6-26 Linear Integrated Circuits

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14. An astable multivibrator output is a symmetrical waveform when
(a) R1 = R2 = R (b) R1 = 2R2 (c) R1 = R2 (d) R1 ≠ R2
[Ans. (c)]
15. An astable multivibrator output has duty cycle = 0.5 when
(a) R1 = R2 = R (b) R1 = 2R2 (c) R1 = 3R2 (d) R1 = R2
[Ans. (d)]
16. One of the following circuits uses R–S flip-flop in its internal circuit with 555 IC operations
(a) Monostable multivibrator (b) Bistable multivibrator
(c) Astable multivibrator
[Ans. (a)]
17. For symmetrical square wave output from an astable multivibrator, the duty cycle D is equal to
(a) 20% (b) 40% (c) 50% (d) 60%
[Ans. (c)]
18. Pulse width of output waveform of a monostable multivibrator is equal to
(a) 0.5 RC (b) 0.693 RC (c) 5 RC (d) 1.1 RC
[Ans. (d)]
19. Pulse width of output waveform of monostable multivibrator depends on
(a) Time constant T = RC (b) Trigger input
(c) Clock frequency (d) Amplitude of input pulse
[Ans. (a)]
20. Output signal (voltage) from Schmitt trigger with a sinusoidal input signal is
(a) Sine wave (b) Square wave (c) Triangular wave (d) Pulse
[Ans. (b)]
21. Time constant of RC circuit with R = 2.2 K and capacitor C = 0.5 mF
(a) 1.1 ms (b) 2.2 ms (c) 0.06 ms (d) 11 ms
[Ans. (a)]

IC 555 TIMER ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT

Aim:
To generate square waveform using IC 555 timer and observe the output waveform.

Apparatus and Components:

1. Astable multivibrator kit
2. IC 555 – 1
3. Resistors – 3.6 kΩ and 7.2 kΩ
4. Capacitors – 0.1 µF and 0.01 µF
5. Regulated power supply (0–30 V), 1 A
6. Cathode-ray oscilloscope

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 555 Timer and Its Applications   6-27

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Circuit Diagram:

+V = 5 V

Ra = 7.2 KΩ
8 4 Output
3
7

Rb = 3.6 KΩ IC 555

Cathode ray
6 oscilloscope
5
Vout
2 1
0.01 µF
0.1 µF

Astable Multivibrator Circuit Using 555 IC

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Output waveform at pin (3) and across timing capacitor is observed on a cathode-ray
oscilloscope (CRO) screen.
3. Measure the frequency of oscillations and the duty cycle from the waveform.
4. Sketch the output waveform on a graph paper for record.

Observations:

Parameter Vo Voltage at Capacitor

Voltage VPP 3V 2V
TC = 0.8 ms TC = 0.5 ms
Time Period T Td = 0.2 ms Td = 0.5 ms
T = 1 ms T = 1 ms
Duty cycle 80% 50%

Precautions:
Check the connections before giving the power supply.

Result:
Output square waveform is observed on a CRO screen and its time period is calculated.

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 6-28 Linear Integrated Circuits

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING USING 555 IC

Aim:
To study the working of frequency shift keying (FSK) modulator and demodulator circuits using
IC 555.

Apparatus and Components:

1. FSK modulator and demodulator Kit
2. Signal generator
3. Cathode-ray oscilloscope
4. Transistor power supply

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 555 Timer and Its Applications   6-29

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Circuit Diagram:
+V = 5 V
Input signal E
Digital data at 150 Hz
T
10 kΩ B 50 kΩ
0.1 µF
C 8 4 Output
7 3

50 kΩ 680
47 kΩ 555
Cathode ray
6 oscilloscope
Vout
2 1 5
0.1 µF 0.1 µF

Frequency Shift Keying Generator

Procedure:
1. Switch ON FSK generator kit.
2. Connect 150 Hz square waveform from function generator to input digital data terminal.
3. Observe FSK output on channel 1 of CRO.
4. Observe the demodulated output at output digital data terminal on channel 2 of CRO. To
get correct waveforms, adjust the sweep controls on CRO front panel.

Expected Waveforms:

Data I/P

FSK OP

Observations:

Input signal:
Input signal from signal generator Vin = 1.4 × 5 = 7 V
Time period T = 4.2 ms

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 6-30 Linear Integrated Circuits

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Output Waveform:
Vout = 2 × 2 = 4 V
Time period T = 4.2 ms

Result:
The output waveforms of the FSK modulator and demodulator have been observed.

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 Passive and Active Filters   9-43

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(a) Band-pass filter (b) Low-pass filter
(c) High-pass filter (d) Band rejection filter
 [Ans. (c)]

24. Identify the filter that has the following ideal frequency response

Gain in dB
Pass Attenuation
band band

Frequency

Ideal Frequency Response of Electronic Filter

(a) Band-pass filter (b) Low-pass filter

(c) High-pass filter (d) Band rejection filter
 [Ans. (b)]

ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS – HIGH-PASS FILTER

Aim:
To study op amp as first-order HPF by obtaining its frequency response.

Apparatus:
1. IC 741(operational amplifier) 5. IC bread board trainer
2. Resistors (10 kΩ-(2), 330 Ω) 6. Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
3. Capacitors (0.1 mF) 7. Transistor power supply
4. Function generator

Circuit Diagram:

Op amp
0.1 µF V = 12 V
3
+ 7 6 Output
Function + 741
generator 1V 330 Ω − 4
Vin 1kHz 2
−
R1 = 10 kΩ V = −12 V Cathode ray
oscilloscope
Vout
R2 = 10 kΩ

Active HPF Circuit Using Inverting Operational Amplifier Circuit IC 741

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 9-44 Linear Integrated Circuits

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Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Using signal generator, apply sine wave signal of amplitude 1 Vp-p to non-inverting input
terminal of operational amplifier.
3. Vary the input signal frequency in steps.
4. Note down the amplitudes of output voltages at each frequency of input signal.
5. Calculate gain in decibels.
6. Tabulate the observed values.
7. Plot a graph between input signal frequency and voltage gain on a semi-log graph
paper.
8. Identify stop band and pass band from the graph.

Input voltage Vin = 1 V (keep it constant)

V0
V Vin
Frequency Output Voltage Vout Voltage Gain out Gain in dB 20log 10
Vin
0 0.18 V 0.18 −14.89
700 Hz 0.4 V 0.4 −7.95
1 kHz 0.48 V 0.48 −6.37
2 kHz 1V 1 0
4 kHz 1.5 V 1.5 3.52
5 kHz 1.6 V 1.6 4.08
8 kHz 1.8 V 1.8 5.10
10 kHz 1.8 V 1.8 5.10
20 kHz 1.8 V 1.8 5.10
40 kHz 1.8 V 1.8 5.10
50 kHz 1.8 V 1.8 5.10

Model Graph:

Voltage
Stop band
gain (dB)
Pass band

Frequency

Active HPF (Using Op Amp) Frequency Response

Precautions:
1. Make null adjustment on op amp before applying the input signal.
2. Maintain proper VCC (supply voltage) within the specifications for op amp.

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 Passive and Active Filters   9-45

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Result:
The frequency response of HPF is plotted using the observations.

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 9-46 Linear Integrated Circuits

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ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS – LOW-PASS FILTER
Aim:
To study op amp as first-order LPF and to obtain its frequency response curve.

Apparatus:
1. IC 741 (operational amplifier) 5. IC bread board trainer
2. Resistors (10 kΩ-(2), 560 Ω) 6. Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
3. Capacitor (0.1 mF) 7. Regulated power supply
4. Function generator

Circuit Diagram:

R3 = 560 Ω VCC = 12 V
3
+ 7 6 Output
Vin
741
1V 0.1 µF − 4
1kHz 2
Function VDD = −12 V Cathode ray
generator R1 = 10 kΩ Op amp oscilloscope
Vout
R2 = 10 kΩ

Active LPF Circuit Using Inverting Operational Amplifier Circuit Using IC 741

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply sine wave (from function generator) of amplitude 1 Vp-p to the non-inverting input
terminal of operational amplifier.
3. Maintain the input signal amplitude constant.
4. Vary the input signal frequency in steps.
5. Corresponding output voltages at each input signal frequencies are noted in a tabular form.
6. Voltage gains are calculated in decibels.
7. Tabulate the observations.
8. A graph is plotted between frequency and gain. It is known as frequency response of the filter.
9. Identify stop band and pass band from the graph.

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 Passive and Active Filters   9-47

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Observations:
Input voltage Vin = 1 V

Vout
Frequency Output Voltage (Vout) Voltage Gain Gain in dB
Vin V0

20log 10 Vin

100 Hz 1.5 V 1.5 3.52

200 Hz 1.5 V 1.5 3.52

500 Hz 1.5 V 1.5 3.52

1 kHz 1.4 V 1.4 2.92

3 kHz 1.2 V 1.2 1.58

5 kHz 0.9 V 0.9 −0.91

8 kHz 0.7 V 0.7 −3.09

10 kHz 0.6 V 0.6 −4.43

20 kHz 0.5 V 0.5 −6.02

Model Graph:

Voltage
gain (dB)
Pass band Attenuation band

fC Frequency (Hz)

Frequency Response of LPF

Precautions:
1. Make null adjustment on op amp before applying the input signal.
2. Maintain proper supply voltage within the specified operating voltages of operational
amplifier.

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Results:
The frequency response of LPF is plotted from the observations.

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