. It is of series connection of capacitor clamped switching cells. In this inverter
switching states are like in the diode clamped inverter. Clamping diodes are not required
in this type of multilevel inverters.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

1.4.3.Cascaded or H-bridge type: Multilevel cascade inverters are used to

eliminate the bulky transformer required in case of conventional multi-phase inverters,
clamping diodes required in case of diode clamped inverters and flying capacitors required
in case of flying capacitor inverters. But these require large number of isolated voltages to
supply each cell. The combination of capacitors and switches pair is called an H- bridge
and gives the separate input DC voltage for each H- bridge.

Fig. 1.4.3.1. Cascaded or H-Bridge type

1.5.Induction motor and v/f method: As the 3 phase induction motor is widely used in industries
because of robust construction, good speed regulation and high power factor. Here, the speed control
of induction motor is controlled by v/f control technique. The advantage of taking v/f technique is that
it improves both static as well as dynamic characteristics of a machine. With this, the reduction in
speed of about 25% can be improved and the energy saving is upto 50% in centrifugal pump. The
base speed is directly proportional to the supply frequency and number of poles .since number of
poles in a machine is fixed, the best thing to control the sped of induction motor is to vary the supply
frequency. The torque developed is directly proportional to the voltage applied and the supply
frequency. The torque is maintained constant by changing the applied voltage and supply frequency.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

Fig.1.5.1. Torque produced by the induction motor

1.6.Overall System Description: Water pumping system is one of the most important application of
PV systems in rural areas. To increase the efficiency of this system, it should start with the
photovoltaic cell selection. Optimum mounting angle and the proper use of maximum power point
tracking where necessary where to capture more sun light efficiently and effectively. It also needs
efficient PV inverter system with efficient MPP tracking features.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER –II

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Elgendy,M.A., Zahawi B., Atkinson , D.J. "Assessment of perturb and observe MPPT
algorithm implementation techniques for PV pumping Application", IEEE Transactions on
sustainable energy, vol. 3 , issue 1, pp.21333 Jan 2012 .
2. Subudhi, B. pradhan, R. " A Comparative study on Maximum Power Tracking
Techniques for photovoltaic power system". IEEE Transaction on sustainable
energy, vol PP, issue 99. 1-10.
3. Sayal, A., " MPPT techniques for photovoltaic system under uniform insolation
and partial shading conditions," IEEE 2012 students conference on Engineering and
systems (SCES), March 2012.
4. Catelani, M, Ciani L, Cristaldi L; Faifer M; Lazzaroni, M;Rossi ,M;
Characterization of Photovoltaic panels. The effects of dust, Energy Conference and
(Exhibition), 2012 IEEE international; 2012; vol, no., pp 1-4: 27-29.
5. king, dL More "efficient " methods for specifying and monitoring PV system peformance.
Photovoltaic specialists Conference (PVSC), 2011 37th IEEE; 2011; vol, no pp.000219-
000224: 19-24.
6. Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K,Voulgaris NC, Development of a microcontroller
based, photovoltaic, maximum power point tracking control system , IEEE
Transaction on power electronics 2001, 16(1):p. 46-54
7. S.R Bhat, A Pittet and B.S Sonde, performance optimization of induction motor
pump system using photovoltaic energy source, IEEE Trans 1A-23, 995 - 1000
(1987)
8. J.R Pottebaum, optimal characteristics of a variable - frequency centrifugal pump
motor drive, IEEE Trans 1A-20, 23-31(1984)
9. Esram T, Chapman PI, Comparision of photovoltaic array maximum power point
tracking techniques, IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2006, 22(@): 439-49
10. Femia N, Petrone G, spagnuolo G,Vitelli M optimizing of perturb and observe
maximum power point tracking , IEEE Trans power Electron 2005 ;20(4):963-73

Dept. of EEE, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Page 6

 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Paper 1 Title: Assessment of perturb and observe MPPT algorithm implementation

techniques for PV pumping Application

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and experimental evaluation of the reference
voltage perturbation and direct duty ratio perturbation techniques for implementing the P&O
MPPT algorithm. The effects of the perturbation rate and step size on system behavior were
examined, the criteria for the choice of these parameters presented, and the energy utilization
calculated at slow and rapidly changing weather conditions using a 1080-Wp experimental
setup.

Paper 2 Title: A Comparative study on Maximum Power Tracking Techniques for

photovoltaic power system

This review article provides a classification of available MPPT techniques based on the number
of control variables involved, types of control strategies, circuitry, and cost of applications,
which is possibly useful for selecting an MPPT technique for a particular application. It also
gives an idea about grid-tied or standalone mode of operations and types of preferable
converters for each MPPT technique. This review has included many recent hybrid MPPT
techniques along with their benefits. Further, the review has also included MPPT techniques
meant for mismatched conditions such as partial shedding, non uniformity of PV panel
temperatures, dust effects, damages of panel glass, etc..

Paper 3 Title: MPPT techniques for photovoltaic system under uniform insolation and
partial shading conditions

The purpose of the MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to the MPP under
changing atmospheric conditions. In this paper, mathematical model is proposed to simulate
the PV array in Matlab environment for evaluation of the algorithms performances under
randomly varying atmospheric conditions. Total 8 MPPT techniques taken from the literature
are discussed and analyzed with their merits and demerits. Also, 4 new techniques are
proposed. The proposed methods are more efficient than existing ones and have been verified
from simulation results. Conventional methods are easy to implement but they suffer from
oscillations at MPP and tracking speed is less due to fixed perturb step. Intelligent methods are
efficient, oscillations are lesser at MPP in steady state and tracked quickly in comparison to
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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

conventional methods. The proposed methods for partial shading are fool proof under different
operating conditions.
Paper 4 Title: Comparision of photovoltaic array maximum power point tracking techniques
Several MPPT techniques taken from the literature are discussed and analyzed herein, with their
pros and cons. It is shown that there are several other MPPT techniques than those commonly
included in literature reviews. The concluding discussion and table should serve as a useful guide in
choosing the right MPPT method for specific PV systems.

Paper 5 Title: Optimizing of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking
In this paper a theoretical analysis allowing the optimal choice of the two main parameters
characterizing the P&O algorithm has been carried out. The idea underlying the proposed
optimization approach lies in the customization of the P&O MPPT parameters to the dynamic
behavior of the whole system composed by the specific converter and PV array adopted. The results
obtained by means of such approach clearly show that in the design of efficient MPPT regulators
the easiness and flexibility of P&O MPPT control technique can be exploited by optimizing it
according to the specific system’s dynamic

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER –III

MPPT P & O METHOD

3.1. P & O METHOD

Because of its simplicity and ease of implementation, the perturb and observe
(P&O) algorithm is the most commonly applied maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
control scheme in photovoltaic (PV) applications. Two techniques are usually used for
implementing the P&O algorithm: reference voltage perturbation where a reference value
for the PV generator output voltage is used as the control parameter and direct duty ratio
perturbation where the duty ratio of the MPPT converter is used directly as the
control parameter.

Fig 3.1.1 P-V Characteristics of P&O MPPT Method

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

Fig 3.1.2. I-V Characteristics of P&O MPPT Method

3.2.Algorithm of P&O method

The P&O algorithm continuously perturbs the operating point of the system causing the PV
array output voltage to fluctuate around the MPP voltage even if the solar irradiance and the cell
temperature are constant. Consequently, similar current and power fluctuations occur. These
usually fluctuate between three levels provided that the perturbation frequency is low enough so
that the system can reach a steady state before the next perturbation.
If the power change is positive and the voltage change is positive which implies that the
optimal point is right of the operating point. Then the reference voltage is adjusted to coincide
with the optimum point. If the power change is negative and the voltage change is positive which
implies that the optimal point is left of the operating point.
In this case, the reference voltage is adjusted to the optimum point. Once the reference
voltage that corresponds to the optimal point is found, the control unit regulates the PV voltage
by adjusting the duty cycle. This process is repeated continuously according to temperature or
radiation change which has repercussions on the position of the MPP. When the MPPT algorithm
finds the optimal point, it oscillates around it. To minimize these oscillations, it is necessary to
use a variable step size to adjust the voltage reference.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

Fig 3.2.1. Flowchart of P&O algorithm

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER –IV

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY AND

MPPT ALGORITHUM.

4.1. Mathematical Model Of Photovoltaic Module

Photovoltaic module consists of photovoltaic cells that are connected in parallel. This cell
basically is a p-n junction that is fabricated in thin film semiconductor such as silicon that
enables to converts the light energy into electricity. As the cell exposed to light energy, the
photon that hits the cells will be absorbed by semiconducting material as the electron will be
flow and creating electricity. An ideal PV cell is modeled as single diode circuit as shown in
figure 4.1.1

Fig 4.1.1. Equivalent circuit of PV cell

The current Iph represents the photocurrent of the cell. Io represents the PV saturation current
and while Rsh and Rs both are intrinsic shut and series resistances of the cell respectively. Both
value of Rsh and Rs are always neglected in order to simplify the analysis due to the value of
Rsh is very large and Rs is very small. To have high value of voltage and current, PV cells are
connected together to form a module that are usually covered in glass and framed together.
Then, when the modules are connected parallelseries configurations, they form a PV array.
Equations (1) – (4) below shows the mathematical model of PV panel.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

For PV photocurrent, Iph

𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑟 + 𝐾𝑖 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 )] ∗ 𝑆/1000 (1)
For PV reverse saturation, Irs
𝐼𝑟𝑠 = 𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑟/[exp ( 𝑞𝑉𝑜𝑐/𝑁𝑠𝑘𝐴𝑇 ) − 1] (2)
For PV saturation current, Is
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑠 [ 𝑇/𝑇𝑟 ]3 exp[𝑞𝐸𝑔/𝐴𝑘( 1/𝑇𝑟 – 1/𝑇 ]) (3)
For PV output current, Ipv
𝐼𝑝𝑣 = 𝑁𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝑝ℎ [exp {𝑞∗𝑉𝑝𝑣+𝐼𝑝𝑣𝑅𝑠/𝑁𝑠𝑘𝐴𝑇 } − 1] (4)
Where Vpv=Voc=37.191V, Np=1 and Ns=60
4.2.Mathematical Model Of P&O MPPT Algorithm
The current source, or insolation, in both equivalent circuit diagrams is represented by the photovoltaic
current Iph. The PV cell current Ipv, for both models, is given by equations 2 and 3.

Fig 4.2.1. Double diode equivalent circuit of a PV cell

For the situation corresponding to the maximum power point (MPP), the current and voltage are
respectively Impp and Vmpp. Accordingly, and based on equation (2), the following equation
can be deduced:

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER –V

SIMULATION RESULTS

5.1.Simulink of PV Array With P&O MPPT

Fig 5.1.1. Simulink of PV Array with P&O MPPT

5.2.Parameters

PARMETERS RATED VALUES

Type SUNPOWER SPR-415J-WHT-D

Rated power 213W

Open circuit voltage Voc(V) 36.3

Short circuit current Isc(A) 7.84

Voltage at maximum power point 29

Vmp(V)

Current at maximum power point 7.35

Imp(A)

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

5.3.Results of Simulink model

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

5.4.Comments :

 Under constant irradiance which is at 1000 W/m2 and temperature at 25 °C we have simulated

the I-V and P-V characteristics of solar photovoltaic using P&O MPPT method.

 The PV module is modelled to provide output current and output voltage.

 As the irradiance increases,the output power is also increased.

 The P&O algorithm continuously perturbs the operating point of the system causing the PV

array terminal voltage to fluctuate around the MPP voltage even if the solar irradiance and the

cell temperature are constants. Consequently, similar current and power fluctuations occur.

 These usually fluctuate between three levels provided that the perturbation frequency is low

enough so that the system can reach a steady state before the next perturbation.

 As voltage increases,power also increases until it reaches the maximum power point.In

P&O,perturb operates in forward direction.When it reaches the maximum point the voltage

increases and power decreases.inorder to maintain constant power the perturb operates in

reverse direction to reach the maximum power point.

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 Modelling and Simulation of solar photovoltaic fed induction motor for water pumping applications using P&O MPPT algorithm

CHAPTER-VI

REFERENCES
1. Elgendy,M.A., Zahawi B., Atkinson , D.J. "Assessment of perturb and observe MPPT
algorithm implementation techniques for PV pumping Application", IEEE Transactions on
sustainable energy, vol. 3 , issue 1, pp.21333 Jan 2012 .
2. Subudhi, B. pradhan, R. " A Comparative study on Maximum Power Tracking
Techniques for photovoltaic power system". IEEE Transaction on sustainable
energy, vol PP, issue 99. 1-10.
3. Sayal, A., " MPPT techniqus for photovoltaic system under uniform insolation and
partial shading conditions," IEEE 2012 students conference on Engineering and
systems (SCES), March 2012.
4. Catelani, M, Ciani L, Cristaldi L; Faifer M; Lazzaroni, M;Rossi ,M; Characterization
of Photovoltaic panels. The effects of dust, Energy Conference and (Exhibition),
2012 IEEE international; 2012; vol, no., pp 1-4: 27-29.
5. king, dL More "efficient " methods for specifying and monitoring PV system peformance.
Photovoltaic specialists Conference (PVSC), 2011 37th IEEE; 2011; vol, no pp.000219-
000224: 19-24.
6. Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K,Voulgaris NC, Development of a microcontroller based,
photovoltaic, maximum power point tracking control system , IEEE Transaction on
power electronics 2001, 16(1):p. 46-54
7. S.R Bhat, A Pittet and B.S Sonde, performance optimization of induction motor
pump system using photovoltaic energy source, IEEE Trans 1A-23, 995 - 1000
(1987)
8. J.R Pottebaum, optimal characteristics of a variable - frequency centrifugal pump
motor drive, IEEE Trans 1A-20, 23-31(1984)
9. Esram T, Chapman PI, Comparision of photovoltaic array maximum power point
tracking techniques, IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2006, 22(@): 439-49
10. Femia N, Petrone G, spagnuolo G,Vitelli M optimizing of perturb and observe
maximum power point tracking , IEEE Trans power Electron 2005 ;20(4):963-73

Dept. of EEE, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science Page 16