3.4.

CHEM - Analytical Chemistry | Book

Questions

FOUR IMPORTANT REACTION SETS

1. Precipitation Reactions with NaOH
Table 1: Precipitation Reactions with NaOH

Key Concept

Chemical
Equation

Explanation

Application/Pract
ical Use

Precipitation
Reactions with
NaOH

Reaction of
calcium nitrate
Ca(NO₃)₂ + with sodium
Identification of
2NaOH → hydroxide forms
Calcium Salts calcium ions in
Ca(OH)₂ + calcium hydroxide
qualitative analysis.
2NaNO₃ (a white
precipitate) and
sodium nitrate.
 Reaction of ferrous
sulfate with
FeSO₄ + 2NaOH sodium hydroxide Differentiation of
Iron Salts (Ferrous) → Fe(OH)₂ + forms ferrous iron(II) ions in salt
Na₂SO₄ hydroxide (dirty analysis.
green precipitate)
and sodium sulfate.

Reaction of ferric
chloride with
sodium hydroxide Identification of
FeCl₃ + 3NaOH
forms ferric iron(III) ions in
Iron Salts (Ferric) → Fe(OH)₃ +
hydroxide analytical
3NaCl
(reddish-brown chemistry.
precipitate) and
sodium chloride.

Copper sulfate
reacts with sodium Used in the
CuSO₄ + 2NaOH hydroxide to form qualitative analysis
Copper Salts → Cu(OH)₂ + copper hydroxide to confirm the
Na₂SO₄ (pale blue presence of
precipitate) and copper ions.
sodium sulfate.

Zinc sulfate reacts

with sodium
ZnSO₄ + 2NaOH hydroxide to form
Helps in the
→ Zn(OH)₂ + zinc hydroxide
identification and
Zinc Salts Na₂SO₄ (Dissolves (white, gelatinous),
differentiation of
with excess NaOH which dissolves in
zinc ions.
to form Na₂ZnO₂) excess NaOH to
form sodium
zincate.
 Lead nitrate reacts
Pb(NO₃)₂ + with sodium
2NaOH → hydroxide to form Utilized in
Pb(OH)₂ + lead hydroxide detecting lead
Lead Salts
2NaNO₃ (Soluble (white precipitate), ions in analytical
in excess NaOH as which is soluble in procedures.
Na₂PbO₂) excess NaOH as
sodium plumbite.

2. Precipitation Reactions with NH4OH

Table 2: Precipitation Reactions with NH4OH

Key Concept

Chemical
Equation

Explanation

Application/Pract
ical Use

Iron(II) sulfate
reacts with
FeSO₄ + ammonium
Analysis of iron(II)
2NH₄OH → hydroxide to form
Iron Salts (II) ions in laboratory
Fe(OH)₂ + iron(II) hydroxide
tests.
(NH₄)₂SO₄ (dirty green
precipitate) and
ammonium sulfate.
 Iron(III) chloride
reacts with
FeCl₃ + ammonium
hydroxide to form Used to identify
3NH₄OH →
Iron Salts (III) iron(III) hydroxide iron(III) ions in
Fe(OH)₃ +
(reddish-brown qualitative analysis.
3NH₄Cl
precipitate) and
ammonium
chloride.

Copper sulfate
CuSO₄ + reacts with
2NH₄OH → ammonium
Distinguishes
Cu(OH)₂ + hydroxide to form
copper ions
Copper Salts (NH₄)₂SO₄ copper hydroxide
through color
(Soluble in excess (pale blue), soluble
change in solution.
NH₄OH as in excess NH₄OH
[Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄) as tetraammine
copper(II) sulfate.

Zinc sulfate reacts

ZnSO₄ + with ammonium
2NH₄OH → hydroxide to form
Zn(OH)₂ + zinc hydroxide Important for zinc
Zinc Salts (NH₄)₂SO₄ (white gelatinous), ion identification
(Soluble in excess soluble in excess in salt analysis.
NH₄OH as NH₄OH as
[Zn(NH₃)₄]SO₄) tetraammine
zinc(II) sulfate.
 Lead nitrate reacts

Pb(NO₃)₂ + with ammonium

Utilized for the
hydroxide to form
2NH₄OH → detection of lead
Lead Salts lead hydroxide
Pb(OH)₂ + ions in chemical
(chalky white
2NH₄NO₃ testing.
precipitate), which
is insoluble.

3. Amphoteric Nature of Substances

Table 3: Amphoteric Nature of Substances

Key Concept

Chemical
Equation

Explanation

Application/Pract
ical Use

Zinc oxide reacts

Demonstrates the
with sodium
Zinc Oxide ZnO + 2NaOH amphoteric nature
hydroxide to form
Reaction → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O of zinc oxide in
sodium zincate
chemical reactions.
and water.

Aluminium oxide
Highlights the
reacts with sodium
amphoteric
Al₂O₃ + 2NaOH hydroxide and
Aluminium Oxide behavior of
+ 2H₂O → water to form
Reaction aluminum oxide in
2NaAlO₂ + 3H₂ sodium meta
interactions with
aluminate and
bases.
hydrogen.
 Lead oxide reacts
with sodium Illustrates the
Lead Oxide PbO + 2NaOH
hydroxide to form amphoteric nature
Reaction → Na₂PbO₂ + H₂O
sodium plumbate of lead oxide.
and water.

4. Additional Observations
Table 4: Additional Observations

Key Concept

Chemical
Equation

Explanation

Application/Pract
ical Use

CuSO₄ + Copper sulfate

forms a deep blue Used in
2NH₄OH →
solution with distinguishing
[Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄ +
NH₄OH, indicating between
CuSO₄ with 2H₂O (Deep blue
the formation of ammonium
NH₄OH vs NaOH solution with tetraammine hydroxide and
NH₄OH, no copper(II) sulfate, sodium hydroxide
reaction with but no reaction solutions.
NaOH) with NaOH.
 Zinc oxide reacts
ZnO + 2HCl → with hydrochloric
Demonstrates the
acid to form zinc
ZnCl₂ + H₂O amphoteric nature
ZnO Reaction with chloride and
and ZnO + of zinc oxide,
Acids and Bases water, and with
2NaOH → reacting with both
sodium hydroxide
Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O acids and bases.
to form sodium
zincate and water.

Aluminium
hydroxide reacts Indicates the
Al(OH)₃ + with sodium amphoteric
Al(OH)₃ Reaction
NaOH → NaAlO₂ hydroxide to form characteristics of
with NaOH
+ 2H₂O sodium meta aluminum
aluminate and hydroxide.
water.

These tables provide a structur

Metal Salts and Hydroxide Reactions - precipitates
Metal-NO3:: White - chalky
FeCL : Red Brown
FeSo4 : Dirty Green
CuSo4: Pale Blue
NHCL, NHSO4: Gas
PB+HYDRO: Water
Ca(NO3)2:Nothing
A. Action of sodium hydroxide on certain metallic salt solutions
 Compressed
Mnemonic

Full Mnemonic

Equation

PPT & Solubility

Captain Calcium- Ca(NO_3)_2 +

Cap-nitro's white nitro Neutral 2NaOH → White, Sparingly
spit Attack, Heroic Ca(OH)_2↓ + Soluble
White spit 2NaNO_3

FeSO_4 + 2NaOH
Ferrous Sali Green Iron Ferrous-Sali, Dirty Green,
→ Fe(OH)_2↓ +
insole Green Solid insole Insoluble
Na_2SO_4

Ferric-Chloe Iron
FeCl_3 + 3NaOH
Ferric-chloe Brown Triple Sodium, Reddish Brown,
→ Fe(OH)_3↓ +
clump Brown Solid Insoluble
3NaCl
Clumps

CuSO_4 + 2NaOH
Copper-sully Copper-sully,
→ Cu(OH)_2↓ + Pale Blue, Insoluble
Azure Stays Azure Solid stays
Na_2SO_4

ZnSO_4 + 2NaOH
Zinc-soul → Zn(OH)_2↓ +
Zinc-soul's White Gelatinous White,
Guardian, White Na_2SO_4
Gel Soluble
Gelatine Soft With excess NAOH
ppt dissolves

Pb(NO_3)_2 +
Lead-nitro
Lead-niro's White 2NaOH → Chalky White,
Protectos, White
chucky Pb(OH)_2↓ + Soluble
chucky Rests
2NaNO_3
 Pb(OH)_2 +
Plumbate's water Lead Plumbate 2NaOH → Clear, Soluble in
drain Water Clear Drains Na_2PbO_2 + Acetate
2H_2O

Ant-Man's Ammo- NH_4Cl + NaOH

Ant-Man ammo- Colorless, Gaseous
Chloe, colorless → NH_3↑ + H_2O
chloe's Gas Rise Release
Gas Vapors Rise + NaCl

NH_4_2SO_4 +
Amo-sali's Bubble Ammo-Sali 's Gas 2NaOH → 2NH_3↑ Colorless, Gaseous
Flee Bubbles Flee + 2H_2O + Release
Na_2SO_4

B. Action of Ammonium hydroxide on certain metallic salt solutions

Compressed
Mnemonic

Full Mnemonic

Equation

PPT & Solubility

Chameleon Ca(NO_3)_2 +
Chameleon Calki
Calcium-nitro 2NH_4OH → No No PPT
poker face
Hides, No Change PPT

FeSO_4 +
Gorilla Iron-SOB Gorilla Iron-SOB, 2NH_4OH → Dirty Green PPT,
dirty Green dirty Green Fe(OH)_2↓ + Insoluble
(NH_4)_2SO_4
 FeCl_3 +
Tigeress Iron- Tigeress Iron- 3NH_4OH → Reddish Brown
Chloe, Red in-soul Chloe, Red in-soul Fe(OH)_3↓ + PPT, Insoluble
3NH_4Cl

CuSO_4 +
Parrot Copper-
Parrot Copper-solu 2NH_4OH → Pale Blue PPT,
solu, pale Blue
pale Blue Cu(OH)_2↓ + Insoluble
settles
(NH_4)_2SO_4

Panda Zinc-sole ZnSO_4 +

Panda Zinc-sole, Munches, white 2NH_4OH → Gelatinous White
White gel Gelatinous Zn(OH)_2↓ + PPT, Soluble
Bamboo (NH_4)_2SO_4

Pb(NO_3)_2 +
Elephant Lead- Elephant Lead-
2NH_4OH → Chalky White PPT,
nitro exudes nitro White Rests,
Pb(OH)_2↓ + Insoluble
White chucky Chalky Waterhole
2NH_4NO_3

Intext Questions 1
Question 1
What do you understand by the following:
(a) Analysis
(b) Qualitative analysis
(c) Reagent
(d) Precipitation
Answer
(a) Analysis — Determination of the chemical components in a given sample is called
Analysis.
(b) Qualitative analysis — Identification of the unknown substances in a given sample is
called Qualitative analysis.
(c) Reagent — A reagent is a substance that reacts with another substances.
(d) Precipitation — The process of formation of an insoluble solid when solutions are
mixed is called Precipitation. The solid thus formed is called Precipitate.

Question 2
Write the probable colour of the following salts:
(a) Iron (III) chloride
(b) Potassium nitrate
(c) Ferrous sulphate
(d) Aluminium acetate
Answer
(a) Iron (III) chloride — Yellow
(b) Potassium nitrate — Colourless
(c) Ferrous sulphate — Pale Green
(d) Aluminium acetate — Colourless

Question 3
Name the probable cation present based on the following observations:
(a) White precipitate insoluble in NH4OH but soluble in NaOH.
(b) Blue coloured solution.
Answer
(a) Pb2+
(b) Cu2+

Question 4
Name the metal hydroxides which are:
(a) Insoluble
(b) Soluble in
(i) caustic soda solution
(ii) Ammonium hydroxide solution
Answer
 Name of the solution

Soluble metal
hydroxide

Insoluble metal
hydroxide

Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3,
Caustic soda solution Zn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2
Cu(OH)2

Ammonium hydroxide Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3,

Zn(OH)2, Cu(OH)2
solution Pb(OH)2

Question 5
What do you observe when ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution? Write
the word equation:
Answer
When ammonium salt is heated with caustic soda solution, ammonia gas is evolved.
The word equation is:

Question 6
How will you distinguish NH4OH solution from NaOH solution?
Answer
NH4OH and NaOH can be distinguished by using CuSO4.
CuSO4 forms a pale blue precipitate which is insoluble in excess of sodium hydroxide
and with ammonium hydroxide it forms a pale blue precipitate which dissolves in
excess of ammonium hydroxide and forms a deep/inky blue solution.
Question 7
Why the alkali is added drop by drop to the salt solution?
Answer
If an alkali is added too quickly, then it is easy to miss a precipitate that redissolves in
excess alkali.

Question 8
Write balanced equation:
(a) Reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with Iron (III) chloride solution
(b) Copper sulphate solution with ammonium hydroxide solution
Answer

Exercise 4
Question 1
Write the probable colour of the following salts?
(a) Ferrous salts
(b) Ammonium salts
(c) Cupric salts
(d) Calcium salts
(e) Aluminium salts
Answer
(a) Ferrous salts — Pale Green
(b) Ammonium salts — Colourless
(c) Cupric salts — Blue
(d) Calcium salts — Colourless
(e) Aluminium salts — Colourless

Question 2
Name:
(a) a metallic hydroxide soluble in excess of NH4OH.
(b) a metallic oxide soluble in excess of caustic soda solution.
(c) a strong alkali.
(d) a weak alkali.
(e) two colourless metal ions.
(f) two coloured metal ions.
(g) a metal that evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound when boiled with alkali
solutions.
(h) two bases which are not alkalis but dissolve in strong alkalis.
(i) a coloured metallic oxide which dissolves in alkalis to yield colourless solutions.
(j) a colourless cation not a representative element.
Answer
(a) Copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2]
(b) Zinc oxide [ZnO]
(c) Sodium hydroxide [NaOH]
(d) Ammonium hydroxide [NH4OH]
(e) Sodium ion [Na+] , Potassium ion [K+]
(f) Cupric ion [Cu2+], Ferrous ion [Fe2+]
(g) Aluminium [Al]
(h) Zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] and Lead hydroxide [Pb(OH)2]
(i) Lead oxide [PbO]
(j) Ammonium ion [NH4+]

Question 3
Write balanced equations for Q.2 (g) and (i).
Answer
2(g):
Question 4
What happens when ammonia solution is added first dropwise and then in excess to
the following solutions:
(i) CuSO4
(ii) ZnSO4
(iii) FeCl3
Write balanced equations for these reactions.
Answer
Question 5
What do you observe when caustic soda solution is added to the following solution,
first a little and then in excess :
(a) FeCl3
(b) ZnSO4
(c) Pb(NO3)2
(d) CuSO4
Write balanced equations for these reactions.
Answer
Question 6
Name the chloride of a metal which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide. Write
equation for the same.
Answer

Question 7
On adding dilute ammonia solution to a colourless solution of a salt, a white gelatinous
precipitate appears. This precipitate however dissolves on addition of excess of
ammonia solution. Identify (choose from Na, Al, Zn, Pb, Fe)
(a) Which metal salt solution was used?
(b) What is the formula of the white gelatinous precipitate obtained?
Answer
(a) Zinc (Zn) metal salt solution was used
(b) Zn(OH)2
Question 8
Name:
(a) A yellow monoxide that dissolves in hot and concentrated caustic alkali.
(b) A white, insoluble oxide that dissolves when fused with caustic soda or caustic
potash.
(c) A compound containing zinc in the anion.
Answer
(a) Lead oxide [PbO]
(b) Zinc oxide [ZnO]
(c) Potassium Zincate [K2ZnO2 ]

Question 9(a)
Select the correct answer:
Colour of an aqueous solution of copper sulphate is:
1. Green
2. Brown
3. Blue
4. Yellow
Answer
BlueReason — Aqueous solution of copper sulphate is blue.

Question 9(b)
Select the correct answer:
Colour of the precipitate formed on adding NaOH solution to iron (II) sulphate solution
is:
1. White
2. Brown
3. Green
4. Pale blue
Answer
GreenReason — Dirty green precipitate of Ferrous Hydroxide [Fe(OH)2] is formed.

Question 9(c)
Select the correct answer:
A metal which produces hydrogen on reacting with alkali as well as with acid:
1. Iron
 2. Magnesium
3. Zinc
4. Copper
Answer
ZincReason — Reactions of Zinc with alkali and acid are shown below:Zn + 2NaOH ⟶
Na2(ZnO)2 + H2↑Zn + HCl ⟶ ZnCl2 + H2↑

Question 9(d)
Select the correct answer:
The salt solution which does not react with ammonium hydroxide is:
1. Calcium nitrate
2. Zinc nitrate
3. Lead nitrate
4. Copper nitrate
Answer
Calcium NitrateReason — No ppt. occurs even with addition of excess of ammonium
hydroxide as the concentration of OH- ions from the ionization of of NH4OH is so low
that it cannot precipitate the hydroxide of calcium.

Question 10
What do you observe when freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide reacts with caustic
soda solution? Give balanced equation.
Answer
When freshly precipitated aluminum hydroxide reacts with caustic soda solution, a
white soluble salt of sodium meta aluminate is obtained.
Al(OH)3 + NaOH ⟶ NaAlO2 [soluble] + 2H2O

Question 11
You are provided with two reagent bottles marked A and B. One contains NH4OH
solution and the other contains NaOH solution. How will you identify them by a
chemical test?
Answer
Question 12
Distinguish by adding: Sodium hydroxide solution or Ammonium hydroxide solution to
(a) Calcium salt solution and lead salt solution
(b) Lead nitrate solution and zinc nitrate solution
(c) Copper salt solution and ferrous salt solution
(d) Fe(II) salt solution and Fe(III) salt solution
(e) Ferrous nitrate and lead nitrate
Answer

Question 13
How will you distinguish calcium nitrate and zinc nitrate solution?
Answer
Question 14
What is observed when hot concentrated caustic soda solution is added to
(a) Zinc
(b) Aluminium?
Write balanced equations.
Answer

Question 15
(a) What do you understand by amphoteric oxide?
(b) Give the balanced equations for the reaction with two different amphoteric oxides
with a caustic alkali.
(c) Name the products formed.
Answer
(a) Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides are those compounds which react with both
acids and alkalis to form salt and water.
(b) Balanced equations for the reaction of Zinc Oxide and Lead Oxide with Caustic Soda
are given below:
ZnO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2ZnO2 + H2O
PbO + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2PbO2 + H2O
(c) Sodium zincate [Na2ZnO2] and sodium plumbite [Na2PbO2] are the products formed.

Question 16
Write balanced equations for the following conversions: