A CASE STUDY

EROSION OF MATERIAL

Rishabh raj :15118065

Aditya gautam :15118002

Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department

Supervisor: Dr.sharwan kumar

Assistant Professor
 Table Of Content
1. ABSTRACT : 3

2. INTRODUCTION: 4

3. TYPES OF EROSION : 5

4.FACTOR AFFECTING EROSION : 6

5. MECHANISM OF EROSION : 7

6. MODE OF EROSION : 8

7. EROSION RESISTANT MATERIAL : 9

1.ABSTRACT
The wear is procedure of evacuation of material and one of the erosive wear, happens when
the particles (water beads or strong particles) strike on a material surface and material is
destroy because of striking of particles. The strong molecule disintegration is caused by
activity of mechanical procedure of strong molecule erosive wear. In this paper, disintegration
models and imperative parameter which influences the erosive wear are looked into. Wear of
material is unavoidable yet with help of disintegration models, scientists and designers can
enhance the choice of material. This procedure is dynamic loss of surface harm, driving the
mechanical disappointment of parts and loss of material of surface, which causes the life time,
activity and upkeep of segment of machine or machine and this, drives the conservative
misfortunes. Numerous disintegration models has been determined, which is a prescient
apparatus to knowing the conduct of disintegration wear of different sorts of materials. The
disintegration models are observational models which anticipate disintegration. The
disintegration models are experimental models which anticipate disintegration rate based on
mass or volume loss of material.

2. INTRODUCTION
The tribological connections made by strong surfaces with interfacing materials and condition
may bring about material misfortune from the surface. Wear is dynamic loss of material from
the working surface of a body happening because of relative movement at the surface. In
basic, process prompting material misfortune is known as "wear". Definition by Hutching: "In
disintegration, wear is caused by hard particles striking the surface, either conveyed by a gas
stream or entrained in a streaming fluid." Erosion wear, a normal wear mode, is the loss of
material from surface that outcomes from rehashed effect of little, strong particles on a surface.
The neighborhood molecule affect point can be characterized as the edge subtended by the
speed vector of a molecule to the surface only before impending crash. In erosive wear
circumstance, particles typically entrained in a liquid and effect the wearing surface. The heap
produced between the surface and molecule comes about because of the force and dynamic
vitality of the molecule.

a).Strong molecule impingement disintegration: Solid molecule impingement is a

type of disintegration created by a proceeding with progression of effects from strong particles
on a surface. The affecting particles are littler than the strong subjected to the disintegration,
and if every one of the effects are superimposed on a similar recognize, the term rehashed
affect is utilized
it is not out of the ordinary at whatever point hard particles are entrained in a gas or fluid
medium impinging on a strong at any critical speed. In the two cases, particles can be
quickened or decelerated, and the liquid can change their bearings of movement. The impacts
of strong molecule disintegration have been perceived for quite a while. Now and again strong
molecule disintegration is a valuable marvel, as in sandblasting and rapid rough water stream
cutting, however it is a difficult issue in numerous building frameworks, including steam and
fly turbines, pipelines and valves conveying particulate issue, and fluidized bed burning
frameworks. It is a very unpredictable wonder, since it includes a few procedures. Despite the
fact that the primary procedure is the mechanical effect, caused by the impingement of strong
particles on the objective material, auxiliary procedures, similar to warm, concoction and
physical responses between the partners are occurring amid disintegration

b.) Fluid impingement disintegration: Flow qualities of the liquid can altogether
influence the molecule movement. This can alter and control the disintegration procedure.
Fluid Impingement is a type of disintegration caused by a proceeding with progression of effect
from a fly of liquid on a surface. Fluid impingement disintegration happens when little drops of
fluid are striking on the surface of a strong at high Worldwide Conference on Emerging Trends
in Mechanical Engineering "ICETME – 27-28 may 2016" speed (1000 m/s) and high weights
are experienced, surpassing the yield quality of generally materials. In this way, plastic
distortion or crack can come about because of a solitary effect, and rehashed impacts prompt
setting and erosive wear. Fluids require not to contain particles to deliver harm to a strong
surface. ASTM G40 standard characterizes fluid impingement disintegration as "dynamic loss
of unique material from a strong surface because of proceeded with introduction to impacts
by fluid drops or streams"

3.TYPE OF WEAR EROSION

 Adhesive wear
 Abrasive wear
 Surface fatigue
 Fretting wear
 Erosive wear
 Corrosion and oxidation wear

1.1 ADHESIVE WEAR

Adhesive wear can be found between surfaces during frictional contact and generally refers to
unwanted displacement and attachment of wear debris and material compounds from one surface
to another. Two adhesive wear types can be distinguished:

1. Adhesive wear is caused by relative motion, "direct contact" and plastic deformation
which create wear debris and material transfer from one surface to another.
2. Cohesive adhesive forces, holds two surfaces together even though they are separated
by a measurable distance, with or without any actual transfer of material.
2.1 Abrasive wear
Abrasive wear occurs when a hard rough surface slides across a softer surface. ASTM
International defines it as the loss of material due to hard particles or hard protuberances that are
forced against and move along a solid surface.[9]
Abrasive wear is commonly classified according to the type of contact and the contact
environment.The type of contact determines the mode of abrasive wear. The two modes of
abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear occurs
when the grits or hard particles remove material from the opposite surface. The common analogy
is that of material being removed or displaced by a cutting or plowing operation. Three-body wear
occurs when the particles are not constrained, and are free to roll and slide down a surface. The
contact environment determines whether the wear is classified as open or closed. An open
contact environment occurs when the surfaces are sufficiently displaced to be independent of
one another
4 FACTOR EFFECTING EROSION WEAR

1.1 Effect edge: The point between the molecule hitting on surface with speed
vector and material surface is characterized as effect edge.

Graph 1: Behaviour of impact angle for

erosion
As concurring from the above chart 1, demonstrates the conduct of edge on disintegration
wear rate is fundamentally extraordinary for both fragile and flexible materials, especially
the point related with greatest disintegration rate. On account of fragile materials, crack
tends to expand the wear volume by the activity of cutting and furrowing (plastic
misshapening). As indicated by general govern, weak materials will probably crack under
typical effect conditions than pliable materials. In any case, for pliable. materials, cutting
and furrowing (misshapening) are the overwhelming modes and break is irrelevant

2.1 Speed of strong molecule: Velocity of strong particles unequivocally

influences the disintegration wear. As speed of particles expands, it increments in
disintegration rate. The disintegration rate by and large identified with molecule speed
utilizing power law relationship in which control list for speed fluctuates in the scope of 2 –
4

3.1 Hardness: Hardness is the normal for a strong material communicating its
protection from changeless twisting. Surface hardness and also hardness of strong
particles has significant impact on the disintegration wear component. Hardness
proportion has been characterized as the of hardness of target material to the hardness of
strong particles

4.1 Molecule size and shape: Particle size and shape are likewise noticeable
parameter, which influence the disintegration wear. Numerous specialists have considered
size of strong molecule critical to disintegration. As indicated by control law relationship,
as size of molecule builds disintegration wear additionally increments. The impact of
molecule shape on the disintegration isn't plainly characterized due numerous shape
highlights of particles. Regularly roundness factor is considered for state of particles.
Lower estimation of molecule rakishness demonstrates the particles are circles
5. Erosion Wear Mechanism and model
Erosive wear system is predominantly in light of the parameter which influence the rate of
disintegration are noteworthy and component affected by fundamentally properties of material,
shape and size of molecule, target material and effect edge. From the writing study,
disintegration in pliable metals, slanted effect point and molecule shape is exceptionally
critical. Erosive wear because of furrowing component activity, sideways effect of round
molecule strike on target material and expel material front and side of the molecule

Effect of particle shape & movement on erosion wear

For sideways effect of rakish molecule on the material, material expelled by cutting activity either by
forward development or by in reverse development of molecule. [10] In Fig. 1 When molecule coming
forward way, material uprooted by rehashed impacts on an unmistakable lip framed by the striking
rakish formed molecule this is spoken to as sort I cutting. At the point when the molecule rolls in
reverse, a genuine Fig 1: Cutting component amid sideways effect disintegration (affect course was
from left to right) [10] machining activity happens and material is expelled as a chip from the objective
surface by the effect of a sharp tip of the erodent molecule. This is named as sort II slicing and
answered to happen over just a tight scope of molecule geometries and effect conditions [11].
Disintegration of malleable material because of typical effect, plastic misshapening happens at surface
of material by ordinary effect and material evacuated

6. Erosive Wear Models

a.)Hutching’s Model: Hutching’s model has no. of similarity to finnie model of erosive wear. In
this model, single impact experiment done and result on the basis of these experiments, that there
are three possible types of plastic deformation induced by hard irregular particle impact that can all
lead to metal removal by ploughing, type I cutting, and type II cutting. Stack studied the hutching’s
model of erosion and reviewed that, when spherical particle strikes on the ductile material at normal,
erosion wear occurs by the formation and subsequent detachment of platelets of metal lying parallel
to the eroded surface. Model gives information the about detachment of platelets is only possible
when the accumulated plastic strain within the fragment, after many cycles of plastic deformation,
reaches a critical value.
d) Sundararajan and Shewmon erosion model: Sundararajan and Shewmon derived a
equation of erosion model for normal impact, on the basis of the critical strain criteria for the erosion
occurs. By emphasising the high strain- rate nature of the deformation that target surface experiences
during erosion, this model successively connects the mechanical and thermos physical properties of a
ductile metal with its erosion rate . The basic idea of the model is that erosion loss is processed under
high-strain-rate and hence adiabatic deformation conditions, and therefore, the mechanical response
of the target is dynamic. Under the unique deformation conditions, strain localisation occurs in a
narrow range around the impact sites, leading to the formation of craters with heavily strained lips
and/or platelets at the sides. The criteria for the removal of such lip are assumed to be based on a
critical strain which the lips attain after a number of particle impacts.
7. erosion resistant material
1.Cast Iron / Malleable Iron:
Cast iron is a ferrous alloy with a carbon content of >2 % and a silicon content
of >1.5 %. In the so-called grey cast iron carbon is present in the form of fine
irregularly distributed graphite flakes. The term “cast iron” refers to the
production process of this material which involves casting a metal melt into
forms. As opposed to cast iron malleable iron is tempered for several days at a
temperature of approx. 1000 °C in oxidizing atmosphere

2. Titanium:

Titanium (Ti) is a chemical element with the atomic number 22. It belongs to the
group of transition metals and is very strong despite its relatively low density.
Titanium forms a protective oxide coating which makes it resistant to corrosion.
In its purest form it is ductile. In order to improve its mechanical properties
(embrittlement), other elements such as oxygen and nitrogen can be added.
Titanium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust but it mostly
occurs in low concentrations in the form of oxides. It is mainly extracted from
the minerals rutile (TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3).

3. Sintered Aluminium Oxide:

Sintered aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is a synthetic ceramic material.In nature

Al2O3 occurs in form of corundum, the second hardest mineral after diamond.
Due to its hardness Al2O3 often is used as abrading medium. When producing
sintered aluminium oxide, pressed alumina powder is fired to 1300 °C. The
powder is an intermediate product in the process of winning aluminium from
bauxite. The main reasons for using sintered aluminium oxide in grinding tools
are its considerable hardness and purity but also the reasonable price. Due to
the relatively low density of sintered aluminium oxide and the low energy input
which results from this, the sample material is hardly subjected to thermal
stress during grinding. This can be an advantage with sensitive materials such as
plants.

4. Hard Porcelain:

Hard porcelain is a silicate ceramic which is composed of the raw materials

kaolin (non-ferrous clay), potash, feldspar andquartz. It consists of 25 - 70 %
Al2O3 and 30 - 75 % SiO2. Hard porcelain is fired to a temperature of approx.
1400 °C. In the middle of the 19th century, porcelain was first used as
engineering ceramics, mainly in the electronic industry where it remains an
important material until today (e.g. as insulator
8.Conclusion:
The erosive wear are at first idea to comprise of no. of relative straightforward components, however
it is presently understood that numerous procedures are included. The vast majority of the basic
articulation for erosive wear models depend on the distinctive parameters and suspicion .Hutching's
model have no. of closeness to finnie model of erosive wear. In this model, single effect try done and
result based on these tests, that there are three conceivable kinds of plastic distortion instigated by
hard sporadic molecule affect that would all be able to prompt metal expulsion by furrowing, type I
cutting, and sort II cutting .International Conference on Emerging Trends in Mechanical Engineering
"ICETME – 27-28 may 2016" The disintegration wear debase the mechanical segments is because of
the dynamic activity of strong molecule streaming alongside the air and fluid, which includes
distinctive powers and numerous other impacting factors that make the disintegration instrument
advance complex. More innovative work is expected to comprehend the real system of molecule
development and disintegration models and component

9.Reference
1. https://www.retsch.com/products/glossary/werkstoffe/

2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307862868_A_Review_Erosion_Wear_Models

3..http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/nawtec/nawtec17/nawtec17-2334.pdf

4..https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043164893900703