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In scattering theory, a part of mathematical physics, the Dyson series, formulated by Freeman Dyson, is a perturbative expansion of
the time evolution operator in the interaction picture. Each term can be represented by a sum of Feynman diagrams.
This series diverges asymptotically, but in quantum electrodynamics (QED) at the second order the difference from experimental
data is in the order of 10−10 . This close agreement holds because the coupling constant (also known as the fine-structure constant)
of QED is much less than 1.
Notice that in this article Planck units are used, so that ħ = 1 (where ħ is the reduced Planck constant).
Contents
The Dyson operator
Derivation of the Dyson series
Application on State Vectors
See also
References
where is time-independent and is the possibly time-dependent interacting part of the Schrödinger picture. To avoid
subscripts, stands for in what follows. We choose units such that the reduced Planck constant ħ is 1.
We have
Consequently:
Here we have , so we can say that the fields are time-ordered, and it is useful to introduce an operator called
time-ordering operator, defining
We can now try to make this integration simpler. In fact, by the following example:
Assume that K is symmetric in its arguments and define (look at integration limits):
The region of integration can be broken in sub-regions defined by , , etc. Due to the
symmetry of K, the integral in each of these sub-regions is the same and equal to by definition. So it is true that
Summing up all the terms, we obtain Dyson's theorem for the Dyson series:
Then, the inner product of an initial state (ti = t0 ) with a final state (tf = t) in the Schrödinger picture, for tf > ti, is as follows:
See also
Schwinger–Dyson equation
Magnus series
Picard iteration
References
Charles J. Joachain, Quantum collision theory, North-Holland Publishing, 1975, ISBN 0-444-86773-2 (Elsevier)
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