2010 Structures Congress © 2010 ASCE 1241

A Steel Component Database for Deterioration Modeling of Steel Beams with

RBS under Cyclic Loading

D.G. Lignos1, F. Zareian2, and H. Krawinkler3

1
Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University; #S301D
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Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, JAPAN, PH +81-77- 438-4085; email:

d.lignos@kt2.ecs.kyoto-u.ac.jp
2
The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697,
USA; PH +1-(949) 824-9866; email: zareian@uci.edu
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
CA, 94305, USA; PH +1-(650) 723-4129; email: krawinkler@stanford.edu

ABSTRACT

In recent years much effort has been devoted to the development of reliable
analytical tools that model component deterioration and can be used to predict global
collapse of structural systems under seismic excitations. This paper focuses on
development of a steel component database that can serve as the basis for validation
and improvement of analytical models that explicitly model deterioration in structural
steel components and can be used in collapse assessment of steel moment resisting
frames. Relationships that associate deterioration model parameters with geometric and
material properties that control deterioration of steel beams with reduced beam sections
(RBS) are proposed. The relationships are based on calibration and evaluation of steel
beams with RBS subjected to monotonic and cyclic bending moments. The use and
importance of deterioration modeling based on the proposed relationships for collapse
prediction is demonstrated on a case study of a 20–story steel building designed based
on current seismic provisions and evaluated based on FEMA P695 (ATC-63)
performance methodology that requires explicit modeling of structural collapse.

INTRODUCTION

Recent methodologies for quantification of building system performance and

response parameters for use in seismic design (FEMA P695) necessitate the collapse
assessment of building structures under earthquakes. Many analytical studies (Ibarra
et al. 2002, Sivaselvan and Reinhorn, 2002, Ibarra and Krawinkler, 2005, Haselton
and Deierlein, 2007, Zareian and Krawinkler, 2009, Christovasilis et al. 2009) that
have focused on the evaluation and prediction of the collapse capacity of structural
systems have emphasized on the importance of sophisticated analytical models that
simulate component deterioration phenomena such as strength and stiffness
deterioration. A detailed description of various analytical models can be found in
Lignos and Krawinkler (2009a). However, reliable analytical modeling to predict
global collapse of structural systems under extreme earthquake events requires

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experimental data for model validation and improvement. Even though there is
available experimental data through tests that have been conducted worldwide on
steel components, there is no systematic way to gather this data in an organized way
for better assessment of the hysteretic response of structural components. The missing
information in the available steel component databases (SAC,
http://www.sacsteel.org/connections/) is the digitized load - displacement (deduced
moment - rotation) needed for calibration of the simulated response of the component.
This paper summarizes the development of a steel database (Lignos and
Krawinkler, 2007, 2009a, 2009b) for deterioration modeling of beams with reduced
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beam sections (RBS), one of the most common connection types in U.S design
practice. The main advantage of this database is that provides complete digitized load
– displacement (deduced moment - rotation) diagrams of each component. Empirical
relationships are proposed that associate deterioration model parameters with
geometric and material properties of steel beams with RBS. Such information can be
used for more reliable collapse assessment of steel moment resting frames with RBS.
This paper shows such an exercise by adopting the recently developed methodology
for quantification of building system performance and response parameters (FEMA-
P695) on a 20 story building with RBS beams. This building is part of a research
project (ATC-76-1) on quantification of seismic performance parameters of a group
of special moment resisting frames summarized in Zareian et al. (2010).

DETERIORATION MODELING

A recently developed analytical model (Ibarra et al. 2005, Lignos and

Krawinkler, 2009a), denoted as IK deterioration model, is used in this research to
simulate deterioration of steel beams with RBS. The modified IK deterioration model
(see Figure 1) is based on a reference backbone curve that is defined by the elastic
stiffness Ke, pre-capping plastic rotation θp, post-capping plastic rotation θpc, residual
strength ratio κ and ultimate rotation capacity θu of the component associated with
ductile tearing of steel components. The modified IK model with bilinear hysteretic
response is able to simulate strength, post-capping strength and unloading stiffness
deterioration.
7000 8000
K = 840000
e Strength Det. Post Cap. Strength Det.
6000 M M M+ = 5340 6000
y c +
y
θ = 0.045
5000
p
+ 4000
θpc = 0.220
Moment (k-in)
Moment (k-in)

M /M+ = 1.06 2000

4000 c y

θ θ 0 Unload.
3000 p pc Stiff. Det.
-2000
2000 -4000
1000 -6000
Ref. BackBone Curve
0 -8000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 -0.05 0 0.05
Chord Rotation (rad) Chord Rotation (rad)
(a) monotonic response (b) cyclic response
Figure 1. Modified IK deterioration model (data from Tremblay et al. 1997)

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COMPONENT DATABASE FOR STEEL BEAMS WITH RBS

In order to assess the deterioration characteristics of steel beams under cyclic

and monotonic loading a steel component database of more than 300 beams was
developed with experimental data that has been conducted worldwide. The database
is organized in metadata, experimental results and deduced data. The metadata
includes information related to test configuration and beam-to-column connection
types, geometric and material properties and a report excerpt that provides a summary
of each test. Experimental results include observations related to the test as reported
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by the experimentalist. Valuable information that is also included in this category is

the complete digitized load - displacement diagram for each test. Deduced data
include the deduced moment - rotation diagram of the steel beam based on the
individual test configuration. The steel database includes 73 beams with RBS. The
main configurations of these tests are standard single cantilever beam, standard single
beam with column pinned at top and bottom and standard two beams with column
pinned at top and bottom. Sixteen specimens include slab. The beam sizes range from
W21x62 to W36x150. Fourteen specimens include additional lateral bracing near the
RBS region (Uang et al. 2000, Tremblay et al. 1997).

Calibration of Component Deterioration Parameters for beams with RBS. The

information stored in the steel database is utilized to calibrate the cyclic and
monotonic moment-rotation behavior of plastic hinge regions in steel beams with
RBS. The objective of the calibration process is to provide complete moment-rotation
relationships that incorporate experimental evidence to quantify cyclic deterioration
that is insufficiently described by presently available models of engineering
mechanics. The calibration process is based on a Matlab-based (Mathworks, 2006,
http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help) interactive software named
Calibrator (Lignos and Krawinkler, 2009a) that was developed to facilitate the
calibration effort. This software is an interface between hysteretic moment-rotation
relationships stored in the steel database and a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF)
inelastic analysis program that computes the hysteretic response based on modeling
parameters input into the interface. The initial selections of deterioration parameters
of computed moment rotation response is based on a combination of visual
observations and concepts of mechanics. These parameters are altered as deemed
necessary to improve the match between computed and experimental moment-
rotation diagram for each test (see Figure 1b). More information about the calibration
process of the modified IK model parameters is summarized in Lignos and
Krawinkler (2009a).

Trends for deformation modeling parameters of beams with RBS. This section
summarizes trends that show the dependence of modeling parameters, such as pre-
capping plastic rotation θp, post-capping plastic rotation θpc and cumulative rotation
capacity Λ, with selected geometric properties of steel beams with RBS such as beam
depth (h) to thickness (tw) ratio of the beam web h/tw, width (bf) to thickness (tf) ratio
of the flange bf/2tf, and lateral torsional buckling controlled by Lb/ry ratio. The
parameter Lb is defined here as the distance from the column face to the nearest brace

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and ry is the radius of gyration about the y-axis of the beam. The main findings for
beams with RBS and beams other-than-RBS are summarized in detail in Lignos and
Krawinkler (2009a, 2009b).
The geometric parameter that is found to be the most influential for all three
modeling parameters for beams with RBS is the h/tw ratio. The primary reason is that
a beam with large h/tw ratio is more susceptible to web local buckling. Since web
local buckling is coupled with flange local buckling and lateral torsional buckling
(Lay and Galambos, 1966) the initiation of web local buckling triggers the other two
buckling phenomena. The dependence of θp and θpc on h/tw ratio is shown in Figures
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2a and 2b, respectively. The effect of bf/2tf ratio on θp and θpc is small when the bf/2tf
ratio is viewed in isolation. A section with large fillet to fillet web depth over web
thickness ratio (i.e. relatively small θp, θpc and Λ) will generally have a large bf/2tf
ratio, which implies that the beam is more susceptible to flange local buckling.
However, this effect is smaller for beams with RBS compared to beams other than
RBS due to the flange width reduction at the RBS region.

Beams with RBS: θ p versus h/tw ratio Beams with RBS: θ pc versus h/tw ratio
0.08 0.6

0.5
0.06
0.4
(rad)
θ (rad)

0.04 0.3
pc
p

0.2
0.02
0.1

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
h/tw h/tw

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Dependence of θp and θpc on beam depth to thickness h/tw ratio

Per AISC (2005) design provisions the Lb/ry ratio (Lb is defined here as the
distance from the column face to the nearest brace and ry is the radius of gyration
about the y-axis of the beam) is required to be less than 2500/Fy (Fy expected yield
strength of the steel beam section). In almost all the tests with RBS beams the AISC
requirement was satisfied. It was found that the Lb/ry ratio does not greatly affect θp,
θpc provided that the Lb/ry ratio is kept less equal to 2500/Fy. Additional bracing near
the RBS region does not greatly improve θp and θpc values of beams with RBS but
decreases the rate of cyclic deterioration, since twisting of the RBS region is delayed.
The same findings are confirmed experimentally by Uang et al. (2000). Dependence
of modeling parameters on beam depth d, shear span L to depth ratio L/d and
expected yield strength Fy are summarized in Lignos and Krawinkler (2009a, 2009b).

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RELATIONSHIPS FOR COMPONENT DETERIORATION MODELING OF

BEAMS WITH RBS AND WITHOUT SLAB

Based on the available experimental data for beams with RBS empirical
relationships are proposed that associate parameters of the modified IK deterioration
model with geometric and material properties that control deterioration in steel beams
with RBS. For this purpose, stepwise multivariate regression analysis is used
(Chatterjee et al. 2000). To consider the coupling between web and flange local
buckling and lateral torsional buckling a general nonlinear model is used that predicts
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the response parameter (RP) of interest,

a3 a4 a7
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ bf ⎞ ⎛ Lb ⎞ ⎛ L ⎞ a5 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ cunit ⎞
a a
2
d
6 2
⋅ Fy
RP = a1 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (1)
⎜
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⋅ t f ⎠ ⎝ ry ⎠ ⎝ d ⎠ ⎝ cunit ⋅ 21" ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠

In which α1, α2,..., α7 are constants known as regression coefficients and c1unit
2
and c unit are coefficients for units conversion. They both are 1.0 if inches and ksi are
used, and they are c1unit = 25.4 and c2unit = 0.145 if d is in mm and Fy is in MPa,
respectively. For the regression equations discussed in the subsequent sections only
variables that are statistically significant at the 95% level using a standard t-test are
kept in Equation (1). Predictive equations discussed below are valid within the
following range of geometric and material properties of beams with RBS, 21 ≤ h t w ≤
55; 20 ≤ Lb ry ≤ 65, 4.5 ≤ b f 2t f ≤ 7.5, 2.3 ≤ L d ≤ 6.3, 21” ≤ d ≤ 36” and 38ksi ≤
Fy ≤ 63ksi. The effect of composite action is not considered in any of the empirical
equations since the experimental data is limited to W36x150 sections only.

Pre-capping plastic rotation θp. The proposed relationship for predicting pre-
capping plastic rotation θp is based on 55 beams with RBS and is given by,

−0.314 −0.10 −0.1185 −0.76 −0.07

⎛h⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛L ⎞ ⎛L⎞
0.113
⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⋅ F ⎞
θ p = 0.19 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ f ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ b ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ 1 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ unit y ⎟⎟ (2)
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅t f ⎠ ⎝ ry ⎠ ⎝d⎠ ⎝ cunit ⋅ 21" ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠

R 2 = 0.56 , σ ln = 0.24

The coefficient of determination R2 and the lognormal standard deviation σ ln

of the equation illustrate that the data set of beams with RBS exhibits considerable
scatter in the predicted versus calibrated θp values but the fit is acceptable. The same
observation is illustrated in Figure 3 that shows the predicted versus calibrated θp
values of this dataset.

Post-capping plastic rotation θpc. In order to create an empirical equation that

predicts post capping plastic rotation θpc for beams with RBS, only specimens with
clear indication of post capping behavior in their cyclic or monotonic response are

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considered in the multivariate regression (see Figure 1). The predictive equation for
θpc is given by,

−0.513 −0.863 −0.108 −0.36

⎛h⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛L ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⋅ F ⎞
θ pc = 9.62 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ f ⋅⎜ b ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ unit y
⎟⎟ ⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜ ry ⎟ ⎜ 50
(3)
⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅tf ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
R 2 = 0.48 , σ ln = 0.26

Equation (3) confirms the observations from deterioration parameter trends

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summarized earlier in this paper, where the geometric parameters h/tw, bf/2tf and Lb/ry
were treated as independent random variables ignoring their correlations.
0.08

0.06
(rad)

0.04
p,pred.
θ

0.02

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Calibrated θ p (rad)

Figure 3. Predicted versus calibrated pre-capping plastic rotation θp values for

beams with RBS

Cumulative rotation capacity Λ. To determine an empirical relationship for

predicting cumulative rotation capacity Λ of steel beams with RBS only specimens
that deteriorate gradually (absence of brittle fracture) have been considered in the
data set to conduct the multivariate regression analysis. For simplicity in the
calibration process the parameters that define strength (Λs), post-capping strength (Λc)
and unloading stiffness (Λk) deterioration of the steel beam with RBS under cyclic
loading are set to be equal. The proposed relationship for predicting Λ is given by,

−1.138 −0.632 −0.205 −0.391

Ε ⎛h⎞ ⎛ b ⎞ ⎛L ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⋅ F ⎞
Λ = t = 592 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ f ⎟⎟ ⋅⎜ b ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ unit y ⎟⎟ (4)
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
My ⎝ tw ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅tf ⎠ ⎝ ry ⎠ ⎝ 50 ⎠
R 2 = 0.486 , σ ln = 0.35

As seen from Equation (4) the effect of Lb/ry ratio on Λ is somewhat more
important compared to θp and θpc because additional Lb/ry ratio delays twisting of the
RBS region (see Uang et al. 2000) as was previously mentioned.

Residual strength ratio κ. Steel components whose hysteretic behavior deteriorates

due to local instabilities (no brittle behavior) typically approach stabilization of the

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hysteretic response at large inelastic deformations. The modified IK deterioration

model is able to capture this stabilization with the residual strength ratio κ, which is a
fraction of the component yield strength. Since within the data set of beams with RBS
only few specimens attained stabilization (due to testing equipment limitation or
stopping condition of the test), there is no clear trend of κ with respect to geometric
or material parameters of the steel beams. A value of κ=0.40 is assumed to be a
reasonable estimate of the yield strength ratio for beams with RBS.

Ultimate rotation capacity θu. At large inelastic deformations the steel base material,
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at the apex of the most severe local buckle, may develop cracks that will then
propagate, followed by ductile tearing and essentially complete loss of strength. For
beams with RBS the ultimate rotation capacity θu associated with ductile tearing is
about 0.06 radians using a symmetric cyclic loading protocol (AISC, 2005) as
reported by Fry et al. (1997) and Ricles et al. (2004). However, it was recently shown
(Uang et al. 2000, Lignos and Krawinkler, 2009a) that the ultimate rotation θu
depends on the loading history that the steel beam experiences and may be extremely
large for cases in which only a few very large cycles are executed (e.g., near-fault
loading history).

CASE STUDY

The applicability of the steel component database summarized in this paper

for modeling of deterioration phenomena of steel beams with RBS is illustrated
through a case study of a 20-story office building with perimeter 3-bay special
moment resisting frames. The case study addresses the application of the FEMA
P695 methodology to steel moment-resisting frames as part of the ATC-76-1 study.
The FEMA P695 methodology requires explicit modeling of structural collapse (i.e.
reliable deterioration modeling of steel beams and columns). The special moment-
resisting frames of the 20-story office building have been designed in accordance
with ASCE 7-05 and AISC 341-05 provisions. It is assumed that the seismic design
category is Dmax and the deflection amplification factor Cd is equal with the reduction
factor R = 8. Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) was employed for the design
process. The plan view of the office building can be seen in Figure 4. The first story
height of the building is 15ft and all the other stories have a height of 13ft. A detailed
summary of all the design decisions for the building is included in ATC-76-1 and in
Zareian et al. (2010).
The 20-story-RSA-Dmax building is modeled with a modified version of the
DRAIN-2DX (Prakash et al. 1993) analysis program that includes the modified IK
deterioration model discussed in this paper. The analysis program has been verified
that can reliably predict seismic response of structural systems at large deformations
near collapse with recent earthquake simulator collapse experiments (Suita et al. 2008,
Lignos and Krawinkler, 2009a). Panel zone shear distortions are included in the
analytical model. The predominant period based on analysis of the East West (EW)
steel moment-resisting frame (see Figure 4) is 4.47sec. Deterioration parameters of
steel beams with RBS are based on Equations (2) to (4). Deterioration parameters of
steel columns are based on empirical relatioships that are similar with Equations (2)

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to (4) but are based on experimental data of steel beams other than RBS (see Lignos
and Krawinkler, 2009b).
140’

3@20’
100’
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3@20’
Figure 4. Plan view of archetype 20-story office building (ATC-76-1)

Performance evaluation based on nonlinear static procedure. In order to compute

the system overstrength factor (Ω0) and period-based ductility (µT), nonlinear static
(pushover) analysis is performed in accordance with Section 6.3 of FEMA P695. The
lateral load pattern distribution, Fx, at each story level, x, is assumed to be in
proportion to the fundamental mode of the 20-story building. Figure 5a shows the
normalized base shear of the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building versus the roof drift ratio
(roof displacement normalized with respect to total height H=262ft of the building).
From this figure, global yielding occurs around 1% roof drift. Using the procedure
outlined in Section 6.3 of FEMA P695 the period based ductility µT = 2.05 and the
overstrength factor Ω0 = 2.23 of the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building. As seen from
Figure 5a the building is not as ductile as expected. The main reason why the 20-
story-RSA-Dmax building is not ductile is the increase in P-Delta effects due to partial
mechanism that forms in the first 4-stories, i.e. the story drift ratios at these stories get
greatly amplified compared to the roof drift. This can be seen in Figure 5b that we
plot the normalized base shear of the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building with respect to the
first story drift ratio (relative displacement of the first story over its height h1 = 15ft).

0.2 0.2

0.15 0.15
Vy/W
Vy/W

0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.02
Roof Drift Δ/H SDR1
(a)Norm. base shear versus roof drift (b) Norm. base shear versus SDR1
Figure 5. Nonlinear static curve for 20-story-RSA-Dmax design

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Performance evaluation based on nonlinear response history analysis. To

conduct nonlinear response history analysis 2.5% Rayleigh damping is assigned at the
first more period T1=4.47sec of the structure and at 20% of T1. Based on the FEMA
P695 methodology the use of complete incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is not
necessary. Instead, target scale factors for a set of 44ground motions are selected and
are varied until 22 collapses are obtained. The objective is to obtain the Collapse
Margin Ratio (CMR), which is obtained as the ratio of median collapse intensity Ŝ CT
to the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground motion demand (SMT) at the
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code period CuTa. The median collapse intensity Ŝ CT is defined as the scale factor
that causes 22 collapses multiplied by the median Sa at the code period CuTa of the
unscaled records. For the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building discussed in this paper the
CMR is equal to 1.19. In order to account for the effect of spectral shape on the
median collapse capacity of the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building we calculate the
adjacent collapse marginal ratio (ACMR) of this structure to be 1.47 (see Section 7.2
of FEMA P695). If we compare this value with the Acceptable Collapse Marginal
Ratio (ACMR = 1.43) for a conditional collapse probability less equal to 20% at the
MCE level we can see that the 20-story-RSA-Dmax building barely passes the
performance check per FEMA P695.
The primary issue for the low collapse capacity of the 20-story-RSA-Dmax
steel moment-resisting frame is P-Delta effects since they dominate response in the
highly inelastic range and lead to a mechanism that involves only the bottom stories
of the steel moment-resisting frame as was pointed out using the nonlinear static
analysis procedure. This can also be seen in Figures 6 and 7 that show the roof drift
and first story drift ratio (SDR1) histories, respectively, of the 20-story building using
one ground motion (record 120721) from the FEMA P695 set. In both figures two
lines are included. The first one (solid line) is based on a ground motion scale factor
of 4.5. The dashed line is based on a ground motion scale factor of 4.85. The latter
scale factor leads the structure to collapse (last stable point). For a relatively low
increase in ground motion intensity the increase in deformation demands in the first
story is sufficient to cause collapse.

0.03
S.Factor=4.5
Roof Drift (rad)

S.Factor=4.85
0.02

0.01

-0.01
0 10 20 30
Time (sec)
Figure 6. Roof drift histories of 20-story-RSA-Dmax for 4.5 and 4.85 ground
motion intensity scale factors

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0.1
S.Factor=4.5
0.075 S.Factor=4.85

SDR1 (rad) 0.05

0.025

0
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-0.01
0 10 20 30
Time (sec)
Figure 7. First story drift histories of 20-story-RSA-Dmax for 4.5 and 4.85
ground motion intensity scale factors

CONCLUSION

A recently developed database for modeling of deterioration of steel beams under

cyclic and monotonic bending moments is summarized in this paper. The focus is
on deterioration modeling of steel beams with reduced beam sections (RBS) for
collapse assessment of steel moment resisting frames under extreme seismic
events. The steel component database, which is available through the Network for
Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) central repository
(https://central.nees.org/?action=DisplayExperimentMain&projid=84&expid=159
0) is organized in metadata, experimental results and deduced data and provides
complete digitized load - displacement (deduced moment - rotation) diagrams of the
steel beam components. These diagrams serve for analytical modeling validation and
improvement for reliable collapse assessment of steel frame structures.
Using a hysteretic model that can simulate adequately component
deterioration of beams with RBS, it is concluded that the effect of web local buckling
on deterioration parameters (pre-capping plastic rotation θp, post-capping plastic
rotation θpc and cumulative plastic rotation Λ) of beams with RBS is critical since it
triggers flange local buckling and lateral torsional buckling. Additional bracing near
the RBS region does not lead to a significant improvement of θp and θpc values but
slows down the rate of cyclic deterioration since delays twisting of the RBS region. A
residual strength ratio of 40% as a fraction of yield strength is recommended for
beams with RBS. The ultimate rotation θu is about 6 % based on symmetric loading
protocols.
The steel database is utilized to provide empirical relationships that predict θp,
θpc and Λ values of beams with RBS as a function of critical geometric and material
properties of the steel sections that control component deterioration. These
relationships that are based on actual experimental data are used for reliable seismic
performance assessment of special steel moment-resisting frames since recent
performance evaluation recommendations require explicit modeling of structural
collapse (i.e. incorporation of component deterioration in the analytical models of
steel frame structures). After applying the FEMA P695 performance methodology on
a case study of a 20-story steel building designed based on current seismic provisions,
tall steel moment resisting frames seem to have low collapse capacities due to

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amplification of deformations concentrated at lower stories due to large P-Delta

effects.

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is based on work supported by the United States National Science
Foundation (NSF) under Grant No. CMS-0421551 within the George E. Brown, Jr.
Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Consortium Operations, by a grant
from the CUREE-Kajima Phase VI joint research program and ATC-76-1 Project
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“Quantification of Building System Performance and Response Parameters,” funded

by the NEHRP Consultants Joint Venture (a partnership of the Applied Technology
Council and Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering),
under Contract SB134107CQ0019, Earthquake Structural and Engineering Research,
issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This financial support
is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of sponsors.

REFERENCES

AISC (2005). “Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, including supplement
No. 1”, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. Chicago, Illinois.
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