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xy y xy 0
n
a
n 0
x n
a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2
na (
n 0
x x0 ) n
a0 a1 ( x x0 ) a 2 ( x x0 ) 2
a
n 0
n x n a0 a1 x a 2 x 2 (1)
exists, and in this case, the sum of the series is the value of
this limit. The series (1) always converges at x = 0.
n0
n ! x n 1 x 2 x 2 3! x 3
n 2 3
x x x
n0 n!
1 x
2
3!
x
n 0
n
1 x x 2
x 3
• The third series converges for x < 1 and diverges for
x >1
exist, then the ratio test asserts that the series converges if
L< 1 and diverges L >1.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
In the case of power series
a n 1 x n 1 a n 1
lim n
lim xL
n an x n a
n
n
a
n 0
x n
a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2
converges for x < R, R > 0, and denote its sum by f (x)
f ( x ) an x n a0 a1 x a2 x 2
n0
then,
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
f ( x ) g ( x ) ( an bn ) x n ( a0 b0 ) ( a1 b0 ) x
n0
f ( x ) g ( x ) cn x n , where cn a0 bn a1bn 1 a n b0
n 0
That converges for x < R, R> 0; that is, we assume that
(*) has the solution that is analytic at the origin.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
A power series can be differentiated term by term in its
interval of convergence
y a1 2a2 x 3a3 x (n 1) an 1 x (***)
2 n
n
na
n 1
x n 1
Since
dy
y
dx
a0 2 a0 3 a0 n
y a0 a0 x x x x
2! 3! n!
x2 x3 xn
y a0 1 x
2! 3! n!
where a0 is an arbitrary constant.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Remark: We need to validate this solution by showing
that the above series has a positive radius of convergence.
The ratio test says that the above series converges for
every x; hence, it is the desired solution.
(i) y y 0
(ii) (1 x ) y 2xy p( p 1) y 0, p isa constant
2
is constant
y an x n , x R , R 0
n0
( p n)( p n 1)
an 2 an , n 0,1, 2,
( n 1)( n 2)
ya
1 p( p 1) x 2
p( p 2)( p 1)( p 3)
x
4
0
2! 4!
a
x ( p 1)( p 2) x 3
( p 1)( p 3)( p 2)( p 4)
x
5
1
3! 5!
≠ 0.
= ( ), ≠ 0.
(2)
f(m) =
n0
an xn