Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Complete Criminology
Complete Criminology
Course Instructor:
Muhammad Usman Arif
CSS 2020 (18th position DMG)
CSS 2018, PMS 2020, PMS 2018 (Qualifier)
▪ Introduction
▪ Syllabus
▪ Criminology
▪ Social Deviance
▪ Social Control
⚫ Recommended books:
• 2020
• 2018
• 2017
•According to Sutherland
1. Sociology of law
2. Criminal Enology
3. Penology
• The true effect of criminology upon practices in the criminal justice system is still
subject to question. Why?
• Some commentators are in favor, some are against.
• Case Study:
• In Mc Cleskey v. Kemp (1987), an individual who had been sentenced to
death for a murder in Georgia demonstrated to the U.S. Supreme Court that a
criminologist's study showed that the race of individuals in that state impacted
whether the defendant was sentenced to life or to death. The study
demonstrated that a black defendant who had killed a white victim was four
times more likely to be sentenced to death than was a defendant who had
killed a black victim.
⚫ Secondary deviance
⚫ It occurs when:
⚫ When people are labelled and treated as deviants, and
I. Individual as a cause
⚫ Demonic possession
⚫ Biological theory
⚫ Psychological theory
⚫ Morally depraved
change
i. Crime is normal
1. Legalistic
2. Political
3. Sociological
4. Psychological
⚫ Criminality
⚫ The state or quality of being criminal
⚫ Associationalfences
⚫ Neighborhood hustlers
⚫ Amateur receivers
⚫ Pyramid schemes
⚫ Shady contractors
Judge
Prosecutor Defendant
(State) (Accused)
ntive
Law
• Taking custody of
accused (u/s 54 Cr.P.C)
• Recording Statements of
• Proced witnesses (u/s 161 Cr.P.C)
ural Slides presented and updated by Muhammad
Usman (CSS 2020, DMG group)
Criminal Law
⚫In a criminal trial, the state brings the case against the
accused to court – the state’s representative is called the
prosecutor.
⚫If the case is proved and the offender is found guilty, the
court can impose a sentence on the offender from a range
of available sanctions.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group)
Characteristics of Criminal Law
⚫Bills of attainder:
⚫ laws that impose punishment without trial
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group)
Crime and Criminal Law
Concurrence
⚫The union of the criminal act and the criminal
intent (actus reus and mens rea)
Causation
⚫The criminal act is the act that is the cause of
the harm
⚫Two types:
• Factual cause: “but for” the actor’s conduct the
harm would not have occurred
• Legal cause: consequences of an act which are not
reasonably foreseeable to the actor (intervening
causes) relieve the actor of some degree of criminal
liability
Harm
⚫The result of the act, the injury to another or to
society
Inchoate Crimes
⚫Crimes that occur in preparation for an offense
⚫Three types:
i. attempt
ii. solicitation
iii. conspiracy
Parties to Crime
⚫Doctrine of complicity—where more than
one person may be held liable for criminal
activity
⚫Requires that all criminal elements be present
⚫Common law recognizes four parties to a crime:
i. Principles in the first degree
ii. Principles in the second degree
iii. Accessories before the fact
iv. Accessories after the fact
Justification of Defenses
⚫A defense in which the defendant admits they
are responsible for the act, but claims that
under the circumstances the act was not
criminal
i. Self-defense
ii. Consent
iii. Execution of public duties
Self-Defense
⚫ Use of force to repel an imminent, unprovoked
attack, in which they reasonably believed that they
were about to be seriously injured
⚫ May only use as much force as is necessary
i. Retreat doctrine: a person must retreat rather than
use deadly force if doing so is possible
ii. Castle doctrine: persons attacked in their home
need not retreat
⚫ Can also apply to the defense of others and
property
Consent
⚫Persons may consent to suffer what otherwise
would be an objectionable injury
⚫Consent must be voluntary, knowing, and
intelligent
Excuse Defenses
⚫One in which the defendant admits that what
they did was wrong but that under the
circumstances they are not responsible for their
improper conduct
i. duress
ii. intoxication
iii. age
iv. insanity
i. Duress
⚫Situations involving the threat of serious,
imminent harm to oneself, where the act is less
serious than the threatened harm
⚫Those forced to commit a crime in such
circumstances do not act voluntarily
⚫ eliminates actus reus
⚫ eliminates mens rea
ii. Intoxication
⚫Voluntary and Involuntary
i. Voluntary never leads to acquittal; may only
mitigate
iii. Age
⚫Persons below a certain age lack the capability
to form mens rea
iv. Insanity
⚫Impairs mens rea
⚫Mental illness and legal insanity are not the
same
i. Demonic possession
v. The Enlightenment
i. Rationality
iii. Punishment
v. Due process
Poverty
Residential Social
Crime
Mobility Disorganization
Ethnic
Heterogeneity Criminal
Subculture
http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/profession
als/oyap/roots/volume5/chapter04_social_disorganizatio
n.aspx
• Not all the mesomorphic are criminals and not all criminals are mesomorphic.
When we use a few all- or- none categories, we force on nature an over simplified
scheme.
• When physique is proposed as direct cause of criminal behavior, further problems
emerge. Even if there is a correlation between these two, it does not necessarily
mean that one causes the other.
• James Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, deny the existence of one gene that causes
criminal behavior, but they do conclude that some people have a predisposition toward
crime ―if they don‘t go in their directions‖.
• Their book ―Crime And Human Nature‖(1985) proposes three factors that contribute
to crime:
• Social Environment
• Family Relationships: This is the second factor. Parents who are uncaring,
inconsistent in the treatment of their children, or unskilled in dispensing rewards
and punishment contribute to the eventual criminal behavior of their children.
• Biological Makeup: It is the determinant and the most controversial. Among the
specific qualities that they see as at least partly hereditary and as influential are
gender
intelligence, impulsiveness and body type.
⚫Testosterone
i. Family
⚫ Aggression is learned
⚫ Requires personal observation of aggression or rewards for
aggression
⚫ Involves behavior modelling of family members,
community members and mass media
215
Social Control Theories
⚫G. M. Sykes & D. Matza (1957)
⚫ They do so by verbalizing about their actions in four ways.
i. Denial of responsibility – the youth contends that his/her
behavior is not his/her personal responsibility, but that of
another person or institution.
ii. Denial of injury – the youth contends that no one was
actually hurt by his/her actions.
iii. Denial of the victim – the youth argues that the victim ‘had
it coming to them’ or ‘deserved it’.
iv. Condemnation of the condemners – the young person
attempts to ‘turn the tables’ on his or her accusers, with
statements like “well, you do it too”, or, “you’re just as bad”.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group)
Social Control Theories
⚫J. Hagan, J. Simpson & A. R. Gillis (circa 1978)
⚫ Power-control Theory – attempts to incorporate gender into
social control theories of crime and deviance.
⚫ Similar to other social control theories in that is assumes
that delinquency and criminality are forms of risk-taking
behaviors.
⚫ They argue that parental control and youth attitudes toward
risk-taking are affected by family relations.
• 2018
• 2017
Note: These five domains interact and feed back on one another.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 255
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
⚫ There are different contributors of juvenile delinquency that
includes:
i. child’s own personality characteristics or behavior pattern;
ii. aggression, restlessness and concentration problem,
iii. substance abuse,
iv. association with antisocial peers/negative identity,
v. inferiority/superiority complex, intolerance and
vi. overconfidence
vii. family and community or neighborhood i.e. maltreatment,
parenting errors (neglect, pampering),
viii. rigid, strict or dysfunctional parents,
ix. high rate of crime in community,
x. family member’s involvement in crime,
xi. exposure of violence,
xii. poverty,
xiii. lack of supervision by the elders, etc.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 256
Crimes and behaviors youth may be
arrested for:
Violent Crimes:
i. Aggravated assault;
ii. Homicide;
iii. Robbery;
i. Arson
ii. Car thefts
iii. Burglaries
iv. Larceny
Balochistan 33 07 40
i. Criminal offenses
⚫ Ability to detain
private attorneys.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 309
The Actors in the Juvenile Courtroom
⚫ The Prosecutor: The juvenile prosecutor is the attorney
responsible for bringing the state’s case against the accused
juvenile. Depending on the level of government and the
jurisdiction, the prosecutor can be called a district
attorney, county attorney, state attorney, or United States
attorney. Prosecutors are members of the bar selected for
their positions by political appointment or popular
election.
Release on probation
• Following courts are empowered:
• High court
• Court of session court
• Judicial magistrate
Release on
probation, sentence Community for 1-3
Probation issued
suspended or years
postponed
No change-→ jail
is not entertained
⚫ Inquisitive
⚫ Observant
⚫ Energetic
⚫ Good Communicators
⚫ Problem Solvers
⚫ Patient
⚫ Interview them.
⚫ Who?
⚫ What?
⚫ Where?
⚫ When?
⚫ Why?
⚫ How?
⚫ How Much?
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 466
Interview Techniques
⚫ Most interviews conducted by investigators will be non-
accusatory in nature. The investigator uses these interviews
to establish as much information as possible about the event
under investigation.
⚫ Even when a suspect has been identified and an
interrogation is planned the investigator will interview the
suspect prior to the interrogation.
⚫ This pre-interview may occur on the telephone, in person,
immediately prior to the interrogation or as a witness
interview early in the investigation.
⚫ Suspects
⚫ Goal is to establish the suspect’s guilt
⚫ Controlled and Directed
⚫ May involve the suspect at a psychological
disadvantage
⚫ You must advise suspect of legal rights
the media.
terrorist group.
information at times.
iii. make crime more difficult and risky, or less rewarding and
excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders.
⚫ Commission of Offence
⚫ If he dishonestly or fraudulently misappropriates or otherwise
converts for his own use, or for the use of any other person, any
property entrusted to him, or under his control, or willfully
allows any other person so to do; or
⚫ If he by corrupt, dishonest, or illegal means, obtains or seeks to
obtain for himself, or for his spouse or dependants or any other
person, any property, valuable thing, or pecuniary advantage; or
⚫ If he or any of his dependants or benamidars owns, possesses, or
has acquired right or title in any assets or holds irrevocable power
of attorney in respect of any assets or pecuniary resources
disproportionate to his known sources of income, which he
cannot reasonably account for or maintains a standard of living
beyond that which is commensurate with his sources of income;
or Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 586
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan
⚫ Commission of Offence
⚫ If he misuses his authority so as to gain any benefit or favor
for himself or any other person, or renders or attempt to
render or willfully fails to exercise his authority to prevent
the grant, or rendition of any undue benefit or favor which
he could have prevented by exercising his authority; or
⚫ If he has issued any directive, policy, or any SRO (statutory
Regulatory Order) or any other order which grants or
attempts to grant any undue concession or benefit in any
taxation matter or law or otherwise so as to benefit himself
or any relative or associate or a benamidar or any other
person; or
⚫ If he commits an offence of willful default; or
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 587
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan
⚫ Commission of Offence
⚫ If he commits the offence of cheating as defined in section 415 of
the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860, and thereby dishonesty induces
members of the public at large to deliver any property including
money or valuable security to any person; or
⚫ If he commits the offence of criminal breach of trust as defined
in section 405 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) with
regard to any property including money or valuable security
entrusted to him by members of the public at large; or
⚫ If he in his capacity as a banker, merchant, factor, broker, attorney
or agent, commits criminal breach of trust as provided in section
409 of the Pakistan Penal Code,1860 in respect of property
entrusted to him or over which he has dominion.
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 588
White-Collar Crime in Pakistan
⚫ OBJECTIVES
⚫ The National Accountability Bureau derives its objectives
from its approved project document titled 'National Anti
Corruption Strategy' or NACS and defines them as follows:
i. Short Term Setting in motion systemic improvements that
will strengthen the national integrity system and the people
against corruption.
ii. Long Term The elimination of corruption by engaging all
the stakeholders in the fight against corruption, through a
program, which is holistic, comprehensive and progressive.
Islamabad
0331-7055550
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS 2020,
DMG group) 645
Slides presented and updated by Muhammad Usman (CSS
2020, DMG group)