Chapter 12

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KHUWAJA NAZIMUDDIN
BIOGRAPHY:
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➢ Birth: 1894.
➢ Death: 1964.
➢ Born in an aristocratic Nawab family of Bengal.
➢ Initially studied at AMU and then from Cambridge.
➢ Initially in his political career he worked to develop educational reforms in Bengal but
later worked for AIML under the able leadership of Jinnah.
➢ PM of Bengal, 1943-45.
➢ After partition of India, he became CM of Bengal.
➢ Later, he became the GG of Pakistan on September 14th, 1948.
➢ Being of Kashmiri origin, he knew Urdu, Bengali, and Persian languages.
➢ He dies at the age of 70 and was buried in Dhaka.
ALLOWED LIAQUAT ALI KHAN (LAK) TO RUN THE COUNTRY
➢ KN knew that LAK was a close associate of Jinnah.
➢ KN knew that LAK had the confidence of the people of Pakistan and government.
➢ KN knew that LAK was trusted by the people.
➢ Because of these reasons, it was a successful and wise decision of KN to allow LAK to run
the affairs of the newly born state.
➢ Consequently, the designation of GG became less important while that of PM became
more significant.
➢ This also shows a personal characteristic of KN that he was an honest, talented, pious,
and sincere politician and leader of Pakistan.
THE OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION
1. Context
➢ After 1947, Pakistan was ruled under the Independence Act, an amended version of the
Government of India Act, 1935.
➢ It was the first and foremost responsibility of LAK to draft a new constitution for
Pakistan.
➢ The constituent assembly had set up a Basic Principles Committee to decide the
principles on which the new constitution should be based.
➢ The Basic Principles Committee had 25 members, about a third of the assembly. This
committee produced some findings which were contained in a document called “The
Objectives Resolution”. It was passed on 12th March 1949.
2. Declarations
➢ The principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice, as
articulated by Islam, shall be fully observed.
➢ Muslims can lead their life according to Islamic principles as outlined in the Holy Quran
and Sunnah.
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➢ Minorities can freely progress and practice their religions and develop their cultures.
➢ Minorities and the marginalized/poor classes will be legally protected from social
injustice.
➢ Judiciary will be independent of the government.
➢ Pakistan shall be a federation and its constituent units will be autonomous.
➢ Fundamental human rights like freedom of speech, thought, religion, political justice etc
will be there for all.
3. Importance/Success:
➢ All further constitutional efforts kept in mind this resolution. For example, the draft
constitution that was presented by the Basic Principles Committee to the assembly in
1950 used objectives resolution as its foundational basis.
➢ In fact, this entire resolution became a part of the Pakistan resolution under Article 2(A).
➢ The resolution represented the views and ideas of some of the pioneer Pakistani
politicians like LAK and KN who were in close contact with Jinnah—the father of the
country.
➢ Now, the future governments of Pakistan will not need to look at the independence Act
or Government of India Act, 1935, as the only sources that could be used to make a
constitution of the country.
➢ It contained several references to Islam. Hence, it tried to convince the Ulemas who
wanted Pakistan to become a more of a Islamic state with a constitution based on Shariah.
4. Criticisms/Failures
➢ The Ulemas wanted much more reference to Islam in the constitution than that which
was made in the Objectives Resolution.
➢ Birat Chandra Mandal rejected it saying that Jinnah had said that Pakistan was supposed
to be a secular state.
➢ Maulana Maududi called it “rain which was neither preceded by clouds nor resulted in
vegetation”.
THE 1950 DRAFT CONSTITUTION
1. Introduction
➢ It was presented by the Basic Principles Committee to the assembly in 1950 and used
objectives resolution as its foundational basis.
➢ It was presented on September 28, 1950.
2. Main Suggestions
➢ The draft constitution suggested: 1) Bicameral legislature with equal powers; 2) Official
language will be Urdu; 3) Two houses will jointly elect the president.
3. Criticisms
➢ People from East Pakistan did not want to have equal representation in the National
Assembly.
➢ People from East Pakistan did not agree that Urdu should become the national language
of Pakistan. They wanted Bengali to become the National language.
➢ Provincial politicians objected to the idea of power being given to Federal Government
and Head of State.
➢ Ulemas complained that it was not sufficiently Islamic.
➢ LAK suggested that they will undergo changes. However, his death meant that Pakistan
lacked a constitution.
PRODA
➢ It stands for public and representative officers disqualification act.
➢ It was introduced in 1951 in the ministry of KN/LAK.
➢ Under this act, complaints could be made to GG or PG who could order an enquiry by
judges. This also shows that the legal system of Pakistan was active and not influenced
by the government officials’ biases.
➢ Anyone found guilty under PRODA was debarred from the office. It was intended as an
act against political injustices to end corruption.
➢ However, this act caused the elite class to have much more concentrated power. They
used it against those who were in opposition.
REFUGEES
➢ In August 1947, Jinnah had called refugee problem in Pakistan “a grave emergency” and
had set up Central Refugee Council to deal with it.
➢ LAK met Indian PM Jawaharlal Nehru and signed the Liaquat-Nehru pact.
➢ It was agreed that each government would take care of the affairs of the minorities within
its borders. Free movement across borders was restricted and a visa system was
introduced.
HYDERABAD AND KASHMIR
➢ Same as discussed in KQ 10.
Army Leaders
➢ In January 1951, the British CIC, Douglas Gracey was replaced by General Ayub Khan.
➢ This was an important decision because now the army was under a Pakistani General.
➢ This was stood against the complaints that were made against the British presence in the
Pakistani army,
➢ However, some army officers planed a coup against the Government. In March 1951,
Rawalpindi Conspiracy was discovered by Ayub Khan. He arrested them. They were tried
and imprisoned. Amongst these included 14 officers and chief of general staff Major-
General Akbar Khan.
LIAQUAT ALI KHAN

BIOGRAPHY:
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➢ Birth: 1895.
➢ Death: 1951.
➢ He was born in Utar Pradesh.
➢ He is buried in Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi, Pakistan.
➢ He was known as Nawabzada MLAK.
➢ His other titles included “Quaid-e-Millat” (Leader of the nation) and Shaheed-e-Millat
(Martyr of the nation).
➢ He studied at AMU and later studied from Oxford.
➢ In 1930, he and Jinnah attended the 1st RTC.
➢ He also served in the AIML.
➢ He married twice; in 1932, he married to Begum Rana LAK.
➢ He tried to make good relations with USA rather than USSR.
➢ He was shot dead in Rawalpindi as a coup was planned against him involving the
socialists, communists, and army leaders/officers.
MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD

BIOGRAPHY:
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➢ Birth: 1895
➢ Death: 1956
➢ He was born in Lahore.
➢ Initially, he studied from AMU.
➢ He worked as an accountant as he had a degree in the field of accounting.
➢ In 1942, he was selected as an advisor to the Nizam of Hyderabad.
➢ He was asked by Nawab of Bhawalpur to represent him at RTCs. It was during this time
that he developed political relations of LAK.
➢ He was appointed as Pakistan’s 1st finance minister under LAK. As such, in 1948, he
helped draft the first five years plan for the National Economy of Pakistan, the so-called
“The Poor Men’s Budget”. Lack of resources and technical expertise did not allow this
plan to be that successful.
➢ In 1949, he invited Muslim leaders to discuss about the idea of a Muslim economic bloc.
This international conference was held in Karachi Nov 26th to Dec 6th, 1949.
➢ He was one of the rare politicians who rose from civil service to high office.
➢ In his later age, he got paralysis and went to London for cure but in vain.
➢ He is buried at Fauji Qabristan in Karachi.
ALLOWED KN TO BECOME PM
➢ KN had gained popularity within the masses.

➢ Since under LAK, the post of PM became more important, therefore, MGM allowed KN to
become the PM and himself remained GG.
ECONOMIC REFORMS
1. Success:
➢ In 1950, a PLANNING COMMISSION was set up to oversee economic development of
Pakistan. After a year (in 1951), this commission launched a “SIX YEAR PLAN” covering
industries as diverse as agriculture, fuel and power, mining, transport, and
communications. Many social schemes were also launched.
➢ In 1953, a PLANNING BOARD was set up by MAB to review the development that had
taken place due to the activities of the planning commission. The board then produced a
“DRAFT FIVE YEAR PLAN” in 1956 which was expected to become applicable after the
six-year plan.
➢ For example, a major jute processing plant was opened at Narayanganj (East Pakistan)
in 1952. It helped boost exports of the Jute.
➢ Vast reserves of natural gas were discovered at Sui, Baluchistan because of exploration
that was made for oil/gas.
➢ Due to his personal friendship with the aristocrats, he persuaded the Nawabs of
Bhawalpur and Hyderabad to give financial support for the first budget of Pakistan.
2. Failures:
➢ 1951-53: Drought in Pakistan lead to food shortages and extreme violent riots in most of
the cities.
➢ By 1953, there was not a good demand of Jute as Korean war had ended by then. This led
to decreased exports and hence the revenue to purchase food.
CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
➢ In 1952, a revised report of the Basic Principles Committee was presented by the PM KN.
To counter the previous criticisms, it altered the proposals made in 1950 by suggesting
the following points:
1) Head of state should be a Muslim
2) Representatives for religious minorities at National and Provincial levels
3) Cabinet will be responsible to the National Assembly and not the head of state
4) The head of state will choose a committee of Islamic specialists to make sure that
everything is in line with Islamic law
5) The issue of official language to be settled by assembly
➢ Ulemas argued that Ahmadis should be legally restricted and not be given any official
post in the government. They wanted it to be declared constitutionally. For example, the
Ulemas demanded urgent dismissal of the then foreign minister, Zafarullah Khan.
➢ People of EP objected against the idea that the issue of official language will be settled by
assembly. For them, Bengal deserved to become the national language and there was no
room for discussion on it; they demanded Bengali to be constitutionally regarded as
Pakistan’s National language.
➢ Anyhow, MGM’s desire to remain in power and other problems meant that Pakistan did
not get any constitution yet.
CREATING A NEW CABINET
➢ On April 17th, 1953, MGM dismissed KN and three other members of the cabinet. He did
this and claimed that they had mismanaged the riots, food shortages, and economic crisis
in Pakistan. KN had however got the vote of confidence from the assembly. KN was
extremely angered on this decision but did not argue for the betterment and unity of
Pakistan.
➢ Hence, a new cabinet was formed which consisted of 8 old members and 3 new members
which included MAB, the former acting ambassador to USA. Now, the new PM was MAB.
➢ Positive Contribution of MAB:
1. In 1953, USA, Canada, and Australia, agreed to send us a million tons of wheat. This
helped to undermine the fear of famine and hence riots.
2. He had set up the Planning board to produce the 5 year plan.
3. He also worked out the CENTO and SEATO. This brought Pakistan enormous aid in
the form of food, money, medicines, and supplies.
➢ Problems created by MAB:
1. On September 21st, 1954, while MGM was abroad, MAB called a meeting of the
assembly on an urgent basis so that laws could be passed to restrict the powers of GG.
2. Laws like assembly had to approve the cabinet, GG had to take advice of his minsters,
all ministers including PM should be a part of the assembly were passed, and PRODA
should be repealed were passed.
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3. These laws were passed quickly. Then the assembly started focusing on constitution.
4. Soon, MGM returned and declared a state of emergency, dissolved the assembly, and
formed a new cabinet once again.
5. New Cabinet: MAB was reappointed as PM; 5 New members who were not a part of
the assembly. This also included General Ayub Khan.
6. Maulvi Nazimuddin, the speaker of the dissolved assembly, argued against this
dissolution at Sindh High Court and got the court decision in his favor (1955). MGM
appealed to the Federal court and won the case from there (1955).
ISKANDER MIRZA
BIOGRAPHY:
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➢ Birth: 1899
➢ Death: 1969
➢ Full name: Sahibzada Sayyid Iskandar Ali Mirza
➢ Born in Murshidabad, Bengal. So, basically, from EP.
➢ He became the first Pakistani President.
➢ He was experienced in military (Served in the British Indian army).
➢ LAK had appointed him as the first defense secretary under his administration.
➢ He married twice.
➢ He was well-versed in Bengali and several his speeches are in Bengali.
➢ He was one of the 5 non-assembly members for the cabinet of MGM.
➢ Since 1954, he had served as the Governor of EP.
➢ He rose to power (became GG) in 1955. He dismissed MAB as PM and made him the
ambassador to the USA again. He appointed Chaudhri Muhammad Ali as the PM and
pressed him hard to have a new constitution drawn up for Pakistan rapidly.
1956 Constitution
➢ During MGM’s last days, elections for a new constituent assembly were held on June 21st,
1955. This assembly adapted the first constitution of Pakistan on Feb 29th, 1956.
➢ This new constitution was formally imposed on March 23rd. It stated the following
government structure:
PRESIDENT
Powers Restrictions
Chooses PM Muslim
Emergency Powers Over 40
Can Dissolve NA PM must be from NA
Dissolution of NA only on advice of PM
PRIME MINISTER
Powers Restrictions
Choses Cabinet Cabinet must be from NA
CABINET (Divided into assemblies)
Powers Restrictions
Advises President Advisory role
NA PA
300 members East vs West Pakistan
➢ Success:
1. 1st constitution of Pakistan.
2. It was a compromise between the League and United Front. For example, UF dropped
its demand of full provincial autonomy in return of Bengali being accepted as the
National Language alongside Urdu. This also brought at least some unity between the
wings.
3. Ulemas were happy to see that the head of the state will be a Muslim and the country
will be Islamic republic.
4. Basic human rights were granted which made minorities feel a bit secure.
➢ Failures:
1. Lasted only two years before President Mirza declared Martial Law.
2. Minorities were unhappy to see that high posts can only be attained by Muslims. They
felt as if they were second class citizens.
THE ONE UNIT POLICY
➢ It was also called One Unit Scheme.

➢ In November 1954, MAB had proposed the unification of the 4 provinces and the 10
princely states within Pakistan as WP.
➢ This proposal of MAB was implemented by IM on October 5th, 1955. This was called the
one unit policy or the one unit scheme.
➢ Reasons for Launching:
1. IM claimed that it would bring about greater efficiency in terms of government and
administration.
2. IM claimed that it would enable more rapid development.
3. IM claimed that it would create unity. This was important because people had
provincial love rather than one national patriotism.
➢ Criticisms:
1. Since EP had 10m more people than WP, there was a fear that it would dominate the
NA. Hence, to make sure that both the wings had equal representation, this scheme
was launched.
2. Small units of WP criticized that the Punjab landlords and aristocrats had influenced
IM to launch this policy so that they may be able to retain their political power and
influence.
MODERNIZATION POLICIES
➢ Industrialization and rural development programmes were launched.

➢ Karachi airport was completed (1955).
➢ Modernization of railway continued.
➢ Telephone system was expanded.
➢ Government spending in public health care was announced by IM. However, these were
not as effective and widespread as the government had promised.
EAST PAKISTAN
➢ Since 1947, EP was not treated as a wing equal to WP. The people of EP were already
bothered from the existing situation. They were disheartened from the government of
WP.
➢ Food shortages and flooding through 1955 were not managed properly.
➢ Hence, Chaudri Muhammad Ali (CMA) resigned as PM on September 12th, 1956.
➢ Mirza replaced CMA with Husain Shaheed Suhrawardy, hoping that it will bring him some
confidence from the people of EP.
➢ Suhrawardy from a talented politician from EP who did not have any desire to become a
puppet ruler. Hence, he dismissed Suhrawardy in October 1957 for pressing him hard for
more powers. He challenged Mirza to take a vote of confidence from the assembly. Mirza
knew that he would lose and hence refused.
➢ On October 18th, 1957, Mirza appointed Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (IIC) to replace
Suhrawardy. IIC’s government was extremely diverse and there were only
disagreements on major issues like constitution making and One unit policy.
➢ Feroze Khan Noon then became the PM. He was pressurized to appoint a large cabinet
(26/80 in the NA). This created same problems and there were conflicts.
➢ This rapid change of government combined with increasing unpopularity of Mirza
created difficulties for Mirza.
➢ With 1956 constitution, it was promised that elections will be held in 1957. Mirza could
not afford these elections as he knew he would lose power.
➢ On the other hand, Suhrawardy was working to unite the opposition parties. This
alarmed Mirza and he turned towards military.
➢ Hence, martial law was imposed, and CIC Ayub Khan became Martial Law administrator.
Ayub Khan became the PM on October 24, 1958.
➢ Although Ayub had been offered several times by MGM to take over the country, he had
rejected it. However, this time he thought it was extremely necessary to do so.
DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW
➢ Constitution of March 23rd, 1956, will be abolished.

➢ Current government will be dismissed immediately.
➢ NA and PA will be dissolved.
➢ All political parties will be abrogated.
➢ Until alternative arrangements, Pakistan will remain under martial law/military rule.
AYUB KHAN
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➢ Birth: May 14th, 1907
➢ Born in NWFP.
➢ Studied from AMU.
➢ Served in the British Army.
➢ He was given Hilal-e-Jurat by LAK.
➢ Other medals given to him include Nishan-e-Pakistan, Hilal-e-Pakistan etc
➢ He replaced CIC, Sir Doughlas Gracey, in 1951, during the ministry of KN.
➢ Death: 1974 (66 years)
➢ He is buried in Haripur, KPK, Pakistan.
WHY AYUB IMPOSED MARTIAL LAW?
➢ By 1958, there had been significant inconsistencies and disagreements in the

government of Pakistan. This was jeopardizing the internal and external political
conditions of Pakistan. For example, no successful projects could be launched with
frequent changes in the government. This lead Ayub take over the country so that the
political turmoil could be controlled.
➢ IM found himself too weak to fight against the increasing power of the opposition. For
example, he knew that he could not defeat Suhrawardy and the rise of protest in EP.
Hence, he turned to the military and Ayub imposed Martial law.
➢ MGM had previously offered Ayub to come into power, but he denied. This time he
personally thought that Pakistan needs discipline combined with democracy and that
could only be achieved after a military rule. Hence, he imposed martial law.
➢ The politicians from WP had treated the eastern wing badly. The inequalities had reached
their peak. There was a risk that the people of EP would be helped by the forces of India
to seek independence. To reduce this risk, Ayub imposed military rule in Pakistan which
could help minimize the manpower action of the people of EP. However, this only
increased even in the reign of Ayub Khan.
1959 DEMOCRACIES
➢ It was a four-tier system that was introduced by Ayub Khan on October 26th, 1959. It was
his first constitutional reform.
➢ Under this system, ordinary people elected union council members who in turn elected
district and divisional members. The system worked as follows:
PRESIDENT
Powers Restrictions
➢ Appoints Provincial Governors ➢ 1/3 of PADC members must be
➢ Appoints PDAC Members chairman of local committee.
5 PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS
Powers Restrictions
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➢ Run Provinces ➢ Must obey president
➢ Must carry out PDAC rulings
2 PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COUNCILS
Powers Restrictions
➢ Outlines general provisions for ➢ Advisory role
provinces agriculture/education
Both the divisional and district councils localized the outlines of PDAC. Members in
these councils were selected by PDAC. However, at least some members were to be
chosen from the coordination committee.
CO-ORDINATION COMMITTEE
Function: Coordinate the distribution of resources in their areas
LOCAL COMMITTEE
Function: Elected by town districts or villages. 10-15 people per village. They were
elected by adult population: “Basic Democrats”.
➢ At the end of 1959, Ayub asked the Basic democrats (initially 80000 and later 120000)
for a vote of confidence. Approximately 95% of them voted in favor of Ayub Khan.
➢ Thus, he became President on Feb 17th, 1960.
➢ He then announced the creation of a constitution commission to make suggestions for a
new constitution of Pakistan.
INDUS WATER TREAT (1960)
➢ It was signed between India and Pakistan through the mediation of the World Bank.
➢ Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab were given to Pakistan.
➢ Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas were given to India.
➢ It was also suggested that Pakistan would build 2 dams, 5 barrages, 1 gated syphon and
8 link canals. Finance was given by developed countries some was given by India and
remaining was paid by Pakistan.
U-2 INCIDENT
➢ It occurred in 1960.
➢ An American spy plane was shot down over the USSR territory (Sverdlovsk town). The
pilot, Gary Powers, parachuted to the ground and was captured by USSR forces.
➢ USA did not agree that it was a spy plane, rather argued that it was a research plane that
was studying weather conditions. The pilot had agreed spying.
➢ The spy plane had used Peshawar as its base.
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➢ It was an embarrassing moment for Pakistan. Hence, Pak-USSR relations got
deteriorated.
1962 CONSTITUTION
➢ It was announced on March 1st, 1962, by the constitution commission under justice
Shahab-Uddin. It was the 2nd constitution of Pakistan.
➢ Ayub described it as combining “democracy with discipline”.
➢ This constitution set up a presidential form of government. We can summarize it as
follows:
1. Unless impeached, President cannot be removed.
2. President nominated members for the Cabinet from the members of NA.
3. President nominated the heads of the judiciary and the provincial governors.
4. National legislature could not pass any law without President’s approval.
5. Emergency powers.
➢ Other points included: Quran and Sunnah were the supreme laws; minorities rights will
be protected; PODO (Public and Official Disqualification Act); EBDO (Elective Body
Disqualification Ordinance) etc.
➢ This constitution provided the following government structure:
PRESIDENT
Powers:
Same as above.
Restrictions:
Elected by the Electoral College of the Basic Democrats.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY
➢ Single house elected for 5 years by ➢ Elected for 5 years by Electoral

electoral college of Basic Democrats. College of Basic Democrats
➢ Own Federal and Supreme Court ➢ Own Provincial Courts
➢ 5 PA (one unit scheme ended)
They can suggest legislation and administer it. However, President must approve it.
➢ Success:
1. Pakistan was stepping towards democracy. Political parties were allowed to
campaign.
2. To ensure its success and please the people of EP, Ayub took the following steps: 1)
Bengali and Urdu were both recognized as official languages; 2) NA Sessions were
held both at Dhaka and Islamabad; 3) President from WP, speaker of NA will be from
EP.
➢ Criticisms:
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1. Elite class (landlords from Punjab) dominated the elections for Basic Democracies.
2. People of Pakistan were not happy to observe that Pakistani politics was dominate by
military officers from WP. There was unrest in many areas of EP.
INDIA-CHINA WAR /SINO-INDIAN WAR (1962)

➢ It was an issue pertaining to a Himalayan border.
➢ It is also called McMahan line issue.
➢ In this war, Pakistan fully supported the Chinese government. Pak-Cina relations
strengthened.
ELECTIONS OF 1965
➢ Elections were held for the post of presidency in 1965.
➢ Ayub was nominated by a new party called “Convention Muslim League”.
➢ He underestimated the power of the opposition party and thought that they were too
divided.
➢ The opposition parties joined and agreed to support Fatima Jinnah.
➢ Ayub won 64% votes.
➢ Opposition claimed that their candidate had been cheated.
➢ This resulted in riots and killings in Karachi and EP.
PAK-INDIA WAR (1965)
➢ India occupied the Kashmir valley. Local Muslims of Kashmir started civil disobedience
and heavy protests.
➢ On the shrine of Hazrat Bal, prophet Muhammad’s hair was stolen, and this led to further
dispute. Indians crossed the borders.
➢ Idea of Mujahidin force was given to Ayub by ZAB, but Indian army was too smart and
knew about this.
➢ Indian army became aggressive and captured many parts of Pakistan. The war started
badly.
➢ After 17 days, a ceasefire was arranged.
➢ Pakistan did not get enough support. USA did not support Pakistan. A peace treaty at
Tashkent was signed between Ayub and Lal Bahadur Shastri under the umbrella of Mr.
Kosygin.
MUJEEB 6-POINTS FORMULA
➢ Mujib from EP announced his famous 6 points in Feb 1966.

➢ Ayub rejected his formula and arrested him a month later. He got popular in EP.
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS
➢ 12.5 acres < Farm Size < 500 acres (irrigated)/1000 acres (unirrigated). This implies that
many subsistence farmers were forced to redistribute their land and form a large farm.
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This increased output. Similarly, large landowners also now had to find tenants for their
lands. This also reduced the number of large lands in idol state. This increased
productivity.
➢ 3 major dams were constructed to aid irrigation.
➢ Loans were provided to farmers to install wells so that their dependence on canal
irrigation is reduced.
➢ However, only wealthy landlords benefitted from it. Small farm owners could not afford
the mechanization that brought this increase in output.
➢ It is recorded that more than 30k tube wells were installed by 1965/66.
➢ Insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers were produced in factories in bulk.
➢ All this brough about what Ayub called “The Green Revolution”.
INDUSTRIAL REFORMS
➢ Loans were taken from USA, Germany, and UK to build more industries.
➢ In 1962, an oil refinery was setup at Karachi and Attock Oil Refinery was set up in the
Potwar Plateau.
➢ In 1962, National Investment Trust was set up to raise public finance.
➢ Prize bonds and national savings schemes were launched to boost the economy.
➢ In the same year, a Mineral Development Corporation was setup for mineral exploration.
➢ In 1964, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) was formed in which Pakistan
agreed with Iran and Turkey to develop trade, commerce, and industry. RCD highway
was also constructed from Quetta, Nokundi, and Nushki linking Tehran (Iran) and then
to Turkey.
➢ Export Bonus Schemes were set to motivate industrialists to export more.
➢ The incentives were given to the establishment of PIDC (Pakistan Industrial
Development Co-operation) & PICIC (Pakistan Industrial Credit and Investment Co-
operation) and other agencies.
➢ Tax holidays, subsidies, and rebates were offered by the government. Private investors
started investing in the economy of Pakistan.
➢ All this brought a lot of development to Pakistan and its growth rate was 7% (3 times
that of India then)
➢ However, Pakistan was now significantly dependent on loans and under national debt.
Wealth got concentrated (22 families owned Pakistan’s 66% of industrial assets). These
22 families were all from WP and also owned 80% of Pakistan’s banking and insurance.
SOCIAL REFORMS
➢ New curriculum was developed for schools.

➢ New textbooks were published.
➢ New colleges and schools were built.

➢ Primary education was made free and compulsory till grade 8.
➢ National Corps training schemes were launched at schools, colleges.
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➢ Several religious and educational diplomas were launched.
➢ General Azam Khan was appointed to look after the refugees. He settled 75000 refugees
in newly built buildings near Karachi.
➢ Factory owners were asked to provide accommodation to their workers along with a
reasonable pay rate.
➢ Family Planning Programmes were set up which were funded by American loans. Radios,
newspapers, posters, cinemas etc were used to convince people to reproduce less. This
program was not successful.
➢ Medical and nursing training schools were set up to increase the number of nurses,
doctors, and health specialists.
MILLITARY REFORMS
➢ Increased military budget.

➢ SUPARCO (Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission) was set up which played
a key role in developing missiles in Pakistan.
➢ Ayub signed military agreements with European countries and received latest weapons.
ISLAMABAD—A NEW CAPITAL
➢ In 1959, the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Karachi as capital.

➢ Constructed started in October 1961
➢ In 1967, it was officially declared that the new capital is Islamabad.
➢ City development continued and was completed by 1975.
➢ Islamabad is a planned city divided into self-contained zones.
➢ Why was Islamabad chosen as the capital of Pakistan?
1. Karachi is located at extreme south of Pakistan. It is a coastal city located by Arabian
sea. Thus, it is vulnerable to attack from the Arabian sea. To protect Pakistan from
Foreign attack through the sea, the capital was shifted to Islamabad because it is
landlocked and is not vulnerable to attacks from sea.
2. Islamabad is in the center of Pakistan. It is important because it remains accessible
from every corner of the country. This made the movement of politicians and
government officials to the capital city easy. In addition, its geographical location is
such that the temperature is cooler than Karachi. It has better climatic conditions than
Karachi and aridity and humidity is low.
3. Ayub wanted to shift the capital of Pakistan near the Army headquarters at
Rawalpindi in the Punjab province. Therefore, he chose Islamabad as the new capital.
This would have allowed the army to get mobilize quickly and protect the capital in
case of an attack. This was also important as any decision related to the army can be
communicated to the capital city very easily and shortly.
4. Islamabad is a planned city. Ayub wanted to develop the site of Islamabad and an
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effective way of doing that was to shift the capital there. Hence, he made Islamabad
the capital of Pakistan so that the site could be developed on the then modern lines of
development. Such infrastructure was surely lacking in Karachi, though it was there
due to colonial activities.
PROBLEMS FOR AYUB KHAN
➢ In 1965, Pakistan went to war with India over the Kashmir dispute. Finally, a peace treaty
was signed at Tashkent, but it contained no reference to the Kashmir issue.
➢ Ayub removed foreign minister ZAB and blamed everything on him about the war. Now,
Bhutto got into strict opposition to Ayub’s rule.
➢ In October 1968, there were student protests across WP. People used to call Ayub’s name
out with bad and embarrassing slogans.
➢ There was an assassination attempt of Ayub while he was on a visit to Peshawar.
➢ Ayub started making widespread arrests. He arrested ZAB. There were more protests
which spread to EP.
➢ In January 1969, 8 of the opposition parties formed the Democratic Action Committee.
They started heavy protests.
➢ Consequently, Ayub had to withdrew emergency powers, released political prisoners,
and started making negotiations.
➢ It was too late now as Basic Democrats also started resigning in large number.
➢ Finally, Ayub resigned on March 25th, 1969. Instead of holding elections, he gave power
to General Yahya Khan. This marked the advent of 2nd martial law in Pakistan.
REASONS FOR DOWNFALL
1. Economic Problems
➢ Wealth produced in the wake of the so-called “Green Revolution” was concentrated.
Accumulation of wealth was happening, leaving behind the poor class. 22 families
owned Pakistan’s 66% of industrial wealth and almost 80% of its banking and
insurance sector’s wealth. All these families came from WP.
➢ Factories and Industries were mainly opened in WP. It was claimed that these families
were wealthy landlords from Punjab and Ayub’s relatives.
➢ Revenue earned from the export of Jute from EP went to the WP.
➢ This did not go unnoticed in the eyes of the people of EP and WP. People from WP
protested this economic injustice and so did the people from the eastern wing.
Poverty was increasing. Poor became poorer and rich became richer. This economic
disparity led to the downfall of Ayub Khan as it was becoming too costly for the
government to cool down these protests.
2. Political Problems
➢ The people of EP were not satisfied with the number of seats that were given to them
in the assemblies
➢ People of EP were not given high posts in the government and civil service. The
bureaucracy was filled with officials from WP. Hardly 12-15% appointees in the
Federal government were from EP. Similarly, 90% of the armed forces were filled
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with the people from WP.
➢ Ayub’s rejection of Mujib’s 6-point formula created a negative impression of the
government on the people of EP.
➢ Politicians from WP considered the people from the EP as inferior Muslims who could
not run the state of the Islamic republic of Pakistan.
➢ Presidential form of government was not desired by the people of East and West
Pakistan.
➢ People of EP still were not happy to see Urdu as the national language. They wanted
Bengali to become the sole national language of Pakistan as it was spoken by the
majority. Ayub’s declaration of equality to both languages angered the people of EP
and the language movement developed more rigorously in EP.
➢ The opposition leadership, especially Bhutto and Mujib started severe campaigning
against Ayub. Democratic Action Committee challenged Ayub on every count.
3. Dictatorial Policies
➢ He put a serious restriction on countless civil liberties which led people resign from
his government. In fact, many of the basic democrats resigned and this system started
to collapse.
➢ Ayub wanted to censor the media. Press freedom was restricted, and the free media
ceased to exist. Media could not report anything against the military. This
overwhelming dominance of the executive branch was not acceptable to democratic
leaders like ZAB and SMR or to the people of Pakistan.

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ALI JAN DAMANI +92-321-2744563 alijandamani@yahoo.

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LIAQUAT ALI KHAN

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MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD

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➢ KN had gained popularity within the masses.

CREATING A NEW CABINET

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CABINET (Divided into assemblies)

THE ONE UNIT POLICY

➢ It was also called One Unit Scheme.

➢ Industrialization and rural development programmes were launched.

DECLARATION OF MARTIAL LAW

➢ Constitution of March 23rd, 1956, will be abolished.

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WHY AYUB IMPOSED MARTIAL LAW?

➢ By 1958, there had been significant inconsistencies and disagreements in the

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2 PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY COUNCILS

Function: Coordinate the distribution of resources in their areas

INDUS WATER TREAT (1960)

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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY

➢ Single house elected for 5 years by ➢ Elected for 5 years by Electoral

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INDIA-CHINA WAR /SINO-INDIAN WAR (1962)

PAK-INDIA WAR (1965)

MUJEEB 6-POINTS FORMULA

➢ Mujib from EP announced his famous 6 points in Feb 1966.

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➢ New curriculum was developed for schools.

➢ New colleges and schools were built.

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➢ Increased military budget.

ISLAMABAD—A NEW CAPITAL

➢ In 1959, the site of Islamabad was chosen to replace Karachi as capital.

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PROBLEMS FOR AYUB KHAN

REASONS FOR DOWNFALL

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