Q2 - G11 - Investigating Reaction Rates (Observing - Collision Theory - Energy Flow - The Rate Law)

Chemistry
Dr. Nezar Kamal

Classifications
What is an
ACID and
Base?
Classifications
Classifications
Bronsted-lowry Study Quiz
conjugate acid conjugate Base

HCL CL-
NH4 NH3
HCo3- Co3 (-2)
H2Co3 HCo3-
H2O OH-
OH- O(-2)
Common Acids
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Battery acid
Nitric Acid HNO3 Used to make fertilizers and explosives
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Food flavoring
Hydrochloric Acid HCl Stomach acid
Acetic Acid CH3COOH Vinegar
Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Carbonated water

Focus Question
How can you describe the concentration of a solution?
pH Scale
• pH is a measure of how acidic or
basic a solution is.
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
• Acidic solutions have pH values
below 7
• A solution with a pH of 0 is very
acidic.
• A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral.
• Pure water has a pH of 7.
• Basic solutions have pH values
above 7.
pH Scale
• A change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold
change in the acidity of the solution.
• For example, if one solution has a pH of 1 and a second
solution has a pH of 2, the first solution is not twice as
acidic as the second—it is ten times more acidic.
Review
How acidic or basic is it?
C. pH scale → 0 -14 →
Indicates concentration of
hydronium ions
• 0-6 = acid → closer to 0 is
more acidic
• 8-14 = base → closer to 14 is
more basic
• 7 = neutral → H3O+
concentration = OH-
concentrations
Review
How acidic or basic is it?
D. Each pH unit = a power of ten
• Example: pH 3 is 100 times more acidic than pH 5
Review Review
• Strong Acid: An acid that has a very low pH (0-4).
• Strong Base: A base that has a very high pH (10-14).
• Weak Acid: An acid that only partially ionizes in an

aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks
apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (3-6).
• Weak Base: A base that only partially ionizes in an

aqueous solution. That means not every molecule breaks
apart. They usually have a pH close to 7 (8-10).
• Neutral: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic

nor basic.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Introduction
Chemical kinetics is concerned with the dynamics of

chemical reactions such as the way reactions take place
and the rate (speed) of the process.
One can look at the QUALITATIVE and the

QUANTITATIVE aspects of how the rate (speed) of a
reaction can be changed.
CHEMICAL KINETICS
Chemical kinetics plays an important part in industrial chemistry

because the time taken for a reaction to take place and the
energy required are of great economic importance. The kinetic
aspect of chemistry is often at odds with the thermodynamic side
when considering the best conditions for industrial production.
The concepts met in this topic can be applied throughout the

theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry.
The basis of the study is COLLISION THEORY...

Rates of Reaction
The rate of reaction is the

rate at which products are
formed, or the rate at
which reactions are used
up, in a reaction.
It is the measure of the change in concentration of the reactants or the change in concentration of
the products per unit time.
Rates of Reaction
Chemical reactions
will only occur when
the reacting particles
collide with each
other with sufficient
energy so they react.
Rates of Reaction
Chemical reactions will

only occur when the The ACTIVATION
reacting particles ENERGY
is the minimum
collide with each other amount of energy
with sufficient energy required to cause
the reaction to
so they react. happen.
Chemical reactions The ACTIVATION
will only occur when ENERGY is the
the reacting particles minimum amount of
collide with each energy required to
other with sufficient cause the reaction to
Energy, so they react. happen.
There are FIVE very important factors

which can affect the rate of reaction.
Rates of Reaction
Temperature
Temperature
Pressure
(of gases)
Temperature
Pressure
(of gases)
Concentration
Temperature
Pressure
(of gases)
Surface Area Concentration

Temperature
Pressure
Catalysts
(of gases)

Temperature
Let’s not forget
here a little dose of
kinetic theory
Pressure
Catalysts
(of gases)

Temperature
Let’s not forget

here a little dose of
kinetic theory
Pressure
Catalysts
(of gases)
Kinetic
what?

Activation energy
The source of activation energy is
typically heat, with reactant molecules
absorbing thermal energy from their
surroundings.
This thermal energy speeds up the
motion of the reactant molecules,
increasing the frequency and force of
their collisions, and also jostles the
atoms and bonds within the individual
molecules, making it more likely that
bonds will break
Activation energy
Once a reactant molecule

absorbs enough energy to
reach the transition state,
it can proceed through the
remainder of the reaction.
Factors Affecting Activation Energy
Activation energy depends on two factors.

1. Nature of Reactants
In the case of ionic reactant, the value of (Ea)
will be low because there is an attraction
between reacting species. While in the case of
covalent reactant the value of Ea will be high
because energy is required to break the older
bonds.
2. Effect of Catalyst
Positive catalyst provides such an alternate path
in which the value of Ea will be low, while the
negative catalyst provides such an alternate path
in which the value of Ea will be high.
Activation energy
What’s all this ‘ere talk about

the ACTIVATION ENERGY?
Activation energy
What’s all this ‘ere talk
about the ACTIVATION
ENERGY?
The ACTIVATION
ENERGY is the relatively
small amount of energy
needed to start a
chemical reaction
Activation energy
Activation energy
reactants
Used to break
apart the old
bonds
Increasing energy
products
Time
Activation energy
Activation energy
reactants
using a catalyst.
Catalysts reduce the

activation energy for
Increasing energy
the reaction – this
makes the reaction
go faster.
products
Time
Activation Energy Formula
The formula used to find the

value of Activation Energy
Ea is:
K = Ae-Ea/RT
• K = Rate Constant
• A = Arrhenius Constant
• Ea = Activation Energy
• R = Gas constant = 8.34J/K/mol
Activation Energy Formula
The difference between

activation energy and
energy?
Energy is the capacity to do
some work, whereas
activation energy is the
energy needed to form the
activated complex during the
chemical reaction.
Kinetic theory is
all about the
random movement
of particles
Kinetic theory is
all about the
random
movement of
particles
Kinetic theory assumes
that particles are in
constant random motion
Kinetic theory
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
Kinetic theory
is all about the
!
random
movement of
particles
And there will be collisions!

!
Kinetic theory is all about
the random movement of
particles
And there will be collisions!
It’s these collisions that are the

cause of chemical reactions.
Rates of Reaction
Do you remember
the five factors
that can affect the
rate of chemical
reactions?
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Let’s now consider

each one of these
factors in turn
Rates of Reaction
1. Temperature of the Reactants
Rates of Reaction
Low temperature
Cold conditions, particles have little

energy, move slowly and collide
infrequently and less successfully
Rates of Reaction
Low temperature
HEAT
High temperature
Cold conditions, When heated,
particles have little particles have more
energy, move slowly energy, move faster,
and collide collide frequently
infrequently and and more
less successfully successfully
Rates of Reaction
Low temperature
HEAT
High temperature
Cold conditions, When heated,
particles have little particles have more
energy, move slowly energy, move faster,
and collide collide frequently
infrequently and and more
less successfully successfully
Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved Reactants
Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved
Reactants
Low concentration
Particles are spread

out and will collide
with each other less
often, with fewer
successful collisions
Rates of Reaction
Reactants
Low concentration
High concentration
Particles are spread Particles are
out and will collide crowded close
with each other less together, so collide
often, with fewer more often, with
successful collisions more successful
collisions
Rates of Reaction
Reactants
Low concentration
High concentration
Particles are spread Particles are
out and will collide crowded close
with each other less together, so collide
often, with fewer more often, with
collisions
Rates of Reaction
3. Pressure (in gases)
Rates of Reaction
Low pressure
Particles are spread

out and will collide
with each other less
often, with fewer
successful collisions
Rates of Reaction
Low pressure
High pressure
Particles are spread Particles are pushed
out and will collide closer together, they
with each other less collide more
often, with fewer frequently, with
collisions
Rates of Reaction
Low pressure
High pressure
Particles are spread Particles are pushed
out and will collide closer together,
with each other less they collide more
often, with fewer frequently, with
collisions
Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid reactants
Rates of Reaction
Small surface area
Large particles have a small surface area in

relation to volume – less particles exposed,
fewer collisions, slow reaction
Rates of Reaction
Large surface area

Small surface area
Large particles have a Smaller particles have

small surface area in a larger surface area in
relation to volume – relation to volume-
less particles exposed, more particles exposed,
fewer collisions, slow more collisions, faster
reaction reaction
Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid
reactants
Large surface area

Small surface area
Large particles have a Smaller particles have

small surface area in a larger surface area in
relation to volume – relation to volume-
less particles exposed, more particles
fewer collisions, slow exposed, more
reaction collisions, faster
reaction
Catalysts
A catalyst is a chemical substance that either increases or
decreases the rate of a chemical reaction.
In the case of activation energy, a catalyst lowers it.
However, the energies of the original reactants remain the
same. A catalyst only alters the activation energy.
Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst
Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the

rate of a chemical reaction without being used
up itself. It can be used repeatedly.
Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate

of a chemical reaction without being used up
itself. It can be used over and over again.
Rates of Reaction
Types of Catalysts
Positive Catalysts
A catalyst that helps to increase
the rate of reaction or which
support the reaction to carry out
quickly is called a positive
catalyst. Such catalyst decreases
activation energy by accepting a
smaller path, so the rate of
reaction is increased.
Rates of Reaction
Types of Catalysts
Negative Catalysts (Inhibitors)

A catalyst that decreases or
retards or helps in slowing down
the rate of reaction is called a
negative catalyst.
Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the

rate of a chemical reaction without being used up
itself. It can be used over and over again.
Rate of reaction experiments
1. Surface
area
Boiling tube
Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken

for
magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear
= 109 secs
Hydrochloric acid
1. Surface
area
Boiling tube
Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

for for
magnesium magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear Small to disappear
= 109 secs pieces of = 55 secs
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium
ribbon
Increasing the surface area of
1. Surface
reactants increases the rate of
area reaction
Boiling tube
Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

for for
magnesium magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear Small to disappear
= 109 secs pieces of = 55 secs
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium
ribbon
2.
Concentration
View from
Volume of sodium Volume of
above
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3)
10 40
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30
40cm3 water +
10cm3 30 20
hydrochloric acid
40 10
X 50 0
2.
Concentration
View from Time for cross

above to disappear
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3) (secs)
10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3 30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16
50 0 8
Time for cross to

disappear
2.
Concentration
Volume of thiosulphate
above to disappear
10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3 30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16
50 0 8
As the concentration of sodium
Time for cross to

thiosulphate increases, so the
disappear
2.
Concentration
time taken decreases – the rate
of reaction gets faster.
Volume of thiosulphate
above to disappear
10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3 30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16
50 0 8
Temperature Reaction time (secs) Average
of reaction reaction time
mixture (oC) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 (secs)
3.
Temperature 40 24 25 25 25
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7
3.
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7
3.
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7
As the temperature
increases so the time
taken for the cross
to disappear
decreases – the
reaction gets faster.
4.
Catalysts
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
The rate of reaction is

Hydrogen measured by how long it
takes for the gas to be
peroxide
produced.
Manganese oxide
catalyst
4.
Catalysts
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
Volume of gas produced (cm 3)

100
2
80
Hydrogen 1
60
peroxide 3
40
20
0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
catalyst Time (secs)
4.
Catalysts
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

100
2
80
Hydrogen 1
60
peroxide 3
40
20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

as shown by the steeper graph
0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
The catalyst manganese oxide increases the
4.
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysts
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

100
2
80
Hydrogen 1
60
peroxide 3
40
20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

as shown by the steeper graph
0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
COLLISION THEORY
Collision theory states that...
• particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place

• not all collisions lead to a reaction
• reactants must possess at least a minimum amount of energy –
ACTIVATION ENERGY
plus
• particles must approach each other in a certain relative way -
STERIC EFFECT
COLLISION THEORY
Collision theory states that...
• particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place
• not all collisions lead to a reaction
• reactants must possess at least a minimum amount of energy – ACTIVATION ENERGY
plus
• particles must approach each other in a certain relative way - STERIC EFFECT
According to collision theory, to increase the rate of reaction you need...
more frequent collisions increase particle speed or have more particles present
more successful collisions give particles more energy or lower the activation energy
INCREASING THE RATE
The following methods may be used to increase the
rate of a chemical reaction
• INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF SOLIDS
• INCREASE TEMPERATURE
• SHINE LIGHT
• ADD A CATALYST
• INCREASE THE PRESSURE OF ANY GASES
• INCREASE THE CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS

INCREASING SURFACE AREA
• Increases chances of a collision - more particles are exposed

• Powdered solids react quicker than larger lumps
• Catalysts (e.g. in catalytic converters) are finely divided for this reason
+
In many organic reactions there are two liquid layers, one aqueous, the other non-
aqueous. Shaking the mixture increases the reaction rate as an emulsion is often
formed and the area of the boundary layers is increased giving more collisions.
1
1
CUT THE SHAPE 1
1
INTO SMALLER 1
PIECES
3
3
SURFACE AREA SURFACE AREA

9+9+3+3+3+3 = 30 sq units 9 x (1+1+1+1+1+1) = 54 sq units
INCREASING TEMPERATURE
Effect increasing the temperature increases the rate of a reaction

particles get more energy so can overcome the energy barrier
particle speeds also increase so collisions are more frequent
ENERGY CHANGES
DURING A REACTION
As a reaction takes place the enthalpy of the

system rises to a maximum, then falls
A minimum amount of energy is required to

overcome the ACTIVATION ENERGY (Ea).
Only those reactants with energy equal to, or

greater than, this value will react.
If more energy is given to the reactants then

Typical energy profile diagram for
they are more likely to react.
an exothermic reaction
According to KINETIC THEORY, all particles must have energy; the greater their
temperature, the more energy they possess. The greater their KINETIC ENERGY the faster
they travel.
ZARTMANN heated tin in an oven and directed the gaseous atoms at a rotating disc with a
slit in it. Any atoms which went through the slit hit the second disc and solidified on it.
Zartmann found that the deposit was spread out and was not the same thickness throughout.
This proved that there was a spread of velocities and the distribution was uneven.
ZARTMANN’S
EXPERIMENT
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY
NUMBER OF MOLECUES WITH

A PARTICULAR ENERGY
MOLECULAR ENERGY
Experiments showed that, due to the many collisions taking place between
molecules, there is a spread of molecular energies and velocities.
no particles have zero energy/velocity

some have very low and some have very high energies/velocities
most have intermediate velocities.
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

T1
A PARTICULAR ENERGY
T2
TEMPERATURE
T2 > T1
MOLECULAR ENERGY
Increasing the temperature alters the distribution

• get a shift to higher energies/velocities
• curve gets broader and flatter due to the greater spread of values
• area under curve stays constant - corresponds to the total number of particles
T3 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

T1
A PARTICULAR ENERGY
TEMPERATURE
T1 > T3
MOLECULAR ENERGY
Decreasing the temperature alters the distribution

• get a shift to lower energies/velocities
• curve gets narrower and more pointed due to the smaller spread of values
• area under curve stays constant
T3 MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

T1
A PARTICULAR ENERGY
T2
TEMPERATURE
T2 > T1 > T3
MOLECULAR ENERGY
REVIEW
no particles have zero energy/velocity
some particles have very low and some have very high energies/velocities
most have intermediate velocities
as the temperature increases the curves flatten, broaden and shift to higher energies
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

A PARTICULAR ENERGY
NUMBER OF
Ea MOLECULES WITH
SUFFICIENT
ENERGY TO
OVERCOME THE
ENERGY BARRIER
MOLECULAR ENERGY
ACTIVATION ENERGY - Ea
The Activation Energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place
The area under the curve beyond Ea corresponds to the number of molecules with
sufficient energy to overcome the energy barrier and react.
TEMPERATURE
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
T2 > T1 DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

T1
A PARTICULAR ENERGY
T2
EXTRA
Ea MOLECULES WITH
SUFFICIENT
ENERGY TO
OVERCOME THE
ENERGY BARRIER
MOLECULAR ENERGY
Explanation
increasing the temperature gives more particles an energy greater than Ea
more reactants are able to overcome the energy barrier and form products
a small rise in temperature can lead to a large increase in rate
ADDING A CATALYST
• Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower Activation Energy (Ea)
• Decreasing the Activation Energy means that more particles will have sufficient
energy to overcome the energy barrier and react
• Catalysts remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
WITHOUT A CATALYST WITH A CATALYST

ADDING A CATALYST
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

A PARTICULAR ENERGY
NUMBER OF
MOLECULES WITH
SUFFICIENT
ENERGY TO
OVERCOME THE
ENERGY BARRIER
MOLECULAR ENERGY Ea
If a catalyst is added, the Activation Energy is lowered - Ea will move to the left.
ADDING A CATALYST
MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR ENERGY

A PARTICULAR ENERGY
EXTRA MOLECULES
WITH SUFFICIENT
ENERGY TO OVERCOME
THE ENERGY BARRIER
MOLECULAR ENERGY Ea
Lowering the Activation Energy, Ea, results in a greater area under the curve after Ea
showing that more molecules have energies in excess of the Activation Energy
CATALYSTS - A REVIEW
• work by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower Activation Energy

• using catalysts avoids the need to supply extra heat - safer and cheaper
• catalysts remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Types Homogeneous Catalysts Heterogeneous Catalysts

same phase as reactants different phase to reactants
e.g. CFC’s and ozone e.g. Fe in Haber process
CATALYSTS - A REVIEW
• work by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower Activation Energy

• using catalysts avoids the need to supply extra heat - safer and cheaper
• catalysts remain chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Types Homogeneous Catalysts Heterogeneous Catalysts

same phase as reactants different phase to reactants
e.g. CFC’s and ozone e.g. Fe in Haber process
CATALYSTS DO NOT AFFECT THE POSITION OF ANY EQUILIBRIUM

• but they do affect the rate at which equilibrium is attained
• a lot is spent on research into more effective catalysts - the savings can be dramatic
• catalysts need to be changed regularly as they get ‘poisoned’ by other chemicals
• catalysts are used in a finely divided state to increase the surface area
CATALYSTS - WHY USE THEM?
Catalysts are widely used in industry because they…

allow reactions to take place at lower temperatures

SAVE ENERGY (lower Ea)
REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT
allow reactions to take place at lower temperatures SAVE

ENERGY (lower Ea) REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT
enable different reactions to be used

BETTER ATOM ECONOMY REDUCE WASTE
allow reactions to take place at lower temperatures SAVE ENERGY (lower Ea)
REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT
enable different reactions to be used BETTER ATOM ECONOMY

REDUCE WASTE
are often enzymes GENERATE SPECIFIC PRODUCTS

OPERATE EFFECTIVELY AT ROOM TEMPERATURES
REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT

REDUCE WASTE

have great economic importance in the industrial production of POLY(ETHENE)

SULPHURIC ACID
AMMONIA
ETHANOL
REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT

REDUCE WASTE


SULPHURIC ACID
AMMONIA
ETHANOL
can reduce pollution CATALYTIC CONVERTERS

REDUCE CO2 OUTPUT

REDUCE WASTE


SULPHURIC ACID
AMMONIA
ETHANOL
can reduce pollution CATALYTIC CONVERTERS

SHINING LIGHT
certain reactions only
• shining a suitable light source onto some reactants increases the rate of reaction
• the light - often U.V. - provides energy to break bonds and initiate a reaction
• the greater the intensity of the light, the greater the effect
Examples a) the reaction between methane and chlorine - see alkanes

b) the darkening of silver salts - as used in photography
c) the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine
Equation H2(g) + Cl2(g) ———> 2HCl(g)
Bond enthalpies H-H 436 kJ mol-1 Cl-Cl 242 kJ mol-1
Mechanism Cl2 ——> 2Cl• ----- INITIATION

H2 + Cl• ——> HCl + H• ----- PROPAGATION
H• + Cl2 ——> HCl + Cl•
2Cl• ——> Cl2 ----- TERMINATION
2H• ——> H2
H• + Cl• ——> HCl
INCREASING THE PRESSURE
• increasing the pressure forces gas particles closer together

• this increases the frequency of collisions so the reaction rate increases
• many industrial processes occur at high pressure to increase the rate... but
it can adversely affect the position of equilibrium and yield
The more particles there are in a given volume, the greater the pressure
The greater the pressure, the more frequent the collisions
The more frequent the collisions, the greater the chance of a reaction
INCREASING CONCENTRATION
Increasing concentration = more frequent collisions = increased rate of reaction
Low concentration = fewer collisions Higher concentration = more collisions
However, increasing the concentration of some reactants

can have a greater effect than increasing others
RATE CHANGE DURING A REACTION
Reactions are fastest at the start and get slower as the reactants concentration drops.
In a reaction such as A + 2B ——> C the concentrations might change as shown
Reactants (A and B)
Concentration decreases with time
Product (C)
Concentration increases with time
CONCENTRATION
C
• the steeper the curve the faster the
rate of the reaction
• reactions start off quickly because

of the greater likelihood of collisions A
B
• reactions slow down with time as

there are fewer reactants to collide TIME
MEASURING THE RATE
Experimental Investigation
• the variation in concentration of a reactant or product is followed with time

• the method depends on the reaction type and the properties of reactants/products
e.g. Extracting a sample from the reaction mixture and analysing it by titration.
- this is often used if an acid is one of the reactants or products
Using a colorimeter or UV / visible spectrophotometer.
Measuring the volume of gas evolved.
Measuring the change in conductivity.
More details of these and other methods can be found in suitable text-books.
MEASURING THE RATE
RATE How much concentration changes with time. It is the equivalent of velocity.
THE SLOPE OF THE GRADIENT OF THE

CURVE GETS LESS AS THE
REACTION SLOWS DOWN
WITH TIME
CONCENTRATION
y
gradient = y
x
TIME
• the rate of change of concentration is found from the slope (gradient) of the curve
• the slope at the start of the reaction will give the INITIAL RATE
• the slope gets less (showing the rate is slowing down) as the reaction proceeds
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall and understand the statements in Collision Theory

Know six ways to increase the rate of reaction
Explain qualitatively how each way increases the rate of reaction
Understand how the Distribution of Molecular Energies is used to explain rate increase
Understand how the importance of Activation Energy
Recall and understand how a catalyst works by altering the Activation Energy
Explain how the rate changes during a chemical reaction
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO

The following slides should help you
with your revision but should not
be your only form of revision.
Remember to use your notes, a textbook,
websites and Past Papers to help you. You can
also ask a chemistry teacher for help too.
What is a chemical
reaction?
A chemical reaction is when one or more
new substances are formed.
Give examples of a
change in appearance?
•Bubbles of gas.
•A colour change.
•A solid forms.
•An energy change
Give examples of an
energy change?
•A bright flame.
•A sound is produced.
•The container heats up or cools down.
What factors affect
the speed of a
reaction?
•Particle size/surface area.
•Concentration.
•Temperature.
•Presence of a catalyst.
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a biological catalyst.
How does increasing
temperature affect the
rate?
Increases
How does increasing
concentration affect the
rate?
Increases
How does decreasing the
surface area affect the
rate?
Decreases
When investigating the effect of
concentration, what factors must be kept
the same?
Temperature
Particle size
Catalyst (if being used)
What is the formula for calculating the
average rate of a reaction?
Change in mass or volume

Average rate = Change in time
Thank You!
Any Questions?

Q2 - G11 - Investigating Reaction Rates (Observing - Collision Theory - Energy Flow - The Rate Law)

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Q2 - G11 - Investigating Reaction Rates (Observing - Collision Theory - Energy Flow - The Rate Law)

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Chemistry

Dr. Nezar Kamal

conjugate acid conjugate Base

Nitric Acid HNO3 Used to make fertilizers and explosives

Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Food flavoring

Hydrochloric Acid HCl Stomach acid

Acetic Acid CH3COOH Vinegar

Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Carbonated water

• Strong Base: A base that has a very high pH (10-14).

• Weak Acid: An acid that only partially ionizes in an

• Weak Base: A base that only partially ionizes in an

• Neutral: A solution that has a pH of 7. It is neither acidic

Chemical kinetics is concerned with the dynamics of

One can look at the QUALITATIVE and the

Chemical kinetics plays an important part in industrial chemistry

The concepts met in this topic can be applied throughout the

The basis of the study is COLLISION THEORY...

The rate of reaction is the

Chemical reactions will

There are FIVE very important factors

Surface Area Concentration

Surface Area Concentration

Surface Area Concentration

Let’s not forget

Surface Area Concentration

Once a reactant molecule

Activation energy depends on two factors.

What’s all this ‘ere talk about

Catalysts reduce the

The formula used to find the

The difference between

And there will be collisions!

And there will be collisions!

It’s these collisions that are the

Let’s now consider

Cold conditions, particles have little

Particles are spread

Particles are spread

Small surface area

Large particles have a small surface area in

Large surface area

Large particles have a Smaller particles have

Large surface area

Large particles have a Smaller particles have

A catalyst is a substance which increases the

A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate

Negative Catalysts (Inhibitors)

A catalyst is a substance which increases the

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

View from Time for cross

Time for cross to

Time for cross to

The rate of reaction is

Volume of gas produced (cm 3)

Volume of gas produced (cm 3)

20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

Volume of gas produced (cm 3)

20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

Collision theory states that...

• particles must COLLIDE before a reaction can take place

According to collision theory, to increase the rate of reaction you need...

• INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA OF SOLIDS