DECISION -

MAKING
CHARACTER FORMATION II
LEARNING
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:

● Define what is decision-making

● Differentiate problem solving from decision-making
● Understand what is analysis paralysis and the terms
involve in decision-making
● Know what decision-making style to use in specific
situation
● Use the different techniques in decision-making
● Follow the different steps to make better decisions
● Know the biases in judgment and decision-making
 DECISION-MAKING
DECISION-MAKING
● It is the selection of belief or a course
of action among several possible
alternative options.
● The process of identifying and
choosing alternatives based on the
values, preferences and beliefs of the
decision-maker. Every decision-making
process produces a final choice, which
may or may not prompt action.
Human performance has been the subject of
action research from several perspective:
PSYCHOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Examining individual decisions in the context of a set of
needs, preferences and values the individual has or seeks.

COGNITIVE
A continuous process integrated in the interaction with the
environment.
NORMATIVE
The analysis of individual decisions concerned with the logic
of decision-making, or communicative rationality, and the
invariant choice it leads to.
Problem Solving vs Decision-Making

What
What is
is Problem
Problem Solving?
Solving?
Problem solvingis the process of
investigating the given information and finding all
possible solutions through invention or discovery.
Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a
step towards decision making, so that the information
gathered in that process may be used towards
decision-making.
Characteristics
Characteristics of
of Problem
Problem Solving:
Solving:
● Problems are merely deviations from performance standards
● Problems must be precisely identified and described
● Problems are caused by a change from a distinctive feature
● Something can always be used to distinguish between what
has and hasn’t been affected by a cause
● Causes of problems can be deduced from relevant changes
found in analyzing the problem
● Most likely cause of a problem is the one that exactly explains
all the facts, while having the fewest (or weakest) assumption
(Occam’s razor).
Characteristics of Decision Making:
● Objectives must first be established
● Objectives must be classified and placed in order of
importance
● Alternatives actions must be developed
● The alternatives must be evaluated against all the
objectives
● The alternative that is able to achieve all the
objectives is the tentative decision
● The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible
consequences
Characteristics of Decision Making:
● The decision actions are taken, and additional
actions are taken to prevent any adverse
consequences from becoming problems and starting
both systems all over again.
● There are steps that are generally followed that result
in a decision model that can be used to determine an
optimal production plan.
● In a situation featuring conflict, role-playing may be
helpful for predicting decisions to be made by involved
parties.
ANALYSIS PARALYSIS
Is the state that a person enters where
they are unable to make a decision, in
effect paralyzing the outcome. Some of
the main causes for analysis paralysis is
the overwhelming flood of incoming data
or the tendency to everanalyze the
situation at hand.
Three different types of analysis paralysis:
Analysis process paralysis (Cyclical process)
One is unable to make a decision because they get stuck
go over the information again and again for fear of making
the wrong decision.
Decision precision paralysis
The decision-maker will find new questions and information from
their analysis and that will lead them to explore into further
possibilities rather than making a decision.
Risk uncertainly paralysis
To eliminate any uncertainty but the examination of provided
information is unable to get rid of all uncertainty.
EXTINCTION BY INSTINCT
Is the state that a person is in when they make
careless decision without detailed planning or thorough
systematic processes.
IMFORMATION
IMFORMATION OVERLOAD
OVERLOAD
“A gap between the volume of information and
the tools we have to assimilate.”
 To reduce or eliminate uncertainty
 Excessive information affects problem processing
and tasking, which affects decision-making.
DECISION FATIGUE
DECISION FATIGUE
Is when a sizable number of decision-making
leads to a decline in decision-making skills.
 People who makes decisions in an
extended period of time begin to lose
mental energy needed to analyze all
possible solutions.
 Only happens to those who believe
willpower has a limited capacity.
Two possible paths that extend from decision fatigue
 IMPULSE
IMPULSE DECISIONS
DECISIONS
When a person is tired of analysis situations or solutions;
the solution they make is to act and not think.

DECISION AVOIDANCE
DECISION AVOIDANCE
When a person evades the situation entirely by not ever
making a decision. Avoiding the situation entirely.

POST-DECISION
POST-DECISION ANALYSIS
Evaluation and analysis of past decisions is complementary to
decision-making.
 DECISION-MAKING STYLES:
Analytical
Who feel comfortable with ambiguity but are motivated
to find the best or most comprehensive solution.
Directive
Who prefer structure and are motivated by the results
their decisions will bring them.
Conceptual
Who enjoy the ambiguity of open-ended options and
are motivated to make an impact on the world.
Behavioral
Who prefer structure and stability and are motivated to
maintain harmony.
HOW ARE THE
DECISION-MAKING
?
STYLES DETERMINED
 STRUCTURE VS. AMBIGUITY
Measures people’s propensity to prefer
either structure or ambiguity.
 TASK/TECHNICAL VS.
PEOPLE/SOCAIL
Measures if the motivation to make a specific
choice is guided more by a desire to be right, or
to get results (task/technical), or if it's to create
harmony or social impact (people/social).
 Thanks You
FOR LISTENING
Do you have any questions?
Group II
CFLM 2 – Character Formation II

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