fganh xn~;%

;%
mn~Hko
Hko vkSj fodkl
ch-,- izksxzke ¼fganh½
lsesLVj-III/IV
GENERIC ELECTIVE– fganh ^[k*

DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
 ©
ISBN: 978-81-19417-38-4
: 2023

: ddceprinting@col.du.ac.in
hindi@col.du.ac.in

Published by:
Department of Distance and Continuing Education under
the aegis of Campus of Open Learning/School of Open Learning,
University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007

Published by:

©


https://sol.du.ac.in
feedbackslm@col.du.ac.in

20/4 IV 201 010

©
 SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE
Syllabi Mapping in Book

Çgnh xn~; :iksa dk lkekU; ifjp;

 Çgnh xn~; :iksa dk lkekU; ifjp; vkSj fodkl % dgkuh] js[kkfp=] vkSj fodkl % dgkuh] js[kkfp=]
laLej.k] fucaèk] ,dkadh] O;aX; laLej.k] fucaèk] ,dkadh] O;aX;

 vkdk'knhi % t;'kadj izlkn ^vkdk'knhi* % t;'kadj çlkn

 ifjans % fueZy oekZ ^iÇjns* % fueZy oekZ

 t+cku % ckyÑ"V HkV~V ^t+cku* % cky—".k Hkê

 lPph ohjrk % ljnkj iw.kZ flag ^lPph ohjrk* % ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg

 ekyo izse % gfjÑ".k izseh ^ekyo izse* ¼,dkadh½ % gfjÑ".k izseh

 xqafx;k % egknsoh oekZ ^xqafx;k* ¼laLej.k½ % egknsoh oekZ

©
 I:

1-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

1-2 çLrkouk
1-3 Çgnh xn~; :i % i`"BHkwfe
1-4 dgkuh % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-5 js[kkfp= % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-5-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-6 laLej.k % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-6-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-7 fucaèk % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-7-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-8 ,dkadh % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-8-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-9 O;aX; % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-10 fu"d"kZ
1-11 vH;kl&ç'u
1-12 lanHkZ&xzFa k

II :

2-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

2-2 çLrkouk

©
2-3 jpukdkj % O;fDrRo ,oa —frRo
2-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
2-4 dFkklkj
2-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
2-5 dgkuh % rkfRod leh{kk
2-6 dgkuh % ewy laons uk
2-7 fu"d"kZ
2-8 vH;kl&ç'u
2-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

3-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

3-2 çLrkouk
3-3 fueZy oekZ % lkfgfR;d ifjp;
3-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-4 ^iÇjns* % dFkkoLrq
3-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-5 ^iÇjns* % ewy laons uk
3-5-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-6 ^iÇjns* % Hkk"kk&'kSyh
3-7 fu"d"kZ
3-8 vH;kl&ç'u
3-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

III :

4-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

4-2 çLrkouk
4-3 ys[kd&ifjp;
4-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
4-4 fucaèk dk çfrikn~;
4-4-1 cksèk&ç'u

©
 4-5 fucaèk dh leh{kk
4-6 fu"d"kZ
4-7 vH;kl&ç'u
4-8 lanHkZ&xzFa k

5-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

5-2 çLrkouk
5-3 ys[kd&ifjp;
5-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
5-4 fucaèk dk lkj
5-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
5-5 fucaèk dk çfrikn~;
5-6 fucaèk&'kSyh
5-6-1 oLrq&oSf'k"V~;
5-6-2 Hkk"kk
5-6-3 'kSyh
5-7 fu"d"kZ
5-8 O;k[;k&Hkkx
5-9 vH;kl&ç'u
5-10 lanHkZ&xzFa k

IV :

6-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

6-2 çLrkouk
6-3 gfj—".k çseh % ,d ifjp;
6-4 ,dkadh dk ifjp; ,oa mlds rÙo
6-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
6-5 ekyo çse % leh{kk
6-5-1 dFkkoLrq
6-5-2 ik= pfj=&fp=.k
6-5-3 laokn&;kstuk

©
 6-5-4 ns'kdky&okrkoj.k
6-5-5 mn~ns';
6-5-6 Hkk"kk&'kSyh
6-5-7 jaxeaph;rk
6-6 fu"d"kZ
6-7 vH;kl&ç'u
6-8 lanHkZ&xzFa k

7-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

7-2 çLrkouk
7-3 ysf[kdk&ifjp;
7-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-4 xqafx;k dk lkj
7-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-5 xqafx;k % rkfRod leh{kk
7-6 fu"d"kZ
7-6-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-7 O;k[;k&Hkkx
7-8 vH;kl&ç'u
7-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

©
I
 eqDr f'k{kk fon~;ky;
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

1-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

1-2 çLrkouk
1-3 Çgnh xn~; :i % i`"BHkwfe
1-4 dgkuh % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-5 js[kkfp= % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-5-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-6 laLej.k % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-6-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-7 fucaèk % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-7-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-8 ,dkadh % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-8-1 cksèk&ç'u
1-9 O;aX; % ifjp; ,oa fodkl
1-10 fu"d"kZ
1-11 vH;kl&ç'u
1-12 lanHkZ&xzFa k

©
 bl ikB dks i<+dj fon~;kFkÊ&
 dgkuh ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ls voxr gks ldsaxAs
 js[kkfp= vkSj laLej.k foèkk ls ifjfpr gks ldsx
a As
 fucaèk foèkk ds lkekU; ifjp; vkSj fodkl ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxAs
 ,dkadh vkSj O;aX; foèkk ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxAs

vkèkqfud dky uotkxj.k dk dky FkkA blh le; iwoÊ vkSj if'peh fopkjèkkjkvksa
dk la?k"kZ Hkh vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA dqN yksx if'peh çokg esa cg x,] dqN yksx :f<+oknh
cus jgs] bl rjg nksuksa fopkjèkkjkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk uohu oSKkfud Hkkoèkkjk dk lkfgR;
esa ços'k blh leUo;kRed –f"Vdks.k dk ifj.kke FkkA blh dky esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk
Hkh iuih] fopkj&Lora=rk Hkh vadqfjr gqÃA Qyr% viuh Hkkoukvksa dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr
ds fy, xn~; foèkk dh vko';drk eglwl dh tkus yxh] vr% blh ds ifj.kkeLo:i
xn~; dk tUe gqvk ,oa mldh fofHkUu foèkkvksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl gqvk tks le;
ds cnyko ds lkFk&lkFk dkQh yksdfç; gqvkA bl bdkà esa vkids ikBîØe esa fuèkkZfjr
xn~; :iksa ds lkekU; ifjp; vkSj fodkl ls vki dks voxr djk;k tk,xkA

;g rks loZfofnr gh gS fd Çgnh lkfgR; dk vkèkqfud dky 1850 Ã- ds yxHkx

ls vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj bls vkèkqfud dky blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd fo'o lkfgR; vkSj
laL—fr esa ik'pkR; çHkko ls] jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk] foKku dh mUufr vkSj e'khu ds
mi;ksx ls gekjs thouØe esa ,slk ifjorZu vk;k fd gesa iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa vkSj :f<+;ksa
4 ls v#fp gqà vkSj geus Lora= Çpru dks viuk iFk&çn'kZd eku fy;k ftldh

©
vfHkO;atuk ukuk lkfgR; :iksa ds ekè;e ls gksus yxhA fofHkUu Çgnh xn~; :iksa ds
mn~Hko ,oa fodkl ds vuqekur% ;gh dkj.k FksA

Çgnh lkfgR; dh ukuk foèkkvksa esa dgkuh foèkk dk Hkh viuk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA
dFkk&lkfgR; esa miU;kl ds lkFk&lkFk dgkuh dk Hkh ukeksYys[k gksrk gSA dFkk vkSj
dgkuh i;kZ;okph gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa ds vFkZ esa lw{e varj gSA dFkk O;kid gS] blesa
leLr dgkfu;ksa rFkk miU;kl lekfo"V gks ldrs gSa] tcfd dgkuh esa y?kq dFkkvksa dks
gh fy;k tk ldrk gSA

lkfgR; txr ds fofHkUu fo}kuksa] dFkkdkjksa] vkykspdksa us dgkuh dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs

gq, vius fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa vejhdh ys[kd ,Mxj ,yu iks ds
vuqlkj] ^NksVh* dgkuh ,d ,slk vk[;ku gS tks bruk NksVk gS fd ,d cSBd esa i<+k tk
lds vkSj tks ikBd ij ,d gh çHkko dks mRiUu djus ds mn~ns'; ls fy[kk x;k gksA
mlesa ,slh lc ckrksa dk cfg"dkj dj fn;k tkrk gS] tks ml çHkko dks vxzlj djus esa
lgk;d u gksAa og Lor% iw.kZ gksrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk esa dgkuh ds nks y{k.k Li"V fn[kkÃ
iM+rs gSa& dgkuh dk laf{kIr gksuk rFkk çHkkokfUofrA dgkuh dh laf{kIrrk ds ckjs esa
mudk er gS fd Þdgkuh ,d xn~;&dFkk gS] ftlds ?kVus esa vkèks ?kaVs ls ysdj nks ?kaVs
rd ds le; dh vko';drk gSAß dgkuh dh laf{kIrrk ds ckjs esa vaxzsth ds çfl)
dFkkdkj ,p-th- osYl dk er gS fd Þdgkuh og xn~; dFkk gS] tks chl feuV esa i<+h
tk ldsA rFkkfi dgkuh dks le;&lhek esa ckaèkuk O;kogkfjd ugÈ gSAß Çdrq fo}ku
vyckbV ds erkuqlkj] Þdgkuh ogÈ lekIr gks tkuh pkfg,] tgk¡ ls vkxs i<+us dk dksÃ
fo'ks"k dkj.k u gksAß
lj ;w- ckyiksy ds vuqlkj] Þdgkuh] dgkuh gksuh pkfg, vFkkZr~ mlesa ?kfVr gksus
okyh] oLrqvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk gksuk pkfg,A og ?kVuk vkSj vkdfLerk ls iw.kZ gks] mlesa
f{kç xfr ds lkFk vçR;kf'kr fodkl gks tks dkSrqgy }kjk pje Çcnq vkSj larks"ktud
var rd ys tk,Aß
5

©
 fofy;e gsujh gMlu ds erkuqlkj Þdgkuh dh :ijs[kk esa iw.kZr% Li"V] larqfyr]
mn~n's ; ds fy, i;kZ&foLr`r Çdrq HkhM+&HkkM+ ds rfud Hkh ladsr ls jfgr vkSj vius
rkus&ckus esa iw.kZ gksuh pkfg,Aß
dgkuh dh çHkkokfUofr ij cy nsrs gq, tsEl MCY;w- fyu us Bhd gh dgk gS &
Þfdlh ,d ik= thou esa vkus okys fdlh eksM+ dk laf{kIr vkSj ukVdh; <ax ls fd;k
x;k fp=.k gh dgkuh gSAß
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vuqlkj dgkuh ds y{k.k gSa& dgkuh dk laf{kIr gksuk]
ukVdh; dqrwgy dk lekos'k gksuk rFkk vkn~;ksikar ,dkfUofr ;k çHkkokfUofr gksukA bu
y{k.kksa dk lacèa k dgkuh ds f'kYifoèkku ls gSA
Hkkjrh; lkfgR;&leh{kdksa] ys[kdksa us dgkuh ds lok±x Lo:i dk fo'kn foospu
fd;k gSA eq'a kh çsepan ds erkuqlkj] Þdgkuh ,slh jpuk gS ftlesa thou ds fdlh ,d
vax ;k fdlh ,d euksHkko dks çnÆ'kr djuk gh ys[kd dk mn~n's ; jgrk gSA mlds
pfj=] mldh 'kSyh rFkk mldk dFkk foU;kl lc mlds ,d Hkko dks iq"V djrs gSaAß bl
ifjHkk"kk esa ys[kd dsaæh; Hkko dks çeq[krk nsrk gSA Jh tSuaæs dqekj us mDr er dks
euksoSKkfud <ax ls bl çdkj çLrqr fd;k gS& Þdgkuh rks ,d Hkw[k gS tks fujarj
lekèkku ikus dh [kkst djrh gSA gekjs vius loky gksrs gS]a 'kadk,¡ gksrh gSa] Çprk,¡ gksrh
gSa vkSj ge mudk mÙkj] mudk lekèkku [kkstus dk] ikus dk lrr~ ç;kl djrs gSaA gekjs
ç;ksx gksrs jgrs gSa] mnkgj.kksa vkSj felkyksa dh [kkst gksrh jgrh gSA dgkuh mlh [kkst
ds ç;kl dk ,d mnkgj.k gSAß Li"V gS fd dgkuh Hkh thou dk gh çfrÇcc gSA
^vKs;* dh ekU;rk gS fd Þdgkuh thou dh çfrPNk;k gS vkSj thou Lo;a ,d
vèkwjh dgkuh gS] f'k{kk gS] tks mez Hkj feyrh gS vkSj lekIr ugÈ gksrhAß tcfd bykpaæ
tks'kh ekurs gSa fd Þthou dk pØ ukuk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds la?k"kZ ls mYVk&lhèkk pyrk
jgrk gSA bl lqc`gr~ pØ dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr dk çn'kZu gh dgkuh gSAß dgkuh ds
Hkko&cksèk dks çeq[k ekurs gq, jke—".knkl dgrs gSa & Þvk[;kf;dk ¼dgkuh½ esa lkSan;Z
dh ,d >yd dk jl gksrk gSA eku yhft, fd vki ,d rst lokjh ij pys tk jgs
gSaA jkLrs esa ,d xksy&eVksy f'k'kq [ksy jgk gS & lqna jrk dh ewÆrA mldh >yd
feyrs&u&feyrs Hkj esa lokjh vkxs fudky tkrh gS] Çdrq mruh gh >yd ,slh gksrh
gS fd mldh LFkk;h js[kk variZVy ij vafdr gks tkrh gSA ;gh dke dgkuh Hkh djrh
gSAß ;gk¡ ?kVuk&cksèk ls vfèkd egÙo Hkko&cksèk dk gSA Jh paæxqIr fon~;kyadkj O;Dr
6

©
djrs gSa fd Þ?kVukRed bdgjs fp=.k dk uke dgkuh gS vkSj lkfgR; ds lHkh vaxksa ds
leku mldk vko';d xq.k gSAß
vkèkqfud leh{kdksa esa M‚- ';kelqanjnkl us ukVdh; <ax ij vfèkd cy nsrs gq,
dgkuh dks ;ksa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS & Þvk[;kf;dk ,d fuf'pr y{; ;k çHkko dks j[kdj
fy;k x;k vk[;ku gSAß ckcw xqykcjk; dk er gS fd ÞNksVh dgkuh ,d Lor% iw.kZ jpuk
gS~( ftlesa ,d&,d rF; ;k çHkko dks vxzlj djus okyh O;fDr dsfa ær ?kVuk ;k
?kVukvksa ds vko';d ijarq dqN&dqN vçR;kf'kr <ax ls mRFkku&iru vkSj eksM+ ds lkFk
ik=ksa ds pfj= ij çdk'k Mkyus okyk dkSrwgyiw.kZ o.kZu gksAß M‚- Jh —".kyky ekurs
gSa fd Þvkèkqfud dgkuh lkfgR; dk ,d fodflr dykRed :i gS ftlesa ys[kd viuh
dYiuk&'kfDr ds lgkjs de&ls&de ik=ksa vFkok pfj=ksa ds }kjk de&ls&de ?kVukvksa
vkSj çHkkoksa dh lgk;rk ls euksokafNr dFkkud] pfj=] okrkoj.k] –'; vFkok çHkko dh
l`f"V djrk gSA M‚- y{ehukjk;.k yky dk earO; gS fd Þdgkuh og dyk gS tks ekuo
ds cká thou vkSj mlds varLry esa curs&fcxM+rs gq, Hkko&lewgksa vkSj leL;kvksa dks
{kf.kd fon~;qr~&çdk'k dh Hkk¡fr lkeus yk NksM+rh gS vkSj ikBd dk eu ,oa efLr"d
mlds Hkkoksa ls ?kuhHkwr gks tkrk gSA ÞM‚- txUukFk 'kekZ ds vuqlkj& Þdgkuh
xn~;&jpuk dk dFkk&lai`Dr Lo:i gS] ftlesa lkekU;r% y?kq foLrkj ds lkFk] fdlh
,d gh fo"k; vFkok rF; dk mR—"V laons u bl çdkj fd;k x;k gks fd og vius esa
lai.w kZ gks vkSj mlds fofHkUu rÙo ,dksUeq[k gksdj çHkkokfUofr esa iw.kZ ;ksx nsrs gksaAß

Çgnh esa dgkuh oLrqr% f}osnh ;qx ls çkjaHk gksrh

gSA Hkkjrsna q&dky esa vkSj mlds iwoZ tks dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh x;È] os if'peh <ax dh vkèkqfud
dgkuh ls dkQh fHkUu gSaA oSls rks czt&Hkk"kk dh oS".ko okrkZvksa rFkk –"Vkarksa] jktLFkkuh
ckrsa] fxyØkbLV ;k yYywyky }kjk laikfnr ^yrk;Q* vkfn dh y?kq dgkfu;ksa esa
dgkuh ds cgqr ls rÙo gSAa jktLFkkuh ^ckrsa* rks dgkfu;k¡ gh gSa] ijarq vkèkqfud dgkuh
fo"k;oLrq vkSj 'kSyh nksuksa –f"V ls i`Fkd gSA ba'kk vYykg dh ^jkuh dsrdh dh dgkuh*
¼1805 Ã- ds yxHkx½ Hkh nkLrku 'kSyh dh yach dgkuh gh gSA okLrfod ekuo&thou
ls nwj] vfrekuo çlaxksa ls ;qDr dFkk—fr ls Çgnh dgkuh&ijaijk dk vkjaHk ugÈ ekuk
tk ldrkA bldh jpuk 'kq) Çgnh dh NVk fn[kkus ds fy, dh x;h FkhA 1860 Ã- ds
7

©
 vkl&ikl ml le; ds f'k{kk&lapkydksa dh çsj.kk ls ^cqf)Qyksn;*] ^lwjtiqj dh
dgkuh*] ^èkjeÇlg dk o`rkUr*] ^rhu nsoka dh dgkuh* vkfn f'k{kkRed dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh
x;h FkÈ] tks çk;% vaxzth ;k mnwZ ls vuwfnr gSAa jktk f'koçlkn ^flrkjs fgUn* dh fy[kh
vkSj fy[kok;h gqà ^xqykc vkSj pesyh dk fdLlk* ^ohj Çlg o`ÙkkUr* vkfn jpuk,¡ Hkh
çk;% vuwfnr ;k :ikarfjr gSAa
Çgnh dh çkjafHkd dgkfu;k¡ vk[;kf;dk 'kSyh dh gSaA muesa mYys[kuh; gS& a
ia- ekèkoçlkn feJ jfpr ^eu dh papyrk ¼1600 Ã- ds yxHkx½] fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh
Ñr ^bUnqerh* ¼1600 Ã- ds yxHkx½] 'ksDlih;j ds ^n VSEisLV* ds vkèkkj ij jfpr
^xqycgkj*] ekLVj Hkxokunkl —r ^Iysx dh pqM+Sy*] vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy ç.khr ^X;kjg
o"kZ dk le;*] fxjtknÙk oktis;h dh ^iafMr vkSj iafMrkuh* vkSj ^ifr dk ifo= çse*]
caxefgyk dh ^nqykà okyh* rFkk ^dqaHk esa NksVh cgw] ikoZrh uanu dh ^esjk iqutZUe* vkSj
o`ankouyky oekZ }kjk fyf[kr ^jk[khcan HkkÃ*A buesa dà dgkfu;k¡ ckaXyk vkSj vaxzt s h dh
dgkfu;ksa ds vuqdj.k ds çkjaHk ij fy[kh xà gSAa dqN dkQh yach gSa vkSj 'kq) dgkuh
dh Js.kh esa ugÈ vkrhA bu dgkfu;ksa esa ls çFke f}osnh&;qx ds çkjaHk esa ^lqn'kZu* esa rFkk
'ks"k dgkfu;k¡ ^ljLorh* esa çdkf'kr gqà FkÈA M‚- Jh—".kyky fd'kksjh yky xksLokeh dh
^banqefr* dks Çgnh dh çFke dgkuh ekurs gSAa M‚- y{ehukjk;.k yky dk dguk gS fd
'kqDy th dh ^X;kjg o"kZ dk le;* uked dgkuh gh Çgnh dh igyh dgkuh gSA yxHkx
blh le; ¼1606 Ã- ls½ çlkn th dh çsj.kk ls ^bUnq* if=dk dk çdk'ku çkjaHk gqvkA
blesa çdkf'kr çlkn th dh ^xzke* 'kh"kZd dgkuh Çgnh txr esa u, ;qx dk çkjaHk djrh
gSA
Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa ys[kdksa dk è;ku ukVd] fucaèk vkSj miU;kl dh vksj vfèkd FkkA
dgkuh dks mUgksua s vfèkd egÙo ugÈ fn;kA f}osnh ;qx ds çkjaHk esa Hkh bl vksj de è;ku
fn;k x;kA vuqokn dk;Z] Hkk"kk ds ifj"dkj vkSj xn~; ds vU; :iksa ij lkfgR;dkjksa us
vfèkd cy fn;kA bu lc dkj.kksa ls çlkn vkSj çsepan ls iwoZ dgkuh&lkfgR; dh jpuk
cgqr de gqÃA mlesa okLrfod lkèkkj.k thou dk ;FkkFkZ fofp= u mHkj ldkA bUgÈ
fnuksa laL—r vkSj vaxt z h ukVdksa dh dFkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij yach vk[;kf;dk,¡ Hkh fy[kh
xb±A vfèkdrj dFkkud&çèkku ¼?kVuk&çèkku½] mins'kkRed&dYiukRed] foLe;iw.kZ]
O;aX;fouksne; dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh xb±A 'kSyh dh –f"V ls çsepan ls igys dh Çgnh
dgkfu;k¡ çk;% rhu çdkj dh gS& a ,sfrgkfld 'kSyh esa] vkRedFkkRed vkSj ;k=k 'kSyh
8

©
esa fyf[kr f}osnh&;qx esa ikjlukFk f=ikBh] caxefgyk vkSj fxfjtkdqekj ?kks"k us caxyk
dh dà lqanj dgkfu;ksa dk Çgnh esa vuqokn fd;kA vkèkqfud <ax dh vaxzt s h dgkfu;ksa
dk vuqokn Hkh f}osnh ;qx esa çkjaHk gqvkA
lu~ 1916 Ã- ds vkl&ikl çsepan vkSj çlkn dgkuh ds
{ks= esa vk,A blds ckn Çgnh dgkuh ij vaxt zs h vkSj ckaXyk dgkuhdkjksa dk çHkko de
gksus yxkA f}osnh ;qx dh ^ljLorh*] ^lqn'kZu*] ^banq*] ^Çgnh xYi&ekyk* vkfn if=dkvksa
dk Çgnh&dgkuh ds çkjafHkd fodkl esa cM+k egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA bu if=dkvksa esa
lSdM+ksa ekSfyd vkSj vuwfnr dgkfu;k¡ çdkf'kr gqÃ] ftlls fofoèk fo"k; vkSj 'kSfy;k¡
n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA dgkuh dk okLrfod fodkl çsepan ds le; ls gh çkjaHk gksrk gSA
muds le; ls gh vk[;kf;dk ds LFkku ij lPph dgkuh dk çkjaHk gqvkA dgkuh ?kVuk
çèkku ds LFkku ij ik=&çèkku vkSj Hkkouk&çèkku gqÃA okLrfod ekuo&thou vkSj
euksfoKku ls mudk lacaèk LFkkfir gqvkA
çlkn th dgkuh {ks= esa çsepan ls dqN igys vk, FksA os ewyr% dfo gSa vkSj ckn
esa ukVddkjA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa Hkh dkO;kRedrk vkSj ukVdh;rk gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa
dks y{; esa j[krs gq, mUgsa ;FkkFkZijd] vkn'kZoknh ;k jksekafVd vkn'kZoknh dgk tk
ldrk gSA çlkn dh dgkfu;ksa ds laxzg gSa& ^çfrèofu*] ^vkdk'k&nhi*] ^vkaèkh*] ^baætky*
rFkk ^Nk;k*A çlkn us vfèkdrj Hkkoukçèkku] dYiukijd dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh tks çk;%
lkaL—frd i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSAa mUgksua s pfj=&çèkku dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[kh gSaA
ukVdh;rk] vFkZ dh xaHkhjrk] Hkkoqdrkiw.kZ okrkoj.k] dkO;kRed Hkk"kk vkSj lkadfs rd
O;atuk mudh dgkfu;ksa dh vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA çlkn çkphu Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds çseh
FksA
çsepan dk vkèkqfud dky ds ;FkkFkZoknh thou ij vfèkd vkxzg FkkA os ;FkkFkZoknh
gSaA çsepan us yxHkx rhu lkS dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA mudh dgkfu;k¡ ^ekuljksoj* ¼6 Hkkx½
rFkk ^xqIr èku* ¼2 Hkkx½ esa lax`ghr gSaA ^çse&iphlh*] ^çse&çlwu*] ^çfrek*] ^çek}knlh*]
^lIrlqeu* vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh mudh dgkfu;ksa ds laxzg Nis gSaA çsepan dh çkjaHk dh
dgkfu;ksa esa ?kVuk dh çèkkurk vkSj o.kZu dh ço`fÙk gSaA pfj=&fp=.k vkSj euksfoKku
dh vksj mfpr è;ku ugÈ fn;k x;kA Hkk"kk vifjiDo rFkk O;kdj.k&lacèa kh nks"kksa ls ;qDr
gSA oLrqr% çsepan çkjaHk esa mnwZ ds ys[kd Fks vkSj ogk¡ ls Çgnh esa vk, FksA mudh çkjafHkd
jk"Vªh; dgkfu;k¡ ^lksts oru* laxzg esa çdkf'kr gqà FkÈA vkxs pydj çsepan us
9

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 pfj=&çèkku] euksfoKku&ewyd] okrkoj.k&çèkku ,sfrgkfld vkfn dà çdkj dh
dgkfu;k¡ fy[kÈ vkSj okLrfod thou rFkk ekuo&LoHkko ds ekÆed fp= çLrqr fd,A
çspUn dh Hkk"kk ljy] O;kogkfjd gS vkSj muds laokn LokHkkfod rFkk ltho gSAa lkèkkj.k
?kVukvksa vkSj ckrksa dks ekÆed cukus esa dq'ky gSAa çsepan uohu thou&#fp j[kus okys
ekuorkoknh ys[kd FksA çkjaHk esa çsepan xk¡èkh vkSj rkYLrk; ls çHkkfor jgsA ckn esa os
ekDlZ vkSj ysfuu dh fopkjèkkjk dh vksj >qd x, FksA
çlkn&çsepan&;qx ds çkjaHk ds dgkuhdkjksa esa paæèkj 'kekZ xqysjh vkSj ia- Tokyk
nÙk 'kekZ ds uke Hkh mYys[kuh; gSAa xqysjh th dh ^mlus dgk Fkk* 'kh"kZd dgkuh Çgnh
dh Js"B dgkfu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA bl dgkuh esa Hkkoqd] ohj rFkk dÙkZO;&ijk;.k ygukÇlg
ds ifo= çse vkSj cfynku dk fp=.k gSA lqanj <ax ls fodflr gksus okyk] lqxfBr]
dqrgw yijd ukVdh; dFkkud] ltho okrkoj.k] ekÆed vUr] laoknksa rFkk ?kVukvksa dh
;kstuk }kjk ik=ksa dk LokHkkfod pfj=&fp=.k] ik=kuqdy w laokn] eqgkojsnkj ljy thou
Hkk"kk vkSj lkadsfrd vfHkO;fDr bl dgkuh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA xqyjs h us dsoy rhu
dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gS]a ijarq rhu dgkfu;ksa ds cy ij os Çgnh ds bfrgkl esa viuk ,d fof'k"V
LFkku cuk x, gSaA lqn'kZu] fo'oEHkjukFk ^dkSf'kd*] ^ikaM; s cspu 'kekZ*] ^mxz*] ^prqjlsu
'kkL=h*] ^jk;—".knkl*] ^paMhçlkn*] ^ân;s'k*] ^xksÇon oYyHk iar*] ^o`ankou yky oekZ*]
^tuknZu çlkn >k*] ^f}t*] ^jkfèkdkje.k çlkn Çlg*] ^fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr* vkSj Hkxorhçlkn
oktis;h] çsepan&çlkn dky ds vU; mYys[kuh; dgkuhdkj gSaA
lqn'kZu vkSj dkSf'kd çsepan dh 'kSyh ds dgkuhdkj gSAa nksuksa us vkn'kksZUeq[k
;FkkFkZokn dks viukdj lkekftd] euksoSKkfud vkSj ikfjokfjd dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSAa
pfj=&fp=.k vkSj Hkk"kk dh –f"V ls Hkh ;s nksuksa çsepan ds fudV gSaA lqn'kZu us
ekuo&thou ds fofoèk i{kksa vkSj vusd lkekftd lR;ksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA dkSf'kd
th us viuh dà dgkfu;ksa esa ikfjokfjd thou ds lqanj fp= çLrqr fd, gSaA mudh
^rkÃ* uked pfj= çèkku dgkuh Çgnh txr~ esa çfl) gSA pfj=&ifjorZu mudh dgkuh
esa LokHkkfod :i ls gksrk gSA laoknksa }kjk ik=ksa dh eu%fLFkfr ij dgÈ&dgÈ mUgksua s
vPNk çdk'k Mkyk gSA lqn'kZu ds dgkuh&laxzgksa ds uke gS& a ^ifjorZu*] ^lqn'kZu&lqèkk*]
^rhFkZ;k=k*] ^lqn'kZu&lqeu*] ^iq"iyrk*] ^lqçHkkr*] ^uxhuk*] ^Qwyorh*] ^iu?kV*A dkSf'kd
th dh dgkfu;k¡ ^xYieafnj*] ^fp='kkyk*] ^çse&çfrek*] ^dYyksy* vkfn 'kh"kZdksa ls
çdkf'kr gqà gSaA
10

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 mxz th ¼^pkdysV*] ^fpuxkfj;k¡*] ^baæèkuq"k*] ^fuyZTt*] ^nkst[k dh vkx*] ^cykRdkj*]
^ludh vehj*] ^ihyh bekjr*] ^fp=&fofp=*] ^;g dapu lh dk;k*] ^dyk dk iqjLdkj*
vkfn ds ys[kd½ mPpdksfV ds dgkuhdkj gaSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa lekt vkSj jktuhfr
dk ekÆed vadu gqvk gSA :f<+;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd ,oa jk"Vªh; nq"ço`fÙk;ksa ij mUgksaus rhoz
jks"k çdV fd;k gSA mlds ik= ltho&lcy gksrs gSa] laokn çk;% NksVs rFkk Li"V vkSj
Hkk"kk oØ gksus ij Hkh ljyA mxz th us dà rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSa& Hkkoqdrk rFkk
dYiuk ls iw.kZ çrhdkRed] leL;kewyd vkSj ukVdh; js[kkfp= tSlhA prqjlsu
¼jktd.k] v{k; vkfn½ us vfèkdrj lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vadu fd;k gSA
jkèkkÑ".knkl ¼lqèkka'kq* vkfn½ Hkkoçèkku dgkfu;ksa ds ys[kd gSAa os çlkn&i)fr ds
dgkuhdkj gSaA jk;—".knkl us ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd nksuksa çdkj dh dgkfu;k¡
fy[kh gSaA y?kq ç—fr&fp= Hkh mUgksua s dgÈ&dgÈ fn, gSaA mudh Hkk"kk laL—rijd vkSj
çkaty gSA paMhçlkn ^ân;s'k* ¼uan fudqt a *] ^ou ekyk* vkfn½ dh dgkfu;k¡ Hkh yxHkx
blh çdkj dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa fy[kh x;h gSa& Hkkoqdrk] mPp Hkkoksa dh O;atuk] LoYi
dFkkud vkSj vya—r Hkk"kk mudh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA ia- xksÇonoYyo iar esa Hkh Hkkoqdrk rFkk
dYiuk dh jaxhuh gS] lkFk gh ;FkkFkZ dh dVqrk Hkh çkIr gksrh gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa
jkspdrk Hkh dkQh gSA Jh oa`nkouyky oekZ ¼^dykdkj dk n.M* vkfn½ eq[;r%
miU;kldkj gSAa mudh dgkfu;ksa esa dYiuk rFkk bfrgkl dk leUo; gksrk gS vkSj
ljy] LokHkkfod Hkk"kk&'kSyh gksrh gSA çk;% lHkh dgkfu;k¡ o.kZuijd] cfg}±}iw.kZ rFkk
vkn'kksZUeq[k gSaA jkfèkdkje.kçlkn Çlg dh 'kSyh Hkh dkO;kRed rFkk tuknZu çlkn >k
^f}t* ¼fdly;] e`nqny] eèkqe;h vkfn½ dh dgkfu;k¡ Hkh ekÆed rFkk d#.kkiw.kZ gSAa
jkfèkdkje.kçlkn Çlg dh 'kSyh Hkh dkO;kRed rFkk vya—r gh gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa dk
okrkoj.k çk;% HkkokRedrk rFkk ekÆedrk ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dh
dgkfu;ksa esa ljy jkspd 'kSyh esa dksey Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqà gSA Hkxorh çlkn
oktis;h ¼iq"dfj.kh] [kkyh cksry] fgyksj vkfn½ dh dgkfu;ksa esa çk;% ?kVukvksa dh
lkadfs rd O;atuk jgrh gSA mUgksaus vlkèkkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iM+s gq, uj&ukfj;ksa ds
pfj= dk euksoSKkfud fu:i.k fd;k gSA bl le; ds vU; mYys[kuh; dgkuhdkj gS& a
fouksn 'kadj O;kl] eksguyky egrks ^fo;ksxh* rFkk f'koiwtu lgk;] lqfe=kuanu iar vkSj
fujkyk th us Hkh dqN dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA

11

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 mi;qZDr dgkuhdkjksa esa dkSf'kd] lqn'kZu] oktis;h vkfn çsepan ds vkn'kks± ls
çHkkfor gSa vkSj jkfèkdkje.k çlkn] jk;—".knkl] fouksn'kadj O;kl f}t vkfn çlkn ds
vkn'kks± lsA dqN dgkuhdkj viuk i`Fkd~ O;fDrRo j[krs gSa vkSj mUgsa bu nksuksa esa ls
fdlh oxZ esa ugÈ j[kk tk ldrkA
orZeku le; esa Çgnh esa dà ihf<+;k¡ ,d lkFk
dgkuh fy[kus esa yxh jgh gSaA çsepan dky ds mÙkjk)Z esa bl {ks= esa vkus okys dqN
dgkuhdkj gSa&tSuaæs ¼^Qkalh*] ^okrk;u*] ^iktsc*] ^t;laf?k*] ^,djkr*] ^nks fpfM+;k¡*
vkfn½] ;'kiky ¼^oks nqfu;k*] ^Kku nku*] ^vfHk'kIr*] ^ÇitM+s dh mM+ku*] ^rdZ dk rwQku*]
^fp= dk 'kh"kZd*] ^;'kiky % Js"B dgkuh½ bykpUn tks'kh ¼jksekafVd Nk;k*] ^vkgqfr*]
^fnokyh vkSj gksyh*] ^daVhys Qwy ythys dkaVs½] vKs; ¼^foiFkxk*] ^dksBjh dh ckr*]
^ijaijk*] ^t;nksy* vkfn½ Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ¼nks ck¡d*s ] ^bULVkyesaV* vkfn½] paæxqIr
fon~;kyadkj ¼^paædyk*] ^okilh*] ^vekol*] ^rhu fnu½A ;s dFkkdkj tks ml le; u;h
ih<+h ds dgkuhdkj ekus tkrs Fks vc iqjkus gks pqds gSaA buds ckn buesa dgkuhdkjksa dh
nks vkSj ihf<+;k¡ fodflr gks pqdh gSaA bu rhuksa ihf<+;ksa ds dgkuhdkjksa us Çgnh dgkuh
dk fo"k;&oLrq rFkk f'kYi nksuksa –f"V;ksa ls i;kZIr fodkl fd;k gSA
tSuæas ] bykpaæ tks'kh vkSj vKs; us pfj=çèkku euksoSKkfud dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA
ekÆed –';ksa dk p;u] ,d gh –'; ;k ?kVuk ds lgkjs dFkkud dk fuekZ.k djds
ns'kdky ds ladyu dk fuokZg] vlkèkkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iM+s ekuoksa dk lw{e euksfo'ys"k.k]
fopkjkRedrk vkSj ;=&r= oØ&vLi"V Hkk"kk tSuaæs dh dgkuhdyk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA
bykpaæ tks'kh dh dgkfu;ksa esa euksoSKkfud lR;ksa dk ekÆed mn~?kkVu gSA
lkèkkj.k&vlkèkkj.k nksuksa çdkj ds ik=ksa dk fp=.k mUgksaus fd;kA tks'kh th dk dguk
gS fd euksfo'ys"k.k djrs gq, O;fDr ds vga ij çgkj djuk gh esjk y{; gSA vKs; us
Hkh euksfo'ys"k.kkRed dgkfu;k¡ vfèkd fy[kh gSAa vKs; us euksoK S kfud rFkk lkef;d
lR; dh O;atuk djus okyh dgkfu;ksa ds lkFk lekt ds eè;e oxZ ds nSfud thou dh
fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj mudh lkèkkj.k rFkk dk#f.kd fLFkfr;ksa ds [kaMfp= çLrqr djus okyh
dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[kh gSa vkSj jktuhfrd foæksg ls lacafèkr dgkfu;k¡ HkhA budh dÃ
dgkfu;k¡ ik=ksa ds fiNys thou dh vLQqV fp=&dYiukvksa ds :i esa gSaA dqN
vèkwjkiu&lk gksus ij Hkh vKs; dh dgkfu;k¡ çHkkoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA

12

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 ;'kiky çxfr'khy ys[kd FksA thou ds la?k"kks± vkSj fofoèk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk mUgksaus
vius vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij ltho vadu fd;k gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa orZeku lekt dh
fo'ks"krkvksa ij rhoz O;aX;&çgkj gSA Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dh 'kSyh cM+h ljl vkSj vkd"kZd
gSA budh dgkfu;ksa esa ik= de gksrs gS]a ijarq os iw.kZr% ltho vkSj fo'oluh; gSAa vki
vkèkqfud ekuo vkSj mlds thou dks vPNh rjg le>rs gSaA lkekftd rFkk ,sfrgkfld
nksuksa çdkj dh dgkfu;k¡ mUgksaus fy[kh gSAa paæxqIr fon~;kyadkj us nSfud thou dh
lkèkkj.k ?kVukvksa dks ysdj çHkkoiw.kZ dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSAa mUgksaus euksoSKkfud vè;;u
djrs gq, dqN 'kk'or lR;ksa vkSj lkFk gh lkef;d lR;ksa dh lqna j O;atuk dh gSA mudh
dqN dgkfu;ksa esa ,d lqxfBr dFkkud u gksdj dà lEc) dFkk&[kaM çLrqr fd, x;s
gSa] ftuds }kjk mUgksua s fdlh lR; dh O;atuk dh gSA bu dgkuhdkjksa us pfj=çèkku]
çHkkooknh] euksfo'ys"k.kijd] Hkkouk&çèkku] okrkoj.k&çèkku] fdlh 'kk'or ;k lkef;d
lR; dh O;atuk djus okyh dà çdkj dh dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA ,sfrgkfld 'kSyh ds
vykok] vkRedFkk] i=] Mk;jh vkfn vusd 'kSfy;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
vkèkqfud dky dh bl igyh ih<+h ds dqN ckn vkSj nwljh ih<+h ds dqN igys vkus
okys mYys[kuh; dFkkdkj gSa& misaæukFk v'd] ukxktqZu] m"kknsoh fe=k] igkM+h] fo".kq
çHkkdj] ve`rjk;] jkax;s jk?koA nwljh ih<+h esa Hkh dà vPNh çfrHkk,¡ gS& a Q.kh'ojukFk
js.kq] jktsUæ ;kno] deys'oj] ekdZ.Ms;] vejdkar] eksgu jkds'k] ujs'k esgrk] f'koçlkn
Çlg] èkeZohj Hkkjrh] eUuw HkaMkjh] —".kk lkscrh] 'kSy's k efV;kuh] eqækjk{klA Çgnh dh
fcYdqy uà ih<+h ds dgkuhdkjksa esa mYys[kuh; gS& a fueZy oekZ] jkedqekj] fot; pkSgku]
Ñ".k cynso oSnA buds dqN vPNs laxzgksa ds uke gS& a ^tgk¡ y{eh dSn gS* ¼jktsUæ
;kno½] ^pk¡n vkSj VwVs gq, yksx* ¼èkeZohj Hkkjrh½] ^èkjrh vc rd ?kwe jgh gS* ¼fo".kq
çHkkdj½] ^tkuoj vkSj tkuoj*] ^u, ckny* ¼eksgu jkds'k½] ^xhyh feêh* ¼ve`rjk;½]
^dqekjh* ¼js.kq½] ^Hkwnku* ¼ekdZ.Ms;½] ^pk; dk jax* ¼nsoUs æ lR;kFkʽ] ^thus dh ltk*
¼vkÇjxiwfM½] ^ujd dk U;k;* ¼eksguÇlg lsaxj½] ^I;kj ds caèku* ¼jkoh½] ^esjh rSarhl
dgkfu;k¡* ¼'kSys'k efV;kuh½A Çgnh dh uohure dgkfu;ksa esa dFkk&rÙo dh U;wurk]
dkedq.Bkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] O;fDr dh ihM+k] foo'krk dh vfHkO;fDr] fdlh eu%fLFkfr dk
vadu vkSj vkykspu&ço`fÙk Hkh –f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA orZeku ;qx esa vk¡pfyd dgkfu;k¡
Hkh fy[kh tk jgh gSAa HkkodFkk,¡] xkFkk,¡ vkSj yach dgkfu;k¡ dHkh&dHkh if=dkvksa esa
fn[kkà nsrh gSAa

13

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 Çgnh esa gkL; dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[kh xà gSaA bl çdkj dh dgkfu;k¡ th-ih-
JhokLro] gfj'kadj 'kekZ] —".knso çlkn xkSM+] vUuiw.kkZuna ] gfj'kadj ijlkÃ] 'kjn tks'kh
vkfn us fy[kh gSAa tgwj c['k vkfn us cky dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSaA ukjh dgkuhdkjksa lqHkæk
dqekjh pkSgku] lR;orh efyd] deyk pkSèkjh] f'kojkuh nsoh] rkjk ikaMs vkfn us vPNk
dk;Z fd;k gSA dgkuh ds fodkl esa ^dgkuh*] ^lkfjdk*] ^uà dgkfu;k¡*] ^dknafcuh*]
^èkeZ;qx*] ^lkIrkfgd ÇgnqLrku* vkfn if=dkvksa us çkjaHk ls gh vPNk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
vkt ds ç;ksxoknh ;qx esa Çgnh dgkuh lHkh :iksa esa c<+ jgh gSA dqN dgkuhdkj
dFkkud&jfgr dgkuh fy[kus dk ;Ru dj jgs gSaA dgkuh cgqr vewÙkZ ¼,scLVªSDV½ gksrh
tk jgh gSA vkt dgkuh esa çk;% ,d eu%fLFkfr] {k.k&fo'ks"k dh vuqHkwfr] O;aX;fp= ;k
Çpru dh >yd çLrqr dh tkrh gSA dgkuh esa fo"k;&oLrq {kh.k] ik= cgqr FkksMs+ ¼,d
nks gh½ vkSj vLi"V gksrs tk jgs gSa vkSj iqjkus <ax dh ljyrk lekIr gksrh tk jgh gSA
u;h dfork dh rjg u;h dgkuh Hkh dgkuhiu NksMd + j fucaèk ds fudV ¼dFkkRed fucaèk
ds fudV½ igq¡p jgh gSA Hkkjrsna qdky esa tks dgkuh ?kVuk&çèkku Fkh] çsepan ;qx esa tks
pfj=&çèkku rFkk euksoK S kfud gqÃ] tSuaæs &vKs; ds mRd"kZ dky esa tks euksfo'ys"k.ke;
rFkk Çpruijd cuh] ogh vc dFkkudijd rks gS gh ugÈ] pfj=&fp=.kijd Hkh ugÈ
jghA fo"k;&oLrq vkSj f'kYi nksuksa esa og dkQh vkxs c<+ xà gS] ijarq tSlk fd ge dg
pqds gS]a dgkuhiu vkSj ljyrk mlesa ls lekIr gksrh tk jgh gSA Çdrq dà vPNs
dgkuhdkj Hkh mHkjs gSa ftUgksua s Çgnh dgkuh dh ijaijk dks le`) fd;k gSA buesa
dk'khukFk Çlg] Kku jatu] lqj's k lsB] xksÇon feJ] e`nqyk xxZ] ujsUæ eksgu] e`.kky ikaMs;
vkfn çeq[k gSaA Hkfo"; esa mldk D;k :i gksxk] ;g fu'p;iwoZd ugÈ dgk tk ldrkA

fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds mÙkj la{ksi esa nhft,&

1- miU;kl vkSj dgkuh esa lw{e varj D;k gksrk gS\
2- fofy;e gsujh gMlu us dgkuh dh D;k ifjHkk"kk nh gS\
3- Çgnh esa dgkuh dc ls çkjaHk gksrh gS\
4- vkèkqfud ;qx ds dqN vPNs dgkuhdkjksa ds uke crkb,A

14

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 Z
^js[kkfp=* 'kCn vaxzsth ds LdSp 'kCn dk Çgnh :ikarj gSA tSls ^LdSp* esa js[kkvksa
ds ekè;e ls fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq dk fp= çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] Bhd oSls gh 'kCn
js[kkvksa ds ekè;e ls fdlh O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dks mlds lexz :i esa ikBdksa ds lEeq[k
çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s O;fDrRo çk;% os gksrs gSa ftuls ys[kd fdlh u fdlh :i esa
çHkkfor jgk gks ;k ftuls ys[kd dh ?kfu"Brk vFkok lehirk gksA

js[kkfp= dks Lora= foèkk ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dk Js; in~e Çlg 'kekZ —r
^in~e ijkx* dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA ^in~e ijkx* esa laLej.kkRed fucaèkksa vkSj js[kkfp=ksa
dk ladyu gSA bu js[kkfp=ksa esa ledkyhu egÙoiw.kZ yksxksa dks fo"k; cuk;k x;k gSA
in~e Çlg 'kekZ ls çHkkfor gksdj Jhjke 'kekZ] gfj'kadj 'kekZ vkSj cukjlhnkl prqosZnh
vkfn us js[kkfp= fy[kus vkjaHk fd,A Jhjke 'kekZ ds js[kkfp=ksa dk çFke laxzg ^cksyrh
çfrek* 'kh"kZd lu~ 1937 esa çdkf'kr gqvkA bldh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa lekt ds
fuEuoxZ ds ik=ksa dk ltho fp=.k gqvk gSA
cukjlhnkl prqoZns h ds js[kkfp=ksa dh 'kSyh ljl vkSj O;aX;iw.kZ gSA js[kkfp= ds
Lo:i ds ckjs esa bUgksaus lS)kafrd foospu Hkh fd;k gSA budk dFku gS fd ^^ftl çdkj
,d vPNk fp= [kÈpus ds fy, dSejs dk ySl a cf<+;k gksuk pkfg, vkSj fQYe Hkh dkQh
dksey ;k lSaflfVo gksuk pkfg,A mlh çdkj lkQ fp=.k ds fy, js[kkfp=dkj esa
fo'ys"k.kkRed cqf) rFkk Hkkoqdrkiw.kZ ân; nksuksa dk lkeatL; gksuk pkfg,& ij&nq%[kdkrjrk]
laons u'khyrk] foosd vkSj larqyu bu lc xq.kksa dh vko';drk gSA** fuLlangs cukjlhnkl
prqosZnh ds ys[ku esa mi;qZDr lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ ge ns[k ldrs gSAa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ds
lkFk&lkFk olqèkSo dqVqEcde~ dh Hkkouk dks buds js[kkfp=ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buds
js[kkfp= ^gekjs lkFkh* vkSj ^ç—fr ds çkxa.k* uked xzaFkksa esa ladfyr gSaA

jkeo`{k csuhiqjh fuÆookn :i ls Çgnh ds loZJ"s B js[kkfp=dkj ekus tkrs gSaA buds
js[kkfp=ksa esa ge ljy Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa fl)gLr dykdkjh dks ns[k ldrs gSaA ifjek.k dh 15

©
 –f"V ls bUgksaus vusd js[kkfp=ksa dh jpuk dh gSA ^ekVh dh ewjrsa*¼lu~ 1946½ laxzg ls
bUgsa fo'ks"k [;kfr feyhA bl laxzg esa bUgksua s lekt ds misf{kr ik=ksa dks x<+dj uk;d
dk ntkZ ns fn;kA mnkgj.kLo:i ^jft;k* uked js[kkfp= ds ekè;e ls fuEuoxZ dh ,d
ckfydk dks thoar dj fn;k x;k gSA bl laxzg ds vU; js[kkfp=ksa esa cynso Çlg] eaxj]
ckyxksfcu Hkxr] cqfèk;k] ljtw HkS;k çeq[k gSAa bu js[kkfp=ksa dh Js"Brk dk vuqeku
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr ds bl dFku ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS] ^^yksx ekVh dh ewjrsa cukdj
lksus ds Hkko csprs gSa ij csuhiqjh lksus dh ewjrsa cukdj ekVh ds eksy csp jgs gSaA**
lu~ 1950 esa jkeo`{k csuhiqjh dk nwljk js[kkfp= laxzg ^xsg¡w vkSj xqykc* çdkf'kr
gqvkA blesa buds 25 js[kkfp= ladfyr gSAa dysoj dh –f"V ls ys[kd us bUgsa vius iqjkus
js[kkfp=ksa dh vis{kk NksVk j[kk gSA jkeo`{k csuhiqjh ds js[kkfp=ksa dh Hkk"kk Hkkouk çèkku
gSA dqN vkykspd rks mudh Hkk"kk dks xn~; dkO; dh laKk Hkh ns pqds gSaA csuhiqjh ds
js[kkfp=ksa ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bUgsa thou esa tks Hkh ik= feys
bUgksaus viuh dq'ky ys[kuh ls mUgsa thoar dj fn;kA fo"k; dh fofoèkrk vkSj 'kSyh dh
ljlrk dk buds ;gk¡ viwoZ la;kstu feyrk gSA
egknsoh oekZ ds js[kkfp=ksa us foèkk ds :i esa laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= dh lhekvksa
dk mYya?ku fd;kA muds ys[ku dks laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=ksa dh Js.kh esa j[kk tk ldrk
gSA ^vrhr ds pyfp=*] ^Le`fr dh js[kk,¡*] ^iFk ds lkFkh* vkSj ^Ük`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡* buds
laxzg gSaA ^vrhr ds pyfp=* vkSj ^Le`fr dh js[kk,¡* esa lekt ds 'kksf"kr oxZ vkSj ukjh
ds çfr budh lgkuqHkwfr çdV gqà gSA ^iFk ds lkFkh* esa bUgksua s vius lkFkh lkfgR;dkjksa
ds fp=ksa dks fyfic) fd;k gSA
dUgS;kyky feJ çHkkdj dks 'kSyh dh –f"V ls jkeo`{k csuhiqjh ds leku gh lEeku
çkIr gSA buds cgqfoèk fo"k;ksa esa thou dh çsj.kk nsus okys js[kkfp=ksa dh Hkjekj gSA ^Hkwys
gq, psgjs*] ^ckts ik;fy;k ds ?kqa?k:*] ^ftUnxh eqLdkÃ*] ^nhi tys 'ka[k cts*] ^{k.k cksys
d.k eqLdk,*] ^egds vk¡xu pgds }kj* vkSj ^ekVh gks xà lksuk* buds js[kkfp=ksa ds laxzg
gSaA
çdk'kpaæ xqIr us bl foèkk dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, ^js[kkfp=* uke ls gh
ladyu çdkf'kr djk;kA buds js[kkfp=ksa dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bUgksaus vius fo"k;ksa dks
euq"; dh ifjfèk ls ckgj ys tkrs gq, isM+&ikSèkksa rFkk i'kq&if{k;ksa rd dks vius js[kkfp=ksa
esa LFkku fn;k gSA
16

©
 fo".kq çHkkdj ds js[kkfp= ^tkus&vutkus*] ^dqN 'kCn dqN js[kk,¡* vkSj ^g¡lrs
fu>Zj ngdrh Hkêh* esa ladfyr gSAa buds js[kkfp=ksa esa fo'kky dSuol ij lkekftd
ltxrk ds lkFk ekuoh; fp= mdsjs x, gSaA buds vU; ledkyhu js[kkfp=dkjksa esa
nsoæsa lR;kFkÊ] M‚- uxsaæ] fou;eksgu 'kekZ] txnh'kpaæ ekFkqj vkfn dk uke fy;k tk
ldrk gSA
ledkyhu Çgnh lkfgR; esa jpukdkjksa us foèkk ds caèkuksa dks FkksM+k f'kfFky fd;k
gSA vkt ge ijaijkxr ekunaMksa ij dldj dà foèkkvksa dks ugÈ ns[k ldrsA js[kkfp=
foèkk dk Hkh :i cnyk gSA mldks ge dgÈ dgkuh ds Hkhrj rks dgÈ laLej.k vFkok
vkRedFkk ds Hkhrj varHkqZDr ikrs gSa vkSj dgÈ Lora= foèkk ds :i esa Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA
Çgnh js[kkfp= us viuh lhekvksa dk yxkrkj vfrØe.k fd;k gSA ;g bl foèkk ds Hkfo";
ds fy, 'kqHk ladsr gSA

fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ds mÙkj la{ksi esa nhft,&

1- js[kkfp= fdls dgrs gS\a
2- js[kkfp= dks Lora= foèkk ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dk Js; fdls fn;k tkrk gS\
3- jkeo`{k csuhiqjh dk nwljk js[kkfp=&laxzg dc çdkf'kr gqvk\
4- ^Çgnh js[kkfp= us viuh lhekvksa dk yxkrkj vfrØe.k fd;k gS* D;k ;g lR; gS\

laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= esa cgqr lw{e varj gSA dqN fo}kuksa us rks bu nksuksa foèkkvksa
dks ,d&nwljs dh iwjd foèkk Hkh dgk gSA laLej.k dk lkekU; vFkZ gksrk gS lE;d~
Lej.kA lkekU;r% blesa pkfjf=d xq.kksa ls ;qDr fdlh egku O;fDr dks ;kn djrs gq,
mlds ifjos'k ds lkFk mldk çHkko'kkyh o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ys[kd LokuqHkwr
fo"k; dk ;Fkkor vadu u djds mldk iqul`Ztu djrk gSA js[kkfp= dh rjg ;g o.;Z
fo"k; ds çfr rVLFk ugÈ gksrkA vkRedFkkRed foèkk gksrs gq, Hkh laLej.k vkRedFkk ls
i;kZIr fHkUurk j[krk gSA 17

©
 ckyeqdqna xqIr }kjk lu~ 1907 esa çrkiukjk;.k feJ ij fy[ks laLej.k dks Çgnh
dk çFke laLej.k ekuk tkrk gSA ckn esa bl dky dh ,dek= laLej.k iqLrd ^gfjvkSèk*
ij dsafær xqIr th }kjk fyf[kr ^gfjvkSèk* ds laLej.k* ds uke ls çdkf'kr gqÃA blesa
gfjvkSèk dks o.;Z fo"k; cukdj iaæg laLej.kksa dh jpuk dh xà gSA

Çgnh dh i=&if=dkvksa us xn~; foèkkvksa ds fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg

fd;kA ^ljLorh* esa Lo;a egkohj çlkn f}osnh us dà laLej.k fy[ksA mUgksua s vius lkFkh
ys[kdksa dks uà xn~; foèkkvksa ds fy, çsfjr Hkh fd;kA bl le; ds çeq[k laLej.k
ys[kdksa esa f}osnh th ds vfrfjDr jkedqekj [ksedk] dk'khçlkn tk;loky vkSj
';kelqanj nkl gSaA ';kelqanj nkl us ykyk Hkxokunhu ij jkspd laLej.k fy[ksA vius
ledkyhu lkfgR;dkjksa ij laLej.k ys[ku dh ml le; ls vkjaHk gqà ijaijk vkt rd
yxkrkj py jgh gSA

js[kkfp= dh rjg gh laLej.k dks xn~; dh fof'k"V foèkk ds :i esa LFkkfir djus
dh fn'kk esa Hkh in~e Çlg 'kekZ ¼1876&1932½ dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gSA buds
laLej.k ^çcaèk eatjh* vkSj ^in~e ijkx* esa ladfyr gSaA egkdfo vdcj] lR;ukjk;.k
dfojRu vkSj Hkhelsu 'kekZ vkfn ij fy[ks gq, buds laLej.kksa us bl foèkk dks fLFkjrk
çnku djus esa enn dhA fouksn dh ,d gYdh js[kk budh iwjh jpukvksa ds Hkhrj ns[kh
tk ldrh gSA
egknsoh oekZ us vius laLej.kksa esa vius thou esa vk, vueksy iyksa dks vius ^iFk
ds lkFkh* esa ladfyr fd;k gSA vius ledkyhu lkfgR;dkjksa ij bu js[kkfp=ksa esa vc
rd fdlh Hkh ys[kd }kjk fy[kh xà loZJs"B fVIi.kh dgsa rks blesa dksà vfr'k;ksfDr
dh ckr u gksxhA
fujkyk ds ^fcYyslqj cdfjgk* vkSj ^dqYyhHkkV* esa laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= dk
vuqie la;ksx gqvk gSA bUgsa fdlh ,d foèkk ds varxZr j[kuk laHko ugÈ gS ysfdu viuh
lthork vkSj O;aX; ds dkj.k bUgsa vçfre dgk tk ldrk gSA

18

©
 çdk'kpan xqIr us ^iqjkuh Le`fr;k¡* uked laxzg esa vius laLej.kksa dks fyfic)
fd;kA bykpaæ tks'kh —r ^esjs çkFkfed thou dh Le`fr;k¡* vkSj o`na kouyky oekZ —r
^dqN laLej.k* bl dky dh mYys[kuh; jpuk,¡ gSAa

lu~ 1950 ds vkl&ikl dk le; laLej.k ys[ku dh –f"V ls fo'ks"k egÙo dk

gSA bl le; vusd ys[kd laLej.kksa dh jpuk dj jgs FksA cukjlhnkl prqoZns h dks
laLej.k ys[ku ds {ks= esa fo'ks"k lQyrk feyhA is'ks ls lkfgfR;d i=dkj gksus ds dkj.k
buds laLej.kksa ds fo"k; cgqr O;kid gSAa viuh —fr ^laLej.k* esa ladfyr jpukvksa dh
'kSyh ij buds ekuoh; i{k dh çcyrk dks lkQ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA buds laLej.k
jkspdrk ds fy, fo'ks"k çfl) gq,A 'kSyh o.kZukRed gS vkSj Hkk"kk vR;ar ljy gSA
dUgS;kyky feJ çHkkdj viuh —fr;ksa ^Hkwys gq, psgjs* rFkk ^nhi tys 'ka[k cts* ds
dkj.k bl le; ds ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ laLej.k ys[kd gSAa yxHkx blh le; misaæukFk
v'd dk ^eaVks esjk nq'eu* çdkf'kr gqvk ftldk lkfgfR;d vkSj xSj&lkfgfR;d nksuksa
LFkkuksa ij Hkjiwj Lokxr gqvkA txnh'kpaæ ekFkqj us ^nl rLohjs*a vkSj ^ftUgksaus thuk
tkuk* ds ekè;e ls vius le; ds egÙoiw.kZ laLej.kkRed fp= çLrqr fd,A
laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp=ksa esa dksà Hkh rkfRod Hksn ugÈ ekuus okys vkykspd M‚- uxsaæ
us ^psruk ds Çcc* uke dh —fr ds ekè;e ls bl foèkk dks le`) fd;kA çHkkdj ekpos]
fo".kq çHkkdj] vKs; vkSj deys'oj bl le; ds vU; çeq[k laLej.k ys[kd jgs gSAa

ledkyhu ys[ku esa vkRedFkkRed foèkkvksa dh Hkjekj gSA laLej.k vkt cgqrk;r
esa fy[ks tk jgs gSaA vius vrhr dks c;ku djus dh yyd gj vkneh ds Hkhrj gksrh gS
vkSj mldh vfHkO;fDr djuk vU; foèkkvksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh vklku gksrk gSA M‚-
fo'oukFk f=ikBh }kjk ukeoj Çlg ij fyf[kr laLej.k ^gd vnk u gqvk* us bl foèkk
dks uà rktxh ls Hkj fn;k gS vkSj blls çHkkfor gksdj dà u, vkSj iqjkus ys[kd bl
vksj eqM+s gSaA budh ln~; çdkf'kr iqLrd ^uaxkrykà dk xk¡o* ¼2004½ dks mUgksaus Le`fr
vk[;ku dgk gSA orZeku le; ds laLej.k ys[kdksa esa dk'khukFk Çlg] dkafrdqekj tSu]
jktsaæ ;kno] johUæ dkfy;k] eerk dkfy;k] vf[kys'k dk uke dkQh çeq[krk ls ys
ldrs gSAa
19

©
 1- laLej.k dk lkekU; vFkZ D;k gksrk gS\
2- laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= esa D;k varj gS\
3- Çgnh dk çFke laLej.k fdldh jpuk dks ekuk tkrk gS\
4- orZeku le; ds dqN çeq[k Lej.k&ys[kdksa ds uke crkb,\

fucaèk xn~; dh loksZÙke foèkk gSA laL—r dh ,d çkphu mfDr cgqr çfl)
gS&Þxn~;a dohuka fud"ka onfUrAß vFkkZr~ xn~; dks dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh dgrs gSAa vkpk;Z
jkepaæ 'kqDy us blh mfDr dk rfud foLrkj djds dgk gS& Þxn~; ;fn dfo;ksa dh
dlkSVh gS rks fucaèk xn~; dh dlkSVh gSAß
'kqDy th dk dFku dfo;ksa dh cgqr lVhd dlkSVh gS vkSj xn~;dkj dh
ys[ku&çfrHkk dh okLrfod ij[k fucaèk&jpuk esa gh laHko gSA fucaèk ds varxZr ys[kd
dks fdlh ,d fuèkkZfjr fo"k; ij cM+s lqfuf'pr fopkj çLrqr djus gksrs gSa] fo"k; ds
çR;sd i{k dk lw{e foospu djds mls viuh fu.kZ; ;qfDr;ksa }kjk ,d fuf'pr fu"d"kZ
nsuk gksrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk gh mls ikBdksa ds fy, cksèkxE;rk] jkspdrk vkfn
fo'ks"krkvksa dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA fucaèk esa gh oLrqr% ys[ku ds lkfgfR;d O;fDrRo
dh lgh vfHkO;atuk gksrh gSA miU;kl] dgkuh vFkok ukVd esa rks fofHkUu ?kVuk,¡ vkSj
ik= ys[kd ds dk;Z dks i;kZIr ljy dj nsrs gSa tcfd fucaèk esa ys[kd dks lhèkk ikBdksa
ds eu vkSj efLr"d ls laidZ LFkkfir djuk gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xn~; ys[kdksa
esa dgkuhdkjks]a miU;kldkjksa vkSj ukVddkjksa dh la[;k lhfer gS vkSj blh çdkj ftl
ek=k esa dgkfu;ksa] miU;kl vFkok ukVd xn~; lkfgR; esa miyCèk gksrs gS]a mudh rqyuk
esa fucaèkksa dh la[;k LoYi gh gSA
^fucaèk* 'kCn ds O;qRifÙk&yH; vFkZ ij fopkj fd;k tk, rks mldk vfHkçk;
gksxk& ^fdlh oLrq dks lE;d~ :i ls ck¡èkukA* ^caèk* dk vFkZ gS ck¡èkuk vkSj mlls iwoZ
20

©
layXu ^fu* milxZ dk rkRi;Z gS&Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ;k vPNh rjgA çkphu dky esa jpukvksa
ds eqæ.k&çdk'ku dh la[;k ds vHkko ds dkj.k] mUgsa Hkksti=ksa vkfn ij fy[kdj ck¡èk
fn;k tkrk Fkk] bl dkj.k mu fnuksa laHkor% fucaèk 'kCn çR;sd gLrfyf[kr xzFa k ds i;kZ;
ds :i esa ç;qDr gksrk FkkA ^fucaèk* 'kCn dk ;g ç;kstu vkt Hkh fujFkZd ugÈ gqvk gS
D;ksafd vkt ds fucaèkksa esa Hkh fdlh fo"k; ls lacfa èkr fopkj ijLij lqlca ) gksrs gSaA vkt
^fucaèk* dk rkRi;Z ^i=ksa dk fucaèk* u ysdj ^Hkkoks]a fopkjksa vkSj 'kCnksa dk fucaèku* le>uk
pkfg,A ^fucaèk* 'kCn ds bl O;qRifÙk yH; vFkZ ls fucaèkksa dh ,d ewèkZU; fo'ks"krk Li"V
gks tkrh gS] og gS& lqlac)rkA fucaèk esa dsoy fofoèk fopkjksa vFkok mfDr;ksa dk ladyu
ek= ugÈ gksrkA mldh lkFkZdrk vkSj lQyrk blh ckr esa gS fd mlesa ckrsa ,d&nwljs
ls lacafèkr vkSj ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gksa tks ikBdksa dh Çpru&çfØ;k dks ,d fuf'pr
fn'kk dh vksj vxzlj djds ,d fuèkkZfjr y{; rd igqp ¡ k ldsA
vaxzts h&lkfgR; esa ^fucaèk* dh foèkk ds fy, ^,Lls* 'kCn dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA ,Lls
'kCn dk vFkZ gS& ^ç;Ru] ijh{k.k ;k ç;ksxA* blds vuqlkj ^fucaèk* ¼,Lls½ og jpuk gS
ftlesa fdlh fo"k; ij ç;Ru fd;k tk; vkSj mu fopkjksa dk ;qfDr;ksa ,oa rdks± ds vkèkkj
ij ijh{k.k djds mudh lR;rk&vlR;rk dk foospu fd;k tk;A çk;% dq'ky
fucaèkdkjksa dh fucaèk —fr;k¡ bl dlkSVh ij [kjh mrjrh gSAa
fucaèk ds lacaèk esa Åij fn;s x;s çkphu Hkkjrh; er ,oa vkèkqfud ik'pkR; er
esa dksà fojksèk fn[kkà ugÈ nsrkA vfirq bu nksuksa dks ge ,d&nwljs dk iwjd ekudj
fucaèk ds bl Lo:i dh ifjdYiuk ljyrk ls djrs gS& a
Þfucaèk og jpuk gS ftlesa fdlh fof'k"V fo"k; ls lacfa èkr rdZlaxr fopkj ijLij
xqfEQr gksaAß
fucaèk ds Lo:i dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us ds fy, fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk nh xÃ
fucaèk&lacèa kh ifjHkk"kk,¡ Hkh i;kZIr lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSa ftuesa ls dfri; ;gk¡
m)`r dh tk jgh gSa&
fucaèk LoPNan eu dh og rjax gS ftlesa rkjrE; vkSj lqxBu u gksdj
foÜk`[a kyrk dh çèkkurk jgrh gSA
fucaèk 3500 'kCnksa ls ysdj 5000 'kCnksa rd gksuk pkfg,A blls de
'kCnksa esa fy[kk gqvk fucaèk js[kkfp= gS vkSj vfèkd 'kCnksa esa fy[kk gqvk fucaèk ,d çcaèk
cu tkrk gSA 21

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 fucaèk çxhr dh Hkk¡fr fdlh O;fDrxr vuqHkwfr] ekufld
ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k ls lacafèkr jgrk gSA fucaèk ekufld fLFkfr dks dsafær djds fy[kk tkrk
gS tSls flYd ds dhM+s ds pkjksa vksj dksdwu f?kj tkrk gSA
mi;qZDr igyh nks ifjHkk"kk,¡ vius&vki esa iw.kZ ugÈ gSaA t‚ulu us rks fucaèk dks
LoPNan eu dh rkjrE; jfgr foÜk`a[kfyr rjax dgdj mls cgqr gh lkekU; dksfV dh
jpuk cuk fn;k gS rFkk gcZV jhM dsoy mlds vkdkj dh ppkZ djds jg x, gSaA
vySDtsaMj fLeFk us vo'; fucaèk dh fo"k;&oLrq dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk gS ,oa mlds xqaQu
dh egÙkk Hkh crykà gSA
dqN vU; ik'pkR; fo}kuksa dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ vis{kk—r vfèkd Li"V gSa&
fucaèk fdlh lkef;d fo"k; ij fy[kh xà ,d lkekU; jpuk gSA
fucaèk ekSfyd O;fDrRo dh ,d leqfpr vfHkO;fDr gSA
bu nksuksa ifjHkk"kkvksa esa fucaèk dh Øe'k% o.;Z&fo"k; vkSj fucaèkdkj ds O;fDrRo
dh vfHkO;atuk uked fo'ks"krkvksa dk vkHkkl fey tkrk gSA ik'pkR; lkfgR; esa fucaèk
ds egÙo dks ysdj cM+k jkspd fookn Hkh jgk gSA ,d vksj ØSEcs us fucaèk dks ,d ghu
dksfV dh jpuk ekurs gq, dgk gS&Þftl ys[kd esa çfrHkk rFkk Kku&o`f) dh ftKklk
dk vHkko gksrk gS] ogh fucaèk jpuk esa ço`Ùk gksrk gSA blh çdkj ogh ikBd fucaèk i<+us
esa #fp ysrs gS]a ftUgsa gYdh jpuk,¡ i<+us esa vkuan feyrk gSAß
ijarq oLrqfLFkfr blds loZFkk foijhr gSA blfy, lsVa O;wo uked fo}ku~ us mDr
ekU;rk dk [kaMu djrs gq, fy[kk gS& Þfucaèk lkfgR; dh lcls dfBu foèkk gSA blesa
ys[kd dks vius xaHkhj O;fDrRo ,oa ^xkxj esa lkxj Hkjus* dh lkeF;Z dk ifjp; nsuk
gksrk gSAß
vaxzsth fo'odks'k esa mi;qZDr lHkh ekU;rkvksa dk lefUor vkèkkj ysdj fucaèk dh
ifjHkk"kk bl :i esa dh xà gS& Þfucaèk fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij vFkok fdlh fo"k; ds ,d
vax ij fyf[kr e;kZfnr vkdkj dh jpuk gSAß
Çgnh esa fucaèk dh ifjHkk"kk ds lacèa k esa fdlh çdkj dh Ågkiksg fn[kkà ugÈ nsrhA
vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us fucaèk ds Lo:i ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djrs gq, fy[kk gS&
Þlalkj dh gj ,d ckr vU; lc ckrksa ls lac) gSA vius&vius ekufld la?kVu
22
ds vuqlkj fdlh dk eu fdlh lacèa k&lw= ij nkSM+rk gS] fdlh dk fdlh ijA ;s lacèa k lw=

©
,d&nwljs ls u, gq,] iÙkksa ds Hkhrj dh ulksa ds leku pkjksa vkSj ,d tky ds :i esa QSys
jgrs gSaA rÙo&Çprd ;k nk'kZfud dsoy vius O;kid fl)karksa ds çfriknu ds fy,
mi;ksxh dqN lacaèk&lw=ksa dks idM+dj fdlh vksj lhèkk pyrk gS vkSj chp ds C;kSjs esa dgÈ
ugÈ Q¡lrk( ij fucaèk&ys[kd vius eu dh ço`fÙk ds vuqlkj LoPNan xfr ls bèkj&mèkj
QwVh gqà lw='kkykvksa ij fopjrk jgrk gS] ;gh mldh vFkZ&lacaèkh O;fDrxr fo'ks"krk gSAß
ckcw xqykcjk; us fucaèk ds fofHkUu rÙoksa vkSj xq.kksa ij fo'knrkiwod
Z fopkj djrs
gq, fucaèk dh cgqr gh laxr ifjHkk"kk dh gS tks bl çdkj gS&
Þfucaèk ml xn~;&jpuk dks dgrs gSa ftlesa ,d lhfer vkdkj ds Hkhrj fdlh
fo"k; dk o.kZu ;k çfriknu ,d fo'ks"k futhiu] LoPNanrk] lkS"Bo vkSj lthork rFkk
vko';d laxfr vkSj lac)rk ds lkFk fd;k x;k gksAß

Çgnh fucaèk dk tUe Hkkjrsanq&dky esa gqvkA ;g uotkxj.k dk le; FkkA

Hkkjrh;ksa dh nhu&nq[kh n'kk dh vksj ys[kdksa dk cgqr è;ku FkkA iqjkus xkSjo] eku] Kku]
cy&oSHko dks fQj ykus dk ç;Ru gks jgk FkkA ys[kd viuh Hkk"kk dks Hkh gj çdkj ls
laiUu vkSj mUur djus esa yx x, Fks] vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g Fkh fd bl dky ds
ys[kd Lora= fopkjksa ds FksA muesa vD[kM+iu vkSj QôM+iu Hkh FkkA ,slk ;qx fucaèk ds
cgqr vuqdwy gksrk gS] blfy, bl ;qx esa ftrus vPNs fucaèk fy[ks x;s mrus vPNs
ukVd] vkykspuk] dgkuh vkfn ugÈ fy[ks x,A
Hkkjrsanq dky ds okrkoj.k vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls rks vki ifjfpr gh
gSaA ml ;qx esa Hkkjrsanq gfj'paæ] cky—".k Hkê] çrkiukjk;.k feJ] cnjh ukjk;.k pkSèkjh
^çse?ku*] ckyeqdqan xqIr] jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh tSls çeq[k fucaèkdkj gq,A
Hkkjrsanq th ds fucaèk Hkh vusd fo"k;ksa ij gSAa ^dk'ehj dqlqe* ^mn;iqjksn;*]
^dkypØ*] ^ckn'kkg niZ.k*&,sfrgkfld] ^oSn~;ukFk èkke*] ^gfj}kj*] ^lj;w ikj dh
;k=k*&fooj.kkRed] ^dad.k Lrks=*&O;aX;iw.kZ] o.kZukRed vkSj ^ukVd*] ^oS".kork vkSj
Hkkjro"kZ* fopkjkRed fucaèk gSaA Hkkjrsna q lcls vfèkd lQy gq, vius O;aX;kRed fucaèkksa
esaA ^ysoh çk.kysoh*] ^LoxZ esa fopkj&lHkk dk vfèkos'ku*] ^ik¡posa iSxca j*] ^vaxzst Lrks=*]
dadM+ Lrks=* vkfn esa xtc dk gkL;&O;aX; gS gh] ^lj;w ikj dh ;k=k* esa Hkh Hkkjrsanq
vius O;aX; dk cf<+;k uewuk mifLFkr djrs gSaA tSl& s okg js cLrhA >d ekjus clrh
gSA vxj cLrh blh dks dgrs gSa] rks mtkM+ fdls dgsax\s 23

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 buds fucaèkksa dh Hkk"kk LoPN vkSj 'ys"kiw.kZ gSA dgÈ&dgÈ rks mnwZ dh cf<+;k 'kSyh
Hkh vkius mifLFkr dhA Hkko vkSj fopkj dh –f"V ls ;qx dh os lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ buesa Hkh
gSa tks Hkê th ;k çrkiukjk;.k feJ esa gSaA
cky—".k Hkê~V vius le; ds loZJ"s B fucaèkdkj dgyk ldrs gSaA bUgsa Çgnh dk
^ekUrsu] dgk tkrk gSA Hkê th us lHkh çdkj ds fucaèk fy[ksA ^esyk&Bsyk*]
^odhy*&o.kZukRed] ^vk¡l*w ] ^pUæksn;*] ^lgkuqHkwfr*] ^vk'kk ekèkq;Z*] ^[kVdk*&HkkokRed
^vkRe&fuHkZjrk*] ^dYiuk&'kfDr*] ^rdZ*] vkSj ^fo'okl*&fopkjkRed fucaèk gSAa ^[kVdk*]
^baxfyl i<+s rks ckcw gks;*] ^jksVh rks dek [kk; fdlh Hkk¡fr*] ^eqNUnj*] ^vdy vthju
jkx* vkfn fucaèkksa esa eLrh] gkl&ifjgkl] fouksn&O;aX; lHkh dqN gSaA ,sls fucaèkksa dh
Hkk"kk pyrh vkSj nSfud O;ogkj dh gSA Hkê th dh Hkk"kk fo"k; ds vuqdwy vkSj vius
le; esa lcls vfèkd eath gqà lcy vkSj çHkko'kkyh gSA lekt] O;fDr] thou] èkeZ]
n'kZu] jk"Vª] Çgnh&lHkh fo"k;ksa ij vkius fy[kkA
tu&lkfgR; dks tu&Hkk"kk esa fy[kus okyksa esa çrkiukjk;.k feJ dk uke
loZçFke vk,xkA buds O;fDrRo vkSj fucaèkksa esa fujkyk vkd"kZ.k gSA ykijokgh] pqHkrk
O;aX;] xqnxqnhHkjk fouksn budh jpukvksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA bl ;qx esa bruh pqycqyh Hkk"kk
fy[kus okyk vkSj dksà ugÈ gqvkA ;g ^czkã.k* uked i= fudkyrs Fks] ftlesa buds
fucaèk Nirs FksA NksV&
s NksVs fo"k;ksa ij brus cf<+;k] euksjt
a u vkSj mPp mn~n's ; dks ysdj
fdlh ys[kd us ugÈ fy[kkA ^ukd*] ^HkkSag*] ^o`)*] ^nkar*] ^isV*] ^e`PN* vkfn fo"k;ksa dks
ysdj vkius vius fucaèkksa esa euksjt
a u dk lkeku Hkh tqVk;k vkSj ns'k&çse] lekt&lqèkkj]
Çgnh ds çfr çse] LokfHkeku] vkRe&xkSjo dk lUns'k Hkh fn;kA budh 'kSyh esa ?kjsyw
cksypky dh 'kCnkoyh rFkk iwoÊ cksfy;ksa dh dgkorksa vkSj eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx feyrk gSA
ykijokgh ds dkj.k Hkk"kk dh v'kqf);k¡ jguk lkèkkj.k ckr gSA ^vkReh;rk*] ^Çprk*]
^euks;ksx* buds fopkjkRed fucaèk gSaA
çse?ku th vius fujkysiu ds fy, ;kn fd, tkrs gSAa mudk mn~ns'; ;g ugÈ
Fkk fd mudh ckr lkèkkj.k lekt rd igq¡p]s mldk euksjt a u gks ;k mlds fopkjksa esa
ifjorZu gksA dye dh djkekr fn[kkuk gh mudk mn~n's ; FkkA og LokHkkfod] çokge;]
lqcksèk Hkk"kk ugÈ fy[krsA cfYd 'kCnksa dh tM+kà djrs FksA Hkk"kk cukoVh gksrs gq, Hkh mlesa
dgÈ&dgÈ foospu dh 'kfDr ik;h tkrh gSA vki ^ukxjh uhjn* vkSj ^vkuan dknfEcuh*
uked i= fudkyrs FksA bUgÈ esa muds fucaèk Nik djrs FksA buds 'kh"kZd mudh
24

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Hkk"kk&'kSyh dks çdV djrs gSa tSls lEikndh;] lEifÙk lhj] gkL;] gfjrkadqj] foKkiu
vkSj ohj cèkwfV;k¡A ^gekjh elgjh* vkSj ^gekjh fnup;kZ* tSls euksjatd ys[k mUgÈ ds
fy[ks gq, gSAa ^Qkxqu*] ^fe=*] ^_rq&o.kZu muds vPNs fucaèk gSaA
ckyeqdqUn xqIr bl ;qx ds vafre vkSj lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fucaèkdkj FksA
^f'ko'kEHkw* ds uke ls ^Hkkjrfe=* esa og ^f'ko'kEHkw dk fpëk* fy[kk djrs Fks tks
gkL;&O;aX; ds cgkus ^f'ko'kEHkw ds fpV~Bs* uke ls iqLrd :i esa çdkf'kr gq,A mudk
O;aX; f'k"V vkSj ukxfjd gksrk FkkA Hkk"kk feyh&tqyh Çgnh&mnwZA jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh dks
Hkh bl ;qx ds çxfr'khy ys[kdksa esa fxuk tk,xkA ^;eiqj dh ;k=k* esa mUgksaus èkkÆed
vaèkfo'okl dk cgqr etkd mM+k;k gSA èkkÆed fopkjksa ds yksx xk; dh iwN ¡ idM+dj
oSrj.kh ikj djrs gSAa blesa dqÙks dh iw¡N idM+dj oSrj.kh ikj djkà xà gSA igys ,slh
ckr lkspuk ?kksj iki le>k tk ldrk FkkA
Hkkjrsanq&dky ds fucaèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gS&
a fucaèkksa ds fo"k;ksa dh fofoèkrk]
O;kdj.k&lacaèkh ykijokgh vkSj v'kqf);k¡] ns'kt ;k LFkkuh; 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx] 'kSyh ds
fofoèk :i vkSj fopkj&LorU=rk] lekt&lqèkkj] ns'k&HkfDr] ijkèkhurk ds çfr jks"k
vkRe&iru ij [ksn] ns'kksRFkku dh dkeuk] Çgnh&lEeku dh j{kkHkkouk] Çgnw] ioZ&R;ksgkjksa
ds fy, mRlkg vkSj uohu fopkjksa dk LokxrA fucaèk dh ,d fo'ks"k 'kSyh Hkh bl ;qx
dh fo'ks"krk gS&^jktk Hkkst dk liuk* ¼f'koçlkn flrkjs fgUn½] ,d vn~Hkqr viwoZ LoIu
¼Hkkjrsanq½] ,d vuks[kk LoIu ¼cky—".k Hkê½] ;eiqj dh ;k=k ¼jkèkkçlkn xksLokeh½& bu
jpukvksa esa LoIu ds cgkus jktuSfrd vfèkdkj ikus] lekt lqèkkj rFkk èkeZ&laLdkj dk
lans'k fn;k x;k gSA
Hkkjrsanq&;q x ds ckn f}osnh&;q x vkrk gS A Hkkjrsanq &;qx
xn~;&lkfgR; ds cpiu dk le; FkkA cpiu esa ykijokgh] f[kyokM+] fouksn] euksjt a u]
eqXèkrk] papyrk jgrh gSA fd'kksj voLFkk esa FkksMh+ ftEesnkjh] le>nkjh] f'k{kk] fu;e&ikyu]
lkt&laokj] fLFkjrk vk tkrh gSA blh voLFkk esa çfrLièkkZ dh Hkkouk Hkh tkxrh gSA
vU; lkfFk;ksa dh f'k"Vrk] 'khy] Kku] vkRelEeku vkfn dks ns[kdj muds leku gh
ge Hkh xq.k fodflr djuk pkgrs gSaA ;gh ckr Hkkjrsna q ;qx ds lanHkZ esa le>uh
pkfg,A Hkkjrsanq&dky esa lkfgR; rks cgqr fy[kk x;k Fkk] ij Hkk"kk dh Hkwyas lkèkkj.k
ckr FkÈA fucaèk ds fo"k; Hkh lkèkkj.k gqvk djrs FksA bl ;qx esa bu vHkkoksa dh vksj
fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k x;kA bl dky ds fucaèkksa dk vkjEHk nks vuqokn&iqLrdksa ls gqvkA
25

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 egkohj çlkn f}osnh us vaxt sz ys[kd csdu ds fucaèkksa dk vuqokn ^csdu&fopkj&jRukoyh*
ds uke ls] xaxk çlkn vfXugks=h us ejkBh ys[kd fpiyw.kdj ds fucaèkksa dk vuqokn
çdkf'kr djk;kA ysfdu ;gk¡ ;g ckr è;ku j[kus dh gS fd f}osnh&;qx dk
fucaèk&lkfgR; Hkkjrsanq&;qx ds fucaèk&lkfgR; ds leku laiUu ugÈ gSA egkohj çlkn
f}osnh] ekèko çlkn feJ] vè;kid iw.kZÇlg vkSj paæèkj 'kekZ xqysjh bl ;qx ds çeq[k
fucaèkdkj gSaA xksÇon ukjk;.k feJ] in~eÇlg 'kekZ vkSj ';kelqanjnkl dk uke nwljh
Js.kh esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
f}osnh&;qx esa egkohj çlkn f}osnh dk uke lcls igys vkrk gSA vius ;qx ds
;g vkpk;Z FksA vkpk;Z dk dke gksrk gS f'k{kk nsuk] Kku&o)Zu djkuk] lekt ij u;k
laLdkj Mkyuk vkSj lqèkkj djukA ;s lc dke bUgksua s fd;s] blfy, ;g vkpk;Z dgyk,
vkSj buds uke ij gh bl dky dk uke f}osnh&;qx j[kk x;kA vius fucaèkksa vkSj
lekykspukvksa ds }kjk lcls eq[; dke bUgksaus Hkk"kk&lqèkkj dk fd;kA ^ÇddrZO;* uked
fucaèk esa ;g fy[krs gSa&^dfork fy[kus esa O;kdj.k ds fu;eksa dh vogsyuk ugÈ djuh
pkfg,A 'kq) Hkk"kk dk ftruk eku gksrk gS] v'kq) dk ugÈ gksrkA tgk¡ rd laHko gks]
'kCnksa dk ewy :i u fcxkM+uk pkfg,A eqgkojs dk fopkj j[kuk pkfg,A Øksèk {kek
dhft,] bR;kfn okD; dku dks vfr'k; ihM+k igq¡pkrs gSaA&&&* bl vorj.k ls buds
Hkk"kk lacèa kh fopkj Li"V gks tkrs gSAa
f}osnh th us lHkh çdkj ds fucaèk fy[ksA ^dfo vkSj dfork*] ^çfrHkk*] ^lkfgR; dh
egÙkk* buds fopkjkRed fucaèk gSaA ^yksHk*] ^Øksèk* ^larks"k*&HkkokRed] ^gal dk {khjuhj
foosd*] ^tkiku esa iraxckth*] ^gtkjksa o"kZ iqjkus [kaMgj* vkSj ^çrki lq"kek*&o.kZukRed
gSa vkSj ^gal&lans'k* rFkk ^uy dk nqLrj nwr&dk;Z*&fooj.kkRedA ;gk¡ ;g ckr è;ku
j[kus dh gS fd buds fucaèkksa esa tkudkjh vfèkd jgrh gS] budh jpukvksa dks i<+dj ,slk
yxrk gS fd ,d vkpk;Z f'k";&e.Myh dks i<+k jgk gSA
ekèkoçlkn feJ Hkkjrh; laL—fr] èkeZ&n'kZu] lkfgR; dyk ds lPps mikld FksA
budk viuk O;fDrRo FkkA ;fn ;s fdlh dks Hkkjrh; vkSj çkphu lkfgR; dk xkSjo
?kVkus dk ç;Ru djrs gq, ikrs Fks] rks mudh vkykspuk djrs FksA vkpk;Z f}osnh vkSj
Jhèkj ikBd dh Hkh mUgksua s fuHkZ; vkykspuk dh FkhA budh Hkk"kk funksZ"k] lkQ&lqFkjh]
fo"k;kuqdy w ] O;aX;kRed vkSj çHkko'kkyh gSA laL—r dk çHkko mu ij Li"V gSA buds
fy[ks ^èk`fr*] ^{kek*] ^Jh oS".ko lEçnk;*] ^dkO;kykspuk*] ^oscj* dk Hkze*&fopkjkRed vkSj
26

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^lc feêh gks x;k*&HkkokRed fucaèk gSaA Hkkjrsna q ;qx dh ;g ijaijk feJ th ds fucaèkksa
ds lkFk gh lekIr gks xÃA
vè;kid iw.kZÇlg bl ;qx ds lcls çeq[k] Hkkoqd vkSj fopkjd fucaèkdkj gSAa
blls vfèkd xkSjo dh ckr vkSj D;k gksxh fd bUgksua s dsoy N% fucaèk fy[ks vkSj fQj
Hkh vius le; ds Js"B ys[kd ekus x,A muesa ls çeq[k gSa ^etnwjh vkSj çse*] ^vkpj.k
dh lH;rk*] vkSj ^lPph ohjrk*A vè;kid th ds fucaèkksa esa çsj.kk nsus okys u,&u,
fopkj gSAa budh Hkk"kk cM+h gh 'kfDr'kkyh gSA mlesa ,d [kkl ck¡diu gS ftlls Hkko
dk çdk'ku Hkh fujkys <ax ls gksrk gSA fo"k; Hkh ,sls u, fd vc rd fdlh dks lw>s
gh ugÈA lkFk] gh buesa Hkkoqdrk dk ekèkq;Z Hkjk gSA ohjrk] vkpj.k] 'kkjhfjd ifjJe
dk tks egÙo mUgksaus le>k;k] mldks Bhd le>k tk, rks vkt èkeZ dk u;k :i
lkeus vk tk,A lekt esa Økafr gks tk,] euq"; vkSj lkjk ns'k mUufr ds f'k[kj ij
igq¡p tk,A ^^tc rd thou ds vj.; esa iknjh] ekSyoh] iafMr vkSj lkèkq&laU;klh]
gy dqnky vkSj [kqjik ysdj etnwjh u djsaxs rc rd mudk vkyL; tkus dk ugÈA**
^etnwjh vkSj çse* dk ;g m)j.k fdruk egku~ lan's k nsrk gSA Hkk"kk dh yk{kf.kdrk
budh fo'ks"krk gSA
paæèkj 'kekZ xqyjs h Hkh Lora= fopkjksa ds fy, çfl) gSAa fucaèk bUgksaus Hkh FkksMs+ gh
fy[ksA budh jpukvksa esa Hkh thou dks mBkus dh çsj.kk vkSj u, fopkjksa dk [ktkuk
feyrk gSA laL—r ds egkif.Mr gksrs gq, Hkh iqjkuh ydhj ihVus okys ;s ugÈ FksA çkphu
èkkÆed dFkkvksa dh ;s oSKkfud vkSj cqf)lEer O;k[;k djrs FksA ^dNqvk èkeZ* uked
fucaèk Hkh xEHkhj rdZi.w kZ] çHkko'kkyh] fopkj&çèkku 'kSyh budh fo}rk vkSj rdZ&dq'kyrk
dk lqna j mnkgj.k gSA
xksÇonukjk;.k feJ dk uke mudh fofp= vyadkjiw.kZ laL—r 'kCnkoyh ls ynh
dkO;e; vkSj cukoVh 'kSyh ds fy, fy;k tk ldrk gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk Hkkjrsna q&dky
esa ^çse?ku* th Hkh blfy, ;kn fd, tkrs gSAa
çlkn ;qx Çgnh lkfgR; dk Lo.kZ dky gSA D;k dfork] D;k xn~;
nksuksa dk fodkl bl dky esa Å¡ps f'k[kj ij igq¡pkA dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd] fucaèk]
vkykspuk lHkh dk [kwc fodkl gqvkA o.kZu vkSj fooj.k çèkku fucaèkksa dh jpuk cgqr de
gqÃ] fopkjkRed vkSj HkkokRed dh vfèkdA bu nksuksa çdkj ds loZJs"B fucaèk blh ;qx
esa fy[ks x,A fopkjkRed fucaèkdkjksa esa vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy vkSj HkkokRed fucaèkdkjksa
27

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 esa M‚- j?kqohj Çlg] fljekSj gSaA xqykcjk;] oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky] 'kkafrfç; f}osnh]
ek[kuyky prqoZsnh] fo;ksxh gfj vkSj jk;—".knkl dk uke Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA
xqykcjk; th ds lkeus f}osnh&;qx dk lkjk lkfgR;&HkaMkj FkkA buds lkfgR;
dk cgqr dqN jax f}osnh&;qx dk jgkA ;g fucaèkdkj igys gS]a vkykspd ckn esaA ^fQj
fujk'kk D;ks\a ^esjh vlQyrk,¡*] ^vaèksjh dksBjh* buds fucaèk laxzg gSaA ^esjh vlQyrk,¡*
vkReijd ;k oS;fDrd O;aX;kRed fucaèkksa dk laxzg gSA 'ks"k nksuksa laxzgksa esa fopkjkRed
fucaèk gSaA vafre laxzg euksoSKkfud fucaèkksa dk gSA vkidh Hkk"kk cM+h ljy vkSj lqcksèk
gksrh gSA fopkjkRed vkSj euksoSKkfud fucaèkksa rd esa Hkk"kk ;k Hkko dh my>u ugÈ feysxhA
vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy dk fucaèk&laxzg ^fpUrkef.k* Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa gh ugÈ]
fo'o&lkfgR; esa egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA fopkjkRed fucaèkksa esa 'kqDy th ds fucaèk
loZJ"s B gSaA buesa fopkjksa dh ckjhdh vkSj xaHkhjrk] Hkkoksa dh euksoSKkfudrk] Hkk"kk dk
xBu vkSj mldh 'kfDr vkfn vkn'kZ gSAa ^Çprkef.k* esa ^Øksèk*] ^Ã";kZ*] ^yksHk vkSj çhfr*]
^mRlkg*] ^J)kHkfDr*] ^Hk;*] ^d#.kk*] ^?k`.kk*] ^yTtk* vkSj ^Xykfu* vkfn fo"k;ksa ij fy[ks
fucaèk ekufld Hkkoks]a o`fÙk;ksa vkSj fopkjksa ls lacaèk j[krs gSaA ^dfork D;k gS\*
^lkèkkj.khdj.k vkSj O;fDroSfp«;* lkfgfR;d O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k lacèa kh vkSj ^rqylhnkl
dk HkfDr ekxZ*] ^ekul dh èkeZ&Hkwfe* vkfn lkfgR;&leh{kk&lacèa khA ^fe=rk* vkSj
^çkphu Hkkjrh;ksa dk igjkok* ifjp;kRed o.kZukRed fucaèk gSAa
euksHkkoksa ;k fpÙko`fÙk;ksa dk foospu djrs gq, os jktuhfr] lektuhfr] èkeZ]
ikjLifjd O;ogkj vkfn ij Hkh ;g vius ekSfyd fopkj çdV djrs pyrs gSaA bu fucaèkksa
dh 'kSyh esa ys[kd dk xgu Kku vkSj xEHkhj O;fDrRo çdV gksrk gSA FkksM+s 'kCnksa esa cM+h
ls cM+h ckr dgus dh 'kfDr buesa gSA tks mPp LFkku budk vkykspd ds :i esa gS] ogh
fucaèkdkj ds :i esa Hkh gSA yksd eaxy dh Hkkouk Hkh buds fucaèkksa dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
Nk;kokn&;qx ds dfo;ksa us Hkh dqN js[kkfp=] laLej.k vkSj yfyr fucaèkksa dh
lfEefJr foèkk esa jpuk,¡ dh gSAa ,slh jpukvksa esa egknsoh oekZ dh ;s iqLrdsa mYys[kuh;
ekuh tkrh gS&
a ^Le`fr dh js[kk,¡*] ^vrhr ds pyfp=* rFkk ^Ük`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡*A buds
vfrfjDr xEHkhj fopkjiw.kZ fucaèkksa ds ys[kd lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk* dks Hkh ugÈ
Hkqyk;k tk ldrkA mlds rhu fucaèk&laxzg çdkf'kr gks pqds gSaA ^i`fFkoh iq=* esa vkius
,d LFkku ij dgk gS&^^fons'kh fopkjksa dks efLr"d esa Hkj dj mUgsa vèkids gh ckgj
maMys nsus ls fdlh lkfgR; dk ys[kd yksd esa fpj thou ugÈ ik ldrkA Çgnh
28

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lkfgR;dkjksa dks viuh [kqjkd Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd vkSj çk—frd Hkwfe ls çkIr djuk
pkfg,A** ;s Hkkjrh;rk ds iqtkjh vkSj i{k&iks"kd FksA ^dyk laL—fr* esa çkphu vkSj uohu
Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa] nk'kZfudksa] dfo;ksa vkSj dykdkjksa ds fo"k; esa fucaèk gSaA bUgksaus
^leqæ&eaFku*] ^dYio`{k* vkfn dh O;k[;k uohu oSKkfud vkSj euksoSKkfud <ax ls dh
gSA vkids lHkh fucaèk fopkjkRed gSaA
fucaèk&ys[kdksa esa 'kkafrfç; f}osnh dks Hkh ugÈ Hkqyk;k tk ldrkA ^lapkfj.kh*]
^lkef;dh*] ^infpß* ^;qx vkSj lkfgR;*] ^ifjozktd dh çFkk* budh iqLrdsa gSaA xk¡èkhoknh
uSfrdrk vkSj Nk;koknh Hkk"kk jpukvksa dh fo'ks"krk gSA ^èkjkry* esa vki vius dks
lektokn dk fgek;rh crkrs gSAa bl laxzg esa thou dh leL;kvksa dk HkkSfrd lekèkku
[kkstk x;k gSA fopkjkRed vkSj HkkokRed nksuksa çdkj ds fucaèk mUgksua s fy[ks gSAa Çgnh
fucaèk&lkfgR; dks budh nsu gS buds oS;fDrd fucaèkA bl {ks= esa ;g vf}rh; gaAS
vius ekrk&firk&cgu ds tks fp= bUgksua s [kÈps gSa muesa d#.kk dh ueh gS vkSj ân;
dks Li'kZ djus okyh lPpkÃA buds ;s vuqie oS;fDrd fucaèk ^infpß* vkSj ^ifjozktd
dh çFkk* esa lax`ghr gSaA vki dkO;e;] dksey&dkUr Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrs gSAa
M‚- j?kqohj Çlg] ek[kuyky prqosZnh] jk;—".k nkl] fo;ksxh gfj vkfn us HkkokRed
fucaèk fy[ksA j?kqohj Çlg vkSj ek[kuyky th ds fucaèk dkQh cM+s gSa] 'ks"k nksuksa ds cgqr
NksVs&NksVs ,d Ms<+ i`"B dsA buds fucaèkksa dh 'kSyh vU; fucaèkdkjksa dh 'kSyh ls fHkUu
gSa&NksVs&NksVs okD;] dgÈ [kf.Mr] dgÈ viw.kZA vk'p;Z] 'kksd] d#.kk] çse dk vkos'k
blesa meM+rk lk fn[krk gS] ,slh jpukvksa dks Çgnh xn~;dkO; dk uke fn;k x;k gSA
ge bUgsa fucaèk ekurs gSaA xn~;&dkO; ds Hkhrj rks dgkuh] ukVd] miU;kl] 'kCnfp=]
fucaèk] vkykspuk] lHkh dqN lfEefyr gSAa
j?kqohj Çlg bfrgkl ds fo}ku gSaA eqxydkyhu ?kVukvksa] bekjrks]a pfj=ksa dks
ysdj bUgksua s ^vrhr Le`fr* vkSj ^'ks"k Le`fr;k¡* nks iqLrdsa fy[kÈA oSls rks bu fucaèkksa esa
o.kZu vkSj fooj.k gS] fQj Hkh ;s HkkokRed gSAa D;ksafd ys[kd us buesa o.kZu dks egÙo
ugÈ fn;k] budks ns[kdj vius ân; esa mBus okys Hkkoksa dks gh çdkf'kr fd;k gSA
ek[kuyky th us fopkj&çèkku fucaèkksa dks Hkh HkkokRed 'kSyh esa fy[kkA ^;qx vkSj
dyk*] ^lkfgR; nsork*] ^jaxksa dh cksyh*] ^O;fDrRo* vkfn fucaèk&dyk] lkfgR;] fp=dyk
vkSj O;fDrRo fo"k;ksa ij gSa] ;s fopkjkRed gks ldrs gSaA ysfdu fopkj Hkh çHkkokRed <ax
ls fn;s x;s gSaA ys[kd dh eqXèkrk] J)k] d#.kk] lgkuqHkwfr gh blesa çdV gqà gSA
29

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 fo;ksxh gfj vkSj jk;—".knkl th dh jpukvksa esa HkfDr] çse] foLe;] i'pkrki]
vkRe&fuosnu] eukseqXèkrk] d#.kk] laons uk vkfn vusd Hkko vkSj Hkkouk çdV gqà gSA
^Hkkouk* vkSj ^vUrukZn* fo;ksxh gfj dh vkSj ^lkèkuk* jk;—".k nkl dh iqLrd gSA bu
lHkh fucaèkdkjksa us mnwZ 'kCnksa dk Hkh ;Fkkolj ç;ksx fd;k gSA
çlknksÙkj ;k çxfr;qx esa fucaèk&lkfgR; us lcls vfèkd fodkl fd;kA fo"k;ksa
dh la[;k vkSj fofoèkrk dh –f"V ls rks bl ;qx dk eqdkcyk gh ugÈA ;g ;qx
mFky&iqFky dk ;qx gSA nwljk fo'o;q) gqvk] lektoknh fopkjksa dk vkxeu gqvkA
Hkkjr Lora= gksdj foHkkftr gqvkA çkphu lkfgR;] laL—fr vkSj dyk dh vksj gekjk
è;ku x;kA vusd vkÆFkd ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ Hkh iSnk gqb±A bu lc ckrksa dh Nk;k
fucaèkksa esa Hkh feyrh gSA bl ;qx ds pkj fucaèkdkj fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS&
a vkpk;Z
gtkjh çlkn f}osnh] tSuaæs dqekj HkoUr vkuan dkS'kY;k;u rFkk ;'kikyA
dkS'kY;k;u th ckS) fHk{kq Fks vkSj lektoknh fopkjksa dk bu ij cgqr çHkko FkkA
fucaèk rks bUgksua s cgqr ugÈ fy[ks] ij i`Fkd~ fo"k; dh –f"V ls budk egÙo gSA ^tks u
Hkwy ldk* buds laLej.kkRed fucaèkksa dk laxzg gS] ftuesa lkekftd fo"kerk] èkkÆed
'kks"k.k] vkÆFkd mRihM+u ds rh[ks fp= gSAa èkeZ dks ;g 'kks"k.k dk laxfBr lkèku crkrs
gSa vkSj vehjksa ds Hkouksa dks xjhcksa dh gfì;ksa dh b±Vksa vkSj [kwu ds pwus ls cuk ekurs gSAa
tuoknh ys[kd gksus ls budh Hkk"kk ljy gSA
çxfroknh fucaèk&lkfgR; esa ;'kiky cstksM+ gSaA buds ;s fucaèk&laxzg çdkf'kr gks
pqds gSa&^pôj Dyc*] ^U;k; dk la?k"kZ] ^xk¡èkhokn dh 'ko ijh{kk*] ^ns[kk] lkspk] le>k*]
^ckr esa ckr*] ^jke&jkT; dh dFkk* bu lHkh iqLrdksa ds ukeksa ls Hkh irk pyrk gS fd
;s lektokn ds leFkZd gh ugÈ] çpkjd Hkh gSaA iqjkuh ijaijkvksa] lekt ds <k¡ps] èkeZ dh
cqfu;knksa ij mUgksaus cM+s tks'k ds lkFk okj fd, gSAa budk fo'okl gS fd iqjkus n'kZu vkSj
laL—fr] ekuo dh mUufr esa jksMs+ gSAa blfy, budk fojksèk ;g fuMj gksdj djrs gSAa
orZeku lekt esa èku ds xyr caVokjs ds dkj.k dksà jktk cu x;k vkSj dksà xqykeA
os dgrs gSa fd ^ekuo dh ?k`.kk*] ekuo ls ekuo dh 'k=qrk] ekuo }kjk ekuo dk 'kks"k.k
vkSj vieku rHkh nwj gks ldsxk] tc lcdks vius ifjJe dk Qy feys] fodkl dk
volj çkIr gksA** lH;rk] laL—fr] dyk] lkfgR;] lekt lHkh ds fo"k; esa bUgksaus vius
ekSfyd fopkj çdV fd,A fofoèkrk dh –f"V ls bUgksaus Çgnh fucaèk&lkfgR; dks èkuh
crk;k gSA
30

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 tSuæas dqekj 'kq) :i ls fopkjd gSaA èkeZ] ;q)] U;k;] jk"Vªh;rk] nku dh ckr] nhu
dh ckr] iSlk dekà vkSj fHk[kkÃ] xk¡èkhokn dk Hkfo";] jksVh dk ekspkZ] laL—fr dh ckr]
miokl vkSj yksdra=] nq%[k] lR;a f'koa lqna ja] lkfgR; dh lPpkÃ] çxfrokn] tM+psru]
laikndh; eSVj& buds bu fucaèkksa ls fo"k; dh fofoèkrk dk rks irk pyrk gh gS] ;g
Hkh irk pyrk gS fd ys[kd lekt] lkfgR;] èkeZ] jktuhfr] thou dh ;FkkFkZ my>uksa
vkfn fdlh ls Hkh cs[kcj ugÈA buds ;s fucaèk&laxzg çdkf'kr gks pqds gSa&^tM+ dh ckr*]
iwoksZn;*] ^tSuæsa ds fopkj* ^brLrr%*A buds fucaèkksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa& xk¡èkhokn] uSfrdrk]
laL—fr&çse] ekSfyd fopkj] Lora=rk vkSj lcy] laf{kIr xBh gqà 'kSyhA O;fDrRo vkSj
'kSyh dks fucaèk dk çk.k ekusa] rks tSuaæs th ,d egku ys[kd gSaA Hkk"kk ljy]
gkV&?kkV&ckV dh gS] ysfdu mlesa vFkZ xtc dk feysxkA budh 'kSyh ds fy, dqN
vorj.k nsf[k,&
O;oLFkk dk ny dkxth gSA
dke mlds n¶rjh gSA
er irk yxus nks fd uhps tku gSA
fnysjh Mj ls iSnk gksrh gSA
ml uh;r dk eq¡g ckgj pkgs u nh[krk gks] isV esa fNih mldh tM+ gS t:jA
fucaèkdkjksa esa jkgqy lka—R;k;u dk uke Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA buds fucaèk ns'k&n'kk]
jktuhfr] ;k=k&o`ÙkkUr rFkk bfrgkl dks ysdj gh gksrs gSAa ns'k&n'kk vkSj jktuhfr ls
lacfa èkr fucaèkksa ds ,d laxzg dk uke gS&^rqEgkjk {k;*A bl laxzg ds lHkh fucaèkksa dk
fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd tks :f<+oknh gS] tks jkLrk jksddj [kM+s gSa] mudk {k; gksA buds dqN
laLej.kkRed fucaèkksa ds laxzg ;s gSa& cpiu dh Le`fr;k¡] ftudk eSa —rK] esjs vlg;ksx
ds lkFkh] jkgqy th dk vijkèk vkfnA jkgqy th ds vlyh O;fDrRo vkSj fucaèkdkj dh
vkRek dk ;fn n'kZu djuk gks rks mudk ^?kqeôM+ 'kkL=* i<+uk pkfg,A
jkgqy th tSlh eLrh vkSj tSuaæs dqekj tSlh 'kSyh dh >yd dUgS;kyky feJ
^çHkkdj* ds fucaèkksa esa feyrh gSA buds fucaèkksa ds 6 laxzg gSa&^ftUnxh eqLdjkÃ*] ^vkdk'k
ds rkjs*] ^èkjrh ds Qwy*] ^nhi tys ^'ka[k cts*] ^ekVh gks x;h lksuk*] ^egds vkaxu pgds
}kj* rFkk ^cw¡n&cw¡n lkxj ygjk;k*A

31

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 vkèkqfud fucaèkdkjksa esa fon~;kfuokl feJ dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA bUgksaus vfèkdrj
yfyr fucaèk fy[ks gSaA bu fucaèkksa esa dfork vkSj ikafMR;iw.kZ 'kkL= dk vkuan ,d lkFk
feyrk gSA buds rhu fucaèk laxzg çdkf'kr gks pqds gS& a ¼1½ fNrou dh Nk¡g] ¼2½ dne
dh Qwyh Mky rFkk ¼3½ rqe pUnu ge ikuhA
u;s fucaèkdkjksa esa çHkkdj ekpos] ukeoj Çlg] gfj'kadj ijlkÃ] Jhfufèk fl)kUrkyadkj]
'kjn tks'kh] Jh yky 'kqDy vkfn ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA çHkkdj ekpos ds fucaèkksa ds
laxzg dk uke gS&^[kjxks'k ds lÈx* vkSj ukeoj Çlg dk fucaèk&laxzg gS& ^cdye&[kqn*A
gfj'kadj ijlkà ds O;aX;&fouksniw.kZ fucaèkksa esa eLrh vkSj tku gSA ^Hkwr ds ik¡o* ^lnkpkj
dk rkcht* vkSj ^fuBYys dh Mk;jh* esa muds O;aX; ys[k lax`ghr gSAa fon~;k fuokl feJ
dk ^fNrou dh Nkg*] ^rqe pUnu ge ikuh*] ^vkaxu dk iaNh* ^cutkjkeu* vkSj ^esjs jke
dk eqdqV* Hkhx jgk gS*] dqcjs ukFk jk; dk ^fç;k&uhydaBh*] ^xaèk eknu*] ^ek;k cht*]
foosdh jk; dk ^vke jkLrk ugÈ gS*] ^nsoaæs lR;kFkÊ dk ^,d ;qx dk çrhd* gfj'kadj
ijlkà dk ^f'kdk;r eq>s Hkh gS* gjh'k uoy dk ^ckxir ds [kjcwts vkfn çfl) fucaèk
ladyu gSAa
Çgnh fucaèk ys[ku dh ijaijk vR;ar le`) gS ysfdu bèkj dqN o"kks± esa bl {ks= esa
u;s ys[kdksa dk vkxeu cgqr de gqvk gSA yfyr HkkokRed] fopkjkRed fucaèk ys[ku
dh ço`fÙk de gqà gS vkSj tks fy[k Hkh jgs gSa os iqjkus ih<+h ds gh ys[kd gSaA u;s ys[kdksa
dh fucaèk ys[ku dh vksj ls ;g mnklhurk vR;ar Çprktud gSA

1- ^xn~; ;fn dfo;ksa dh dlkSVh gS rks fucaèk xn~; dh dlkSVh gS* ;g fdldk dFku
gS\
2- fucaèk dk vfHkçk; crkb,A
3- Çgnh dk vafre vkSj çfl) fucaèkdkj fdls ekuk tkrk gS\
4- dqN u, fucaèkdkjksa ds uke crkb,A

32

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 vkèkqfud Çgnh lkfgR; dh ftu xn~;kRed foèkkvksa dk fodkl foxr ,d 'krkCnh
esa gqvk gS] muesa ,dkadh dk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Çdrq ,sfrgkfld –f"V ls]
Çgnh&lkfgR; esa bldk mn~Hko mUuhloÈ 'krkCnh ds vafre prqFkk±'k esa ekuk tkrk gSA
;fn blds laoknkRed Lo:i ,oa ,d ukV~; foèkk ds vfLrRo ds ifjçs{; esa fopkj fd;k
tk; rks blds lw= gesa vR;ar çkphu le; ls feyus yxrs gSAa
vkèkqfud ,dkadh oSKkfud ;qx dh nsu gSA foKku ds QyLo:i ekuo ds le;
vkSj 'kfDr dh cpr gqà gSA fQj Hkh thou la?k"kZ esa ekuo dh nkSM+&èkwi vO;kgr tkjh
gSA thou dh =Lrrk vkSj O;Lrrk ds dkj.k vkèkqfud ekuo ds ikl bruk le; ugÈ
gS fd og cM+& s cM+s ukVdksa] miU;klks]a egkdkO;ksa vkfn dk lai.w kZr% jlkLoknu dj lds
vkSj blfy, xhr] dgkuh] ,dkadh vkfn lkfgR; ds y?kq:iksa dks viuk;k tk jgk gSA
Çdrq ,dkadh dh yksdfç;rk dk ,dek= dkj.k le;kHkko gh ugÈ gSA HkksykukFk frokjh
ds 'kCnksa esa ^^;g ugÈ dgk tk ldrk fd pw¡fd gekjs ikl cM+h&cM+h lkfgfR;d jpukvksa
dks i<+us ds fy, le; ugÈ gSa] blfy, ge xhr] dgkuh] ,dkadh vkfn i<+rs gSaA ckr
;g gS fd ge thou dh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa vkSj leL;kvksa vkfn dks Øec) ,oa lexz
:i ls Hkh vfHkO;Dr ns[kuk pkgrs gSa vkSj mu vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk Lokxr djrs gSa exj
lkFk gh lkFk fdlh ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkouk] fdlh ,d mn~nhIr {k.k] fdlh ,d vlkèkkj.k
,oa çHkko'kkyh ?kVuk ;k ?kVuka'k dh vfHkO;fDr dk Hkh Lokxr djrs gSaA ge dHkh
vufxu Qwyksa ls lqlfTtr lyksuh okfVdk ilUn djrs gSa vkSj dHkh Hkhuh lqxfUèk nsus
okyh f[kyus dks rS;kj uUgÈ lh dyhA nksuksa ckrsa gSa] nks #fp;k¡ gS]a nks i`Fkd Çdrq leku
:i ls egÙoiw.kZ –f"Vdks.k gS]a le; ds vHkko ;k vfèkdrk dh blesa dksà ckr ugÈA**
bl çdkj] le;kHkko ds vfrfjDr ,dkadh dh yksdfç;rk ds vU; Hkh dà dkj.k
gSa ;Fkk ns'k esa flusek ds c<+rs gq, çHkko ds fo#) Çgnh jaxeap ds m)kj }kjk thou
vkSj lkfgR; esa lq#fp dk lekos'k djuk] jsfM;ks ls Çgnh ,dkafd;ksa dh ek¡x] dsUæh;
ljdkj ds f'k{kk&foHkkx dh vksj ls vk;ksftr ^;wFk QsLVhoy* esa ,dkadh ukVd dk Hkh
çfr;ksfxrk dk ,d fo"k; gksuk] fo'ofon~;ky;ksa esa fo'ks"k voljksa ij ,dkadh ukVdksa dk
vfHku; vkfnA bu lc dkj.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ,dkadh ukVd vkt ,d çeq[k
lkfgfR;d foèkk cu x;k gSA 33

©
 ,dkadh us ukVd ls fHkUu viuk Lora= Lo:i çfrf"Br dj fy;k gSA ,dkadh cM+s
ukVd dh vis{kk NksVk vo'; gksrk gS ijUrq og mldk laf{kIr :i ugÈ gSA cM+s ukVd
esa thou dh fofoèk:irk] vusd ik=] dFkk dk lk¡xksikax foLrkj] pfj=&fp=.k dh
fofoèkrk] dqrwgy dh vfuf'pr fLFkfr] o.kZukRedrk dh vfèkdrk] pje lhek rd
fodkl rFkk ?kVuk&foLrkj vkfn ds dkj.k dFkkud dh xfr eUn gksrh gS tcfd ,dkadh
es]a blds foijhr] thou dh ,d:irk] dFkk esa vuko';d foLrkj dh mis{kk] pfj=&fp=.k
dh rhoz vkSj laf{kIr :i&js[kk] dqrgw y dh fLFkfr] çkjaHk ls gh O;atdrk dh vfèkdrk
vkSj çHkko'khyrk] pje lhek rd fuf'pr fcUnq esa dsaæh;dj.k rFkk ?kVuk&U;wurk vkfn
ds dkj.k dFkkud dh xfr f{kç gksrh gSA ln~xq#'kj.k voLFkh dk dFku gS fd ^thou
dh okLrfodrk ds ,d LQqÇyx dks idM+dj ,dkadhdkj mls ,slk çHkkoiw.kZ cuk nsrk gS
fd ekuork ds lewps Hkko txr~ dks >u>uk nsus dh 'kfDr mlesa vk tkrh gSA**1
,sfrgkfld –f"V ls Çgnh&,dkadh ds fodkl&Øe dks fuEufyf[kr çeq[k dky&[k.Mksa
esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1- Hkkjrsanq&f}osnh ;qx ¼1875&1928½
2- çlkn&;qx ¼1929&37½
3- çlknksÙkj&;qx ¼1938&47½
4- Lokra«;ksÙkj&;qx ¼1948 ls vc rd½
okLro esa çkjafHkd ,dkadh&ç;ksxksa esa Hkh HkVdrh gqà ukV;&–f"V gh çeq[krk ls
mHkjdj lkeus vkà gS Çdrq fodkl dh –f"V ls mUgsa udkjk ugÈ tk ldrkA

ftl çdkj Hkkjrsanq Çgnh esa vusdkadh ukVdksa ds fy[kus okyksa esa çFke ukVddkj
ekus tkrs gSa mlh çdkj Çgnh esa lcls igyk ,dkadh Hkh mUgksaus gh fy[kkA ;n~;fi bl
lacèa k esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn vo'; gSA fQj Hkh Hkkjrsanq&ç.khr ^çse;ksfxuh* ¼1875 Ã-½ ls
Çgnh ,dkadh dk çkjaHk ekuk tk ldrk gSA
vkyksP; ;qx esa fo"k;xr –f"Vdks.k dks lkeus j[kdj lkekftd] jktuhfrd]
vkÆFkd] èkkÆed ,oa lkaL—frd ço`fÙk;k¡ mHkjÈA lekt esa çpfyr çkphu ijaijkvksa]

34
1-
Hkkjrh; ukV~;&lkfgR; % la- MkW- uxsUnz % i`- 375&76

©
dqçFkkvksa ,oa LoLFk lkekftd fodkl esa ckèkd jhfr&fjoktksa dks nwj djus dk ç;kl mu
lkekftd leL;k&çèkku jpukvksa ds ekè;e ls fd;k x;kA bu ,dkadhdkjksa us tgk¡
lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ij gkL; ,oa O;aX;iw.kZ çgkj fd;s ogÈ lkekftd uofuekZ.k ds fy,
Hkh lekt dks çsfjr ,oa tkxzr fd;kA bu jpukvksa ds ik= Hkkjrh; tu&thou ds thfor
,oa ltho ik= gSa ftuds laoknksa }kjk Hkkjrh; Hkæ thou esa çfo"V ik[kaM ,oa O;fHkpkj
dk HkaMkQksM+ gksrk gSA bl –f"V ls Hkkjrsanq&jfpr ^Hkkjr&nqnZ'kk*] çrkiukjk;.k feJ jfpr
^dfy dkSrqd :id*] Jh 'kj.k&jfpr ^cky&fookg*] fd'kksjhyky xksLokeh&jfpr ^pkSiV
pisV*] jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh&jfpr ^Hkkjr esa ;ou yksd*] ^cw<s+ eqga eaqgkls* vkfn egÙoiw.kZ
jpuk,¡ gSa ftuesa èkkÆed ik[kaM] lkekftd :f<+;ksa ,oa dqjhfr;ksa ij rh[ks O;aX; fd;s x;s
gSaA nsodhuanu jfpr ^dfy;qxh tusÅ*] ^dfy;qx fookg*] jkèkk—".knkl jfpr ^nqf[kuh
ckyk*] dk'khukFk [k=h jfpr ^cky foèkok* vkfn jpuk,¡ Hkkjrh; ukjh ds =Lr fookfgr
thou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gSaA lkekftd Hkz"Vkpkj dk fp=.k dkÆrd çlkn [k=h&jfpr
^jsy dk fodV [ksy* esa feyrk gS ftlesa jsyos foHkkx esa fj'or ysus okyksa dk HkaMk&QksM+
fd;k x;k gSA lekt lqèkkj dh ijaijk ds iks"kd bu ,dkadhdkjksa ds ç;kl ds QyLo:i
Hkkjrh; lekt dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k lekt ds le{k mifLFkr gqvk rFkk bUgÈ ds }kjk tu
lkekU; dks uohu ,oa çxfr'khy fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus dh çsj.kk Hkh feyhA bUgÈ ds ç;klksa
dk ifj.kke Fkk fd Hkkjrh; turk lekt esa çpfyr :f<+;ksa ,oa ijaijkvksa ds çfr ?k`.kkHkko
ls Hkj mBh rFkk muds mUewyu ds fy, —r ladYi gks x;hA
bl çdkj Hkkjrsna q ;qx uopsruk vkSj tkx`fr dk ;qx FkkA ns'kHkfDr vkSj jk"Vªh;rk
dk mUes"k gksus ls bl dky ds ,dkadhdkjksa us tu&tkx`fr ds fopkjksa dks eq[kfjr djus
okys ukVd fy[ksA ftuesa Hkkjr dh rRdkyhu nqnZ'kk] ijkèkhurk ij {kksHk] vrhr dh Le`fr]
jk"Vª esa vkRe xkSjo dh Hkkouk dk tkxj.k] jk"Vªfgr] vk'kk&fujk'kk dk }a}] mTToy
Hkfo"; vkfn dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bl ;qx esa lkekftd uotkxj.k ds lkFk&lkFk
jktuhfrd psruk mRiUu djus dk ç;Ru Hkh fd;k x;k gSA bl lacaèk esa Hkkjrsanq&—r
^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* ,oa ^Hkkjr&tuuh*] jkèkk—".k xksLokeh&—r ^Hkkjr ekrk* vkSj ^vejÇlg
jkBkSj*] jkèkk—".k nkl&—r ^egkjkuh in~ekorh*] jke—".k oekZ&—r ^in~ekorh* ^nhj
ukjh* vkfn mYys[kuh; gSAa
Hkkjrsanqdkyhu ,dkafd;ksa dh èkkÆed ikSjkf.kd èkkjk ds varxZr os ,dkadh vkrs gSa]
ftuesa èkkÆed dFkkudksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk vkn'kZ :i çLrqr fd;k x;k
35

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 gSA bl {ks= esa Hkkjrsna q th ds ^lR; gfj'pUæ* vkSj ^èkuat;*] ykyk Jhfuoklnkl dk
^çÈn pfj=*] cnjhukjk;.k çse?ku dk ^ç;kx jktk&xeu*] jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh dk
^Jhnkek* vkSj ^lrh paæoyh* cky—".k Hkê dk ^ne;arh Lo;aoj*] tSusæa fd'kksj dk
^lksekorh* vFkok ^èkeZorh*] dkÆrd çlkn dk ^Å"kkgj.k*] ^xaxksÙkjh*] ^æksinh phj gj.k*
vkSj ^fuLlgk; Çgnw*] eksguyky fo".kqyky ikaM;k dk ^çÈn*] [kM~xcgknqj eYy dk
^gjrkfydk* vkfn esa èkkÆed dFkkudksa ij vkèkkfjr ikSjkf.kd ,dkafd;ksa ds ekè;e ls
lkaL—frd vkn'kZ çLrqr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;kA
vkyksP; ;qx esa gkL;&O;aX;&çèkku ,dkadh lokZfèkd fy[ks x, tks çglu dh Js.kh
esa vkrs gSAa ;s çglu èkkÆed vkSj lkekftd nksuksa çdkj ds fo"k;ksa dks vius Hkhrj lesVs
gq, gSaA bu çgluksa ij ikjlh jaxeap dk lokZfèkd çHkko gS blfy, mPpdksfV dk gkL;
,oa O;aX; buesa ugÈ feyrkA fQj Hkh lkekftd {ks= esa cky&fookg] vuesy fookg]
os';kxeu] en~;iku] foyklfç;rk vkfn ij O;aX; fd;k x;k gS vkSj èkkÆed {ks= esa èkkÆed
ladh.kZrk vkSj mldh vkM+ esa fd;k ik[kaM] iaMkfxjh] deZdk.M] T;ksfrf"k;ksa dh èkks[ksckth
vkfn ij vk{ksi fd, x, gSAa bl çdkj dh ,dkafd;ksa esa deykpj.k feJ dk ^vn~Hkqr
ukVd*] Jh txUukFk dk ^o.kZ O;oLFkk*] ekèkksçlkn dk ^oSlk[kuanu*] ?ku';kenkl dk
^o`)koLFkk&fookg*] nqxkZçlkn feJ dk ^çHkkr feyu*] vafcdknÙk O;kl dk ^xkS&ladV*
vkSj ^eu dh meax*] nsodhuanu f=ikBh dk ^t; ujÇlg dh*] ^lSdM+kas esa nl&nl*]
^dy;qxh tusÅ*] ^dfy;qxh fookg*] ^,d ,d ds rhu rhu*] ^cSy N% Vds dk*] ^os';kfoykl*
vkfn] cky—".k dk ^f'k{kknku*] [kM~xcgknqj eYy dk ^Hkkjr&vkjr* vkfn mYys[kuh; gSAa
mi;qZDr jpukvksa esa ls dqN dk mYys[k ukVd ds varxZr Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
okLro esa ;s ,d vad ds ukVd gh gSAa ,dkadh dh ijaijk esa vkrs gq, Hkh bUgsa lHkh n`f"V;ksa
ls iw.kZ ^,dkadh* ugÈ dgk tk ldrkA buesa ,dkadh ds dqN rÙo vo'; <w¡<s+ tk ldrs
gSaA
dqy feykdj fopkj fd;k tk; rks Kkr gksxk fd ml dky ds ,dkadh&lkfgR;
dks çsfjr djus okyh dà ukV~; 'kSfy;k¡ FkÈ& ¼d½ laL—r dh ukV~; ijaijk ¼[k½ vaxzsth]
ckaXyk] ikjlh jaxeap vkSj ¼x½ yksd ukVdA vkyksP; ;qx ds lHkh ,dkadhdkjksa us bUgsa
vkRelkr~ fd;kA bl çdkj bl ;qx esa ijaijk ds çHkko dh çèkkurk jghA u,&u, ç;ksx
gksrs jgsA blfy, dyk dh lw{e –f"V bl dky ds ,dkadhdkjksa esa Hkys u gks] ij os
vkèkqfud ,dkafd;ksa ds iwoZxkeh vo'; gSaA
36

©
 Çgnh ,dkadh ds fodkl dh –f"V ls f}rh; ;qx çlkn ds ;qx ls tkuk tkrk gSA
bl lanHkZ esa vkèkqfud ,dkadh&lkfgR; dh çFke ekSfyd —fr ds :i esa çlkn ds ^,d
?kw¡V* dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g jpuk lu~ 1929 esa çdkf'kr gqÃA ;gÈ ls ge
,dkadh ds f'kYi esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu ns[krs gSaA
jlksæd
s ds fy, laxhr&O;oLFkk] laL—r ukV~; ç.kkyh dk fonw"kd] Loxr dFku
vkfn çkphu ijaijkvksa ds fuokZg ds lkFk gh LFky dh ,drk] ik=ksa dk euksoSKkfud
pfj=&fp=.k] xfr'khy dFkkud] vkfn vkèkqfud ,dkadh dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ ^,d ?kwVa es*a
feyrh gSaA vr% Hkkjrsanq us ;fn vkèkqfud ,dkadh dh uÈo Mkyh gS rks mls iYyfor vkSj
iqf"ir djus dk Js; çlkn th dks gh gSA
okLro esa vkèkqfud <ax ls Çgnh ,dkafd;ksa dk fodkl çlkn&;qx esa gh gqvk
D;ksafd bl ;qx esa dqN egÙoiw.kZ uohu ç;ksx ,dkadh {ks= esa gq,A bl ;qx esa
,dkadhdkjksa us ik'pkR; vuqdj.k ij uohu 'kSyh esa ,dkadh fy[kuk çkjaHk fd;k rFkk
ik'pkR; Vsduhd dks viuk;kA Li"Vr% bl ;qx esa ,dkadh ukVdksa esa ik'pkR; ukV~;
fl)karksa dh çsj.kk ,oa çHkko fon~;eku gSA ik'pkR; ukVddkjksa gSufjd] bClu] xkYlonÊ
rFkk cukZMZ 'k‚ vkfn dk çHkko bl ;qx ds ,dkafd;ksa ij çR;{k :i ls iM+k rFkk blls
,dkadh lkfgR; dks ifjiDork dh fLFkfr ij igq¡pus esa lgk;rk feyhA Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa
tks ,dkadh laL—r ifjikVh ij fojafpr gqvk Fkk] bl ;qx esa vkdj og uohu :iksa esa
fodflr gksus yxkA çkphurk dk eksg NksM+dj uohu <ax ds ,dkadh ukVd fy[ks x;s
tks dFkkud dh –f"V ls ekuo thou ds vR;fèkd fudV FksA çkphu dFkkoLrq esa tks
Ñf=erk gksrh Fkh mlds LFkku ij lkekftd] ikfjokfjd ,oa nSfud leL;kvksa dks
,dkadh dk fo"k; cukuk çkjaHk fd;k x;kA ;s jpuk,¡ lekftd ;FkkFkZ ds fudV vk;ÈA
çkphu —f=e ç.kkyh] dkO;e; dFkksidFku] çkphu jaxeap ,oa vLokHkkfodrk ds
cfg"dkj dk Loj bl ;qx dh jpukvksa esa çeq[kr;k çkIr gksrk gSA uà leL;k,¡]
fopkjèkkjk ,oa xn~;kRed f'k"V Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx çkjaHk gqvkA
bl ;qx ds vfèkdka'k ,dkadh jaxeap dks –f"V esa j[kdj fy[ks x;s ftlls mudk
vfHku; gks lds vkSj çs{kd viuk KkuoèkZu dj ldsAa ,dkadh esa ç;qDr laoknksa esa
lthork] laf{kIrrk ,oa ekÆedrk dh vksj è;ku fn;k x;kA çglu] QsaVl s h] xhfr&ukV~;]
vksisjk] laokn ;k laHkk"k.k] jsfM;ks Iys] >kadh rFkk eksuksMªkek vkfn ,dkadh ls uohu :iksa
37

©
 dk fodkl blh ;qx esa gqvkA ;qxhu lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa èkkÆed i`"BHkwfe dk çHkko
vkyksP; ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa dh jpukvksa ij iM+us ds dkj.k dfri; ço`fÙk;ksa dk tUe
gqvk ftuesa lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa ,sfrgkfld ço`fÙk;k¡ çeq[k gSAa
çlkn&;qx esa ftu lkekftd ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk gqà mu ij ;qxhu lkekftd
i`"BHkwfe dk çHkko Li"V :i ls –f"Vxr gksrk gSA bl ;qx ds vusd ,dkadhdkjksa us
lkekftd thou dh fofHkUu i{kh; leL;kvksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS rFkk mlesa çpfyr
fofHkUu th.kZ&'kh.kZ :f<+;ksa dks viuh vkykspuk dk dsUæ cuk;k gSA cky&fookg]
foèkok&iquÆookg] tkrh;rk] vLi`';rk dh leL;k] en~;iku] tqvk rFkk lekt esa QSyk
O;fHkpkj vkfn leL;k,¡ ftl :i esa Hkkjrsna q ;qx esa ifjO;kIr FkÈ og vHkh rd mlh :i
esa cuh gqà FkÈA ;n~;fi Hkkjrsna q ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us Hkh bu ij çgkj fd;k Fkk] Çdrq
budk fuokj.k vFkok mUewyu ljy ugÈ Fkk D;ksfa d budh tM+as lekt esa cgqr xgjh FkÈA
vr% çlkn ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us Hkh fo"k;&:i esa bu lkekftd leL;kvksa dks viuh
jpukvksa esa fpf=r fd;kA
rRdkyhu lekt dh uXu fo—fr;ksa dk fp=.k djus okys vusd ,dkafd;ksa dh
jpuk bl ;qx esa gqÃA thokuan 'kekZ —r ^ckyk dk fookg* lqèkkjoknh –f"Vdks.k dks çdV
djrk gSA gfj—".k 'kekZ —r ^cq<Å + dk C;kg* o`) vuesy fookg ,oa ngst leL;k ij
dqBkjk?kkr gSA th-ih- JhokLro jfpr ^xM+cM+>kyk* esa o`)ksa dh vfu;af=r dke okluk
,oa lekt ds yksxksa dk Hkz"Vkpkj fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA jkeÇlg oekZ —r ^js'keh :eky*
esa ifrozr èkeZ dh çfr"Bk] 'kSf{kd o`fÙk;ksa ,oa jksekal dh =qfV;ksa dk fp=.k gSA çsepan Ñr
^çse dh nsoh esa* ys[kd us vartkZrh; fookg dk leFkZu çcy :i esa fd;k gSA Jh
cnjhukFk Hkê —r ^fookg foKkiu* esa vkèkqfud f'kf{kr oxZ dh jksekal o`fÙk ij O;aX;kRed
çgkj gSA M‚- lR;sUæ —r ^cfynku* esa ngst leL;k dk fp=.k gSA th-ih- JhokLro&Ñr
^Hkwypwd* ls foèkok fookg leFkZu] ^vPNk mQZ vDy dh ejEer* esa f'kf{kr ifr ,oa
vf'kf{kr iRuh ds eè; mRiUu dVqrk] ^ydM+cX?kk* esa _.k leL;k vkfn ij O;aX; fd;k
x;k gSA buds vfrfjDr ^caVkèkkj*] ^nqenkj vkneh*] ^dqlÊeSu*] ^i= if=dk lEesyu*] ^u
?kj dk u ?kkV dk*] ^pksj ds ?kj eksj* vkfn jpukvksa esa JhokLro th dk –f"Vdks.k
lqèkkjoknh jgk gSA JhokLro th dh ^vNwrks}kj* ,dkadh vNwr leL;k ij fy[kk x;k
gSA Jh paMhçlkn ân;s'k —r ^fouk'k yhyk* esa Hkkjrh; ukjh ds tUe ls vUr rd ds
lkekftd d"Vksa dk fp=.k gSA ia- gfj'kadj 'kekZ —r ^fcjknjh foHkzkV*] ^ik[kaM çn'kZu*]
38

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rFkk ^LoxZ dh lhèkh lM+d* lkekftd NqvkNwr rFkk oxZ oS"kE; dh gkfu;ksa dks fpf=r
djrs gSAa Jh lqn'kZu —r ^tc vk¡[ksa [kqyrh gSa* esa os';k dk ân;&ifjorZu Lokèkhurk
laxzke ds okrkoj.k esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA vkyksP; ;qx esa Jh jkeujs'k f=ikBh —r
^lekukfèkdkj*] ^lhtu My gS*] ^fL=;ksa dh dkmfUly*] ikaM; s cspu 'kekZ mxz&—r ^pkj
cspkjs*] ^cspkjk laiknd*] ^cspkjk lqèkkjd*] Jh jkenkl&—r ^ukd esa ne*] ^tks: dk
xqyke*] ^djsUlh uksV*] ^ycM+ èkkSa èkkSa* vkfn ,dkafd;ksa dks Hkh fo'ks"k [;kfr çkIr gqà gSA
Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa ftl jktuhfrd ,dkadh dh ço`fÙk dk mn; gqvk Fkk og
çlkn&;qx esa vkdj vkSj vfèkd xfr'khy gks xÃA bl ;qx esa jk"Vªh;rk dk Loj
lokZfèkd eq[kfjr gqvk gSA jktuhfrd Hkkouk ls çHkkfor gksdj ,dkadhdkjksa us viuh
jpukvksa ls Lora=rk&vkanksyu] fons'kh 'kklu ds çfr vkØks'k ,oa ?k`.kk rFkk Lora=rk dh
Hkkoukvksa dk Loj eq[kfjr fd;k gSA bl lanHkZ esa eaxy çlkn fo'odekZ —r ^'ksjÇlg*]
lqn'kZu —r ^çrki çfrKk*] ^jktiwr dh gkj*] rFkk ^tc vka[ksa [kqyrh gSa* vkfn jk"Vªh;
Hkkouk ls vksrçksr ,dkadh jpuk,¡ gSaA Jh cztyky 'kkL=h jfpr ^nqxkZorh* esa foæksg ,oa
Lokra«; Hkkouk dh çèkkurk gSA ^iUuk èkk;* esa LokfeHkfDr ,oa viwoZ cfynku dk fp=.k
gSA cnjhukFk Hkê —r ^ckiw dk LoxZ lekjksg* esa jk"Vªfirk ckiw ds viwoZ R;kx ,oa cfynku
;qDr pfj= dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;k gSA Jh o`na kou yky oekZ jfpr ^nqjaxh* esa Hkkjrh;
ukfj;ksa dks ns'k çse dh Hkkouk tkxzr djus esa jr fn[kk;k x;k gSA jkeujs'k f=ikBh
jfpr ^lhtu My gS* esa fons'kh cfg"dkj ,oa Lons'k dh Hkkouk dk fp=.k gSA lsB xksÇon
nkl ds ^vifjxzg dh ijkdk"Bk* esa xk¡èkhokn ds vifjxzg ds fl)kUr dk fp=.k gSA bl
çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd çlkn ;qx esa fofHkUu jktuhfrd –f"Vdks.kksa dks ysdj ,dkafd;ksa
dh jpuk gqÃA mUgksua s çkphu Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; xkSjo dh LFkkiuk djrs gq, Hkfo"; esa
mldh çkfIr dh vksj ladrs fd;k gSA Hkkjr Hkwfe dh Lora=rk jk"Vª&çse] jk"Vª HkfDr dh
Hkkoèkkjk dk Hkkjrh; ekuo ds var%dj.k esa mæsd djuk budk mn~n's ; jgk gSA pw¡fd ;s
,dkadhdkj Lo;a ns'kçse dh Hkkouk ls vkiwfjr FksA vr% mlds fp=.k esa LokHkkfodrk ,oa
çHkkoksRikndrk dk çkèkkU; jgk gSA budh jpukvksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd iwoZ
çlkn&;qx esa vadqfjr jk"Vª&çse dh Hkkouk bl ;qx ds ,dkadhdkjksa ds fopkjksa dh [kkn
çkIr djds Hkkjrh; turk ds ân; esa vfèkd iqf"ir ,oa iYyfor gks mBhA
çlkn&;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us vusd ,sfrgkfld ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk djds çkphu
Hkkjrh; xkSjo ,oa vrhr ds Lo:i dk Lej.k Hkkjrh; turk dks djk;kA ;n~;fi fons'kh
39

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 ljdkj dk Hk; gksus ds dkj.k ;s Hkkouk çR;{k :i ls çxV u gqà Çdrq blesa fujarj
fodkl ds fp= vafdr gksrs pys x;sA tSls&tSls Lora=rk vkUnksyuksa esa rhozrk vkÃ]
R;ksa&R;ksa mudk Loj ,dkafd;ksa esa vfèkdkfèkd eq[kfjr gksus yxkA bu ,dkadhdkjksa us
Hkkjrh; ukjh ds ifrozr èkeZ ds egku vkn'kZ] mudh R;kx ,oa cfynkue;h Hkkouk vius
jk"Vª ds fgr ds fy, loZLo R;kx dh Hkkouk] jk"Vªfgr ds fy, çk.kksa dh cfy p<+kuk]
dÙkZO;ksa ds çfr tkx:drk vkfn ln~xq.kksa dk fp=.k viuh —fr;ksa esa fd;k gSA
eaxykçlkn fo'odekZ —r ^'ksjÇlg* esa jk"Vªh;rk] Lokra«; çse rFkk Hkkjrh; vrhr
ds xkSjo'kkyh Lo:i dh çfr"Bk gSA Jh vkuanh çlkn JhokLro —r ^uwjtgk¡*] ^pk.kD;
vkSj paæxqIr*] ^f'kokth vkSj Hkkjr jkty{eh* ,sfrgkfld —fr;k¡ gSaA Jh cztyky 'kkL=h
jfpr ^nqxkZorh*] ^ifçuh*] ^iUuk*] ^rkjk*] ^fdj.k nsoh*] vkfn ,sfrgkfld vkn'kZokn ls
çHkkfor vrhr xkSjo dks Li"V djus okyh jpuk,¡ gSAa Jh lqn'kZu—r ^jktiwr dh gkj*]
^çrki çfrKk*] vkfn esa jktiwrh 'kkS;Z] jktiwrh fL=;ksa dk Lons'k fgr gsrq dÙkZO; dk
ikyu ,oa ns'k çse dh Hkkouk dk çHkkoiw.kZ o.kZu gqvk gSA lsB xksÇonnkl us rks cgqr cM+h
la[;k esa ,sfrgkfld ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk dh gS] ftuesa ^cq) ds lPps Lusgh dkSu*\ ^cq)
dh ,d f'k";k*] ^lfgr ;k jfgr*] ^vifjxzg dh ijkdk"Bk*] ^pSrU; dk laU;kl*] ^lw[ks
larjs* vkfn ,sfrgkfld èkkjk ds varxZr vkrs gSaA buesa çkphu Hkkjrh; xkSjo ,oa laLÑfr
dh çfr"Bk] vkpkj&fopkj dk çfriknu lsB th dk çeq[k mn~n's ; jgk gSA xksÇon oYyHk
iar ds ^fo"k dU;k*] ^HkLe js[kk*] ^,dkxzrk dh ijh{kk* vkfn ,sfrgkfld dFkkoLrq ij
vkèkkfjr gSaA bl çdkj çlkn ;qx esa vusd ,sfrgkfld ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk gqà ftuds
ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds vrhre; xkSjo ,oa laL—fr ij –f"Vikr fd;k x;kA
çlkn&;qxhu dqN ,dkadhdkjksa us èkkÆed ikSjkf.kd {ks= esa Hkh ços'k fd;k gSA
çlkn&;qx ds èkkÆed ,dkadh vius iwoZ ;qx esa fojfpr ,dkadh ukVdksa ls fHkUu FksA
Hkkjrsanq&;qx esa budk fo"k; çèkku :i ls jke rFkk —".k dh dFkkvksa ls gh lEc) jgkA
çlkn ;qx esa vU; ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dks Hkh egÙo fn;k x;k D;ksafd lkekftd lqèkkj
dh ço`fÙk dk çkèkkU; gksus ds dkj.k èkkÆed ,dkafd;ksa ls turk lUrq"V ugÈ gksrh FkhA
turk dh èkkÆed vJ)k dk dkj.k èkkÆed Hkz"Vkpkjksa dk çèkkU; ,oa okLrfod èkeZ ds
Lo:i dk yksi gksuk FkkA vr% og èkkÆed {ks= esa lqèkkj ijeko';d le>rh FkhA vr%
dqN èkkÆed dFkkvksa dks vkèkkj :i esa xzg.k dj Hkkjr ds çkphu èkkÆed vkn'kks± dks
çLrqr djuk bl ;qx ds dykdkjksa dks ;qfDr laxr çrhr gqvkA èkkÆed ikSjkf.kd ,dkadh
40

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èkkjk dks çokfgr djus esa jkèks';ke dFkkokpd —r ^—".k&lqnkek*] ^'kkfUr ds nwr
Hkxoku*] ^lsod ds :i esa Hkxoku —".k*] t;nso 'kekZ jfpr ^U;k; vkSj vU;k;*]
t;'kadj çlkn —r ^lTtu* vkSj ^d#.kky;* vkuUnh çlkn&—r ^ikoZrh vkSj lhrk*]
prqjlsu 'kkL=h —r ^lhrkjke*] ^jkèkk&—".k*] ^gfj'pUæ 'kSO;k* vkfn ds uke mYys[kuh;
gSaA bl çdkj çlkn&;qx esa dqN ,dkadhdkjksa us èkkÆed ikSjkf.kd ,dkadh dh ço`fÙk dks
vkxs c<+kus esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;kA
Hkkjrsanq&;qx esa ftl gkL;&O;aX;&çèkku èkkjk dks lkekftd lqèkkj&gsrq ekè;e ds
:i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k Fkk mldk fuokZg çlkn&;qx esa Hkh –f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bu
,dkadhdkjksa us lekt esa çpfyr vusd th.kZ&'kh.kZ :f<+;ksa] dqçFkkvksa ,oa ijaijkvksa ij
O;aX; fd;s gSaA mudk y{; lkekftd] èkkÆed ,oa jktuhfrd lqèkkj gh vfèkd jgk gSA
Jh cæhukFk Hkê jfpr ^pqaxh dh mEehnokjh* esa pquko dh ç.kkyh ij O;aX; fd;k x;k
gSA Jh th-ih- JhokLro jfpr ^nqenkj vkneh*] ^i=&if=dk lEesyu*] ^vPNk mQZ vDy
dh ejEer*] ^u ?kj dk u ?kkV dk*] ^xM+cM+>kyk*] ^ydM+cX?kk*] ^?kj dk eustj* vkfn
gkL; O;aX; çèkku ,dkadh gSa ftuesa fofHkUu èkkÆed ,oa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa o :f<+;ksa ij
O;aX;kRed çgkj fd;s x;s gSaA bu jpukvksa esa ys[kd us ngst leL;k] fookg leL;k
rFkk lkekftd fo:irkvksa ,oa feF;k çn'kZu dh Hkkouk ij lqna j O;aX; fd;k gSA blh
lUnHkZ esa }kfjdkçlkn xqIr jfpr ^c'krsZ fd* cæhukFk jfpr ^ycM+ èkkS&
a èkkSa*] ^iqjkus gdhe
dk u;k ukSdj*] ^fel vesfjdu*] ^jsxM+ lekpkj ds ,MhVj dh èkwy nPNuk* vkfn gkL;
O;aX; çèkku jpuk,¡ gSa ftuesa eè;e rFkk vYi f'kf{kr oxZ dh leL;kvksa dk fp=.k fd;k
x;k gSA Hkê th dk ;g gkL; f'k"V ,oa lq#fpiw.kZ cu iM+k gSA Jh jkepaæ j?kqukFk jfpr
^ikB'kkyk dk ,d –';*] ^lHkh gk% gk%*] ^enn&enn*] ^;ejkt dk Øksèk*] :i ukjk;.k
ikaM;s jfpr ^lekykspuk jgL;*] xjhcnkl —r ^fe;k¡ dh twrh fe;k¡ ds flj*] eqdna hyky
JhokLro —r ^?kj dk lq[k dgÈ ugÈ gS*] Jh xksÇon oYyHk iar jfpr ^140 fMxzh-*] ^dkyk
tknw*] ikaM;s cspu 'kekZ mxz —r ^pkj cspkjs*] ^cspkjk vè;kid*] ^cspkjk lqèkkjd*] lsB
xksÇonnkl —r ^gaxj LVªkbd*] ^mBkvks [kkvks [kkuk vFkok cQsfMuj*] ^og esjk D;ks\a *
vkfn jpuk,¡ blh Js.kh ds varxZr vkrh gSaA
bl çdkj Li"V gS fd çlkn&;qx esa Hkh fofHkUu ,dkadhdkjksa us fofoèk {ks=h;
leL;kvksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds mn~?kkVu gsrq gkL; O;aX; dks egÙo fn;k rFkk mldk
lQyrkiwoZd ç;ksx Hkh fd;kA
41

©
 çlkn&;qx ds mi;qDZ r çfrHkk'kkyh ,dkadhdkjksa ds vfrfjDr vU; vusd ,dkadhdkj
Hkh gq, ftUgksaus ,dkadh ds {ks= esa viuh jpukRed çfrHkk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA vusd
,dkadhdkjksa us vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa fyf[kr ,dkafd;ksa dk Çgnh vuqokn Hkh çLrqr fd;kA
;n~;fi bl ;qx esa vkèkqfud ;qx dh vis{kk fodkl ux.; dgk tkrk gS Çdrq blesa langs
ugÈ fd çlkn&;qx esa vkdj ukV~;dyk fo"k;d ekU;rkvksa esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq,A
fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl ;qx us vkxkeh ,dkadhdkjksa dks ,d iq"V
vkèkkjHkwfe çnku dh ftlesa vkèkqfud ,dkadh lkfgR; vkSj Hkh Lora= :i ls fodflr
gqvkA
½
çlknksÙkj&;qx Çgnh ,dkadh ds fodkl dh rhljh voLFkk gS ftldk le; lu~
1938 ls 1947 Ã- ¼Lora=rk çkfIr ds iwoZ½ rd jgkA blds Hkh ge nks mi&lksiku eku
ldrs gSa&¼1½ 1938 Ã- ls 1940 Ã- rd vkSj ¼2½ 1941 Ã- ls 1947 Ã- rdA çFke lksiku
vFkkZr~ bl dky ds çkjafHkd le; esa Çgnh ,dkadh esa vius le; dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa
,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij rdZ&fordZ feyrk gSA rHkh dqN fofp= ,oa Økafrdkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
us fo"k;] 'kSyh] vkSj –f"Vdks.k dks Hkh u;k eksM+ fn;kA Çgnh ds vusd ,dkadhdkj bl
le; ik'pkR; ukV~; 'kSfy;ksa ,oa fodflr ço`fÙk;ksa ls çHkkfor gks mudk vuqdj.k dj
jgs FksA bClu] fofY;e vkpZj] cukZMZ 'k‚ vkfn [;kfr çkIr ik'pkR; ys[kdksa dk çHkko
Çgnh ,dkadhdkjksa ij iM+ gh jgk FkkA vr% bl ;qx ds ,dkadhdkjksa us ijaijkxr
,dkadh&rÙoksa dk fuokZg djus ds lkFk&lkFk vfHkuo f'kYi&:iksa dks Hkh LFkku fn;k
rFkk fo"k; dh –f"V ls ,dkadh dks ek= euksjatu dh oLrq u cukdj mlesa ekuo thou
dh lkef;d leL;kvksa ,oa fo:irkvksa dk fp=.k çkjaHk dj fn;kA vFkkZr~ bl le;
Çgnh ,dkadh vkn'kZokn ds ,dkaxh ?ksjs ls fudy dj ;FkkFkZokn dh vksj c<+kA lu~ 1940
ls 1947 rd dk le; Hkkjr ds fy, vkifÙk;ksa dk le; FkkA ;q) dh foHkhf"kdk,¡] caxky
dk vdky] vktknh dh gqd a kj] fons'kh 'kkldksa ds ykseg"kZd vR;kpkj] pksj cktkjh vkfn
bUgÈ lkr o"kks± ds Hkhrj dh gh ckrsa gSaA bu lcus gekjs Çpru vkSj gekjh dyk dks
çHkkfor fd;kA ,dkadh Hkh buls vNwrk ugÈ jg ldkA —f=erk dh ctk; LokHkkfod
vkSj lgt thou dks çfrfcfEcr djus okys ,dkadh dh jpuk çkjaHk gqÃA bu ,dkafd;ksa
esa ukVdh; vfHku; ds LFkku ij ljy vfHku;kRed ladsr fn;s tkus yxsA blesa
ijaijkxr jaxeap&foèkku lai.w kZ :i ls ifjoÆrr gks x;k vkSj mlls lgtrk] ljyrk]
42

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LokHkkfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZ ds n'kZu gksus yxsA f'kYi foèkku ds vuko';d vkMacj caèku ls
bl ;qx dk ,dkadh lkfgR; eqDr gks x;kA ladyu =; dks oLrqr% blh le; ,dkadh
dk vfuok;Z vax ekuk tkus yxkA vc ,dkadh dsoy lkfgfR;d foèkk gh u jg x;h
vfirq bl ;qx esa jaxeap dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk mlds Lo:i esa Hkh varj ifjyf{kr gqvkA
bl le; rd ^gal* rFkk ^fo'ofe=* vkfn if=dkvksa esa ,dkadh ukVd ,dkadh ds uke
ls çdkf'kr gksus çkjaHk gks x;s rFkk budh çkjafHkd Hkwfedkvksa esa ,dkadh ds f'kYi vkfn
ij fopkj çLrqr fd;s tkus yxsA ftl çdkj Hkkjrsna q&;qx vkSj çlkn&;qx esa Çgnh
,dkadh dh fofoèk ço`fÙk;k¡ mHkjh FkÈ mlh çdkj çlknksÙkj ;qx esa Hkh Çgnh ,dkadh dh
fofoèk ço`fÙk;k¡ ifjyf{kr gksrh gSaA okLro esa çLrqr ;qx esa Hkh iwoZ;qxhu ço`fÙk;ksa dks gh
vkèkkj cukdj ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk gqà Çdrq mudks vkn'kZokn ds LFkku ij ;FkkFkZoknh
vkèkkjHkwfe ij fuÆer fd;k x;kA
çlknksÙkj ;qx esa ;n~;fi ,dkadh dh vusd ço`fÙk;ksa dks çJ; feyk gS rFkkfi
lkekftd ,dkadh dh ço`fÙk ij yxHkx lHkh ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us viuh ys[kuh pykÃA
çLrqr ;qx ds çeq[k ,dkadhdkj M‚- jkedqekj oekZ us rks vusd lkekftd leL;k çèkku
,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk djds Çgnh ,dkadh lkfgR; dks cgqeYw ; èkjksgj çnku dh gSA bUgksaus
thou dh okLrfodrk dks vius ,dkafd;ksa dk vkèkkj cuk;kA bl –f"V ls buds ^,d
rksys vQhe dh dher*] ^vBkjg tqykà dh 'kke*] ^nl feuV*] ^LoxZ dk dejk*] ^tokuh
dh fMCch*] ^vk¡[kksa dk vkdk'k*] ^jaxhu LoIu*] vkfn ,dkadh lkekftd ,dkadh dh ço`fÙk
dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA oekZ th ds leku misæa ukFk ^v'd* dk è;ku Hkh fofoèk
oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd leL;kvksa dh vksj x;kA budh ,dkadh jpukvksa
esa&^pjokgs*] ^fpyeu*] ^y{eh dk Lokxr*] ^igsyh*] ^lw[kh Mkyh*] ^vUèkh xyh*] ^rwQku ls
igys*] vkfn lkekftd –f"V ls fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSAa buesa ys[kd us ;qxhu
lkekftd :f<+;ks]a ijaijkvks]a fo:irkvksa fo—fr;ks]a ,oa vKkurkvksa dk cM+k gh çHkkoksRiknd
Çdrq O;aX;kRed fp= mifLFkr fd;k gSA ;qxhu ,dkadhdkj Hkqous'oj&jfpr ^';kek ,d
oSokfgd foMacuk*] ^LVªkbd*] ^,d lkE;ghu lkE;oknh* rFkk ^çfrek dk fookg* vkfn
çfl) gSAa blesa lkekftd ckákMEcj] L=h&iq#"k lacèa k] ;kSu fo"k;d leL;kvksa ,oa
çkphu vçxfr'khy ekU;rkvksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gS tks ekuo thou ds fodkl iFk
dks vo#) fd, gq, gSaA Jh txnh'k paæ ekFkqj dk –f"Vdks.k Hkh lkekftd thou dh
leL;kvksa ds çfr LoLFk ,oa mnkj jgk gSA os mu ,dkafd;ksa dks lQy ugÈ ekurs tks
43

©
 lekt ls fujis{k gksdj ek= lkfgfR;d foèkk cudj jg tkrs gSaA mUgksua s ^vks esjs lius*
ds iwoZ fuosnu esa fy[kk gS fd ^dkSu ,slk ys[kd gksxk fd ftldh dye ij lkekftd
leL;k,¡ lokj u gksrh gksa vutkus gh ;k Mads dh pksV ds lkFk\* bl fopkj ds vuqlkj
muds ^esjh ck¡lqjh*] ^f[kM+dh dh jkg*] ^dcwrj [kkuk*] ^Hkksj dk rkjk*] ^[kaMgj*] vkfn
,dkadh mYys[kuh; gSaA buesa lkekftd cUèkuksa ds çfr rhoz foæksgh Hkkouk O;Dr gqà gSA
Jh 'kEHkqn;ky lDlsuk jfpr ^dU;knku*] ^usg: ds ckn*] ^eqnksZ dk O;kikj*] ^u;k lekt*]
^u;k gy u;k [ksr*] ^lxkÃ*] ^e`R;qnku* vkfn ,dkadh lkekftd leL;kvksa dks çLrqr
djrs gSaA lDlsuk th ij xk¡èkhoknh thou dk çR;{k çHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd budh jpukvksa esa lknk thou dk egÙo] ekuorkoknh –f"Vdks.k dh çfr"Bk]
uSfrd mUu;u ds çfr vkxzg] ckákMacj ds çfr ?k`.kk ,oa dÙkZO; ds çfr tkx:drk ds
n'kZu gksrs gSaA gfj—".k çseh us ^cknyksa ds ikj*] ^ok.kh eafnj*] ^lsok eafnj*] ^?kj ;k gksVy*]
^fu"Bqj U;k;* vkfn ,dkadh jpukvksa esa fofoèk lkekftd leL;kvksa dk vadu fd;k gS
ftuesa foèkok leL;k] ^ukjh dh vkèkqfudrk*] oxZ oS"kE;] tkrh; caèku dh ladh.kZrk]
çkphu ijaijkvksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dh vFkZghurk] iq#"k dh okluk yksyqirk ,oa nq'pfj=rk
vkfn dk fp=.k çeq[k :i ls fd;k gSA Hkxorhpj.k oekZ —r ^eSa vkSj dsoy eSa*] ^pkSiky
esa* rFkk ^cq>rk nhid*] esa ihfM+r ekuo dh varos±nuk dk d#.k Loj mHkj dj lkeus
vk;k gSA Jh jkeo`{k csuhiqjh jfpr ^u;k lekt*] ^vej T;ksfr*] rFkk ^xk¡o dk nsork*
vkfn jpuk,¡ lkekftd leL;k çèkku gSaA Jh ln~xq#'kj.k voLFkh us Hkkjrh; laL—fr
ds vkn'kks± dks mi;qDr ,oa mfpr rdksZ dh dlkSVh ij dldj mudks lekt ds fy,
mi;ksxh fl) fd;k ftuesa cqf)] rdZ ,oa foosd dk çkèkkU; gSA bl –f"V ls ^gk¡ esa ugÈ
dk jgL;*] ^[kn~nj*] ^os nksuks*a vkfn fo'ks"k egÙoiw.kZ jpuk,¡ gSaA buds vfrfjDr paæxqIr
fon~;kyadkj jfpr ^I;kl* rFkk ^nhuw*] Jh ;KnÙk 'kekZ —r ^NksVh&ckr*] ^lkFk*] ^nqfoèkk*]
,l-lh- [k=h jfpr ^canj dh [kksiM+h*] ^I;kjs lius*] Jh lTtkn tghj jfpr ^chekj*
vkfn jpukvksa esa lkekftd thou ds lR; dks mHkkjrs gq, vkSj mudk loZi{kh; fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA
çlknksÙkj ;qx jktuhfrd Økafr dk ;qx FkkA xk¡èkh th dk çHkko jktuhfrd thou
esa fo'ks"k :i ls iM+ jgk FkkA nwljh vksj fczfV'k ljdkj dk neu pØ Hkh jktuhfrd
Øk¡fr dks dqpyus ds fy, rhoz xfr ls py jgk FkkA ,dkadhdkjksa us rRdkyhu jktuhfrd
leL;kvksa ,oa xfrfofèk;ksa dk fp=.k djuk rFkk ns'kokfl;ksa esa ns'kçse ,oa Lora=rk dh
44 Hkkouk dks çcy djuk viuk egku dÙkZO; le>kA Jh Hkxorh pj.k oekZ us ^cq>rk

©
nhid* esa jktuhfrd –f"V ls dkaxzl s ds mPp inkfèkdkfj;ksa vFkok usrkvksa ds [kks[kysiu
ij Hkh O;aX;kRed çgkj fd;k gSA Jh gfj—".k çseh us viuh jktuhfrd jpukvksa esa jk"Vª
ds uofuekZ.k] ns'kHkDrksa Hkkjrh; usrkvksa ,oa turk ds Lora=rk çkfIr gsrq fd;s tkus okys
dk;ks±] Çgnw&eqfLye la?k"kZ] lkaçnkf;d ,drk dh vko';drk] nklrk dh csfM+;ksa dks
rksMu+ s ds fy, —r ladYi ns'kHkDrksa dh pkfjf=d egkurk vkfn dks fpf=r fd;k gSA
bl –f"V ls budh ^jk"Vª eafnj*] ^ekr`&eafnj*] ^eku&eafnj* rFkk ^U;k; eafnj vkfn
mYys[kuh; jpuk,¡ gSAa Jh y{eh ukjk;.k feJ jfpr ^ns'k ds 'k=q* 'kh"kZd ,dkadh esa mu
LokFkZyksyqi O;fDr;ksa ij O;aX;kRed çgkj fd;k x;k gS tks vius {kqæ LokFkks± dh iwÆr gsrq
ns'k ds çfr vius dÙkZO; dks Hkqykdj ns'kæksgh cu cSBs gSAa txnh'k paæ ekFkqj jfpr ^Hkksj
dk rkjk* 'kh"kZd ,dkadh esa ns'kHkDr dfo ds egku cfynku dh dgkuh gSA M‚- lqèkÈæ
jfpr ^[kwu dh gksyh*] ^u;k o"kZ*] ^u;k lan's k*] ^jk[kh*] ^laxzke* vkfn rFkk paæxqIr
fon~;kyadkj jfpr ^dkleksiksfyVu Dycksa* vkfn jpuk,¡ jktuhfrd Hkkouk ls vksrçksr
gSaA bl çdkj ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us jktuhfrd Hkkouk ls çHkkfor gksdj jk"Vªh;rk dk
Loj viuh jpukvksa esa çLQqfVr fd;k gSA
vkyksP; ;qx esa dqN ns'kæksgh oS;fDrd LokFkks± ds dkj.k fczfV'k 'kkldksa dk lkFk
ns jgs FksA ,sls ns'k&æksfg;ksa dks ns'kHkfDr dh f'k{kk nsus dh –f"V ls ,dkadhdkjksa us
,sfrgkfld ik=ksa ds vkn'kZ ,oa R;kxe; pfj= dks çLrqr djds çkphu Hkkjrh; xkSjo dh
vksj è;ku Hkh vkdÆ"kr djok;kA M‚- oekZ ds ,sfrgkfld ,dkafd;ksa esa ^pk#fe=*]
^i`Fohjkt dh vk¡[ks*a ] ^nhinku*] ^jkr dk jgL;*] ^çfr'kksèk*] ^jkt Jh*] vkfn çeq[k gSAa
txnh'kpaæ ekFkqj us ^dÇyx fot;*] rFkk ^'kkjnh;k* 'kh"kZd ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk
,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij dh gS rFkk Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd okrkoj.k dk çHkkoksRiknd Lo:i
fpf=r fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; ,sfrgkfld Hkkouk ij ^fldanj*] ^ts#lye* vkfn ,dkafd;ksa dh
jpuk djds Hkqous'oj çlkn us vius ns'k çse dk ifjp; fn;k gSA
gfj—".k çseh jfpr ^eku eafnj*] ^U;k; eafnj*] ^ekr` Hkwfe dk eku*] ^çse vaèkk gS*]
^:if'k[kk* vkfn jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls vksrçksr ,sfrgkfld jpuk,¡ gSAa Jh ;KnÙk 'kekZ jfpr
^çfr'kksèk* rFkk ^gsyu* esa Hkkjr ds xkSjoe; vrhr dh >k¡dh çLrqr dh xà gSA M‚- lR;saæ
jfpr ^dq.kky*] ^çk;f'pr] ^foØe dk vkRees?k* esa çkphu dFkkud ysdj LoLFk rFkk
rkÆdd fopkjèkkjk dks çfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd xkSjo dh çfr"Bk]
vrhr dkyhu Hkkjrh; xkSjo dh egÙkk rFkk ukxfjdksa ds pkfjf=d cy dh vfHko`f)
45

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 djus okys vkn'kZ ik=ksa dh l`f"V djds ys[kd us jk"Vªh; iquÆuekZ.k esa lg;ksx çnku
fd;k gSA fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj jfpr ^fo"kiku*] ^dey vkSj jksVh*] ^oklonÙkk* vkfn esa
ns'kHkfDriw.kZ vkRe cfynku rFkk jk"Vªh; Lora=rk çkfIr gsrq fd;s x;s 'kkS;Zi.w kZ dk;ks± dk
fp=.k gSA Jh jkeo`{k csuhiqjh jfpr ^la?kfe=*] ^Çlgy fot;*] ^us=nku*] ^rFkkxr* vkfn
bfrgkl çfl) ?kVukvksa ij vkèkkfjr gSaA bl çdkj Li"V gS fd çlknksÙkj ;qx esa vusd
,dkadhdkjksa us cgqr cM+h la[;k esa ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ds vkèkkj ij ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk
djds çkphu Hkkjrh; xkSjo dks orZeku ds le{k j[kk gSA
èkeZ&çèkku ns'k ds ukxfjd gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; Çgnh ,dkadhdkjksa us vius
,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk èkkÆed vkèkkj ij djus dh ço`fÙk bl ;qx esa Hkh ugÈ NksM+hA Jh
'kEHkqn;ky lDlsuk us fo'ks"k :i ls èkkÆed ikSjkf.kd çlaxksa ij vkèkkfjr ,dkafd;ksa dh
jpuk dh gSA bUgksua s çkphu Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd xkSjo dh çfr"Bk djus dh –f"V ls mu
xkSjo'kkyh fp=ksa dks mifLFkr fd;k ftUgksua s Hkkjrh; Çgnw laL—fr dh e;kZnk dks cuk;s
j[kkA buds }kjk jfpr ^lhrkgj.k*] ^f'kyk dk m)kj*] ^mrjkÃ*] ^lksus dh ewÆr*] ^fonk*]
^ouiFk*] ^rkilh*] ^iapoVh* vkfn ,dkadh çeq[k gSaA yxHkx lHkh ,dkafd;ksa esa Çgnw
laLÑfr dh egÙkk] Hkkjrh; vk;Z lH;rk ds mPpkn'kks±] ckS) èkeZ dh HkO;rk rFkk Hkkjrh;
uSfrd –f"Vdks.k dh Js"Brk ds Lo:i dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA M‚- jkedqekj oekZ us
^vUèkdkj* rFkk ^jktjkuh lhrk*] 'kh"kZd ,dkafd;ksa esa iki] iq.;] çse rFkk okluk lacaèkh
ç'uksa dks mBkrs gq, ;g fpf=r fd;k gS fd çse ds fcuk okluk vlaHko gSA y{ehukjk;.k
feJ jfpr ^v'kksd ou*] 'kh"kZd ,dkadh esa ys[kd us lhrk ds vkn'kZ pfj= dh fo'ks"krkvksa]
ifrozr] pkfjf=d cy] rkÆdd cqf) rFkk lkfRod ço`fÙk dh vkd"kZd >kadh çLrqr djds
uhfr ,oa e;kZnk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA
çks- ln~xq#'kj.k voLFkh jfpr ^dSd; s h*] ^lqnkek*] ^çÈn*] ^'kEcwd*] ^f='kadq* vkfn
,dkafd;ksa esa çkphu ikSjkf.kd ,oa èkkÆed ik=ksa dks ekSfyd <ax ls uohu rdZ] fopkj]
vkn'kZ ,oa uSfrd rÙoksa lfgr çLrqr fd;k gS rFkk bu ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls çkphu Hkkjrh;
lH;rk ,oa laL—fr dk xkSjo xq.kxku fd;k gSA voLFkh th us vrhr dh O;k[;k
vkèkqfud rFkk uohu –f"Vdks.k ls dh gSA
vkyksP; ;qx esa vusd ,dkadhdkjksa us vusd gkL; O;aX; çèkku ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk
djds fofHkUu lelkef;d leL;kvksa dh vfHkO;fDr ,oa lekèkku çLrqr fd;k gSA bu
,dkadhdkjksa us mu fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij O;aX;kRed çgkj fd;k gS tks lkekftd]
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lkfgfR;d ,oa jktuhfrd thou ds fy, vfHk'kki cuh gqà FkÈA misaæukFk ^v'd* us fo'ks"k
:i ls bl Js.kh ds ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk dhA budh ^dblk lkc dkblh chch*] ^tksd a *]
^iôk xkuk*] ^?kiys* vkfn jpuk,¡ gkL; O;aX; çèkku gSaA Hkxorh pj.k oekZ jfpr ^nks
dykdkj* rFkk ^lcls cM+k vkneh*] esa gkL;e; okrkoj.k dh l`f"V djrs gq, O;aX;kRed
çgkj fd;s x;s gSaA fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj ^cjkr p<+s*] ^eè;LFk*] ^fidfud*] Jh i`FohukFk
'kekZ jfpr ^eqfDr* rFkk M‚- jkedqekj oekZ jfpr ^:i dh chekjh* vkfn jpuk,¡ gkL;
O;aX; çèkku gSAa
euksoSKkfud ,dkadh dh ço`fÙk dk tUe Hkh çlknksÙkj ;qx esa gqvkA ik'pkR;
,dkadhdkjksa ds çHkkoLo:i Çgnh ,dkadhdkjksa us Hkh ik=ksa ds eu dh xgjkb;ksa esa igq¡pdj
muds euksHkkoksa ds fp=.k dks ijeko';d le>kA txnh'kpaæ ekFkqj jfpr ^edM+h dk
tkyk* 'kh"kZd ,dkadh esa vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dks LoIu ds ekè;e ls fpf=r djrs gq,
vopsru eu dh xzfa Fk;ksa dk vR;ar dykRed <ax ls fp=.k fd;k gS ^Hkqous'oj çlkn*
jfpr ^Ålj*] ^çfrek dk fookg* rFkk ^ykVjh* vkfn euksfo'ys"k.k çèkku euksoSKkfud
jpuk,¡ gSAa bu jpukvksa ij Ýk;M ds euksfoKku dk Li"V çHkko gSA Jh 'kaHkqn;ky
lDlsuk jfpr ^thou èkkj.kh*] ^uanjkuh*] ^iapoVh* vkfn] fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj jfpr
^vijkèkh*] Jh misæa ukFk ^v'd* jfpr ^NVk csVk*] ^Hkaoj*] ^vaèkh xyh*] ^eseuk*] ^lw[kh
Mkyh* vkfn euksoSKkfud jpuk,¡ gSAa bu ,dkafd;ksa esa eu dh vr`Ir bPNkvksa] egÙokdka{kkvksa
rFkk eu dh nfyr vuqHkwfr;ksa dk ltho fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA
bl çdkj] çlknksÙkj ;qx esa igq¡pdj] gj –f"V ls ,dkadh lkfgR; dk ,d Lora=
vfLrRo ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA vusd ik'pkR; ukVddkjksa tSls bClu] 'k‚] xkYlonÊ] ps[ko
vkfn ,dkadhdkjksa dh jpukvksa dk Çgnh vuqokn çkjaHk gks x;k FkkA bu vaxt zs h ,dkafd;ksa
ds Çgnh vuqoknksa dh ek¡x jsfM;ks ds {ks= esa vfèkd FkhA çks- vejukFk xqIr us ,-,- feyu
ds ,dkadh dk Çgnh vuqokn fd;kA dkes'oj HkkxZo }kjk ^iqtkjh* 'kh"kZd Çgnh vuqokn
çkIr gqvk tks ^fo'kIl dSafMyfLVDl* dk Çgnh vuqokn gSA blds vfrfjDr gSjkYM
fozxgkml dh jpukvksa ds Hkh Çgnh vuqokn gq,A bl çdkj vkyksP; ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa
us fofHkUu uohu ç;ksxksa ds }kjk Çgnh ,dkadh lkfgR; dks le`f)'kkyh cuk;k x;kA

Çgnh ,dkadh ds fodkl dh pkSFkh voLFkk Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ çkjaHk gksrh gS] ftls
Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl voLFkk esa Çgnh ,dkafd;ksa ij jsfM;ks dk
47

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 çHkko cM+h xgjkà ls iM+k gSA jsfM;ks ukVdksa ds :i esa ukVdksa dk uohu :i gekjs le{k
vk;kA jsfM;ks ekè;e gksus ds dkj.k Jksrkx.k blesa #fp ysus yxsA blfy, jsfM;ks
,dkafd;ksa dh ek¡x bl ;qx esa vfèkd jghA M‚- n'kjFk vks>k us fy[kk gS fd ^Çgnh ds
ftrus&ukVd vkt jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa ij vfHkuhr gksrs gSa mrus flusek dh ç;ksx'kkykvksa
esa Hkh ugÈ gksrs gksaxAs vr% ukV~;dyk dk Hkfo"; jsfM;ks&:id ds jpf;rkvksa ds gkFk
esa gSA*2 Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qxhu Çgnh ,dkadh dk Lo:i fofoèkrk fy, gq, gSAa buesa ,d vksj
ijaijkxr 'kSyh esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk çèkku ,dkadh fy[ks x;s rks nwljh vksj èofu ukV~; rFkk
xhfr ukV~; dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA bl ;qx ds ,dkadhdkjksa us lkekftd] jktuhfrd]
ekuorkoknh rFkk ;FkkFkZoknh fopkjèkkjkvksa ls çHkkfor gksdj ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk dhA bu
,dkadhdkjksa dk –f"Vdks.k çxfr'khy rÙoksa ls çHkkfor jgkA ftlls budh jpukvksa esa
iw¡thokn fojksèk] oxZ la?k"kZ] lM+h&xyh :f<+;
+ ksa ds çfr vukLFkk] ekuo vareZu dh lw{e
Hkkoukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] Hkz"Vkpkj mUewyu] —"kd ,oa etnwj dh n;uh; fLFkfr rFkk
fczfV'k ljdkj ds çfr vlarks"k vkfn fopkj O;Dr gq,A
bl {ks= esa fouksn jLrksxh jfpr ^cgw dh fonk*] d.kkn _f"k HkVukxj jfpr ^u;k
jkLrk*] rFkk ^viuk ?kj* ngst dh dqçFkk dk inkZQk'k djrs gSaA fouksn jLrksxh] t;ukFk
ufyu] y{ehukjk;.k yky] jktkjke 'kkL=h] dSyk'k nso] fo".kq çHkkdj] çHkkdj ekpos]
jsorh'kj.k 'kekZ] Jh fpjathr] Hkkjr Hkw"k.k vxzoky] —".k fd'kksj] djrkj Çlg nqXxy]
Lo:i dqekj c['kh] xksÇon yky ekFkqj vkfn us lekt esa ifjO;kIr fofHkUu lkekftd
:f<+;ksa ,oa fo—fr;ksa ds fp= [kÈps gSAa bl ;qx ds ,dkadhdkjksa dk ;FkkFkZijd –f"Vdks.k
,oa ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds çfr fo'ks"k vkxzg jgk gSA fo".kq çHkkdj ds ^caèku eqDr* esa
vNwrks)kj] ^iki* esa vfookfgr ;qorh dk vuqfpr iSxke] ^lkgl* esa fuèkZurk vkSj
os';ko`fÙk] ^çfr'kksèk* rFkk ^balku* esa Çgnw&eqfLye >xM+kas ls mRiUu lkaçnkf;drk dh
leL;k] ^ohj iwtk* esa 'kj.kkFkÊ leL;k] ^fdj.k vkSj dqgklk* esa vartkZrh;&fookg dh
lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA fo".kq çHkkdj ij xk¡èkhokn dk çHkko Li"V
:i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA buds ^Lora=rk dk vFkZ*] ^dke*] loksZn;] ^lekt lsok*] ^u;k
dk'ehj* vkfn ,dkafd;ksa esa xk¡èkhoknh] lkekftd ,oa vkÆFkd fopkjèkkjkvksa dh vfHkO;fDr
gqà gSA fpjathr ds ,dkadh ;FkkFkZ ,oa dYiuk dk lfEefyr :i çdV djrs gSaA
lkekftd ,dkafd;ksa esa budk ;FkkFkZoknh] vkykspukRed ,oa O;aX;kRed –f"Vdks.k jgk

48
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fganh ukVd % mn~Hko vkSj fodkl % MkW- n'kjFk vks>k % i`- 337

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gSA d.kkn _f"k HkVukxj —r ^u;k jkLrk* rFkk ^ykaNu* esa ukjh Lokra«; ,oa lekukfèkdkj
dk Loj eq[kfjr gqvk gSA nsohyky lkej —r ^ifjR;Dr*] nsojkt fnus'k —r ^leL;k
lqy> xÃ*] foèkok iquÆookg dk leFkZu djrs gSAa bl çdkj Li"V gS fd Lokra«;ksÙkj
,dkadhdkjksa us viuh jpukvksa esa mu fofoèk lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fp=.k fd;k gS tks
lgt gh ekuo laons ukvksa dk laLi'kZ djrh gSAa
vkyksP; ;qx esa Çgnh ,dkadh esa jktuhfrd thou] Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ] caxky dk
vdky] Hkq[kejh] Qklhokn dk fojksèk] tkxhjnkjh vkSj ns'kh ujs'kksa dk thou rFkk vU;
vusd jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; leL;k,¡ çdV gqà gSaA xk¡èkh th }kjk Lora=rk çkfIr gsrq
pyk;s x;s fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa ,oa fØ;k&dykiksa dk fp=.k Hkh bu ,dkafd;ksa esa feyrk
gSA Lora=rk çkIr djus ds i'pkr~ Çgnh ,dkadhdkjksa dh ys[kuh fuckZèk :i ls fuHkZ;
gksdj py iM+hA vr% mUgksaus viuh ys[kuh ls fczfV'k ç'kkldksa ds dkys dkjukeksa dk
Hkh HkaMkQksM+ mUeqDr :i ls fd;k rFkk ns'kæksfg;ksa dh oS;fDrd LokFkks± dh iwÆr gsrq
fczfV'k ljdkj ds çfr pkVqdkfjrk dh ço`fÙk dk fp=.k djrs gq, mudh dVq vkykspuk
Hkh dh gSA t;ukFk ufyu dh jk"Vªh; jpukvksa esa l`tukRed ço`fÙk ds n'kZu gksrs gSAa
ns'k dh Lora=rk] blds fy, fd;k x;k cfynku] R;kx] lrr mn~;ksx ,oa deZ dh
vko';drk ds egÙo dk çfriknu budh jpukvksa esa gqvk gSA buds ^foæksgh dh
fxj¶rkjh*] ^ns'k dh feêh*] ^;qx ds ckn*] ^yky fnu* vkfn jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ
,dkadh gSAa fo".kq çHkkdj us tks jktuhfrd Hkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ ,dkadh fy[ks muesa
jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky] lekt ij jktuhfrd çHkko] Lora=rk vkUnksyu rFkk jktuhfrd
xkSjo dk fp=kadu fd;k gSA bl Js.kh ds çeq[k ,dkadh&^Økafr*] ^dkaxzl s eSu cuks*]
^gekjk Lokèkhurk laxzke* vkfn gSaA ^gekjk Lokèkhurk laxzke*] la;e] Lora=rk dk vFkZ]
dke] loksZn; vkfn xk¡èkhoknh Hkkouk ls çHkkfor jpuk,¡ gSAa jk"Vª ds çfr dÙkZO; ,oa
tkx:drk dk fp=.k çsejkt 'kekZ —r ^xk¡èkh dh vk¡èkh*A nsohyky lkxj us ^cgknqj
'kkg*] ^okftn vyh 'kkg*] rFkk ^'ksj'kkg lwjh* esa ifjiw.kkZuan oekZ us jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa
laxBu dk ladsr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh }kjk jktuhfrd {ks= esa fn;s x;s lfØ;
lg;ksx dk fp=.k Hkh bu ,dkadhdkjksa us fd;k gSA
çlknksÙkj ;qx esa ,sfrgkfld jktuhfrd ,dkadh dh èkkjk rhozoxs ls çokfgr gks
jgh FkhA bl ;qx ds ,dkadhdkjksa us çkphu ,sfrgkfld ik=ksa ds egku pfj=ksa dks le{k
j[k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk xkSjoe; fp= lkeus j[kk rFkk ns'kæksfg;ksa dks muds nq"—R;ksa
49

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 ij fèkôkjkA blh èkkjk dk iks"k.k Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us mUeqDr ân; ls
fd;k gSA bu ,dkadhdkjksa us eqxydky ls ysdj fczfV'k dky rd ds bfrgkl dks viuh
,dkadh jpukvksa esa çLrqr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; Lora=rk dh yM+kà dk bfrgkl çLrqr dj
vkxkeh ih<+h ds fy, ,d vewY; èkjksgj çnku dh gSA lkFk gh xk¡èkhokn ls çHkkfor
,dkadhdkjksa us xk¡èkh ds lR;] vÇglk ,oa ekuorkoknh ,oa 'kkfUriw.kZ vÇglkRed
vkUnksyu dh Lora=rk ds ;q) dh i`"BHkwfe esa vfHkO;fDr dh gSA Jh fouksn jLrksxh us
^iq#"k dk iki*] ^iRuh ifjR;kx*] ^lkezkT; vkSj lksgkx*] ^I;kj vkSj I;kl* vkfn ,dkafd;ksa
esa ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dks vkèkkj cuk vkèkqfud leL;kvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk gSA nsohyky
lkxj us ^ohj cYyw*] ^vks uhyk ?kksM+k ok vlokj*] rFkk ^thou nku*] 'kh"kZd ,sfrgkfld
,dkafd;ksa esa çkphu jktiwrh 'kkS;Z] ekr`Hkwfe çse] Lokra«; çse rFkk R;kx dk lqanj fp=.k
fd;k gSA çks- t;ukFk ufyu us ^ns'k dh feêh*] ^foæksgh dh fxj¶rkjh* vkfn ,dkafd;ksa
esa ns'k dh Lora=rk] ns'kgsrq fd, x, 'kkS;Zi.w kZ cfynku] ns'k lsok rFkk ns'k ds çfr dÙkZO;
dk lUns'k fn;k gSA Jh ifjiw.kkZuna oekZ us ^okftn vyh 'kkg*] ^'ksj'kkg lwjh* rFkk
^cgknqj'kkg* vkfn esa rhuksa eqxy ckn'kkgksa ds 'kklu&dky dh lqanj >k¡dh çLrqr dh gSA
çseukjk;.k VaMu us ^vtkr 'k=q*] ^xkUèkkj iru*] ^ladYi*] ^ekrk* dh jpuk ,sfrgkfld
i`"BHkwfe ij dh gSA
fo".kq çHkkdj jfpr ^v'kksd* 'kh"kZd ,dkadh tgk¡ Çglk ij vÇglk] vlR; ij
lR; rFkk nkuork ij ekuork dh fot; dks fpf=r djrk gS ogÈ ,sfrgkfld ik=
dÇyx dqekj ds ns'kHkfDriw.kZ cfynku] 'kkS;Z] ohjrk ,oa –<+rk dk Hkh lqanj mnkgj.k
çLrqr djrk gSA bl çdkj ;s ,dkadhdkj ,sfrgkfld ,dkadh ço`fÙk dks vkxs c<+kus dk
dk;Z dj jgs gSAa
LokrU«;ksÙkj ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us viuh jpukvksa esa çkphu lkaL—frd] ikSjkf.kd]
èkkÆed rFkk uSfrd çlaxksa dh vfHkO;fDr viuh ,dkadh jpukvksa esa uohu fopkjksa rFkk
rdZ dh dlkSVh ij uohu <ax ls dh gSA çks- dSyklnso c`gLifr us vrhr Hkkjr dh
lk¡LÑfrd ijaijk dk iqu#RFkku rFkk mlds vkn'kZe; vrhr xkSjo dk fp=kadu vius
ikSjkf.kd rFkk ,sfrgkfld :idksa esa fd;k gSA blds ^lkxj eaFku*] ^fo'okfe=*] ^LoxZ esa
Økafr* vkfn egÙoiw.kZ jsfM;ks :id gSa ftuesa Hkkjrh; lkaL—frd xkSjo dk dykRed
fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA d.kkn _f"k HkVukxj us ^vkt dk rktk v[kckj*] esa Hkkjrh;
laL—fr dh egÙkk fpf=r dh gSA vksd a kjukFk fnudj jfpr x.kra= dh xaxk] vfHklkfjdk]
50

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lhrkjke nhf{kr jfpr ^j{kkcaèku*] nsohyky lkej jfpr ^vkRek dh [kkst*] ^Ã'oj dh
[kkst* vkfn esa ikSjkf.kd ,oa èkkÆed dFkkudksa ds vkèkkj ij çkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd]
lkaL—frd] ekuorkoknh ,oa nk'kZfud vkn'kks± dh çfr"Bk dh gSA buesa ls dfri;
,dkafd;ksa esa xk¡èkhoknh fopkjèkkjk dh vfHkO;fDr gqà gSA
vkyksP; ;qxhu ,dkadhdkjksa us fofHkUu oS;fDrd] ikfjokfjd] lkekftd ,oa
jktuSfrd leL;kvksa dk fp=.k gkL; O;aX; çèkku 'kSyh esa fd;k gSA tSls nsohyky lkej
us ^oYyHk*] ^rok;Q ds ?kj cxkor*] ^miU;kl dk ifjPNsn*] ^vehj dh cLrh vNwr* vkfn
esa vkJ;ghu frjL—r foèkokvksa] lekt dk muds çfr nqO;Zogkj] NqvkNwr] :f<+;ksa rFkk
ifjokjksa esa gksus okys NksVs&NksVs vR;kpkjksa ij O;aX; fd;k gSA
çks- t;ukFk ufyu us ^laosnuk lnu*] ^'kkfUr lEesyu*] ^oj fuokZpu*] ^usrk*] ^esy
feyki* vkfn O;aX; çèkku ,dkadh fy[ks gSaA y{ehukjk;.k yky us ^xhr ds cksy*] ^ew[kZ*]
^ljdkjh ukSdjh*] ^dyk dk ewY;*] ^fj'rsnkj* vkfn Hkkouk çèkku dVq O;aX; fefJr
,dkafd;ksa dk l`tu fd;k gSA —".k fd'kksj JhokLro jfpr ^eNyh ds vk¡l*w ] thou dk
vuqokn*] ^vk¡[k*] ^csodwQ dh jkuh* vkfn esa lkekftd ;FkkFkZ fp=.k dj dVq O;aX;kRed
çgkj fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr jktkjke 'kkL=h] Jh fpjathr vkfn dks gkL; jl
ds NksV&
s NksVs O;aX;kRed ,dkadh fy[kus esa vPNh lQyrk feyh gSA
mi;qZDr ,dkadhdkjksa ds vfrfjDr Lokra«;ksÙkj ;qx esa vU; vusd çfrHkk laiUu
,dkadhdkj Hkh mYys[kuh; gSa ftUgksua s viuh çfrHkk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, Çgnh ,dkadh dks
laiUu ,oa le`) cukus esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;k gSA dqN ,dkadhdkjksa us euksfo'ys"k.k
çèkku ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk dh ftuesa ekufld dqaBkvksa ,oa tfVy Hkkouk&xzafFk;ksa dk
rkÆdd fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;kA bl ;qx esa fofoèk fo"k;ksa ,oa leL;kvksa dks ysdj cgqr
cM+h la[;k esa ,dkafd;ksa dh jpuk gqÃA
laf{kIrr%] Çgnh ,dkadh dk fodkl Øe'k% Hkkjrsanq&;qx] çlkn&;qx] çlknksÙkj&;qx
rFkk Lora=;ksÙkj&;qx esa laiUu gqvkA Hkkjrsna q ;qx esa tks ,dkadh fy[ks x;s os çk;% ukVd
dk gh y?kq :i FksA bl ;qx esa ,dkadh dk Lora= :i ugÈ feyrkA Çdrq çlkn&;qx
ls çkjaHk gksdj Lokra«;ksÙkj dky rd bldk Lora= Lo:i fuf'pr gqvk tks fuf'pr :i
ls çxfr ;qx dgk tk ldrk gSA ,sls fodkl&Øe dks ns[krs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd
fu'p; gh Çgnh ,dkadh dk Hkfo"; mTToy gksxkA
51

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 1- D;k ,dkadh ukVd dk y?kqre :i gS\
2- HkksykukFk frokjh us ,dkadh ds ckjs esa D;k dgk gS\
3- Çgnh ,dkadh ds fodkl ds pj.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A
4- vkids vuqlkj Çgnh ,dkadh dk Hkfo"; dSlk gS\

O;aX; dk tUe vius le; dh foæwirkvksa ds Hkhrj ls mits vlarks"k ls gksrk gSA
fo}kuksa esa bl ckr ij erHksn yxkrkj cuk jgk gS fd O;aX; dks ,d vyx foèkk ekuk
tk, ;k fd og fdlh Hkh foèkk ds Hkhrj ^fLifjV* ds :i esa ekStnw jgrk gSA njvly
O;aX; ,d ekè;e gS ftlds }kjk O;aX;dkj thou dh folaxfr;ksa] [kks[kysiu vkSj ik[kaM
dks nqfu;k ds lkeus mtkxj djrk gSA ftuls ge lc ifjfpr rks gksrs gSa Çdrq mu
fLFkfr;ksa dks nwj djus] cnyus dh dksf'k'k ugÈ djrs cfYd cgqèkk mUgÈ foæwirkvks&
a folaxfr;ksa
ds chp thus dh] muls le>kSrk djus dh vknr cuk ysrs gSAa O;aX;dkj viuh jpukvksa
esa ,sls ik=ksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dh ;kstuk djrk gS tks bu vokafNr fLFkfr;ksa ds çfr ikBdksa
dks lpsr djrs gSaA tSlk fd ^O;aX;* uke ls gh Li"V gS] bl foèkk esa lkekftd
folaxfr;ksa dk fp=.k lhèks&lhèks ¼vfHkèkk esa½ u gksdj ijs{kr% ¼O;atuk ds ekè;e ls½ gksrk
gSA blhfy, O;aX; esa ekjd {kerk vfèkd gksrh gSA

Çgnh esa lar lkfgR; ls O;aX; dk vkjaHk ekuk tk ldrk gSA dchj O;aX; ds vkfn
ç.ksrk gSaA mUgksaus eè;dky dh lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ij O;aX;iw.kZ 'kSyh esa çgkj fd;k
gSA tkfr&Hksn] Çgnw&eqlyekuksa ds èkekZMacj] xjhch&vehjh] :f<+okfnrk vkfn ij dchj
ds O;aX; cM+s ekjd gSaA ^tks rw ckeu&ceuh tk;kA vku }kj dkgs uÇg vk;k*A ^D;k rsjk
lkfgc cgjk gS*] ^dkadj ikFkj tksfj dS elftn yà pquk;A rk pf<+ eqYyk ckafx ns D;k
52

©
cgjk gqvk [kqnk;* vkfn vusd m)j.k dchj dh O;aX;&{kerk ds çek.k gSAa ysfdu
mÙkj&eè;dkyhu lkearh lekt dchj vkfn larksa ds lekt&cksèk dks le> ikus esa
vlQy jgk vkSj iwjs jhfrdky esa O;aX; jpukvksa dh mifLFkfr ux.; jghA
dchj ds ckn Hkkjrsna q us lkekftd fo"kerkvksa ds çfr O;aX; dks gfFk;kj cuk;kA
vaxzst+kas ds f[kykQ fy[krs gq, os dgrs gSa] ^^gks; euq"; D;ksa Hk;s] ge xqyke os HkwiAß bl
iafDr esa vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr dh ewy leL;k gesa fn[kkà nsrh gSA ijkèkhu Hkkjr dh
leL;k,¡ orZeku Hkkjr ls vyx FkÈA ^vaèksj uxjh* vkSj ^eqdfj;ks*a esa xqyke Hkkjr dh
foMacukiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ks]a vaxzt
s h lkezkT;okn vkSj mudh 'kks"kd –f"V ds çfr vkØks'k dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrsna q&;qx ds vU; egÙoiw.kZ O;aX;dkj cnjhukjk;.k pkSèkjh
^çse?ku* vkSj çrkiukjk;.k feJ gSAa Çdrq çse?ku dh —fr ^gkL;Çcnq* vkSj çrkiukjk;.k
feJ ds fucaèkksa esa O;aX; lgk;d ço`fÙk ds :i esa ekStnw gSA O;aX; budh jpukvksa esa
dsaæh; Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu ugÈ djrk gSA O;aX; dk iw.kZ mUes"k buds ckn ds O;aX;
jpukdkj ckyeqdqan xqIr dh jpukvksa esa fn[kkà nsrk gSA ^f'ko'kaHkq ds fpës* uked viuh
çfl) O;aX; ys[kekyk esa bUgksua s lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij rhoz O;aX; fd,A jktuhfr
vkSj rRdkyhu 'kklu&O;oLFkk ls Vdjko budh O;aX; jpukvksa dh vkèkkj lkexzh dk
dke djrs gSaA

;qxhu leL;kvksa ij O;aX; djus dh ço`fÙk çsepan esa Hkh cgqr feyrh gSA bUgksaus
viuh dgkfu;ksa vkSj miU;klksa esa vke vkneh vkSj —"kd oxZ dh nSufa nu dfBukb;ksa ij
djkjk O;aX; fd;k gSA çsepan ds ckn ds jpukdkjksa esa fujkyk lkfgR; esa bls ns[kk tk
ldrk gSA budh ^dqdqjeqÙkk* vkfn jpukvksa esa O;aX; dh vfHkO;fDr foæwirk QSykus okys
lekt ds f[kykQ pqukSrh ds :i esa gqà gSA buds vykok Lora=rk&iwoZ ds jpukdkjksa esa
ikaM;s cspu 'kekZ ^mxz* vkSj jkax;s jk?ko dk uke Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu bu
ys[kdksa esa O;aX; dh og èkkj ugÈ gS tks gesa Hkkjrsanq vFkok ckyeqdqna xqIr dh jpukvksa
esa fn[kkà nsrh gSA

lu~ 1947 esa Hkkjr Lora= gqvk vkSj ns'k dh vkt+knh ds lkFk gh vke vkneh
[kq'kgkyh ds lius ns[kus yxkA ysfdu foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd vnwjnÆ'krk
ds dkj.k vke vkneh ds ;s lius iwjs ugÈ gks ldsA Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa lekt] 53

©
 jktuhfr] èkeZ] f'k{kk vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa vlaxfr;k¡ c<+h gSaA lkekftd&uSfrd ewY;ksa dk
iru gqvk gSA vke vkneh ds fy, 'kkafriwoZd thou thus ds volj de gq, gSaA lR;]
lnkpj.k] Ãekunkjh vkSj drZO;fu"Bk vkfn 'kk'or ewY;ksa dk LFkku vusd folaxfr;ksa us
ys fy;k gSA vktknh iwoZ ns[ks x, LoIu rks chloÈ 'krkCnh ds NBs n'kd rd vkrs&vkrs
gh [kf.Mr gks x,A xqyke Hkkjr esa gksus okys 'kks"k.k&vR;kpkj vktknh ds ckn de gksus
dh ctk; vkSj vfèkd c<+ x,A O;fDr vkSj lekt dh vkarfjd tfVyrkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk
varÆojksèk Hkh c<+s gSAa O;fDr futh LokFkZ rd lhfer gksdj jg x;k gSA ;s folaxfr;k¡
vkSj tfVyrk,¡ O;aX; ds fy, vkèkkjHkwfe cuÈA Lokra«;ksÙkj Çgnh lkfgR; esa O;aX; dk
i;kZIr l`tu gqvk gSA fujarj c<+rh lkekftd fo"kerkvksa ls fo{kqCèk gksdj d#.kkiw.kZ O;aX;
ys[ku dh ,d yEch ijaijk feyrh gSA gfj'kadj ijlkà bl ijaijk ds çfrfufèk jpukdkj
gSaA
ijlkà dh jpuk,¡ ^vktkn Hkkjr dk l`tukRed bfrgkl* dgh tk ldrh gSAa bu
jpukvksa dk orZeku Hkkjr dh ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa gh vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk
gSA lkekU; lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dks ijlkà us oSpkfjd Çpru ls iq"V djds çLrqr fd;k
gSA Lora= Hkkjr ds ldkjkRed&udkjkRed lHkh igyqvksa dh ijlkà us c[kwch iM+rky
dh gSA ijlkà dh jpukvksa esa ml ihfM+r Hkkjr dh NViVkgV dks eglwl fd;k tk
ldrk gS tks 'kks"kdksa ds frfyLe esa dSn gSA 'kks"kd bl frfyLe dks cuk, j[kus ds fy,
rjg&rjg ds Nn~e djrs gSAa bu Nn~eksa dk [kqyklk ijlkà djrs gSAa viuh oSpkfjd
çfrc)rk vkSj lrdZ oSKkfud –f"V ds dkj.k ijlkà Nn~e ds mu lHkh :iksa dks vklkuh
ls igpku ysrs gSa ftu rd lkekU;r% :f<+oknh –f"V ugÈ igq¡p ikrhA
ijlkà dk jpuk lalkj cgqr O;kid gSA futh vuqHkwfr;ksa dh fuoSZ;fDrd
vfHkO;fDr muds O;aX; ys[ku dh fof'k"Vrk gSA ijlkà dh l`tu'khy –f"V fuEuoxÊ;
lkekU; vkneh ls çkjaHk gksdj cgqjk"Vªh; leL;kvksa rd dks vius Hkhrj lesVrh gSA
ijlkà O;aX; ds ekè;e ls l`tu vkSj lagkj nksuksa ,d lkFk djrs gSAa ijlkà dk O;aX;
tc 'kks"kd oxZ ds çfr gksrk gS rks og ml oxZ ds çfr ?k`.kk vkSj vkØks'k mRiUu djrk
gS ysfdu tc ogh O;aX; vHkkoxzLr O;fDr ij gksrk gS rks d#.kk iSnk djrk gSA
ijlkà ds O;aX; ys[ku dh Hkk"kk lç;kl ugÈ gSA mudk ekuuk gS fd lekt esa
jgus ds dkj.k og gesa vuqHko nsrk gS vkSj fo"k;kuq:i uà Hkk"kk fl[kkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd ijlkà dh Hkk"kk muds dF; dk vuqlj.k djrh gSaA
54

©
 'kjn tks'kh Hkh ijlkà dh gh rjg ,d vyx Hkk"kkà rsoj ds lkFk O;aX; ys[ku
djrs gSaA f'kYi dh ltxrk buds O;aX; ys[ku dh fo'ks"krk gSA Hkk"kk esa oØrk ds }kjk
;s 'kCnksa vkSj fo'ks"k.kksa dk fof'k"V la;kstu djrs gSaA
Jhyky 'kqDy dk uke Hkh Lokra«;ksÙkj O;aX; ys[ku esa cM+s lEeku ds lkFk fy;k
tkrk gSA buds miU;kl ^jkxnjckjh* us eksgHkax dh fLFkfr;ksa ds ;FkkFkZ dks ltho :i
esa çLrqr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA
joÈæukFk R;kxh dk ys[ku vkRe&O;aX; ds dkj.k egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA buds
ys[ku dks ge gkL; vkSj O;aX; dk la;kstu dg ldrs gSAa ;g u flQZ ikBd dks
çQqfYyr djrk gS cfYd mls lkspus ds fy, ckè; Hkh djrk gSA
yrhQ ?kksa?kh ds O;aX; esa jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks fo"k; cuk;k x;k
gSA buds O;aX; esa ekjdrk dk vHkko gS] Çdrq budk dF; cgqr O;kid gSA ukjh&'kks"k.k]
dkykckt+kjh] Hkq[kejh] 'kSf{kd&lkfgfR;d nqfu;k dh xM+cfM+;k¡ vkfn fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
bUgksua s vke vkneh dh nSfud ijs'kkfu;ksa dks vius O;aX;ksa esa LFkku fn;k gSA Hkk"kk esa mnwZ
dk iqV gSA
lkekftd ewY;ksa ds fo?kVu dks dsaæ esa j[kdj ledkyhu lkfgfR;d ifj–'; esa
O;aX; dk yxkrkj l`tu gks jgk gSA orZeku egÙoiw.kZ O;aX; ys[kdksa esa ujsUæ dksgyh]
çse tuest;] gjh'k uoy] Kku prqoZsnh vkSj v'kksd 'kqDy vkfn dk uke fy;k tk
ldrk gSA ujsaæ dksgyh us vius O;aX;ksa esa u, ç;ksxksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k gSA buds
O;aX;ksa dk vlaxr f'kYi bUgsa vius ledkyhuksa esa fof'k"V cukrk gSA vkt O;aX; dks
lkekftd lrdZrk ds gfFk;kj ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA

vkèkqfud dky ds vkjaHk esa vaxzsth jkT; ds vkus ls yksxksa dk è;ku thou dh
dBksj okLrfodrk dh vksj x;kA thou&laxzke c<+k vkSj lkFk gh tkrh; thou dh Hkh
tkx`fr gqÃA vHkh rd dsoy vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e ,d ek= dkO; gqvk djrk Fkk] ysfdu
Lokèkhurk vkanksyu ds dkj.k fopkjksa dh ek¡x c<+h] rdZ] er vkSj èkkj.kkvksa dh
vko';drk tku iM+hA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i fopkjksa dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr ds fy,
55

©
 xn~; dk foLQksVd :i esa tUe gqvk vkSj xn~; dh fofHkUu fon~;kvksa us gh bl tu
vfHkO;fDr dks l{ke cuk;kA vkt le; ds cnyko ds lkFk&lkFk xn~; dh ;s foèkk,¡
dkQh tufç; cu pqdh gSAa

1- xn~; dh fofoèk foèkkvksa dks egÙo fdl dky esa fn;k x;k vkSj D;ksa\ foLrkjiwoZd
fyf[k,A
2- dgkuh dk lkekU; ifjp; nhft, vkSj mlds fodkl ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
3- laLej.k vkSj js[kkfp= dk vfHkçk; Li"V djrs gq, muds varj dks Li"V dhft,A
4- fucaèk dk ^ifjp; vkSj fodkl* ij ,d ys[k fyf[k,A
5- D;k ,dkadh ukVd dk yèkq :i gS\ orZeku le; esa ^,dkadh dh lQyrk* ij
vius fopkj O;Dr dhft,A
6- ^O;aX;* dk tUe fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gqvk rFkk vkt O;aX; dks lkekftd lrdZrk
ds gfFk;kj ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS& bl ij foLrkj ls çdk'k Mkfy,A

 ^Çgnh dk xn~; lkfgR;* & jkepaæ frokjhA

 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl* & cPpu ÇlgA
 ^Çgnh xn~; % foU;kl vkSj fodkl* & jkeLo:i prqoZsnhA
 ^lkfgfR;d foèkk,¡ % iquÆopkj* & gfjeksguA
 ^çfrfufèk Çgnh fucaèkdkj* & foHkqjke feJA

56

©
II
 galjkt d‚yst
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

2-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

2-2 çLrkouk
2-3 jpukdkj % O;fDrRo ,oa —frRo
2-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
2-4 dFkklkj
2-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
2-5 dgkuh % rkfRod leh{kk
2-6 dgkuh % ewy laosnuk
2-7 fu"d"kZ
2-8 vH;kl&ç'u
2-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

bl ikB ds vè;;u ds mijkar fon~;kFkÊ&

 jpukdkj çlkn ds O;fDrRo o —frRo ls voxr gks ldsaxAs
 çfl) jpukdkj vkSj Nk;kokn ds çeq[k LraHk t;'kadj çlkn dh dgkuh
vkdk'knhi ds dFkklkj dks tku ldsx
a As
 dgkuh dh ewy laosnuk ls ifjfpr gks ldsx
a sA
 dgkuh ds rÙoksa ds vkèkkj ij dh xà vkdk'knhi dgkuh dh rkfRod leh{kk dks
le> ldsaxsA 59

©
 lqçfl) jpukdkj t;'kadj çlkn dk ^dgkuh* foèkk ds fodkl esa viwoZ ;ksxnku
jgk gSA lu~ 1912 ls ysdj 1936 rd dh dkykofèk esa muds ik¡p dgkuh laxzg çdkf'kr
gq, ftUgsa ikBd oxZ ls vçfre Lusg feykA ;g dgkuh laxzg Fks& ^Nk;k*] ^çfrèofu*]
^vkdk'knhi*] ^vk¡èkh* rFkk ^baætky*A mUgksaus mugÙkj dgkfu;k¡ fy[kÈ tks bu laxzgksa esa
ladfyr gSaA vdsys ^vkdk'knhi* esa mUuhl dgkfu;k¡ gSaA vkdk'knhi 'kh"kZd dgkuh
jpukdkj çlkn dh vkn'kZokfnrk dks mdsjrh gSA bl dgkuh esa çse dh vlQyrk
vR;ar ekÆedrk ds lkFk dqN bl çdkj mdsjh xà gS fd ikBd dks Hkko foºoy dj
nsrh gS vkSj dgkuh ds eq[; ik=ksa }kjk fy, x, fu.kZ; dks llEeku Loh—fr nsrh gSA
dFkk esa ukf;dk }kjk fy;k x;k fu.kZ; mlds LokfHkeku dh j{kk djus ds lkFk gh mlds
çse dh xgurk vkSj lkfRodrk dks Hkh mtkxj djrk gSA ;g ,d ukf;dk çèkku dgkuh
gS ftlesa ys[kd çlkn dh LoNanrkoknh –f"V çnÆ'kr gqà gSA

t;'kadj çlkn Çgnh ds dkyt;h jpukdkj gSAa Nk;koknh dkO;èkkjk ds vkèkkj

LraHk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk os ,d ewèkZU; dfo] miU;kldkj] ukVddkj o dgkuhdkj gSaA
lkfgR; ys[ku dh vusd foèkkvksa esa ikjaxr ^çlkn* us Çgnh lkfgR; ds mRFkku esa viuk
cgqeYw ; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ^egkdfo* çlkn dk tUe tuojh 1889 Ã- esa dk'kh ds çfl)
^lqa?kuh* lkgw ifjokj esa gqvkA mudh vYik;q esa gh firk dk nsgkolku gksus ds dkj.k os
vkSipkfjd f'k{kk vfèkd çkIr ugÈ dj ldsA dk'kh ds DoÈl d‚yst ls vkBoÈ rd dh
i<+kà djus ds ckn mUgsa i<+kà NksM+uh iM+hA Lokè;k; ls mUgksaus laL—r] Çgnh] mnwZ vkSj
Q+kjlh vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk vè;;u fd;kA osn] iqjk.k] mifu"kn] Hkkjrh; ,oa ckS) n'kZu]
bfrgkl ds xzaFk ,oa vyx&vyx Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk mUgksaus vè;;u fd;kA bfrgkl
vkSj laL—fr ds vè;;u us muds eu esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr vkSj bfrgkl dh xgjh laons uk
o le> cuk nhA çlkn dks vius çkphu xkSjo'kkyh vrhr ,oa iwoZtksa ij vfHkeku Fkk
ftldh ppkZ vius lkfgR; ,oa vU; —fr;ksa esa mUgksaus çk;% dh gSA
60

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 ^çlkn* dh l`tukRedrk dk ifjp; mudh ys[kuh ds ekè;e ls ckY;koLFkk ls
gh ls –f"Vxr gksus yxk FkkA yxHkx 9 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gh ^dykèkj* uke ls czt esa ,d
loS;k fy[kdj mUgksaus xq# ^jle;fl)* dks fn[kk;k FkkA budh ckY;koLFkk dh jpuk,¡
^cztHkk"kk* esa gh feyrh gSa tks dkykUrj esa ^[kM+h cksyh* dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSaA budh
^lkou&iapd* dfork 1906 esa ^Hkkjrsna q if=dk* esa çdkf'kr gqà FkhA blh o"kZ mudh
igyh dgkuh ^xzke* Hkh çfl) if=dk ^banq* esa çdkf'kr gqÃA çlkn dk igyk dgkuh
laxzg ^Nk;k* lu~ 1912 Ã- esa çdkf'kr gqvk ftlesa X;kjg dgkfu;k¡ lax`ghr gSaA blds
lkFk&lkFk lu~ 1918 Ã- esa mudk çFke dkO; laxzg ^fp=kèkkj* çdkf'kr gqvkA çlkn dk
çkjafHkd thou csgn pqukSrhiw.kZ ,oa mFky&iqFky Hkjk jgk Çdrq mUgksua s vius O;fDrRo ,oa
dkS'ky ds lgkjs thoup;kZ dks O;ofLFkr j[kkA thou ds la?k"kks± us mUgsa vareqZ[kh ,oa
èkS;Zoku cuk;kA lkfgR; ds bl cgqeq[kh çfrHkkoku jpukdkj dk nsgkolku uoacj
1937 Ã- dks gqvkA
Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds fprsjs ,oa vrhr xkSjo dk xku djus okys jpukdkj t;'kadj
çlkn dh lkfgfR;d ;k=k dk vkjaHk dfo ds :i esa gqvkA bl cgqfon~ jpukdkj us dkO;
ds lkFk&lkFk dgkuh vkSj ukVd esa Hkh vius vn~Hkqr jpuk dkS'ky dks çdV fd;kA os
,d ,sls jpukdkj gSa ftuds fcuk u rks ^ukVd* ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk
gS vkSj u gh ^dgkuh* ds bfrgkl ij ckr dh tk ldrh gSA ,d vksj ^dkek;uh*
egkdkO; rks nwljh vksj ^paæxqIr* vkSj ^èkzqoLokfeuh* ukVd] ogÈ ^iqjLdkj*] ^vkdk'knhi*
vkfn dgkfu;k¡ viuh Js"Brk lkfcr djrh gSaA
çlkn ds laiw.kZ lkfgfR;d lalkj ij –f"V Mkysa rks ge ns[krs gSa fd l`tukRed
psruk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ckSf)drk vkSj lkaL—frd ewY;ksa ds çfr mudh vkLFkk]
mudh Çpru 'kSyh yxkrkj le`) gksrh xÃA ftl lkfgR;dkj dh ;k=k dk vkjaHk
^çse&ifFkd* ls gqvk( og ^ygj* vkSj ^dkek;uh* rd vkrs&vkrs viuh mPpre Hkwfe rd
LFkkfir gks x;k FkkA ftl Çpru 'kSyh dks ge mudh igyh —fr ^xzke* esa ns[krs gSa og
^baætky* vkSj ^vkdk'knhi* rd vkSj foLrkj ik xÃA ogÈ ^d#.kky;* vkSj ^jkT;Jh* ls
vkjaHk gqà ukVdh;rk ^paæxqIr* vkSj ^èkzqoLokfeuh* rd vius pje ij fn[krh gSA

^çse ifFkd*] ^dkuu&dqlqe*] ^fp=èkkj*] ^>juk*] ^vk¡lw*] ^ygj*]

^dkek;uh*A
61

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 % ^d#.kky;*] ^jkT;Jh*] ^lTtu*] ^çk;f'pr*] ^fo'kk[kk*] ^vtkr'k=q*]
^tUest; dk ukx ;K*] ^dkeuk*] ^LdanxqIr*] ^paæxqIr*] ^èkzqoLokfeuh*A
% ^Nk;k*] ^çfrèofu*] ^vkdk'knhi*] ^vk¡èkh*] ^baætky*A
% ^dadky*] ^frryh*] ^bjkorh*A
çlkn ,d ;qx çorZd jpukdkj FksA lkfgR; ds bfrgkldkjksa us mUgsa dsaæ esa
j[kdj lkfgfR;d le; dks foHkkftr fd;k gSA bUgksaus fo"k; lEçs"k.k gsrq ,slh Hkk"kk dk
p;u fd;k tks xn~; vkSj in~; nksuksa ds fy, mi;qDr Fkh rFkk fofoèk Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr
esa l{ke FkhA budk lai.w kZ lkfgR; Hkkjrh; n'kZu] bfrgkl vkSj laL—fr dk vn~Hkqr laxe
gS] ftlesa ,sfrgkfldrk] çse&vuqHkwfr] vkn'kZokfnrk] jkxkRedrk dk lgt Lo:i yf{kr
gksrk gSA bfrgkl vkSj dYiuk dk tks loksZÙke feJ.k buds ukVdks]a miU;klksa vkSj
dgkfu;ksa esa gS( og dgÈ vkSj ugÈA
t;'kadj çlkn Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds mUuk;d dgs tkrs gSaA mUgksaus viuh dYiuk
'kfDr ds }kjk bfrgkl dks vkèkqfud lanHkZ esa ns[kk vkSj vrhr dks lelkef;drk ls
tksM+us dk vn~Hkqr ç;kl fd;kA oLrqr% ^çlkn* dk O;fDrRo fuekZ.k vkSj lkfgR; l`tu
,slh i`"BHkwfe esa gqvk tc Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk vkanksyu ds lkFk lkekftd] lkaL—frd vkSj
Hkkjrh; tkxj.k vius pje ij FkkA fons'kh lÙkk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, NViVkgV FkhA
ftlds QyLo:i mudh jpukvksa esa dyk] lekt] laL—fr ds çfr u;h laons uk –f"V
feyh ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk vkSj vkèkqfudrk dk Lo:i Li"V gqvkA ge ;g dg ldrs
gSa fd çlkn dk lkfgR; çR;{k vkSj vçR;{k :i esa lelkef;d ;qx psruk ls çsfjr vkSj
çHkkfor jgk Çdrq muds oSpkfjd Çpru dk ewy lzkrs çkphu Hkkjrh; okaXe; gSA ;g Hkh
lR; gS fd mudh lkfgR; jpuk esa ftruk egÙo bu lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk gS
mruk gh muds O;fDrRo] vuqHkwfr;ksa dh xgjkÃ] vuqHko] ckSf)d Çpru dk Hkh gSA
ekuoh; ewY;ksa vkSj ekuoh; lacèa kksa ds dà :i mudh jpukvksa esa ns[kus ;ksX; gSaA

1- çlkn dk igyk dgkuh laxzg dkSu lk Fkk\

2- çlkn fdl dky ds jpukdkj gS\a
62

©
 3- jpukdkj t;'kadj çlkn dh Hkk"kk fdl çdkj dh gS\
4- t;'kadj çlkn dh dgkfu;ksa dh fo"k;oLrq fdl çdkj dh gS\
5- lkfgR; ds bl cgqeq[kh çfrHkkoku jpukdkj dk nsgkolku dc gqvkA

vkdk'knhi t;'kadj çlkn }kjk jfpr ,d pfj=&çèkku jksekuh dgkuh gSA

bfrgkl dh i`"BHkwfe ij dYiuk yksd ls fuÆer ;g dkO;e;h dgkuh çlkn ds :ekuh
Hkko dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA ;g canhx`g esa vkÇyxu esa caèks nks çoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dh
dgkuh gSA ;g dgkuh gS ^cqèkxqIr* vkSj ^paik* dhA
dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr leqæ dh ygjksa ij fgpdksys [kkrh uko ij canh cukdj j[ks
nks vifjfpr cafn;ksa dh ckrphr ls gksrh gSA ;g nksuksa ,d nwljs ls vutku gSa Çdrq bl
caèku ls eqDr gksuk pkgrs gSaA la;ksxo'k vkSj ç—frtU; ifjos'k ds dkj.k og nksuksa bl
caèku ls eqDr gksus esa lQy gks tkrs gSAa bl g"kkZfrjsd ls tc nksuksa ,d nwljs dks xys
yxkrs gS rc mUgsa irk pyrk gS fd muesa ls ,d L=h gS vkSj nwljk O;fDr iq#"kA buesa
L=h dk uke paik gS vkSj iq#"k dk uke cq)xqIrA paik iksrkè;{k ef.kHkæ ds çgjh dh
,dek= {kf=; iq=h gS tks firk dh e`R;q ds ckn vkB o"kks± ls blh iksr ij jg jgh gSA
ogÈ uo;qod cq)xqIr ,d ty nL;q gSA bl iksr dks ywVus ds Øe esa paik ds firk dh
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ,d fnu ef.kHkæ viuh dkeokluk ds u'ks esa paik ds le{k ,d ?k`f.kr
çLrko j[krk gS ftls paik vLohdkj dj nsrh gSA blh ds QyLo:i ef.kHkæ paik dks
canh cuk ysrk gSA
caèkueqDr gksus ds i'pkr gq, ,d ;q) esa iksrkè;{k ef.kHkæ cqèkxqIr vkSj paik ds
gkFkksa ijkftr gks tkrk gSA iksruk;d ijkLr gksdj mudh 'kj.k esa pyk tkrk gSA
cq)xqIr vc uko dk Lokeh cu tkrk gS rFkk uko pydj ,d }hi ij igqp ¡ rh gS] ftldk
uke cqèkxqIr }kjk paik}hi j[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl }hi ij og nksuksa lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSa
vkSj vifjp; ls ifjp; dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+rs gSaA
ik¡p o"kks± ds varjky ds ckn tc dgkuh vkxs c<+rh gS rks ;g yf{kr gksrk gS fd
viuh esgur vkSj iq#"kkFkZ ds }kjk cqèkxqIr us ckyh] tkok] lqek=k vkfn }hiksa dh 'kklu 63

©
 O;oLFkk lq–<+ dh vkSj paik dks ogk¡ dh jkuh cuk fn;k gSA o"kks± rd lkFk jgrs&jgrs
paik dks ,slk yxrk gS fd cqèkxqIr dk ân; d#.kkfoghu gS] mlesa dkseyrk dk lekos'k
vHkh rd ugÈ gks ldk gSA og cqèkxqIr ls dgrh Hkh gS ^rqeus nL;qo`fÙk NksM+ nh gS ijarq
ân; oSlk gh vkSj vd#.k] lr`".k vkSj Toyu'khy gSA* oLrqr% cqèkxqIr us ml
^vkdk'knhi* dks tykus dks ysdj paik ls dBksj] fu"Bqj fVIi.kh dj nh Fkh] ftls og
fu;fer :i ls tykrh FkhA ml le; paik viuh ek¡ dks ;kn djrh gS tks ukfod firk
ds fy, ck¡l ds MaMksa ij feêh dk nhid HkkxhjFkh ds rV ij Vk¡x nsrh Fkh vkSj og Ã'oj
ls çkFkZuk djrh Fkh fd ^esjs iFk Hkz"V ukfod dks vaèkdkj esa Bhd iFk ij ys pyukA* bUgÈ
lHkh ckrksa esa [kksà gqà paik dks vdLekr ;kn vkrk gS fd firk dh e`R;q dk dkj.k
cqèkxqIr gh gS Çdrq] Øksèk vkSj Hkkoqdrk ds {k.k ls ckgj fudydj paik cqèkxqIr ls çfr'kksèk
ysus dk fopkj R;kx nsrh gS vkSj viuk —ik.k leqæ esa çokfgr dj nsrh gSA dqN le;
ckn ,d lekjksg esa cqèkxqIr ds paik ls fookg çLrko dks paik vLohdkj dj nsrh gSA og
dgrh gS fd og ml O;fDr ls fookg ugÈ dj ldrh ftlus mlds firk dh gR;k dj
nhA cqèkxqIr yxkrkj paik dks ;g fo'okl fnykus dk ç;Ru djrk gS fd mlds gkFkksa
mlds firk dh e`R;q ugÈ gqÃA os fdlh vU; nL;q ds gkFkksa ekjs x, Fks] Çdrq paik ;g
fo'okl ugÈ dj ikrhA
dgkuh ds var esa cqèkxqIr paik dks bl }hi dks NksMu+ s dk çLrko nsrk gS vkSj
dgrk gS fd bl LFkku dks NksM+ ge viuh ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr esa pysa ogÈ thou O;rhr
djsaxAs paik ;g dgdj tkus ls euk dj nsrh gS fd Þesjs fy, lc Hkwfe feêh gS] lc ty
rjy gS] lc iou 'khry gS] dksà fo'ks"k vkdka{kk ân; esa vfXu ds leku çTofyr ugÈ]
lc feykdj esjs fy, ,d 'kwU; gSA fç; ukfod! rqe Lons'k ykSV tkvks] vkSj eq>]s NksM+
nks bu fujhg Hkksy&
s Hkkys çkf.k;ksa ds nq%[k dh lgkuqHkwfr vkSj lsok ds fy,Aß paik dk ;g
fu.kZ; lqudj cqèkxqIr Lons'k tkus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA dgkuh ds vafre –'; esa
lqcg&lqcg paik ns[krh gS fd leqæh ukfodksa dh Js.kh paik}hi dk fdukjk NksMd + j
Lons'k dh vksj tk jgh gSA ;g ns[k paik dh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw cgus yxrs gSaA dgkuh ;gÈ
lekIr gksrh gSA dgkuhdkj var esa Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;g dFkk 'krkfCn;ksa igys
dh gSA paik vkthou ml LraHk ij nhi tykrh jgh Çdrq] ,d fnu le; dh papyrk
us ml nhi LraHk dks Hkh vius vanj lesV fy;kA

64

©
 1- vkdk'knhi dgkuh dk uk;d dkSu gS\
2- cqèkxqIr dgk¡ dk fuoklh Fkk\
3- dgkuh esa vkdk'knhi fdldk çrhd gS\
4- fdl ik= ds eu esa }Un dk Hkko fon~;eku Fkk\
5- paik fdldh iq=h Fkh\

jpukdkj t;'kadj çlkn dh dgkuh ^vkdk'knhi* mudh fof'k"V

dgkfu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA vkn'kZoknh jpukdkj dh vkn'kZoknh dgkuh muds O;fDrRo dks
O;k[;kf;r djrh gSA ukf;dk çèkku bl dgkuh esa ^R;kx* dks jpukdkj us ,d u;k :i
fn;k gSA ;g dgkuh ekufld }an dks fpf=r djus okyh ,d lQy dgkuh gS ftlesa
Hkkoqdrk vius pje ij fn[kkà nsrh gSA çlkn us viuh vU; dgkfu;ksa dh gh Hkk¡fr bl
dgkuh esa Hkh bfrgkl vkSj dYiuk dk lqna j leUo; fd;k gSA
dgkuh dh bfrgkl dh i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g dF; nks caèkdksa
cqèkxqIr vkSj paik dk gSA ;g nksuksa ,d tyiksr ij canh gSAa vk¡èkh vkSj rwQk+ u esa og vius
ijkØe vkSj ijLij lg;ksx ls eqDr gksrs gSa vkSj ,d vutku }hi ij igq¡pdj viuk
thou xqt+kjrs gSAa le; ds lkFk&lkFk os ml }hi ij 'kklu Hkh vkjaHk djrs gSAa yxHkx
ik¡p o"kks± rd lkFk&lkFk jgus ds i'pkr nksuksa esa çse gks tkrk gS ysfdu paik ds eu esa
;g Hkko dsafær gks tkrk gS fd cqèkxqIr gh mlds firk dk gR;kjk gSA cqèkxqIr paik ij
eqXèk gS ysfdu paik mlls vyx gh jguk pkgrh gSA paik ds ân; esa çse ,oa ?k`.kk nksuksa
Hkko gSaA ;g paik ds eu dk var}±n gSA cqèkxqIr paik dks fo'okl fnykus dk Hkjld
ç;kl djrk gS fd mlds firk fdlh vU; nL;q ds 'kL= ls e`R;q dks çkIr gq, FksA Çdrq
paik vius çse dks nckdj cqèkxqIr ds fookg çLrko dks vLohdkj dj nsrh gSA og cqèkxqIr
ds lkFk okil vius ns'k ykSVus ls Hkh euk djrh gSA ,d vlQy çseh ds :i esa grk'k 65

©
 gksdj og fuLlgk; paik dks mlh }hi ij NksMd + j Lons'k ykSV tkrk gSA paik vJqiw.kZ
vk¡[kksa ls mls tkrs gq, fugkjrh gS vkSj ^paik}hi* ds ,d LraHk ij vkthou nhi tykrh
jgrh gSA^Çdrq mlds ckn Hkh cgqr fnu] }hi fuoklh] ml ek;k&eerk vkSj Lusg&lsok
dh nsoh dh lekfèk&l–'k iwtk djrs FksA* ftls varr% dky vius dBksj gkFkksa ls fxjk
nsrk gSA dFkkud dk ?kVukØe bruk gh gS Çdrq dgkuhdkj çlkn us viuh dkO;kRedrk
vkSj jpukRedrk ds }kjk bls ,d yach dgkuh dk :i fn;k gSA dFkkud ds fy,
vko';d rhuksa pj.k ;kuh vkjaHk] eè; vkSj var dk Øfed la;kstu blesa gSA blesa çse]
R;kx] vkn'kZ vkSj ekuo ân; ds LokHkkfod xq.kksa dk lkeatL; gSA
ds lanHkZ esa vkykspdksa }kjk ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fdlh Hkh dgkuh
esa ik=ksa dh la[;k lhfer jguh pkfg, rFkk la{ksi esa gh mu pfj=ksa dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡
mn~?kkfVr gks tkuh pkfg,A bl vkèkkj ij foosfpr dgkuh vkdk'knhi esa ek= nks ik=
cqèkxqIr vkSj paik gh çeq[k gSaA blds vykok uko pkyd] lsfodk,¡] paik ds ekrk&firk
,oa ef.kHkæ xkS.k ik= gSaA ;g lHkh ik= bl dgkuh esa dksà Lora= ;k egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
vnk ugÈ djrsA paik bl dgkuh dh çeq[k ,oa dsaæh; ik= gSA ;g tkàoh rV ij fLFkr
paik uxjh dh ,d {kf=; ckfydk gSA okf.kd ef.kHkæ us okluk ds Hkko ls paik dks canh
cuk fy;k FkkA dgkuh blh ik= ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA çse vkSj vkn'kZ ds chp dk }an
gh paik ds pfj= dks mnkÙk cukrk gSA paik ,d fuHkÊd] cqf)eku] lkglh] R;kxe;h
;qorh gSA blds lkFk&lkFk mls viuh iSr`drk ij xoZ gSA çlkn us çse vkSj ?k`.kk dk
Hkko mlds pfj= esa ,d lkFk la;ksftr dj mlds vlkèkkj.k O;fDrRo dk ifjp; fn;k
gSA og cqèkxqIr dks çse Hkh djrh gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ?k`.kk HkhA ,d gh O;fDr ds fy,
çse vkSj ?k`.kk nksuksa vlaxr Hkkoksa dh ;kstuk çlkn us paik ds ân; esa dh gSA bl
}ankRedrk dks paik dh bu iafDr;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ^fo'okl\ dnkfi ugÈ
cq) xqIr! tc eSa vius ân; ij fo'okl ugÈ dj ldh] mlh us èkks[kk fn;k] rc eSa dSls
dgw¡\ eSa rqEgsa ?k`.kk djrh gw¡] fQj Hkh rqEgkjs fy, ej ldrh gw¡A vaèksj gS ty nL;qA rqEgsa
I;kj djrh gw¡A*
dgkuh dk nwljk çeq[k ik= cqèkxqIr gSA rkezfyIrh dk {kf=; gS tks ifjfLFkfr o'k
tYn nL;q cu x;kA ohjrk] iq#"kkFkZ] LoHkkoxr dBksjrk mlds pfj= ds çeq[k y{k.k gSAa
çse dh i`"BHkwfe ij çlkn us mldk fp=.k fd;k gSA Lusg] lgkuqHkwfr] mnkjrk ftlesa
d#.kk Hkh fuokl djrh gS] ;g lHkh mlds O;fDrRo esa gSA lPph çse dh Hkkouk mlesa
66

©
fufgr gS ftlesa dkseyrk dk lekos'k jpukdkj us fd;k gSA cqèkxqIr ds pfj= dk
lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ Hkko fo;ksx dks Lohdkj djus dh {kerk gSA paik }kjk vLohdkj djus
ds i'pkr og ;ksxh Hkko ls Lons'k ykSV tkrk gSA bl çdkj bl dgkuh esa ik=ksa dh
lhfer la[;k ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh çeq[k ik=ksa dk fp=.k LoHkkfod ,oa ltho gS tks
ikBd ân; dks Li'kZ djrk gSA
çlkn ,d dgkuhdkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk egku ukVddkj Hkh FksA blds
ifj.kkeLo:i ij Hkh mudk viwoZ vfèkdkj FkkA dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dks
xfr çnku djus esa bu laoknksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA bUgÈ laoknksa ds }kjk gh
ik=ksa ds pfj= dk mn~?kkVu Hkh gksrk gSA laokn ftrus laf{kIr] ik=ksa ds vuqdwy] jkspd
vkSj LoHkkfod gksa dgkuh mruh gh vPNh ekuh tkrh gSA blds lkFk&lkFk fo"k;
lac)rk vkSj mi;qDrrk Hkh dFkksidFku ds fy, vko';d gksrh gSA ftlesa ukVdh;rk
vkSj euksoKS kfudrk dk Hkko Hkh fon~;eku jgrk gSA laokn ds ;g lHkh rÙo ge bl
dgkuh esa ns[k ldrs gSaA ;g dgkuh laf{kIr dFkksidFku ds }kjk gh vkjaHk gksrh gSA tgk¡
NksVs&NksVs laokn dgkuh dks xfr çnku djrs gSa
Þcanh!
D;k gS\ lksus nksA
eqDr gksuk pkgrs gks\
vHkh ugÈ] Çuæk [kqyus ij] pqi jgksAß
fQ+j volj u feysxkA
cM+k 'khr gS] dgÈ ls ,d dEcy Mkydj dksà 'khr ls eqDr djrkAß
;g dFku laf{kIr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ukVdh; Hkh gS vkSj blesa jkspdrk dk
lekos'k Hkh gSA jkspdrk vkSj lgtrk dk Hkko bl dgkuh esa dà LFkkuksa ij ge ns[k
ldrs gSa] ftldk la;kstu çlkn us fd;k gSA
fdlh Hkh dgkuh ds fy, mldk mldk çk.k rÙo gksrk
gSA blds ekè;e ls jpukdkj rRdkyhu le; vkSj dFkk dh fo'oluh;rk mRiUu djus
dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA dgkuh dk ifjos'k ftruk gh mldh dFkkoLrq ds vuq:i gksxk
dgkuh mruh gh ikBd ds djhc gksxhA t;'kadj çlkn dh ;g fof'k"Vrk jgh gS fd
mudh dgkfu;ksa dk ifjos'k ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr jgk gS vkSj ml ifjos'k dks 67

©
 thoar :i çnku djus esa os lnSo lQy jgs gSaA ^vkdk'knhi* dh dFkkoLrq esa Hkh
'krkfCn;ksa iwoZ dh ?kVuk,¡ mifLFkr gSa tc] Hkkjrh; O;kikjh tkok] lqek=k] ckyh] Çlgy
vkfn }hiksa esa O;kikj gsrq tkrs Fks rFkk leqæh foifÙk;ksa dk lkeuk djrs FksA dgkuh ds
okrkoj.k dks ge fuEu 'kCnksa ds ekè;e ls ns[k vkSj le> ldrs gS& a Þcky}hi ls cgqr
nwj laHkor% ,d uohu }hi ds ikl] ftlesa vHkh ge yksxksa dk cgqr de vkuk tkuk gksrk
gS] Çlgy ds of.kdksa dk ogk¡ çkèkkU; gSAß ns[kk tk, rks bl dgkuh esa Hkh çlkn us
dYiuk vkSj bfrgkl dk lfEeJ.k fd;k gSA blesa bfrgkl de gS vkSj dYiuk dh ek=k
vfèkdA bfrgkl ds :i esa çkphu ns'kksa vkSj uxjksa ds uke gSa tSls] ckyh] tkok] Çlgy]
rkezfyIrh vkfnA bldk ç;ksx çlkn us ns'k dky okrkoj.k dks thoar vkSj ;qx vuqdwy
cukus gsrq fd;k gSA bl ns'k vkSj dky dks thoar cukus esa çlkn dh laL—r Hkk"kk dk
Hkh ;ksxnku gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ % Þrkjd&[kfpr uhy vEcj vkSj leqæ ds vodk'k esa iou
Åèke epk jgk FkkA vaèkdkj ls feydj iou nq"V gks jgk FkkA leqæ esa vkanksyu FkkA
ukSdk ygjksa esa fody FkhA L=h lrdZrk ls yq<d + us yxhAß ;qx ds vuqdwy Hkk"kk dk
ç;ksx ml ifjos'k dks mHkkjus esa enn djrk gSA bl çdkj ns'k dky vkSj okrkoj.k dh
–f"V ls ;g dgkuh lQy gSA
dh –f"V ls Hkh vkdk'knhi ,d mR—"V jpuk gSA egkdfo çlkn dh
dkO;kRed 'kSyh dks ge bl dgkuh esa lgt :i esa ns[k ldrs gSAa Nk;koknh dfo dh
Hkkookpd 'kCnkoyh vkSj ÇcckRedrk dk fp=.k dgkuh esa vusd LFkyksa ij fn[kkà nsrk gSA
LoPNanrkoknh Hkk"kk 'kSyh dh fof'k"Vrk,¡ xn~;kRed foèkk esa Hkh çlkn us lekfgr dh gSaA
bl dgkuh esa fNrjkRedrk gS] HkkokRedrk gS] yk{kf.kdrk gS] çrhdkRedrk gS] O;aX;kRedrk
gS] vkyadkfjdrk gSA ,d mnkgj.k æ"VO; gS Þvuar tyfufèk esa m"kk dk eèkqj vkyksd QwV
iM+kA lqugyh fdj.kksa vkSj ygjksa dh dksey l`f"V eqLdjkus yxhAß dkO;kRed Çccksa dh
;kstuk vn~Hkqr gSA laL—rfu"B] rRle çèkku Hkk"kk esa –'; Çccksa dk fp=.k ,d dfo gh dj
ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, çkr%dky ds lkSan;Z dk 'kCnkadu nsf[k,&Þvuar tyfufèk esa
m"kk dk eèkqj vkyksd QwV mBkA lqugyh fdj.kksa vkSj ygjksa dh dksey l`f"V eqLdjkus
yxhA lkxj 'kkar FkkAß ;k Þ'kjn ds èkoy u{k= uhy xxu esa >yeyk jgs FksA paæ dh
mTToy fot; ij varfj{k esa 'kjny{eh us vk'khokZn ds Qwyksa vkSj [khyksa dks fc[ksj fn;k
FkkAß ftl 'kCn jpuk ls mUgksaus ç—fr dk fp=.k fd;k gS og lgt :i esa dFkk dks xfr
çnku djrk gS vkSj mlds lkSan;Z esa Hkh vfHko`f) djrk gSA
68

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 Hkko çèkku dgkuh gksus ds dkj.k laosnukRedrk dks mdsjus gsrq çlkn us Hkk"kk ds
ekè;e ls dksey vkSj ekèkq;Z Hkkoksa dh l`f"V dk ç;kl fd;k gS& Þmlds eu esa ,d
laHkzeiw.kZ J)k ;kSou dh igyh ygjksa dks txkus yxhA leqæ o{k ij foyace;h
jkx&jaftr laè;k fFkjdus yxhA paik ds vla;r dqra y mldh ihB ij fc[kjs FksA nqnk±r
nL;q us ns[kk] viuh efgek esa vykSfdd ,d r#.k ckfydk! og foLe; ls vius ân;
dks VVksyus yxkAß
çlkn dh bl dgkuh esa Hkk"kk ds lHkh çeq[k rÙo tSls vyadkfjdrk] yk{kf.kdrk]
Hkkoqdrk] ljlrk] çrhdkRedrk] fp=kRedrk vkfn fon~;eku gSaA ge ;g dg ldrs gSa
fd ;g ,d vyaÑr ,oa fp=kRed xn~; gSA Hkk"kk dh –f"V ls ;g dgkuh çlkn dh
Js"Bre jpukvksa esa ls ,d gSA
;g dgkuh ,d lksn~n's ; dgkuh gS tks dà Lrjksa ij Hkhrj fNis Hkkoksa dks çdV
djrh gSA ;g dgkuh ns'k çse vkSj vkn'kks± dks LFkkfir djus okyh ,sfrgkfld jksekuh
dgkuh gSA ;gh bl dgkuh dk çeq[k gSA paik dh vkn'kZokfnrk mlds çse ds
chp esa vk tkrh gSA cqèkxqIr ds fy, ej ldus okyh paik mlls mruh gh ?k`.kk Hkh djrh
gSA çlkn dh vkn'kZoknh Hkkouk bl dgkuh esa paik ds ekè;e ls Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
tgk¡ ,d vksj paik cqèkxqIr ds fookg çLrko dks Bqdjk dj in LFkkfir djrh gS ogÈ
cqèkxqIr Hkh ,d vkn'kZ çseh ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA og jk"Vªçse vkSj ekuo dY;k.k
gsrq paik dks }hi ij NksM+ vius Lons'k okil vk tkrk gSA bl çdkj çlkn us nksuksa gh
çeq[k ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls fdlh vkn'kZ dks LFkkfir djus dk lQy ç;kl bl dgkuh
esa fd;k gSA mi;qZDr rÙoksa ds vkèkkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd çlkn—r dgkuh
^vkdk'knhi* dgkuh ds lHkh rÙoksa ij [kjh mrjrh gS vkSj Hkkoqdrk vkSj laons ukRedrk
dks fy, gq, ,d lQy dgkuh gSA

1- t;'kadj çlkn dh dgkfu;ksa dh i`"BHkwfe dSlh gksrh gS\

2- cqèkxqIr paik dks }hi ij vdsyk NksM+ Lons'k D;ksa ykSV x;k\
3- paik us cqèkxqIr dk fookg çLrko D;ksa vLohdkj dj fn;k\
69

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 4- ef.kHkæ dkSu Fkk\
5- paik}hi dk ukedj.k fdlus fd;k Fkk\

vkdk'knhi çlkn dh LoPNanrkoknh dgkuh gSA ;g mudh jksekuh Hkkoukvksa dks

vfHkO;Dr djus okyh Js"B dgkfu;ksa esa ls gSA ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ij vkèkkfjr ;g
dgkuh ifjos'k dks thoar cukus esa l{ke gSA bldh dFkk dkYifud pfj= paik vkSj
cqèkxqIr ds ekè;e ls çseHkko dh xgurk vkSj vkSnkR; dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA foosP;
dgkuh ukf;dk çèkku dgkuh gS ,d vlQy çse dgkuh dks dgkuhdkj us vR;ar
ekÆedrk ds lkFk mdsjk gSA vkn'kZoknh ys[kd }kjk vkn'kZokn dh çfr"Bk gesa bl
dgkuh esa paik ds pfj= ds ekè;e ls fn[kkà nsrh gSA tgk¡ Hkkouk ds LFkku ij
drZO;fu"Bk dk vkn'kZ çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
paik dk çse cqèkxqIr ds fy, ml mPp Hkwfe ij çfrf"Br gS tgk¡ og cqèkxqIr ds
fy, vius çk.k Hkh U;ksNkoj dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh mlds eu esa cqèkxqIr ds çfr ?k`.kk
dk Hkko Hkh çcy gSA ,d gh O;fDr ds fy, çse vkSj ?k`.kk ds Hkko dh ;g tfVyrk gh
bl dgkuh dks Js"B cukrh gSA paik dk var}±n gh bl dgkuh dk dsaæ gSA ân; dh bl
tfVyrk dk fp=.k gh çlkn dh bl dgkuh dk eq[; dF; gSA ekuo eu ds nks çeq[k
Hkko ,d lkFk] ,d gh euq"; esa vkSj fdlh ,d gh euq"; ds fy, ftl lq–<+rk ds lkFk
;gk¡ vfHkO;Dr gq, gSa og ç'kaluh; gSA dFkkdkj us bl Hkko dks vR;ar lw{erk ds lkFk
çLrqr fd;k gSA çse vkSj ?k`.kk tks ,d nwljs ds fojksèkh Hkko gSa nksuksa ds chp paik
nksyk;eku gSA firk ls çse djus okyh paik orZeku esa cqèkxqIr ds çse caèkuksa esa caèkh gS
Çdrq tSls gh ;g langs mRiUu gksrk gS fd cqèkxqIr fir`gra k gS og blls mruh gh ?k`.kk
djus yxrh gS ftruk çseA ifj.kkeLo:i ;g langs nksuksa ik=ksa dks ,d nwljs ls vyx
dj nsrk gSA nksuksa dk ,d&nwljs ds çfr vxkèk çse Hkh mUgsa ,d lkFk ugÈ j[k ikrkA
paik bl }a} ds eè; Hkh vius thou esa larqyu <w¡<us yxrh gSA og uà fn'kk dh
ryk'k esa ml }hi ij gh jg tkrh gSA ogk¡ ,d ekxZ mls lkekftd lsok dh vksj ys
tkrk gSA og lekt ds nq%[kh vkSj t+:jrean yksxksa dh lsok esa yx tkrh gSA ftl çdkj
70
vkdk'knhi HkVds gq, ;kf=;ksa dh enn djrk gS] mUgsa lgh ekxZ fn[kkrk gS mlh çdkj

©
paik }kjk tyk, x, nhi ekuork dh lsok ds fy, leÆir gSaA paik ds var}±n dks ge
bu 'kCnksa esa ns[k ldrs gSa ÞcqèkxqIr esjs fy, lc Hkwfe feêh gSA lc ty rjy gS& lc
iou 'khry gSA dksà fo'ks"k vkØks'k ân; dh vfXu…Aß bldks çlkn us cM+h gh ckjhd+h
vkSj xgu laons uk ds Lrj ij mrkjk gSA mUgksaus mlds O;fDrRo d+h dà ijrksa dks mdsjk
gSA vius futh thou ds lq[k vkSj Hkksx foykl dks R;kx dj paik ftl çdkj dk thou
O;rhr djrh gS mlesa vusd Lrjksa ij vkSnkR; fn[kkà nsrk gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj oSHko vkSj
Hkksx foykl dk thou R;kxuk vkSj lekt ds fy, leÆir gks tkuk mldk y{; gS ogÈ
nwljh vksj cqèkxqIr ds çfr viuh fu"Bk cuk, j[kus gsrq og vius Hkhrj ds vkØks'k dks
Hkh og 'kkar j[krh gSA vius —ik.k dks lkxj dh xgjkb;ksa esa Mqcks nsrh gS] vius çse
dh j{kk djrh gSA
dFkkdkj dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd og dgkuh dks vyx&vyx ?kVukØe ls xfr
çnku ugÈ djrs cfYd pfj=ksa i`Fkd nko&isapksa ds }kjk dFkk esa ukVdh;rk dk lekos'k
djrs gSa ftlls dkSrgw y vkSj jkspdrk cuh jgrh gSA bl dgkuh esa Hkh ;g ukVdh;rk
gSA dgkuh ds nksuksa çeq[k ik= vius var}±n ds lekèkku dh vk'kk esa gSaA vxkèk çse gksrs
gq, Hkh nksuksa ,d nwljs ls dkslksa nwj gSaA nksuksa ds feyu dh çrh{kk ikBd ds eu esa çrh{kk
cudj gh jg tkrh gSA tc paik –<+rk ls ;g dgrh gS fd ^fç; ukfod! rqe Lons'k
ykSV tkvksA* rks ;g cqèkxqIr vkSj ikBd nksuksa dks vLokHkkfod vkSj vLoh—r yxrk gSA
;gk¡ cqèkxqIr ds pfj= dh ijrsa [kqyrh gSaA paik dks vxkèk çse djus okyk cqèkxqIr vc
orZeku ij vius Hkfo"; dks U;ksNkoj ugÈ djus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gSA og vius Lons'k vkSj
mlds LoÆ.ke bfrgkl dks ;kn djrk gSA viuh ekr`Hkwfe ls tqMu+ s dk ;g {k.k mls paik
ds eksg ls eqDr djrk gSA ÞLej.k gksrk gS og nk'kZfudksa dk ns'k! og efgek dh çfrekA
eq>s o Le`fr fuR; vkdÆ"kr djrh gSAß ;gk¡ çlkn cqèkxqIr ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªçes dks
O;fDrxr thou dh vkRekuqHkwfr;ksa o çseHkko ds Åij j[kus dk lQy ç;kl djrs gSaA

fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgk t+k ldrk gS fd oS;fDrd pfj= dh LFkkiuk djus okyh
;g dgkuh varr% l'kDr ,oa çcy :i esa jk"Vªçes dks loksZifj j[kus ds çlkn ds mn~n's ;
dks lqpk# :i ls ikBd ds le{k j[k nsrh gSA dFkkdkj t;'kadj çlkn dh vU;
71

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 dgkfu;ksa dh rqyuk esa ;g dgkuh ekuo eu dh xgu ijrksa dks [kksyus dk ç;kl djrh
gSA ;gk¡ ,d vksj çxk<+ çse dk Hkko gS vkSj nwljh vksj firk dh gR;k dk xgu 'kksdA
,d vksj O;fDrxr Hkkouk,¡ vkSj thou dh lqna j dYiuk gS rks nwljh vksj uSfrdrk ls
fu;af=r vkSj lq–<+ fu.kZ;A bfrgkl vkSj dYiuk ls lefUor ;g dgkuh fuf'pr gh] ,d
vksj laL—r 'kCnkoyh ls ;qDr dkO;kRed Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls ukf;dk ds ekufld }a}
dks mtkxj djrh gS vkSj nwljh vksj drZO; ij çse dks cfynku djus esa leFkZ fn[kk;h
iM+rh gSA lkgl] çse] }a}] R;kx vkSj lsok Hkko ls ifjiw.kZ ;g dgkuh ^vkdk'knhi* uke
dks Hkh lkFkZdrk çnku djrh gSA

1- dgkuh ds rÙoksa dh –f"V ls vkdk'knhi dgkuh dh leh{kk dhft,A

2- çlkn dh ;g dgkuh pfj=&çèkku dgkuh gSA ewY;kadu dhft,A
3- Hkk"kk vkSj 'kSyh ds vkèkkj ij dgkuh dh leh{kk dhft,A
4- ^vkdk'knhi* dgkuh ds 'kh"kZd dh lkFkZdrk ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
5- ^vkdk'knhi* dgkuh ds vkèkkj ij paik dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,A

 ^vkdk'knhi* & t;'kadj çlkn

 ^lkfgfR;d foèkk,¡ % iquÆopkj* & gfjeksgu
 ^Çgnh dgkuh % çfØ;k vkSj ikB* & lqjæsa pkSèkjh
 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl* & cPpu Çlg
 ^,d nqfu;k lekukarj* & jktsæa ;kno

72

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 [kkylk d‚yst
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

3-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

3-2 çLrkouk
3-3 fueZy oekZ % lkfgfR;d ifjp;
3-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-4 ^iÇjns* % dFkkoLrq
3-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-5 ^iÇjns* % ewy laosnuk
3-5-1 cksèk&ç'u
3-6 ^iÇjns* % Hkk"kk&'kSyh
3-7 fu"d"kZ
3-8 vH;kl&ç'u
3-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

bl ikB dk vè;;u djus ds ckn fon~;kFkÊ&

 u;h dgkuh dh i`"BHkwfe le> ldsaxsA
 fueZy oekZ ds O;fDrRo ,oa —frRo ls ifjfpr gks ldsx
a As
 ^iÇjns* dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldsx
a As
 ^iÇjns* dgkuh ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k dj ldsx
a sA
73

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  ^iÇjns* dgkuh dh ifjos'kxr i`"BHkwfe dh fo'ks"krkvksa ls voxr gks ldsaxAs
 ^iÇjns* dgkuh ds ewy çfrikn~; ls ifjfpr gks ldsx
a As

fueZy oekZ dh dFkk&;k=k çsepanksÙkj ;qx ds ckn çkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g og ;qx Fkk]
tc Hkkjr Lora= gks pqdk FkkA Lokèkhurk ds ckn Hkkjrh; thou fLFkfr esa dkQh cnyko
vk;kA fueZy oekZ dh dFkk&;k=k ;gÈ ls çkjaHk gksrh gSA os u;h dgkuh ds ,d fof'k"V
jpukdkj gSa vkSj ^iÇjns* mudh lcls fof'k"V dgkuh gSA ^iÇjns* Çgnh dgkuh dh iqjkuh
ifjikVh dks rksMr+ s gq,] viuh vyx igpku dk;e djrh gSA fo"k;oLrq ;k dFkkoLrq ds
fygkt ls ns[ksa rks bldk o.;Z fo"k; dgkuh ys[ku dh furkar uà tehu gSA Çgnh&ekul
dk igyh ckj bl <ax dh fo"k;&oLrq ls ifjp; gksrk gSA ^iÇjns* ewy :i ls çse dgkuh
gS] ysfdu ^çse* ds Hkko dh fofoèk fLFkfr;ksa dh O;atuk ,oa vius ifjos'k ds dkj.k dgkuh
vn~Hkqr cu iM+h gSA budh bl ^iÇjns* dgkuh esa fujk'k ukjh dh eu%fLFkfr dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gSA NksVs ls igkM+h uxj esa yfrdk ,d yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy dh gksLVy dh
lajf{kdk FkhA ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ dqekÅ¡ jsftesVa ds estj fxjh'k usxh ls mldk ifjp; rFkk
ç.k;&lacèa k LFkkfir gqvk Fkk] Çdrq mldh vlkef;d e`R;q ls og lacaèk fNUu&fHkUu gks
x;kA bl ?kVuk ds i'pkr~ yfrdk fcYdqy VwV tkrh gS] mlh eu%fLFkfr dh eeZLi'kÊ
>yd çLrqr djrs gq,] ys[kd viuh –f"V dks iÇjns dgkuh esa vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA

fueZy oekZ Çgnh lkfgR; ds çeq[k jpukdkjksa esa ls ,d gSaA mudk tUe 3 vçSy
1929 dks f'keyk esa gqvkA muds firk fczfV'k Hkkjrh; ljdkj ds j{kk foHkkx esa vfèkdkjh
FksA vkB HkkÃ&cguksa esa mudk Øe ik¡pok¡ FkkA fueZy oekZ dh çkjafHkd f'k{kk&nh{kk
f'keyk esa gh gqÃA lqf'kf{kr ifjokj esa tUe ysus ds dkj.k mudks çkjaHk ls gh
i<+u&s fy[kus dh çsj.kk feyhA mPp f'k{kk ds fy, og fnYyh vk,A fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;
ds çfl) egkfon~;ky; ^lsaV LVhQsUl* ls bfrgkl esa ,e-, fd;kA rRi'pkr~ dqN o"kks±
74

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rd vè;kiu dk;Z fd;kA blh chp okeiaFkh fopkjèkkjk ls çHkkfor gksdj mUgksaus
^Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVÊ* dh lnL;rk xzg.k dh Çdrq gaxjh esa 1956 esa gqà ?kVukvksa ij
erHksn ds dkj.k R;kx&i= ns fn;kA fQj dqN o"kks± ckn Lora= ys[ku esa tqV x,A
1959 esa fueZy oekZ dks vksfj,aVy baLVhVîwV] çkx vkSj psdksLyksokd ys[kd&la?k
}kjk ;wjksi esa vkeaf=r fd;k x;kA ogk¡ bUgsa vkèkqfud psd ys[kdksa dh —fr;ksa dk Çgnh
vuqokn fudkyus dh ftEesnkjh feyhA 1970 rd fueZy oekZ ;wjksi çokl ij jgsA blds
iwoÊ&if'peh fgLlksa esa [kwc Hkze.k fd;kA ogk¡ jgdj mUgksua s vkèkqfud ;wjksih; lekt dk
xgjk vè;;u fd;kA bl vè;;u dk vlj muds Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj èkeZ lacèa kh Çpru
ij Hkh gqvkA buds ys[ku vkSj Çpru dks varjjk"Vªh; vk;ke çkIr gqvkA ;wjksih; lekt
vkSj laL—fr ij fy[ks gq, muds dqN ys[k VkbEl v‚Q bafM;k esa Hkh çdkf'kr gq,A ;wjksi
ls okilh ds ckn fueZy oekZ bafM;u baLVhVîwV v‚Q ,MokaLM LVMht] f'keyk esa Qsyks
p;fur gq,A ;gk¡ jgrs gq, mUgksaus ^lkfgR; esa ikSjkf.kd psruk* fo"k; ij 'kksèk dk;Z
fd;kA og 1981&83 esa fujkyk l`tuihB] Hkksiky vkSj 1984 esa ;'kiky l`tuihB]
f'keyk ds vè;{k jgsA
d‚yst ds fnuksa esa fueZy oekZ us dqN dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh FkÈA ysfdu O;ofLFkr ,oa
xaHkhj :i esa fy[kuk lu~ 1951&52 ls 'kq: fd;k FkkA ml le; HkSjoçlkn xqIr }kjk
bykgkckn ls fudyusokyh if=dk ^dgkuh* esa dgkfu;k¡ çdkf'kr gksus yxÈA Çdrq lgh
vFkZ esa fueZy th dh igyh dgkuh ^fj'rs* gSnjkckn ls fudyus okyh çfl) if=dk
^dYiuk* esa çdkf'kr gqà FkhA mlds fy, fueZy th dks ipkl #i;s Hkh feys tks mu fnuksa
cM+h jde FkhA
,d xaHkhj ys[kd cuus dk bjknk fueZy th ds eu esa ugÈ FkkA cpiu esa os ukSlus k
ds fdlh leqæh tgkt dk dIrku cuus dk liuk ns[kk djrs FksA dqN cM+s gksus ij mUgsa
viuh lhekvksa dk irk pyk vkSj fdlh lqnjw xk¡o esa Ldwyh Vhpj cuus dh jksekafVd
vkdka{kk eu esa ikyus yxs tks muesa ps[ko vkSj jfoUæukFk Bkdqj dh dgkfu;k¡ i<+dj
mRiUu gqà FkhA fofHkUu la?k"kZ vkSj fopkj ds ckn vutkus esa gh l`tukRed 'kfDr muds
Hkhrj c<+ jgh FkhA èkhjs&èkhjs os jpukdkj curs x,] xaHkhj jpukdkjA
Çgnh dgkuh esa vkèkqfudrk cksèk ykus dk Js; fueZy oekZ dks tkrk gSA uà dgkuh
vkanksyu dk vkxkt+ mudh 1956 Ã- esa çdkf'kr ^iÇjns* dgkuh ls gqvk vkSj mUgsa uÃ
dgkuh vkanksyu ds çeq[k gLrk{kj ds :i esa igpku feyhA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa uÃ
75

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 dgkuh ds lHkh rÙo fon~;eku jgs gSaA fueZy oekZ us uà dgkuh vkanksyu dks vkxs c<+kus
esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkà gSA
lkfgR; ls lacfa èkr 'kk;n gh dksà Hkkjrh; iqjLdkj gksxk] tks fueZy oekZ dks ugÈ
feyk gksA ^dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh* ds fy, mUgsa 1985 esa lkfgR; vdkneh lEeku çkIr
gqvkA 1995 esa mÙkj çns'k Çgnh laLFkku dk ^jke euksgj yksfg;k vfrfof'k"V lEeku*
feykA 1995 esa Hkkjrh; KkuihB dh rjQ ls ^ewÆrnsoh iqjLdkj* Hkh mUgsa feykA lu~ 2000
esa bUgsa ^Hkkjrh; KkuihB iqjLdkj* çkIr gqvkA bUgsa lkfgR; vkdneh dh egÙkj
lnL;rk 2005 esa feyhA vDVwcj 2005 esa gh fueZy oekZ dk fuèku gks x;kA
fueZy oekZ dh çdkf'kr —fr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gS&
a
& ^iÇjns*] ^tyrh >kM+h*] ^fiNyh xÆe;ksa esa*] ^chp cgl esa*] ^esjh fç;
dgkfu;k¡*] ^dOos vkSj dkyk ikuh*A
& ^os fnu*] ^ykyVhu dh Nr*] ^,d fpFkM+k lq[k*] ^jkr dk fjiksVZj*A
& ^phM+kas ij pk¡nuh*A
& ^'kCn vkSj Le`fr*] ^dyk dk tksf[ke*] ^<yku ls mrjrs gq,*] ^gj
ckfj'k esa*A
fueZy oekZ ds çdkf'kr dgkuh laxzgksa esa yxHkx iSarhl ;k NÙkhl dgkfu;k¡ gksaxhA
fueZy oekZ u;h dguh ds çorZdksa esa ls ,d gSaA mi;qZDr foospu ds vkèkkj ij bUgsa ,d
ltZd rFkk gksugkj dykdkj eku ldrs gSaA

¼d½ fueZy oekZ dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\

¼[k½ fueZy oekZ dks fdu&fdu iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;k Fkk\
¼x½ fueZy oekZ dh vkjafHkd f'k{kk dgk¡ ls gqÃA

76

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 fueZy oekZ us ^iÇjns* dgkuh esa fujk'k ukjh dh euksHkkoukvksa dks fo'ysf"kr fd;k
gSA NksVs ls igkM+h uxj esa yfrdk ,d yM+fd;ksa ds Ldwy ds gksLVy dh lajf{kdk FkhA
ik¡p o"kZ iwoZ dqekÅ¡ jsftesaV ds estj fxjh'k usxh ls mldk ifjp; rFkk ç.k;&lacèa k
LFkkfir gqvk Fkk] Çdrq mldh vlkef;d e`R;q ls og lacaèk fNUu gks x;kA
Ldwy dh Nqfê;ksa ls iwoZ jkf= dks yM+fd;k¡ lqèkk ds dejs esa vafre ckj ,d= gqb±]
vkSj gsera h ds xkus dk çksxzke cukA yM+fd;ksa ds fy, jkf=&jftLVj ij nLr[kr djus
ds ckn viuk dejk NksM+uk fuf"k) Fkk] vkSj bl fu;e dk ikyu de] mYya?ku T;knk
gksrk FkkA yfrdk gksLVy dk fujh{k.k djrh gqà yM+fd;ksa dh vkokt ls vk—"V gksdj
mèkj gh igq¡p xÃ] Çdrq yM+fd;ksa dks MkaVus&MiVus ds cnys] twyh dks okfil dejs esa
tkus ls iwoZ mls feyus dks dgdj] dejs ls ckgj vk xÃA lhf<+;ksa esa gh mldh HksVa
áwcVZ vkSj M‚DVj eqdtÊ ls gqÃA áwcVZ Ldwy esa laxhr&f'k{kd Fks] vkSj M‚DVj eqdtÊ
yM+fd;ksa dks gkbthu fQft;kyksth i<+krs FksA blh ukrs mUgsa gksLVy esa dejs feys gq,
FksA M‚DVj ds dejs esa Hkh vkt jkr áwcVZ ds ^dkalVZ* dk dk;ZØe Fkk] ftlds fy, os
yfrdk dks vkeaf=r djus ds fy, vk, FksA M‚DVj cekZ ls ÇgnqLrku esa vkdj cl x;k
Fkk] vkSj vius O;fDrxr thou ds fo"k; esa cgqèkk ekSu gh jgrk FkkA lquk x;k Fkk fd
mldh iRuh dh e`R;q jkLrs esa gks xà Fkh] ftls og vHkh Hkh cgqr I;kj djrk FkkA
áwcVZ yfrdk ds iwoZ çse&lacaèk ds çfr vufHkK Fkk vkSj Lo;a mldh vksj vkÑ"V
Fkk] ;gk¡ rd fd mlus mls ,d çse&i= Hkh fy[kk FkkA mlds çse dks Lohdkj djus esa
vleFkZ gksus ij Hkh yfrdk dks og i= ikdj vPNk yxk Fkk] fd vHkh Hkh og fdlh dks
vk—"V dj ldrh gSA ml jkr dalVZ esa yfrdk vfèkd nsj rd cSB u ldhA iwoZ
Le`fr;ksa us mls bruk vkPNkfnr dj fn;k fd og mBdj vius dejs esa pyh xÃA
fxjh'k ls og loZçFke M‚DVj eqdtÊ ds lkFk feyh FkhA mlds pys tkus ds ckn M‚DVj
us áwcVZ dks yfrdk vkSj fxjh'k ds çse&lacaèk dk ifjp; fn;k] ftlls áwcVZ grçHk jg
x;kA mls Bsl yxh] yxk fd yfrdk mls bl dkfcy Hkh ugÈ le>rh fd vius lacèa kksa
dk Li"Vhdj.k mlds lkeus djus dh ijokg djsA
vxys fnu Ldwy dh ppZ esa Lis'ky lÆol FkhA çR;sd o"kZ Nqfê;ksa ls iwoZ ;gh çkr%
dk;ZØe gksrk FkkA áwcVZ ogk¡ fi;kuks ctkrk Fkk] vkSj yfrdk mlds Lojksa esa Mwch viuh 77

©
 iwoZ Le`fr;ksa esa [kks xÃA M‚DVj vDlj etkd fd;k djrk Fkk fd Qknj ds le; Ldwy
dh Ççfliy fel oqM >ifd;k¡ ysrh jgrh gSaA lÆol&lekIr gqÃ] yfrdk vkSj áwcVZ
ckgj fudys] áwcVZ us yfrdk ls vius i= ds fy, {kek ek¡xh] yfrdk ls dqN tokc ugÈ
cu iM+kA
lÆol ds ckn Ldwy dh yM+fd;ksa dk fidfud dk dk;ZØe FkkA fel oqM vkSj
M‚DVj ,d vksj cSB x,A ckrphr py iM+h vkSj fel oqM us M‚DVj ds Hkfo"; ds çfr
Çprk O;Dr djrs gq, dgk fd og fdlh cM+s 'kgj esa çSfDVl D;ksa ugÈ djrk] ftlds
mÙkj esa M‚DVj dk dFku Fkk fd og ml NksVs igkM+h dLcs esa larq"V gS] D;ksafd mldk
dgÈ Hkh viuh tM+as tekus dk fopkj ugÈ gSA ckrphr djrs gq, fel oqM us d‚Qh I;kys
esa mMsy dj M‚DVj dks ihus ds fy, dgk] rks ns[kk] og vkjke ls ysVk [kqjkZVs ys jgk
gS!
nwljh vksj yM+fd;k¡ vusd >qaMksa esa fc[kj dj Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ds [ksyksa esa yxh gqÃ
FkÈA yap ds ckn yfrdk us twyh dks cqyk;kA mlus g‚LVy esa mM+rh gqà [kcj lquh Fkh
fd twyh fdlh fefyVjh vQlj ds lkFk ?kwers gq, fn[kkà nh gS] Çdrq mlus ml ij
è;ku ugÈ fn;k FkkA bl ckj mls dqekÅ¡ jsftesVa lsaVj ds eqgj yxs fyQkQs esa twyh
ds uke ij ,d i= çkIr gqvk vkSj mlus twyh ls mlds fo"k; esa iwNrkN dhA twyh
flVfiVk xÃ] cksyh] mlds Hkkà dh fpëh gS] og >k¡lh esa jgrk gSA yfrdk us mls eqgj
fn[kkdj lp ckr dgus dks dgkA twyh pqi jg xÃA yfrdk us fyQkQk vius ikl j[k
fy;kA
fidfud ls ykSVrs le; M‚DVj dh ckrphr ls yfrdk dks irk pyk fd áwcVZ
dk LokLF; dqN nsj ls cgqr [kjkc gks x;k gS] ,d QsQM+k dke djuk can dj pqdk gSA
rHkh yfrdk us vkdk'k esa iÇjnksa ds >qaM dks ns[kk tks gj o"kZ eSnkuksa dh vksj mM+rs gSaA
jkLrs esa cQZ iM+us dh çrh{kk esa bl LFkku ij FkksM+s le; ds fy, #ddj fQj fdlh
vutku fn'kk dh vksj mM+ tkrs gSaA mls yxk] og áwcVZ] lc bu iÇjnksa dh Hkk¡fr fdlh
çrh{kk esa gSA
mlh jkr áwcVZ dks Hkh"k.k nkSjk iM+kA ckj esa 'kjkc vfèkd ek=k esa ihus ds dkj.k
mldh ;g n'kk gqà FkhA yfrdk mlds dejs ls ykSVh] rks jkLrs esa twyh ds dejs ls
çdk'k ns[kdj Hkhrj pyh xÃA twyh lks jgh Fkh] ySia cq>kuk Hkwy xà FkhA yfrdk us
mldh fpëh mlds rfd, ds uhps j[k nh vkSj Lo;a okfil vk xÃA
78

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 ¼d½ dgkuh ds çeq[k ik=ksa dk uke crkb,A
¼[k½ lqèkk ds dejs esa D;k dk;ZØe Fkk\
¼x½ yfrdk gksLVy dh D;k Fkh\

^iÇjns* çrhdkRed dgkuh gS] ftlesa iÇjnksa ds ekè;e ls euq"; thou dh ,d

fo'ks"k fLFkfr dh vksj ladrs fd;k x;k gSA iÇjns cQZ iM+us dh çrh{kk esa igkM+h LVs'ku
ij clsjk djrs gSa] cQZ iM+us ij vius xarO; dh vksj mM+ tkrs gSaA dgkuh ds ik= Hkh
iÇjnksa dh Hkk¡fr çrh{kk esa gSa] vkSj çrh{kk dh ;gh fLFkfr bl dgkuh ds dsæa esa gSA iÇjns
nwj vutkuh fn'kkvksa dh vksj pys tkrs gS]a yfrdk vkfn ik= Hkh Hkfo"; ds çfr fujk'k
gSa] ;kuh thou ds ckn e`R;q dh vutkuh fn'kkvksa dh vksj tkus dh çrh{kk esa gSaA bldk
ewy Loj ;gh fujk'kk dh Hkkouk,¡ gS]a tks blds ifjos'k esa ls O;Dr gks jgh gSaA dFkkud
esa ls bldk ewy Loj <w¡<+us dh ps"Vk O;FkZ gS] D;ksfa d dFkkud ukeek= dk gh gSA ik=ksa
dh eu%fLFkfr ls ;g Loj Li"V gksrk gSA
Ldwy dh yM+fd;k¡ Ldwy can gksus ij ?kj tkus dh rS;kjh esa gSa] Çdrq yfrdk bl
o"kZ Hkh fiNys o"kZ dh Hkk¡fr gksLVy esa gh Nqfê;k¡ fcrk jgh gS] ;n~;fi gksLVy esa Nqfê;k¡
fcrkuk mlds fy, rdyhQnsg gSA dejs dh Nr ls ikuh Vidrk gS] vkSj o"kkZ dh iwjh
jkr og ,d dksus esa fleV dj fcrk nsrh gSA lnÊ bruh vfèkd gS fd ckFk:e ds [kqys
jg x,] njokts ls og fel oqM ds vkjkensg dejs esa ?kql dj le; fcrkrh gS ;g mldh
etcwjh gS] D;ksafd mlds ikl dksà Hkfo"; ugÈ gSA fxjh'k usxh ekuks mldk Hkfo"; vius
lkFk ys x;k gS vkSj og jhrh gks xà gSA áwcVZ ds çsei= ls mls gYdh lh rlYyh feyrh
gS] fd og vHkh Hkh fdlh dks viuh vksj vk—"V djus esa leFkZ gS] Çdrq og tkurh gS
fd cq<+kis dh vksj vxzlj gks jgh gSA mlds thou dk ,d mtkyk i{k gS fd mls vius
çse dk çfrnku feyk] vU;Fkk og Hkh fel oqM dh Hkk¡fr 'kq"d] vuqHkwfrghu cu tkrhA
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 bldk çek.k gS og i= tks mlus twyh dks ns fn;k] D;ksafd og tkurh gS fd çse dh
çFke vuqHkwfr dSlh gksrh gSA áwcVZ thou ds vkf[kj nkSj esa igq¡p x;k gSA og yfrdk
ds çfr vk—"V gqvk gS] Çdrq ogk¡ ls mls çse ugÈ fujk'kk gh gkFk yxrh gSA ;g tkurs
gq, Hkh] fd mldk LokLF; fnu&c&fnu fxjrk tk jgk gS] og vius vkidks >wBykrk
jgrk gS] vkSj 'kjkc dh eLrh esa viuh fujk'kk dk gy [kkstrk gSA
M‚DVj eqdtÊ viuh iRuh vkSj vius ns'k dks vR;ar çse djrk gS] Çdrq nksuksa gh
mlls NwV x, gSAa iRuh dh e`R;q gks xà gS] fQj Hkh og fel oqM ds çsekea=.k dks Lohdkj
ugÈ djrk gSA cekZ mldk ns'k gS] ftls etcwjh esa mls NksM+uk iM+k gS] vkSj Hkkjr esa og
vtuch gSA og ns'k tkus ds lius ikyrk gS] Çdrq tkurk gS] fd og Hkh vlaHko gS]
D;ksafd vius ns'k esa gh brus cjlksa ds ckn og mruk gh vtuch gks x;k gS] ftruk Hkkjr
esa gSA

¼d½ ^iÇjns* fdl çdkj dh dgkuh gS\

¼[k½ dFkkud dk ewy Loj D;k gS\
¼x½ D;k yfrdk rFkk vU; ik= Hkh Hkfo"; ds çfr fujk'k Fks\

^iÇjns* dgkuh ds f'kYi ij Çgnh esa i;kZIr ppkZ gqà gSA Çgnh dh vU; dgkfu;ksa
ls ;g i`Fkd~ gS] vkSj blds fy, bls vR;ar ç'kalk vkSj vR;ar vkykspuk dk ik= cuuk
iM+k gSA ukeoj Çlg bls u;h dgkuh dh fo'ks"k miyfCèk Lohdkj djrs gS]a rks jes'k c{kh
bls ^f'kYi gh f'kYi* dgrs gSAa
dgkuh esa dFkkud vR;ar vYi gSa vrhr dh Le`fr esa tkrh gqà yfrdk dk fp=.k
fd;k x;k gS] tks gj o"kZ dh Hkk¡fr bl o"kZ Hkh Nqêh esa dgÈ vU;= ugÈ tk jgh gSA vrhr
esa Mwch jgus ds dkj.k og orZeku ds áwcVZ ds çse dks vLohdkj dj nsrh gS vkSj bl
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çdkj Hkfo"; dh vk'kkvksa dks Hkh lekIr dj nsrh gSA M‚DVj bl NksVs ls 'kgj vkSj viuh
lkèkkj.k jksth ls larq"V gS] dgÈ cM+s 'kgj esa viuh tM+as ugÈ tekuk pkgrk gSA áwcVZ
dk ,d QsQM+k iwjh rjg [kjkc gks pqdk gS] vkSj og ekSr dh dxkj ij [kM+k gSA ;gk¡
dksà ?kVuk gS] rks ;g fd yfrdk twyh dks mldk i= ns nsrh gS] vkSj áwcVZ dks Hk;adj
nkSjk iM+rk gSA 'ks"k lc dqN ;gk¡ fLFkj gSA ,sls yxrk gS] tSls ;gk¡ M‚DVj] áwcVZ vkfn
okLrfod thou ds fdl èkjkry ij gS]a bldk vuqeku ek= fd;k tk ldrk gSA iÇjnksa
ds çrhd }kjk ftl fLFkj n'kk dh vksj ladsr fd;k gS] og ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls vklikl
ds ifjos'k esa èkqy&fey xà gSA ik=ksa ds vkarfjd txr vkSj cká txr esa vDlj dksÃ
Hksn ugÈ jgrk gS] nksuksa ,dkdkj gks tkrs gSaA yfrdk okrkoj.k esa QSyh èkqèa k dks ns[krh
gS] ÞvkSj ;g èkqaèk ckgjh ugÈ gS] yfrdk ds eu ds fdlh Hkhrjh dksus dh èkqèa k gSAß
cká vkSj vkarfjd txr ds ,dkdkj gks tkus ds vU; ladrs Hkh dgkuh esa feyrs
gSAa áwcVZ fi;kuks ctkrk gS] vkSj mls yxrk gS] fi;kuksa ds lqjksa dk Þfxjrk gqvk gj ^ikt*
,d NksVh lh ekSr gS] ekuks ?kus Nk;knkj o`{kksa dh dkairh Nk;kvksa esa dksà ixMaMh xqe
gks xà gks---ß ekuks mldh vklUu e`R;q dh vksj ladsr fd;k tk jgk gSA dgkuh dk çkjaHk
ekuks yfrdk dh vksj ladrs dj jgk gS] Þvaèksjs dkjhMksj esa pyrh gqà yfrdk fBBd xÃA
lhf<+;ksa ij mldh Nk;k ,d csMkSy dVh&QVh vk—fr [kÈpus yxhAß mldk thou
ekuks ml vaèksjs dkjhMksj dh Hkk¡fr gS] vkSj mldk 'kjhj lok±x u jgdj dVh&QVh
vkÑfr ek= jg x;k gSA vkleku ij Nk, gq, ckny mldh Hkhrjh eu%fLFkfr dks çdV
djrs gS]a Þmls yxk] tSls cknyksa dk >qjeqV fQj mlds efLr"d ij èkhjs&èkhjs Nkus yxk
gSA mldh jxas fQj futÊo lh gks xà gSAa ß áwcVZ fi;kuks ctkrk gS] rks fi;kuksa dh Loj
ygfj;k¡ yfrdk dh fopkj ygfj;ksa esa ifjoÆrr gks tkrh ga]S Þfi;kuks ds lqj vrhr dh
èkqaèk dks Hksnrs gq, Lo;a ml èkqèa k dk Hkkx curs tk jgs gSAa ß
çLrqr dgkuh esa fueZy oekZ us vusd ç'u mBk, gSa] vkSj vusd ladrs fn;s gSaA
yfrdk usxh ds fcuk thfor ugÈ jguk pkgrh gS] vkSj mldk ç'u gS fd og dkSu lh
'kfDr gS tks gesa gekjh bPNk ds ckotwn [kÈprh pyh tkrh gS\ ;g okLro esa euq"; esa
euq"; dh ço`fÙk&çnÙk ftthfo"kk 'kfDr gS] tks mls gj gkyr esa ft, tkus ij etcwj
djrh gSA nwljk ç'u gS] ;g thou çrh{kk ek= gS\ ÞD;k os lc Hkh çrh{kk dj jgs gSa&
og] M‚DVj eqdtÊ] áwcVZ! ysfdu dgk¡ ds fy,] ge dgk¡ tk,¡x\s ß M‚DVj dk iq= Hkh
,slk gh gS] ÞeSa dHkh&dHkh lksprk gw¡] balku Çtnk fdl fy, jgrk gSA D;k mls dksà vkSj
81

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 csgrj dke djus dks ugÈ feyrk\ß áwcVZ thou ds ckn vkus okyh ekSr dh ckr mBkrk
gS] fi;kuksa dh çR;sd Loj ygjh vius ihNs vkus okyh Loj&ygjh esa [kks tkrh gS] Þ,d
NksVh lh ekSr tks vkus okys lqjksa dks viuh cph&[kqph xwt
a ksa dh rkusa leÆir dj tkrh
gS] tks ej tkrh gS] Çdrq feV ugÈ ikrhA
ÞM‚DVj] D;k e`R;q ,sls gh vkrh gS\ß ;s lHkh ç'u ç'udrkZ dh eu%fLFkfr dk ifjp;
nsrs gS]a lHkh ik= viuh&viuh ftn esa yxs gq, gS]a yfrdk usxh dh ;kn ls fpidh gqÃ
gS] M‚DVj iRuh ds çfr leÆir gS] áwcVZ yfrdk dks pkgrk gS vkSj viuh ftn ds dkj.k
os thou ds vU; i{kksa ds çfr mnklhu gks x, gSAa ej dj Hkh çR;sd O;fDr thfor O;fDr;ksa
ds eu dks Le`fr }kjk ncksps gq, gS] lHkh Le`fr :i esa th jgs gSaA
;gh lkadsfrdrk iÇjnksa ds çrhd esa Hkh gSA iÇjnksa dh vksj nks ckj è;ku [kÈpk x;k
gS] ,d ckj yfrdk áwcVZ dh fi;kuksa dh Loj ygfj;ksa esa Mwch gqà gS vkSj nwljh ckj
M‚DVj ds lkFk gksLVy vkrs le; jkLrs esa og mUgsa ns[krh gSA nksuksa ckj iÇjns vutku
ns'kksa dh vksj mM+rs gq, jkLrs esa FkksM+h nsj ds fy, çrh{kk djrs gq, fn[kk, x, gSAa iÇjns
mu vutku fn'kkvksa dh vksj tk jgs gS tgk¡ yfrdk dHkh tk,xhA rqjar gh yfrdk dks
vius cq<+kis dk Lej.k gks vkrk gSA ;gk¡ iÇjns }kjk mu O;fDr;ksa dh vksj ladsr gS] tks
vutku ns'k ;kuh ekSr dk bartkj dj jgs gSAa áwcVZ] yfrdk] M‚DVj& ekuks ekSr dh
çrh{kk esa vFkZghu thou th jgs gSAa
lkadfs rdrk ls Hkjiwj bl 'kSyh esa bfro`ÙkkRedrk dk vR;ar vHkko gSA iÇjns esa
ys[kd us tgk¡&tgk¡ fo'ks"k –';ksa dks mHkkjk gS] ogk¡ ukVdh;rk dk lekos'k gks tkrk gSA
çFke –'; yM+fd;ksa ds gksLVy es& a dkjhMksj dk gS] rRi'pkr~ M‚DVj ds dejs dkA ,d
vU; –'; psiy dk gS] tgk¡ çs;jgky esa fi;kuksa dh Loj ygfj;k¡ vkSj Qknj dk leZu
xw¡t jgk gSA blh çdkj ehMkst dk –'; gS] tks nks igkfM+;ksa ds chp NksVs ls ?kksalys ds
leku yx jgk gS] tgk¡ M‚DVj vkSj fel oqM dk okrkZyki py jgk gSA fQj ogÈ [kqyh
ç—fr dk –';] tgk¡ yfrdk vkSj áwcVZ dh] yfrdk vkSj twyh dh] yfrdk vkSj M‚DVj
dh ckrphr ij jks'kuh Mkyh tkrh gSA yxrk gS ,sls le; esa LVst ij ckdh –'; vaèksjs
esa jg tkrs gSa] flQZ fdUgÈ fo'ks"k –';ksa dks çdkf'kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
fueZy oekZ dh vfHkO;atuk 'kSyh cgqr lqna j gSA muds o.kZu vR;ar lqanj gSa] ltho
gSaA ;s o.kZu –';&txr ds gksa pkgs ekufld txr ds] loZ= vR;ar çHkkoiw.kZ gSa
yk{kf.kdrk] fp=ksierk dqN LFkyksa ij fo'ks"k :i esa Li"V gSAa yfrdk áwcVZ dks viuh
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eu%fLFkfr dk ifjp; ugÈ ns ikrh] D;ksafd og mldh fujhg] ;kpukiw.kZ –f"V dks ns[krh
gS rks Þmls yxrk gS fd bl tky ls ckgj fudyus ds fy, og èkkxs ds ftl fljs dks
idM+rh gS] og [kqn ,d xk¡B cudj jg tkrk gSAß yfrdk fxjh'k ds psgjs dks Le`fr esa
ykuk pkgrh gS] tks le; ds lkFk èkqèa kyk x;k gS ÞtSls fdlh iqjkuh rLohj ds èkwy Hkjs
'kh'ks dks lkQ dj jgh gksAß áwcVZ psiy ls ckgj fudyk rks mldh vk¡[ksa pqafèk;k xb±]
yxk tSls fdlh us vpkud <sj lh pedhyh mcyrh gqà jks'kuh eqëh esa Hkjdj mldh
vk¡[kksa esa >ksad nh gksAß
^iÇjns* dgkuh Çgnh dh vU; dgkfu;ksa ls dqN gVdj gS] ftlesa fo'ks"k laosnukiw.kZ
fLFkfr dk fp=.k vR;ar l'kDr] çHkkoksRiknd 'kSyh esa fd;k x;k gSA bldk dksà rÙo
vyx&vyx fuxkg esa ugÈ vkrk gS] ekuksa lc dqN blls mRiUu ifjos'k esa ?kqy x;k
gSA viuh bl vfUofr esa ;g fo'ks"k çHkko mRiUu djrh gS] tks ikBd ds eu ij nsj rd
cuk jgrk gSA bldh laons u'khyrk ikBd dks lkspus ij etcwj dj nsrh gSA

iÇjns dgkuh ds ekè;e ls fueZy oekZ ;gh lans'k nsrs gSa fd vrhr dk eksg O;FkZ
gSA bl Bgjko dk vuqHko euq"; ds thou esa grk'kk vkSj fujk'kk ds vfrfjDr dqN ugÈ
ykrkA blfy, vrhr dks tc rd ge foLe`r ugÈ djrs] ge Hkfo"; esa larqfyr] lqÇpfrr
dne ugÈ c<+k ldrsA vrhr dks ;kn t:j fd;k tk,] ysfdu vrhr ds lkFk gh caèk
tkuk mfpr ugÈ gSA vr% ;g dgkuh eqfDr dk lans'k nsrh gS] fQj pkgs oks eqfDr vius
gh vrhr ls D;ksa u gksA

1- ^iÇjns* dgkuh dh dFkkoLrq dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A

2- ^iÇjns* dgkuh thou ds çfr u;k Hkkocksèk txkrh gS & bl ij fopkj dhft,A
83

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 3- ^iÇjns* dgkuh ds f'kYixr oSf'k"V~; ij çdk'k Mkfy,A
4- ^iÇjns* dgkuh ds vkèkkj ij yfrdk dk pfj=&fp=.k foLrkj ls dhft,A
5- Çgnh dgkuh dh ijaijk esa ^iÇjns* dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

 ^dgkuh % u;h dgkuh* & ukeoj Çlg

 ^Çgnh dgkuh % viuh tckuh* & bUæukFk enku
 ^Çgnh dgkuh dh jpuk çfØ;k* & M‚- ijekuan JhokLro
 ^vkt dh dgkuh* & fot; eksgu Çlg
 ^Çgnh dgkuh % ,d varjax igpku* & M‚- jkenj'k feJ

84

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III
 galjkt d‚yst
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

4-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

4-2 çLrkouk
4-3 ys[kd&ifjp;
4-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
4-4 fucaèk dk çfrikn~;
4-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
4-5 fucaèk dh leh{kk
4-6 fu"d"kZ
4-7 vH;kl&ç'u
4-8 lanHkZ&xzFa k

bl ikB dks i<+dj fon~;kFkÊ fuEufyf[kr dk;Z dj ldus esa leFkZ gks ldsax&
s
 cky—".k Hkê dk oS;fäd ,oa lkfgfR;d ifjp; çkIr dj ldsaxAs
 ^t+cku* fucaèk dk çfrikn~; tku ldsaxAs
 fucaèk ^t+cku* dh rkfRod leh{kk dj ldsaxAs

87

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 Çgnh lkfgR; bfrgkl ds vkèkqfud dky dks xn~; dky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrsanq
vkSj muds eaMy ds çeq[k lkfgR;dkjksa us xn~; dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djus ds lkFk&lkFk
mls fu[kkjk Hkh gSA bUgÈ lkfgR;dkjksa esa iafMr cky—".k Hkê dh [;kfr jpukRedrk ds
dkj.k jghA yfyr fucaèkdkj ds :i esa çfl) Hkê th vius le; ds çfrf"Br i=dkj
Hkh FksA lu~ 1895 esa çdkf'kr ^t+cku* mudk mPp dksfV dk yfyr fucaèk gSA ;g fucaèk
uhfrijd vkSj viuh çklafxdrk ds fy, vkt Hkh çfl) gSA ,d lkèkkj.k ls fn[kus okys
fo"k; ds }kjk fucaèkdkj us ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl vkSj ekuo ds xq.k&voxq.k dks
csgrjhu <ax ls çLrqr fd;k gSA

Hkkjrsanq;qxhu lkfgR;dkjksa esa cky—".k Hkê th dk LFkku fof'k"V gSA og ,d Js"B

i=dkj ds lkFk&lkFk mPp dksfV ds jpukdkj Hkh FksA lkfgR; dh lHkh foèkkvksa esa mUgksua s
viuh çfrHkk fn[kkà gSA mUgksua s fucaèkdkj] vkykspd] miU;kldkj] dgkuhdkj] ukVddkj]
vuqoknd] vkSj i=dkj ds :i esa viuh ys[kuh ls Çgnh lkfgR; dks le`) fd;kA
lkfgR; dh lHkh foèkkvksa esa mUgksua s viuh egÙkk fl) dh Çdrq ,d fucaèkdkj ds :i
esa og loZJs"B jgsA Hkkjrsanq eaMy esa mudk LFkku Hkkjrsna q ds ckn vkrk gSA Hkê th dk
ys[ku&dky ewy :i ls vkèkqfud dky FkkA tc xn~; dk fodkl gks jgk Fkk vkSj xn~;
dh fofHkUu foèkkvksa dks fLFkjrk çkIr gks jgh FkhA ml le; fucaèk dks fLFkjrk çnku
djus] mls ifjiDo djus esa cky—".k Hkê th dk ;ksxnku ç'kaluh; jgk gSA mUgksua s
fucaèk dh fo"k; oLrq dks] f'kYi dks ifjiDo fd;kA fucaèkksa ds fy, jktuSfrd] lkekftd]
lkfgfR;d vkfn {ks=ksa ls fo"k; fy;sA
ys[kd cky—".k Hkê dk tUe 1844 Ã- esa ç;kx esa gqvkA ;gÈ ls mUgksaus viuh
vkjafHkd f'k{kk çkIr dhA f'k{kk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ mUgksua s ç;kx ds ,d fe'ku fon~;ky;
esa Çgnh] laL—r dk vè;kiu dk dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA Çgnh vkSj laL—r ds
lkFk gh mnwZ vkSj vaxzsth esa Hkh Hkê th ikjaxr gSa ftldh Nki muds vyx&vyx fucaèkksa
88

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esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA vè;kiu dk dk;Z mUgksua s vfèkd fnuksa rd ugÈ fd;k vkSj ogk¡
ls R;kxi= nsdj Lokè;k; rFkk KkuktZu esa yx x,A muds ifjokj ds yksx pkgrs Fks
fd os ikfjokfjd O;kikj ls tqM+ tk,¡ Çdrq mUgksaus KkuktZu dks vfèkd egÙo fn;kA
mudh vkÆFkd fLFkfr Bhd ugÈ Fkh fQj Hkh dfBukb;ksa dks ikj dj og la?k"kZjr jgs vkSj
thou Hkj lkfgR; ys[ku djrs jgsA
lu~ 1877 esa cky—".k Hkê th us Çgnh dh lokZfèkd çfl) if=dk ^Çgnh çnhi*
dk laiknu dk;Z çkjaHk fd;kA ;g if=dk ml le; dh loZJ"s B if=dk FkhA bldk
laiknu Hkê th us yxHkx 33 o"kks± rd fd;kA bl if=dk us Çgnh Hkk"kk ds çpkj&çlkj
esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA Hkê th dh deZBrk vkSj fuHkÊd O;fDrRo ds dkj.k
gh bl if=dk esa vaxt zs h 'kklu ij vkykspukRed fucaèkksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd]
jktuhfrd eqn~nksa ij Hkh Lora= :i ls ys[kksa dk çdk'ku gqvk djrk FkkA ge ;g Hkh
dg ldrs gSa fd Lora=rk lsukuh ds :i esa Hkê th bl if=dk ds ekè;e ls usr`Ro dj
jgs FksA 'kklu&O;oLFkk ij vkykspuk,¡ fy[kdj ,oa vU; ys[kksa dks Nki dj tuekul
esa Lora=rk dh psruk dks tkx`r djus dk ç;kl os yxkrkj djrs jgsA i=dkfjrk ds
{ks= esa bl if=dk dk uke loZJ"s B dksfV esa j[kk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g if=dk ek=
lkfgfR;d if=dk ugÈ FkhA vfirq lelkef;d eqn~nksa ij –<+rk ls ckr j[kus dk dk;Z
Hkh djrh FkhA cky—".k Hkê dh lfØ;rk vkSj yxu dks ns[krs gq, ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk
^dk'kh* us mUgsa Çgnh 'kCn lkxj ls tksM+us dk QSlyk fd;k FkkA bl ftEesnkjh dks Hkê
th us c[kwch fuHkk;k vkSj viuk vewY; ;ksxnku Hkh fn;kA
,d fucaèkdkj ds :i esa cky—".k Hkê th us ledkyhu jpukdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk
ijorÊ fucaèkdkjksa dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;kA Çgnh lkfgR; esa Hkê th ,sls igys fucaèkdkj
Fks ftuds fucaèkksa esa rFkk 'kSyh esa fofoèkrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA os ,d lpsr fucaèkdkj
Fks] ftUgksaus ;qxhu ifjos'k dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr igpku dj fofoèk fo"k;ksa ij fucaèk&ys[ku dk
dk;Z fd;k&pkgs og jktuhfrd] lkekftd o èkkÆed fo"k; gksa ;k jk"Vªh; cksèk ls
lacfa èkr( lkfgfR;d gksa ;k euksHkkoksa ls lacafèkrA budk fucaèk ^vkReR;kx* euksoSKkfud
fucaèkksa dh ml dM+h dk fucaèk gS ftldk fodkl vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy ds fucaèkksa esa gksrk
gSA M‚- jkefoykl 'kekZ us cky—".k Hkê th ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS fd os ÞlkfgfR;d]
lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud leL;kvksa ij Hkh xaHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj djrs Fks vkSj oSlh gh
xaHkhjrk ls og mu ij lq>ko nsrs FksA blfy, mudh 'kSyh cgqèkk vkpk;Z 'kqDy dh ;kn
fnykrh gSAß 89

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 cky—".k Hkê th dh idM+ xn~; dh lHkh foèkkvksa ij Fkh Çdrq fQj Hkh mudk
Js"Bre :i ys[kksa vkSj fofoèk fucaèkksa esa –f"Vxr gksrk gSA mUgksaus yxHkx 1000 ls vfèkd
fucaèkksa dh jpuk dh gSA Hkê th dk jpuk&dkS'ky muds mu fucaèkksa dh Hkk"kk ds ekè;e
ls –f"Vxkspj gksrk gS tgk¡ mUgksaus gj fo"k; ds fy, vyx Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA
fo"k; ds vuqdy w Hkk"kk ds ç;ksx esa os ekfgj FksA vius fucaèkksa esa vyx&vyx 'kSyh ds
ekè;e ls lthork vkSj jkspdrk dks os cuk, j[krs FksA HkkokRed] fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj
O;aX;kRed 'kSyh esa mudk eu vfèkd jek gSA bu fofoèk 'kSfy;ksa ds ç;ksx ds dkj.k gh
vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us mudh vkSj ledkyhu ys[kd çrkiukjk;.k feJ dh rqyuk
vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds lkfgR;dkj ^,fMlu* vkSj ^LVhy* ls dh gSA
cky—".k Hkê us fopkjçèkku fucaèk vfèkd fy[ks gSaA ledkyhu leL;kvksa dh
vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd lqèkkjoknh ç—fr muds ys[ku esa fn[kkà nsrh gSA
mUgksaus cky&fookg] tkrh;rk dh leL;k] jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dks tkxzr djus ls
lacfa èkr fo"k;ksa ij vusd fucaèk fy[ks gSAa bl rjg ds fucaèkksa esa mudk O;fDrRo xaHkhj
vkSj Hkk"kk esa dlko mHkj dj vkrk gSA ogÈ HkkokRed fucaèkksa esa pqVhykiu] fouksnh ço`fÙk
utj vkrh gS tgk¡ eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx ns[krs gh curk gSA xaHkhj ls xaHkhj ckr dks lgt
vkSj ljy rjhds ls dg nsus dh dyk esa os fuiq.k FksA vius yxHkx ,d gtkj ls vfèkd
fucaèkksa esa mUgksua s fofoèk fo"k;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr ekSfydrk ds lkFk dh gSA

^jgL; dFkk*] ^uwru czãpkjh*] ^,d vtku lkS lqtku*

^ne;arh Lo;aoj*] ^o`gUuyk*] ^dfyjkt dh lHkk*] ^jsy dk fodV [ksy*] ^cky
fookg*
^lkfgR; lqeu*] ^Hkê fucaèk ekyk* ¼yxHkx ,d gtkj fucaèk½
ckaXyk vkSj laL—r ds ukVdksa dk vuqokn ftles]a os.kh lagkj] e`PNdfVd vkSj
in~ekorh çeq[k gSAa

90 ¼d½ cky—".k Hkê fdl çfl) if=dk ds laiknd Fks\

©
 ¼[k½ fucaèkdkj cky—".k Hkê us fdu fo"k;ksa ij lokZfèkd fucaèk fy[ks gSa\
¼x½ cky—".k Hkê xn~; ds fdl :i ds loZJ"s B jpukdkj Fks\
¼x½ cky—".k Hkê fdl rjg ds fucaèk vfèkd fy[ks gSaA

t+cku cky—".k Hkê }kjk fy[kk x;k ,d çfl) yfyr fucaèk gSA fucaèk esa ys[kd
us euq"; dh ik¡p bafæ;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k jkspd vankt esa fd;k gSA vk¡[k] ukd] dku] Ropk
vkSj ftºok uked ik¡p bfUæ;ksa ds }kjk euq"; lalkj ds fofoèk fo"k;ksa dk vuqHko djrk
gSA bu bafæ;ksa ds vHkko esa euq"; lkalkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku çkIr dj ikus esa vleFkZ gS
vkSj ;gh bfUæ;k¡ euq"; dh fofoèk fØ;kvksa dks çsfjr Hkh djrh gSaA ys[kd cky—".k Hkê
us ekuo dh bu ik¡p bafæ;ksa esa Hkh ^ftºok dks vU; pkjksa bfUæ;ksa ls mR—"V vkSj csgrj
ekuk gSA lHkh bafæ;ksa dk lw{e voyksdu dj mudh rqyuk os ^t+cku* ls djrs gSa vkSj
mls ckdh bafæ;ksa ls egÙoiw.kZ ekurs gSaA
bl fucaèk esa O;fDrxr thou ds vusd mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls ys[kd us ^t+cku*
dks rkÆddrk vkSj jkspdrk ds lkFk Js"B crk;k gSA bafæ;ksa ds xq.k vkSj nks"k nksuksa dh
leh{kk djrs gq, mUgksaus bfUæ;ksa dks fu;a=.k esa j[kus ls gq, ykHk vkSj fu;a=.k esa u j[kus
ij gqà gkfu dk Hkh ftØ bl fucaèk esa fd;k gSA fucaèk ds vkjaHk esa gh lHkh bafæ;ksa dh
ppkZ djrs gq, og dgrs gSa fd çR;sd bfUæ; dk viuk fof'k"V dke gS vkSj budk ,d
nwljs ls vfèkd ljksdkj ugÈ jgrkA tSls vk¡[kksa dk dke gS ns[kuk vkSj dkuksa dk lquuk
ij nksuksa dk ,d nwljs ls dksà ljksdkj ugÈ gSA Bhd oSls gh ukd dk dke gS lw¡?kuk
ftldk Li'kZ ls dksà ysuk&nsuk ugÈ gSA ;kuh bafæ;ksa dk çkcY; dsoy vius fo"k; esa
gSA viuk fo"k; NksM+ ;s nwljs ds fo"k; esa dqN vfèkdkj ugÈ j[krhaA
lHkh bfUæ;ksa dh egÙkk ij ckr djrs gq, fucaèkdkj bl fucaèk esa ^t+cku* dks lcls
çcy vkSj vU; pkjksa bafæ;ksa ij çHkko Mkyus okyk ekurs gSAa ^t+cku* vius {ks= ds
lkFk&lkFk vU; bafæ;ksa dh lhek esa Hkh ços'k djds lc dks çHkkfor djrh gSA ^^t+cku
lc bfUæ;ksa esa bruh çcy gS fd ;g tk;dk ysus ds le;] flok; jl ds tks bldk
çèkku fo"k; gS] 'kCn] Li'kZ] :i] xaèk lcksa dks vius lkFk lesVrh gSAß viuh ckr dks iq"V
91

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 djus ds fy, fucaèkdkj us Hkkstu dks vkèkkj cukdj vusd mnkgj.k fn, gSAa og fy[krs
gSa fd ^Hkkstu vxj xaèkkrk gks] ;k Hkkstu ds vklikl nqx±èk vk jgh gks] ;k Hkkstu djus
ds LFkku ij xUnxh fn[kkà ns rks og dHkh Hkh xys ds uhps ugÈ mrjsxkA* mls t+cku
ij j[kk gh ugÈ tk ldsxkA ;kuh t+cku dk çèkku fo"k; ;n~;fi jl gS Çdrq us=ksa ds
ekè;e ls xanxh dh lhek esa ;k ukfldk ds ekè;e ls nqx±èk dh lhek esa ços'k dj t+cku
viuh egÙkk LFkkfir djrh gSA lqxèa k ;k nqx±èk dk vU; bafæ;ksa ds lkFk ljksdkj gks ;k
u gks t+cku ds lkFk mldk lacèa k gSA ,sls gh bl ^t+cku* dk lacaèk us= ls Hkh tqM+k gSA
fdlh Hkh [kkn~; inkFkZ dk :i ^jl* dh mRifÙk dk dkj.k curk gSA ;kuh LoPN vkSj
vkd"kZd :i ls çLrqr fd;k x;k inkFkZ ns[krs gh thHk ls ikuh Vidus yxrk gSA Þblh
rjg Li'kZ lq[k dk vuqHko tSlk thHk dj ldrh gS oSlk 'kjhj ds nwljs fgLls ugÈ dj
ldrsA blh ls thHk dk jluk ;g uke lc Hkk¡fr lkFkZd gSAß
;g fucaèk fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk ,d vksj t+cku ds ekè;e ls vLokfn"V vkSj
nqx±èk ;qDr Hkkstu igpkuus dh 'kfDr ds dkj.k mldk egÙo fl) djrk gS rks nwljh
rjQ t+cku ds pVksjsiu okyh ç—fr ls gksus okys uqdlku ds ckjs esa Hkh lpsr djrk gSA
t+cku ds pVksjsiu ls rkRi;Z euq"; dh ykyph ço`fÙk ls gSA ;g ço`fÙk dà ckj eqlhcrksa
dks cqykok nsrh gSA ;g ,d voxq.k gS tks lnSo uqdlku dk dkj.k curk gSA ÞpVksjh
thHk yk[kksa #i;k pkV cSBrh gS vkSj gfol mldh ugÈ cq>rhAß ;gk¡ fucaèkdkj ^t+cku*
ds y{k.kkRed ç;ksx }kjk ekuo thou esa O;kIr ykyp vkSj LokFkZ ds dkj.k gksus okyh
gkfu dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA bl fucaèk esa mUgksaus Li"V :i ls dgk gS fd euq"; rc rd
ftrsfa æ; ugÈ gks ldrk tc rd og lHkh bafæ;ksa esa ls ^jluk* dks vius o'k esa u dj
ysA ^t+cku* ij fu;a=.k j[kdj ge ckdh lHkh ij viuk vfèkdkj tek ldrs gSAa O;fDr
dk Qk;nk vkSj uqdlku nksuksa dh otg ^t+cku* gh gSA blds lgh ç;ksx }kjk ge vius
fe= vkSj 'k=q nksuksa cuk ysrs gSaA ^t+cku* ;kuh ok.kh dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, fucaèkdkj
,d mnkgj.k nsrs gSa&
Þdkxk dkdks èku gjS] dks;y dkdks ns;
ehBh opu lquk; ds] lc viuks dfj ys;Aß
vFkkZr~ dkSvk fdlh dh èku laifÙk dks ugÈ gjrk] fdlh dks gkfu ugÈ igq¡pkrk vkSj
uk gh dks;y fdlh dks èku laifÙk çnku djrh gSA Çdrq fQj Hkh dks;y lHkh dks I;kjh
gksrh gSA bu nksuksa gh thoksa esa ok.kh dk gh varj gSA Li"V gS fd ge viuh ok.kh }kjk
92

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fdlh ds fç; vkSj fdlh ds fy, vfç; gks ldrs gSaA lekt dh ;g lkekU; ço`fÙk gS
fd dVqHkk"kh ;k cn~t+cku O;fDr dks dksà ilan ugÈ djrkA Þuqdlku Hkh vkneh dM+Ã
;k cnt+ckuh ls bruk mBkrk gS fd lc menk flQrksa ds gksrs Hkh yksx dVqHkk"kh ;k
cn~t+cku ds ikl tkrs fgpdrs gS]a dVgk dqÙkk lk og lcksa ls cjdk;k tkrk gSAß
cky—".k Hkê th us lH; vkpj.k ds fy, Hkh ^t+cku* dks gh çrhd ds rkSj ij lgh
ekuk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dh igpku mldh ok.kh ls gh gks tkrh gSA ekuo
thou ds bfrgkl dh vksj –f"V Mkyrs gq, ys[kd bl fucaèk esa fy[krs gSa fd fy[kus ls
igys cksyus dh çfØ;k vkjaHk gqà FkhA vkjafHkd fnuksa esa dguk vkSj mls dku ls lqudj
;kn j[kus dh ço`fÙk gh fon~;eku FkhA lHkh foèkk,¡ blh çfØ;k ds lkFk ,d nwljs rd
igq¡prh jgÈA fucaèkdkj us ^t+cku* ds gh vkèkkj ij euq"; dks tkuojksa ls vyx vkSj Js"B
ekuk gSA cksyuk] lquuk fy[kuk ;gh lH;rk ds fodkl dh çfØ;k gSA os fy[krs gSa fd
dksà Hkh foèkk vxj igys t+cku dh çfØ;k ls mRiUu ugÈ gqà gksrh rks us=] Li'kZ ;k
vU; bafæ;ksa dk dksà dk;Z ugÈ jg x;k gksrkA
ekuo LoHkko dk lw{e ijh{k.k djrs gq, t+cku ds egÙo dks Hkê th us Øksèk ls
Hkh tksM+ dj ns[kk gSA os dgrs gSa fd ^Øksèk ij fu;a=.k j[kus dk ,dek= mik; gS t+cku
ij fu;a=.k j[kukA* ;gh og bafæ; gS tks gesa Hkkjh uqdlku gksus ls cpk ldrh gSA os
fy[krs gSa fd Þt+cku dks nckuk Øksèk dks nck;s j[kus dk gh mik; gSAß blh ds
lkFk&lkFk T;knk cksyus ls gksus okys uqdlku ds ckjs esa Hkh mUgksaus vyx&vyx
mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V fd;k gSA os fy[krs gSa fd tks okpky yksx gksrs gSa og vius cksyus
dh vknr ls etcwj gksrs gSAa mudk è;ku fcYdqy ugÈ jgrk fd fdl ckr dks cksyus
ls fdlh dks dksà gkfu ;k ykHk gks ldrk gSA lgh le; vkSj lgh txg ij ugÈ cksyus
;k pqi jgus ls dHkh gkfu vkSj dHkh ykHk Hkh gks ldrk gSA
fucaèk esa ^t+cku* ij fu;a=.k ugÈ j[k ikus ls gksus okys uqdlku dks egkHkkjr ds
laxzke ds mnkgj.k ls mUgksaus le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA os fy[krs gSa fd ÞegkHkkjr dk
,slk loZuk'kh laxzke blh thHk ds u nckus dh cnkSyr fd;k x;kA ækSinh us ;fn ^vaèks
ds iq= vaèks gksrs gSa* bl eeZcès kh okD; dks dg eeZ rkaMo u fd;k gksrk vkSj nq;ksZèku dks
ikaMoksa ls [kkj u iSnk gqà gksrh rks ifj.kke esa 18 v{kkSfgf.k lsuk dkgs dks dV ejrhAß
os ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd bldk vFkZ ;g fcYdqy ugÈ yxkuk pkfg, fd cksyuk NksM+ fn;k
tk, ;k uk cksyk tk, Çdrq lgh le; vkSj lgh txg ij cksyuk gh fgrdj gksrk gSA
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 csotg fdlh dh cqjkà ;k Çunk vius fny dks cgykus gsrq ugÈ dh tkuh pkfg,A ,sls
xIik"Vd] okpky vkSj otzHkk"kh yksxksa ij O;aX; djrs gq, cky—".k Hkê fy[krs gSa fd
vko';d ugÈ gS fd Ã'oj us eqg¡ esa thHk nh gS rks dqN Hkh dguk pkfg,A D;ksfa d bl
ij dà ckj tks ugÈ dguk pkfg, og Hkh dg fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ckn esa iNrkuk iM+rk
gSA bl flyflys esa mUgksaus uokcksa vkSj fL=;ksa ls lacfa èkr dqN mnkgj.k Hkh fn, gSaA
ys[kd us ;g ekuk gS fd e`nqHkk"kh vkSj ehBh cksyh ds }kjk gh ge fdlh dks vkdÆ"kr
dj ldrs gSaA de cksyuk] lgh cksyuk vkSj mfpr le; vkSj LFkku ij cksyuk gh gekjs
O;fDrRo dks laokjrk gSA gekjs laLdkj vkSj LoHkko dks çnÆ'kr djrk gSA gekjh igpku
gekjh t+cku gh gSA blh ds }kjk ge igpkus tkrs gSaA ;g t+cku gh lHkh bafæ;ksa esa Js"B
vkSj egÙoiw.kZ gSA blh lan's k ds lkFk ys[kd viuh ckr dks lekIr djrs gSAa

¼d½ fucaèk esa ys[kd us ekuo dh ik¡pksa bfUæ;ksa esa ^t+cku* dks loZJ"s B crk;k gSA
----------------------------------
¼[k½ t+cku dks nckuk Øksèk dks nck;s j[kus dk gh mik; gSA ------------------------
¼x½ bafæ;ksa ds vHkko esa euq"; lkalkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku çkIr dj ikus esa leFkZ
gSA ------------------------------

vkèkqfud dky dh lHkh xn~; foèkkvksa esa fucaèk Çpru çèkku jpukRed foèkk gSA
bl foèkk esa dykRedrk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA fucaèk dks xn~; dh lokZfèkd çkS<+
foèkk Lohdkjk x;k gSA vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us xn~; dks lkfgR; dh dlkSVh ekurs gq,
fucaèk foèkk dks xn~; dh dlkSVh Lohdkj fd;k gSA tc fdlh foèkk dh dlkSVh dh ckr
dh tkrh gS rks gesa ml foèkk ds ewY;kadu lacèa kh dqN Çcnqvksa dks Hkh Lohdkj djuk gksrk
gS ftlds }kjk ge fdlh jpuk dh ij[k dj ldrs gSAa fo}kuksa us ewY;kadu gsrq dqN
ekunaM fuèkkZfjr fd, gSa ftlds }kjk fdlh jpuk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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iafMr cky—".k Hkê }kjk jfpr fucaèk ds fy, bUgÈ rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj ge ^t+cku*
fucaèk dh ;gk¡ leh{kk djsx
a sA
ys[kd cky—".k Hkê }kjk jfpr ;g fucaèk yfyr fucaèkksa dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS
ftlesa ^t+cku* uked bfUæ; dh fofoèk ç;qfDr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fofoèk :iksa esa fd;k x;k
gSA Li"V gS fd vU; lHkh foèkkvksa ds leku fucaèk ,d ,slh jpukRed foèkk gS ftlesa
jpukdkj ds O;fDrRo dh Nki Li"V fn[krh gSA vkykspdksa us Hkh fucaèk dks ys[kd ds
O;fDrRo dks çdkf'kr djus okyk ekuk gSA blfy, ge dks fucaèk ds
fofoèk rÙoksa esa ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ eku ldrs gSAa oLrqr% fucaèkdkj Þfcuk fdlh ladksp ds
vius ikBdksa dks vius thou vuqHko lqukrk gS vkSj bUgsa vkReh;rk ds lkFk muesa Hkkx
ysus ds fy, vkeaf=r djrk gSA mldh ;g ?kfu"Brk ftruh lPph vkSj l?ku gksxh]
mldk fucaèk ikBdksa ij mruk gh lhèkk vkSj rhoz vlj djsxkAß
dh Nki fucaèk ij vo';aHkkoh :i ls iM+rh gS D;ksafd ys[kd vius
Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vR;ar lgtrk ds lkFk vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA blesa ys[kd futh
rkSj ij mifLFkr jgrk gSA Hkê th }kjk jfpr yfyr fucaèk ^t+cku* esa Hkh jpukdkj us
^t+cku* ls tqM+s vius O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA bl fucaèk esa os vius
futh vuqHkoksa ds }kjk ekuo bafæ;ksa dk lw{e voyksdu djrs gq, ik¡pksa bafæ;ksa esa
egÙoiw.kZ vkSj Js"B bafæ; dk ifjp; ikBd ls djokrs gSAa mUgksaus vyx&vyx
mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls ;g fl) djus dk lQy ç;kl fd;k gS fd ekuo ds 'kjhj esa
tks ik¡p bafæ;k¡ gSa muesa t+cku dk egÙo vfèkd gSA vius O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa dks fucaèk
ds dsæa esa j[kdj t+cku tSls vfr lkèkkj.k fo"k; dks csgrjhu <ax ls mUgksua s çLrqr fd;k
gSA ekuoh; xq.kksa&voxq.kksa dks ,oa ekuo ds fodkl Øe dks Hkh os ^t+cku* ls tksM+ dj
ns[krs gSAa os fy[krs gS]a Þt+cku dks leLr lH;rk vkSj 'kkbLrxh dk lkjka'k dguk
vuqfpr ugÈ gSA vc rd tks dqN rjôh lalkj esa gqà gS] mldk }kj t+cku gh gSA balku
vkSj gSoku esa ;gh rks varj gS fd tkuoj ge yksxksa dh rjg viuk [k;ky t+cku ls dg
dj ugÈ vnk dj ldrs] ugÈ rks vkSj lc bafæ;ksa ds ykyu&ikyu esa vkgkj] fuæk] Hk;]
eSFkqu vkfn ds }kjk i'kq vkSj euq"; dh lerk gksus esa dkSu lk varj cpk jgkAß blh
çdkj vius O;fDrxr vuqHkoksa ds ekè;e ls os t+cku ds pVksjsiu ls] t+cku ds okpky
gksus ls] rFkk lgh le; vkSj lgh LFkku ij t+cku ds uk [kksyus ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa
ds ckjs esa Hkh ckr djrs gSaA
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 fucaèkdkj us t+cku tSls vR;ar gh ljy vkSj lgt yxus okys fo"k; dks mRÑ"V
fl) dj viuh oSpkfjdh dks Hkh fl) fd;k gSA fopkj fdlh Hkh lQy fucaèk dk vkèkkj
gksrs gSa ftlds ekè;e ls ys[kd vius Hkkoksa ds çokg dks rdks± }kjk çLrqr djrk gSA og
fdlh fo"k; dks dsaæ esa j[kdj] ml ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj djds vius ys[ku dk
rkuk&ckuk cqurk gSA oLrqr% fdlh Hkh fucaèk esa ys[kd vius Hkko] fopkj vkSj Çpru dks
LoPNan :i ls çLrqr djrk gSA og lekt ds fdlh fo"k; ij] laL—fr ;k ijaijk ij]
lkfgR; ds fo"k; ij vius futh fopkj j[krk gSA ;g çfØ;k xgu Çpru ds }kjk gh
gksrh gSA mldh Çpru 'kfDr fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks fo'ysf"kr dj ikus esa l{ke gksrh gSA
mldh oSpkfjd LoPNanrk vkSj HkkokRedrk dks cqf) ;k fopkj i{k O;k[;kf;r vkSj
fo'ysf"kr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA foosfpr fucaèk esa Hkh fucaèkdkj dk fopkjkRed i{k
vfèkd mHkjk gSA vius Hkkoksa dks laçsf"kr djus ds lkFk gh lkFk mUgksua s rdZ ds ekè;e
ls vius fopkjksa dks iksf"kr fd;k gSA blfy, fucaèk esa Hkko vkSj fopkj nksuksa dk gh lgh
larqyu fn[kkà iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Þdgus dks euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ik¡p bfUæ;k¡ gSa
vkSj ;g iqryk mUgÈ ik¡p desZfUæ;ksa dk cuk gS fdUrq mu&mu bfUæ;ksa dk çkcY; dsoy
vius fo"k; esa gS] viuk fo"k; NksM+ nwljs ds fo"k; esa os dqN vfèkdkj ugÈ j[krÈ] tSlk
d.kZ bfUæ; dk vfèkdkj 'kCn ij gS] rks dku ds :i ls] tks us= dk fo"k; gS] dqN
ljksdkj ugÈ gSAa ,slk gh us= dks Ropk bfUæ; ls] ftldk vfèkdkj Li'kZ ij gS] dqN
ljksdkj ugÈ gSAa ß
fucaèk ds vkjaHk esa ,d fopkj dks Hkê th us j[kdj t+cku dks ckdh bafæ;ksa ls Js"B
ekuk vkSj mldh vxyh gh iafDr esa Hkkstu dk mnkgj.k nsdj rdZ dh dlkSVh ij j[k
fn;kA lkFk gh t+cku dks ekè;e cukdj vkèkqfud nkSj dh dqN leL;kvksa dh vksj Hkh
b'kkjk fd;k gSA ykyp] }s"k] LokFkZ vkfn dk lhèkk lacaèk mUgksua s t+cku ls gh tksM+ dj
fn[kk;k gSA fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk mUgksaus ;g fn[kkus dk lQy ç;kl Hkh fd;k gS
fd t+cku ij fu;a=.k gksus ;k uk gksus ls ge fdlh ds fy, vPNs ;k cqjs gks ldrs gSAa
lkFk gh lkFk ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl esa t+cku ds egÙo dks Hkh js[kkafdr djrs gq, vius
fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA os fy[krs gSa fd Þ;kor fon~;k vkSj Kku igys ftOgk ls dgdj
çdV u fd, x, gksrs rks dsoy ys[k 'kfDr ls dqN uk gksrk] u gekjh lH;rk bl Nksj
rd igq¡prhAß fopkj bl rjg ds dà mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls O;Dr gksrs gq, fn[kkà nsrs
gSaA ,d rjQ os okpky yksxksa ds dkj.k gksus okys gkfu ykHk dk ftØ djrs gSa rks nwljh
96 vksj ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dk vkèkkj Hkh ftºok dks gh ekurs gSaA ,d vksj e`nqHkk"kh

©
gksus ls euq"; dks vknj o lEeku dk Hkkxh curs gq, ns[krs gSa ogÈ nwljh vksj otz Hkk"kh
gksus ls curs gq, dk;Z ds fcxM+us dh vksj ladrs djrs gSAa vr% ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd
bl fucaèk esa ys[kd dh oSpkfjd –f"V l'kDr vkSj çkS<+ gSA
fucaèk dh vc rd dh x;h leh{kk ds Øe esa ;g Li"V gqvk gS fd fucaèk ,d
LoPNan] HkkokRed vkSj fopkjçèkku foèkk gSA ftlesa ys[kd u dsoy fdlh fo"k; ij
viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gS vfirq mUeqDr Hkko ls cM+h gh
lgtrk ds lkFk fo"k; ij viuh ckr j[krk gSA bl çfØ;k esa dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh
gksrk gS fd og fo"k; ls HkVd tkrk gSA ;gÈ ij ikBd dh rkjrE;rk VwVrh gS vkSj
fucaèk fc[kjus yxrk gSA bl rkjrE;rk dk cus jguk vPNs fucaèk ds fy, vR;ar
vko';d gksrk gSA fucaèk ys[ku esa bls ,dlw=kRedrk dgrs gSaA ;kuh ,d lw= esa caèks
jgdj fucaèk dks jpukA ;g dlkoV ikBdksa ds fy, lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA tks Hkko
;k fopkj ys[kd fucaèk ds vkjaHk ls ysdj pyrk gS vxj mldh Ük`a[kyk ;k rkjrE;rk
esa dgÈ HkVdko eglwl gksxk rks fucaèk iwjh rjg ls fc[kj tk,xkA ftlds fy, fucaèk
esa ,d çokg dk gksuk furkar vko';d gks tkrk gSA ,d gh lw= esa caèks jgdj ml
fc[kjko dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fucaèk ds çeq[k rÙoksa esa ,dlw=kRedrk
dks roTtks nh tkrh gSA
bl dlkSVh ij Hkh cky—".k Hkê }kjk jfpr ;g fucaèk vR;ar lQy fl) gqvk
gSA fucaèk dh igyh iafDr ls vafre iafDr rd fdlh Hkh rjg dk dksà fc[kjko ugÈ
fn[kkà nsrkA vius fopkjksa dh xgurk ds lkFk&lkFk fofoèk mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls
ys[kd us bl çokg dks cuk, j[kk gSA ^t+cku* fdl çdkj] O;fDr] lekt vkSj ekuo
lH;rk esa ?kVus okyh fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks çHkkfor djrh jgh gS vkSj dj ldrh gS bldk
mYys[k og ok.kh ds ç;ksx ds vyx&vyx mnkgj.kksa }kjk #fpdj <ax ls djrs gSaA
ys[kd us fucaèk ds ewy Hkko dks cM+h jkspdrk ds lkFk idM+k gS vkSj ikBd ls viuk
vkReh; lacaèk cuk, j[kk gSA
ikBd fdlh Hkh fucaèk dk og i{k gksrk gS tks ys[kd dh vuqHkwfr;ksa ls tqMk+
jgrk gSA mldk tqMk+ o fucaèk dh igyh iafDr ls vkjaHk gksdj vafre {k.k rd jgrk
gSA ys[kd ds fopkjksa ls og viuk rknkRE; LFkkfir djrk gqvk pyrk gSA ikBd dks
lkFk esa ysdj pyrs gq, mldk fucaèk ls HkVdko uk gks blds fy, vko';d gS fd
ikBd ds eu esa mRlqdrk vkSj jkspdrk dk Hkko cuk jgsA fucaèkdkj ds fy, ;g vfr
97

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 egÙoiw.kZ gS fd mlds fucaèk esa jkspdrk dk lekos'k jgsA og fdlh Hkh rjg ls ikBd
dks uhjl u yxsA ys[kd ds fy, vko';d gS fd mldk fucaèk ek= oSpkfjdh èkkj.k
fd, gq, u gksA vR;kfèkd cqf) dk ç;ksx ;k vfèkd ek=k esa Çpru vkSj fopkj ikBd
dks cksf>y ;k mckÅ u yxsA Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk fucaèk esa jkspdrk vkSj
lthork dks cuk, j[kuk vfr vko';d gks tkrk gSA ;g rÙo fucaèk ds fy,
vko';d gSA vR;fèkd xaHkhj fopkj] yacs okD; vkSj lkekfld 'kCnkoyh fucaèk dks
mckÅ cuk nsrs gSaA ,d lQy fucaèkdkj ogh gS tks xaHkhj fopkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk mls
jkspd vkSj lgt cuk, j[krk gSA bl –f"V ls Hkê th dk ;g fucaèk iw.kZ :i ls
lQy ekuk tk ldrk gSA jkspd 'kSyh vkSj vuqHko tfur mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls
fucaèk dks vkjaHk ls var rd mUgksua s ltho cuk, j[kk gSA ikBd dks dHkh Hkh cksf>yrk
eglwl ugÈ gksrhA os fy[krs gSa&ÞHkkstu ds le; tjk Hkh nqx±èk gks ;k [kkuk ftls ge
[kk jgs gSa xaèkkrk gks] dHkh uk [kk;k tk,xkA [kkus dks dkSu dgs fepykà vkus yxsxh]
tks isV esa gS og Hkh ckgj fudy iM+x s kA mu dh rks ckr gh fujkyh gS ftUgsa nqx±èkh gh
lqxaèkh gSAß bl fucaèk esa ,sls dà Hkko gSa tks ikBd dks g¡lus ij etcwj dj nsrs gSAa
vius vuqHkoh thou ls ;FkkFkZoknh Çccksa ds lkFk ys[kd us fucaèk esa lthork vkSj
jkspdrk nksuksa dks cuk, j[kk gSA
jkspd Hkkoksa vkSj xaHkhj fopkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,d fucaèkdkj ds le{k ,d pqukSrh
;g Hkh gksrh gS fd og viuh ckr dks de ls de 'kCnksa esa çLrqr djsA vR;kfèkd yacs
fucaèk esa fc[kjko vkSj Hkkoksa dk nksgjko T;knk gksrk gS ftlls fucaèk esa dlko ugÈ gks
ikrkA vr% laf{kIrrk fucaèk dk ,d çeq[k rÙo cu tkrk gS ftldk fucaèkdkj dks è;ku
j[kuk gksrk gSA fucaèkdkj dh Js"Brk dk ifjp; ;gÈ ns[kus esa vkrk gSA ,d lQy
xn~;dkj ds fy, tks dlkSVh pquh xà gS og fucaèk gh gS ;g rks ge tkurs gSa ijarq ,slk
D;ksa gS bl rÙo ds lkFk gh tqM+k gqvk gSA tc ge fdlh fo"k; ij vfèkd tkudkjh
j[krs gSa rks ge T;knk ls T;knk fy[k ldrs gSa Çdrq tc dgk tk, fd viuh ckr dks
de ls de 'kCnksa esa çLrqr dhft, rks ogk¡ gekjh ys[ku dyk dk ifjp; gksrk gSA T;knk
tkuuk vkSj de fy[kuk lcls dfBu dk;Z ekuk tkrk gSA in~; esa bls gh xkxj esa lkxj
Hkjuk dgk x;k gSA
,d lQy fucaèk ds fy, vfr vko';d gS fd mlesa Hkkoksa dk çdVu de ls de
'kCnksa esa gksA Çdrq og lHkh ckrsa Hkh mlesa çLrqr gks tk,¡ ftUgsa fucaèk ys[kd vfHkO;Dr
djuk pkgrk gSA laf{kIr :i ls vius fopkjksa dks çLrqr djuk gh lQy fucaèkdkj dh
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igpku gksrh gSA laf{kIrrk dk ;g eryc fcYdqy Hkh ugÈ gksrk fd tks ckr vki dguk
pkg jgs gSa og iwjh rjg ls Li"V uk gks ik,A Li"Vrk ds lkFk vfHkO;fDr gksuk lQy
fucaèk dh fu'kkuh gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkko ftrus lVhd gksax]s la{ksi esa gksaxs mldk
çHkko mruk gh vfèkd gksxkA bl vkèkkj ij ;g fucaèk vkn'kZ vkSj lQy fucaèk ekuk
tk ldrk gSA ftlesa fucaèkdkj us rhu ls pkj i`"Bksa esa ekuoh; bafæ;ksa ds lHkh :iksa dks
fo'ysf"kr dj rqyukRed :i ls t+cku dks Js"B vkSj mR—"V crk;k gSA ^t+cku* ds
ekè;e ls mUgksua s ekuoh; xq.kksa vkSj voxq.kksa dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gS vkSj lkFk gh
fofoèk –"VkUrksa ds }kjk uSfrd ewY;ksa dk Hkh lans'k fn;k gSA
dykRed :i ls l'kDr ys[kd gh laf{kIr :i ls vius Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;Dr dj
ldrk gSA ftl ys[kd ds ikl çpqj ek=k esa 'kCn HkaMkj u gks] ftlds ikl foLr`r
fopkjksa dks de ls de 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djus dk gquj uk gks og lQy fucaèkdkj ;k
mldk fucaèk lQy fucaèk ugÈ dgk tk ldrkA fucaèk ys[ku ds fy, ,d Hkk"kk Kku
dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA fo"k; dks pquuk ,d ckr gS Çdrq ml dks vfHkO;Dr djuk
vkSj fo'ks"k 'kSyh esa mldks çLrqr djuk nwljh ckrA fo"k; ds vuq:i Hkk"kk dk p;u
vkSj mls lgt ljy rjhds ls 'kCnksa esa fijksuk vR;ar gh dfBu vkSj dykRed dk;Z
gSA fucaèk dks xn~; dh dlkSVh dgus ds ihNs ;gh egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA çLrqr fucaèk
Hkk"kkà vkSj dykRed –f"V ls lQy fucaèk dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj ys[kd cky—".k
Hkê th dks lQy fucaèkdkjA muds ikl çpqj 'kCn HkaMkj gS ftlesa rRle] rn~Hko]
ns'kt] fons'kh 'kCnksa dks ge vklkuh ls ns[k ikrs gSAa Hkkoksa ds vuq:i mUgksua s vius
fucaèk ds fy, 'kCnksa dks pquk gSA vjch&Qkjlh 'kCnksa dk pquko Hkh cM+h ckjhdh ls
mUgksaus txg&txg ij fd;k gSA vius fopkj dks lgtrk ds lkFk j[kus ds dkj.k gh
iwjs fucaèk esa Hkkoksa dk lkèkkj.khdj.k vklkuh ls gksrk gqvk fn[kkà iM+rk gSA t+cku dk
fo'ys"k.k dj mls dà mnkgj.kksa ds }kjk çdV djuk foospukRed vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed
'kSyh dk ifjp; djokrk gSA

fucaèk ds rÙoksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g fucaèk mR—"V gS D;ksafd fucaèk ds lHkh egÙoiw.kZ rÙo
;Fkk fopkjkRedrk] jkspdrk] ,dlw=kRedrk rFkk dykRedrk vkfn Hkh bl fucaèk esa 99

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 lgt :i esa –f"Vxr gksrh gSA ;g fucaèk u dsoy yfyr fucaèkksa esa mR—"V gS vfirq
euq"; dks thou lqpk: :i ls thus dh ;qfDr nsus ds dkj.k çklafxd Hkh gSA

¼d½ t+cku fucaèk ds ekè;e ls jpukdkj D;k lan's k nsuk pkgrs gSa\
¼[k½ fucaèk ds rÙoksa ds vkèkkj ij ^t+cku* fucaèk dh leh{kk dhft,\
¼x½ ^t+cku* fucaèk dk çfrikn~; vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,\
¼?k½ vkèkqfud le; esa bl fucaèk dh D;k çklafxdrk gks ldrh gS\ fopkj
dhft,A

 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* & vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy

 ^Çgnh dk xn~; lkfgR;* & jkepaæ frokjh
 ^Hkkjrsanq ;qx* & jkefoykl 'kekZ
 ^Hkkjrsanq ;qx vkSj Çgnh Hkk"kk dh fodkl ijaijk* & jkefoykl 'kekZ
 ^fucaèkksa dh nqfu;k* & ckyÑ".k Hkê
 ^'krkCnh ds fucaèk* & eqdqan f}osnh

100

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 eqDr f'k{kk fon~;ky;
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

5-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

5-2 çLrkouk
5-3 ys[kd&ifjp;
5-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
5-4 fucaèk dk lkj
5-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
5-5 fucaèk dk çfrikn~;
5-6 fucaèk&'kSyh
5-6-1 oLrq&oSf'k"V~;
5-6-2 Hkk"kk
5-6-3 'kSyh
5-7 fu"d"kZ
5-8 O;k[;k&Hkkx
5-9 vH;kl&ç'u
5-10 lanHkZ&xzFa k

bl ikB ds vè;;u ds ekè;e ls fon~;kFkÊ&

 fucaèk lkfgR; dh tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxAs
 ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg ds thou ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxAs
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  muds fucaèk foèkk ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dks le> ldsaxAs
 ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk ds oLrq&oSf'k"V~; vkSj f'kYi ls iw.kZr% voxr gks ldsx
a As

vkèkqfud dky fofoèkrkvksa ls Hkjk dky gSA bl dky esa Çgnh lkfgR; dh fofoèk
foèkkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA dgkuh] ukVd] miU;kl] fucaèk] vkykspuk tSlh çeq[k foèkk,¡ blh
dky dh nsu gSAa fucaèk foèkk dk fodkl Hkh blh dky esa gqvkA vkèkqfud dky ds f}osnh
;qxhu fucaèkdkjksa esa ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg dk uke loZfofnr gSA bUgksaus vius thou esa dqy N%
fucaèk fy[ks] ij viuh Hkk"kk vkSj fo"k; çLrqrhdj.k ds dkj.k ;s vxz.kh iafDr ds fucaèk
ys[kd dgyk,A bUgksaus tks fucaèk fy[ks mlesa ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk budk ,d cgqr gh
tufç; fucaèk ekuk tkrk gSA mlh ds lanHkZ esa ;gk¡ crk;k ¼çdk'k Mkyk½ x;k gSA

Çgnh fucaèkdkjksa esa iw.kZ Çlg dk viuk fof'k"V LFkku gSA f}osnh ;qxhu fucaèkdkjksa
esa os vxzx.; ekus tkrs gSAa budk tUe lu~ 1881 Ã- esa ,Vckckn ftys ds ,d xk¡o esa
gqvk FkkA ;s ,d çfrHkkoku O;fDr FksA Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds leFkZd lkfgR;dkj ds :i
esa bUgsa tkuk tkrk gSA ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg dk thou cgqr mrkj&p<+ko iw.kZ jgkA çkjaHk
esa ;s foKku fo"k; ds ,d esèkkoh Nk= FksA blhfy, 18 o"kZ dh NksVh&lh mez esa ;s
jlk;u'kkL= dk vè;;u djus tkiku x;sA ogÈ mudk ifjp; Lokeh jkerhFkZ th ls
gqvkA ;s muls cgqr çHkkfor gq, vkSj laU;klh gks x, ij ifjokj ds yksxksa ds le>kus
ij bUgksaus x`gLFk thou esa ços'k fd;kA thou;kiu ds fy, bUgksaus ykgkSj ds ,d
fon~;ky; esa çkpk;Z ds :i esa ukSdjh çkjaHk dhA rHkh ls yksx bUgsa vknjiwoZd vè;kid
iw.kZ Çlg dgus yxsA rRi'pkr~ bUgksaus nsgjknwu vkSj Xokfy;j esa Hkh ukSdjh dhA var esa
bUgksaus iatkc esa [ksrh djus dk fopkj cuk;k vkSj ogk¡ tehu [kjhn dj [ksrh djus yxsA
blesa bUgsa Hkkjh ?kkVk gqvkA ftlds dkj.k ;s 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls vLoLFk
jgus yxsA var esa thou ls yM+rs gq, lu~ 1931 Ã- esa budk LoxZokl gks x;kA
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 ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg dk fucaèk lkfgR; cgqr de gSA Çgnh esa buds ek= Ng fucaèk
çdk'k esa vk, gSa&lPph ohjrk] dU;knku] ifo=rk] vkpj.k dh lH;rk] etnwjh vkSj çse
rFkk vesfjdk dk eLr ;ksxh okYVfgVA blds vfrfjÙk mUgksaus vaxzt
s h esa 10&12 iqLrdsa
fy[kÈA muesa fl[k èkeZ ds nl xq#vksa ij fy[kh xà mudh iqLrd ^n cqd v‚Q Vsu
ekLVlZ*] ^fn LVksjh v‚Q Lokeh jke* vkfn çeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSaA bUgksua s iatkch ds dfo
ohjÇlg dh dforkvksa dk vaxzts h vuqokn Hkh çLrqr fd;kA vius bl laf{kIr lkfgR; ds
ekè;e ls vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg us Çgnh lkfgR; esa vfoLej.kh; LFkku cuk;k gSA
vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg çfrHkkoku lkfgR;dkj FksA ;n~;fi buds fucaèkksa dh la[;k ek=
N% gS fQj Hkh bUgksua s viuh ys[kuh dk tkSgj fn[kkdj Çgnh ds çfrf"Br fucaèkdkjksa dh
çFke iafDr esa viuk LFkku cuk;k gSA vkt buds fucaèk Çgnh lkfgR; dh vewY; fufèk
ekus tkrs gSaA buds fucaèkksa ds fo"k; lkekftd gSaA ftu ij f}osnh ;qxhu uSfrdrk vkSj
vkn'kZ dk çHkko loZ= fn[kkà nsrk gSA iw.kZ Çlg th vius fucaèkksa ds ekè;e ls ekuoh;
Lrj ij lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; psruk mn~cq) djuk pkgrs FksA ekuorkoknh xq.kksa
tSls&lR;] vÇglk] R;kx] çse] mnkjrk vkfn dks ekuoh; thou esa çfrf"Br djuk budk
mn~n's ; gSA blhfy, bUgsa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dk iks"kd lkfgR;dkj ekuk x;k gSA buds
fucaèkksa esa HkkokRed vkSj fopkjkRed 'kSyh dk fefJr :i feyrk gSA bu fucaèkksa esa budk
O;fDrxr thoukuqHko lkQ >k¡drk fn[kkà nsrk gSA ^lPph ohjrk* budk ,slk gh ,d
HkkokRed fucaèk gS ftlesa ys[kd us ;g crk;k gS fd ohjrk lnSo mRlkg vkSj tks'k Hkjh
dBksjrk esa gh ugÈ gksrh og dHkh&dHkh dkseyrk esa Hkh fon~;eku jgrh gSA fu"dke deZ
vkSj fo'o dY;k.k ls tUeh ohjrk gh ^lPph ohjrk* gksrh gSA

1- ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg fdl dky ds dfo gSa\

2- ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg us fdrus fucaèk fy[ks gSa\
3- ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg vius fucaèkksa ds ekè;e ls fdl rjg dh psruk mn~cq) djuk
pkgrs gS\a

103

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 lPpk ohj iq#"k vktkn fopkjksa dk gksrk gSA og ç—fr ls 'kkar vkSj xaHkhj gksrk
gSA og lnSo vius [;kyksa dh nqfu;k esa [kks;k jgrk gSA tc og tkxrk gS rks lalkj
esa gypy ep tkrh gSA ,sls 'ksjksa dh vkokt lfn;ksa rd xw¡trh jgrh gSA jkek;.k esa
dqaHkd.kZ ,slk gh ohj gSA ,slk gh ,d ohj iq#"k gjk dh danjk esa lks;k gqvk Fkk
ftldk uke Fkk eksgEen lkgcA tc og ohj txk rks bUæiLFk ls Lisu rd mldh
vYykgw vdcj dh okilh dh xw¡t lqukà nh vkSj lalkj ekSu gksdj mldh ok.kh dks
lqurk jgkA vkt Hkh ml ohj ds uke ij fo'okl djrs gq, lalkj dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx
dqckZu gksus dks rS;kj gSA ,sls ohj iq#"k lnk lÙo xq.k esa fueXu jgrs gSAa ,sls lkèkq
lar LoHkko ds ohj iq#"kksa dk thou nwljksa ds fy, gksrk gSA blfy, bu ohjksa dk
Lokxr euq"; gh ugÈ ç—fr Hkh djrh gSA ij dqN yksx vKkuo'k jktk vkSj ,s'o;Zoku
yksxksa dks ohj iq#"k le>rs gSaA tcfd os ohj u gksdj Mjiksd gksrs gSaA ys[kd bl ckr
dks le>kus ds fy, ,d ckxh vkSj ckn'kkg dk mnkgj.k nsrk gSA jktk ckxh dks Qk¡lh
ij p<+kus dh èkedh nsrk gS ij ckxh rks Qk¡lh ij p<+us ls Mjrk gh ugÈ gSA og
tkurk gS fd ckn'kkg 'kjhj dks d"V ns ldrk gS mldks ugÈA ftl fnu O;fDr dk
'kjhj eksg NwV tkrk gS rc cyoku jktk mldk dqN ugÈ dj ldrkA tcfd lPps
ohj dk LFkku yksxksa ds ân; esa gksrk gSA og tu&tu ds ân; ij gqdwer djrk gSA
blhfy, og vej gks tkrk gSA
ys[kd ,sls ohj iq#"kksa ds dà mnkgj.k nsrk gS ftUgksaus vius çk.kksa dh ijokg ugÈ
dhA os fdlh Hkh rkdr ds vkxs >qds ugÈA ,sls ohj iq#"k #i;k] iSlk ;k èku dekus esa
fo'okl ugÈ j[krsA os rks viuh ckr ij ej feVus okys gksrs gSaA ,sls ohjksa esa ealjw dk
viuh ckr dh [kkfrj lwyh ij p<+uk] 'kEl rjcst dk ckn'kkg dks fHk[kkjh le> dj
[kky mrkj dj nsuk] Hkxoku 'kadj dk dkikfyd dks viuk flj mrkjus dks dguk]
vdcj ds njckj esa vk;s nks ohj iq#"kksa dk ryokj dh èkkj ij nkSM+ dj <+js gks tkuk]
cq) dk e`x dks cpkus ds fy, jktk ds lkeus viuk 'kjhj is'k djuk vkfn ohjksa ds ,sls
mnkgj.k gSa tks lnSo Lej.kh; jgsx a As bu ohjksa us volj vkrs gh vius 'kjhj dk cfynku
dj fn;k vkSj ges'kk&ges'kk ds fy, yksxksa ds ân; esa viuk LFkku cuk dj vej gks
x,A tcfd cyoku] rkuk'kkg ckn'kkgksa dk vkt dksà uke rd ugÈ tkurk vkSj lPps
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ohj vius ihNs bfrgkl NksM+ tkrs gSAa ;s tc vkxs c<+rs gSa lalkj esa gypy ep tkrh
gSA ufn;k¡] igkM+] leqæ gh ugÈ ,d ckj ds fy, Lo;a HkkX; foèkkrk Hkh LrCèk ns[krk jg
tkrk gSA ,slk gh ,d vU; ohj teZuh ds NksVs ls xk¡o ds fxjtk?kj dk iknjh ywFkj Fkk
ftlus iksi ls Vôj yh vkSj mlds vkxs >qdk ugÈA mlus lPpkà ds ekxZ ij py dj
iksi ds ik[k.Mh lkezkT; dh uÈo fgykdj j[k nhA j.kthr Çlg dk mRlkg vkSj tks'k
rwQkuh vVd unh dks ikj djus ds fy, lnSo Lej.kh; jgsxkA ewlykèkkj xksfy;ksa dh
cjlkr esa QkSt tc ,YIl ds igkM+kas dks ns[kdj Bgj xà rks ,d ohj ds mRlkg Hkjs
'kCn&^^,YIl gS gh ugÈ** lqudj lkjh QkSt ,YIl ioZr ij p<+ xÃA blh rjg vPNs
vkSj mnkÙk fopkjksa okyh HksM+ pjkus okyh ;qorh us vius ijkØe ds cy ij Ýkal dks
ijkftr gksus ls cpk fy;kA bu lHkh mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ohj yksx ohjrkiw.kZ
dk;Z egku~ cuus dh bPNk ls ugÈ djrsA os rks lR; ds jkgh gksrs gSaA o`{kksa dh Hkk¡fr
viuk lkjk thou ijksidkj esa yxk nsrs gSAa lPpk ohj gj iy vius dks egku~ cukus
esa yxk jgrk gSA og vius ohjrkiwoZd dk;ks± dh x.kuk ugÈ djrk vfirq ohjrk ds {ks=
esa vkSj vkxs c<+rk pyk tkrk gSA
ohjrk ds dà :i gksrs gSAa dHkh&dHkh rks og mRlkg vkSj tks'k ls Hkjs dkjukeksa
esa viuh tku x¡okrs fn[kkà nsrh gS rks dHkh çse ds eSnku esa viuh –<+rk dk >aMk fn[kkus
esa fn[kkà nsrh gS rks dHkh lkfgR;dkj ds lkfgR; vkSj laxhr esa] dHkh cq) tSls xw<+ rÙo
dk jgL; [kkstrs jktk dh fojfDr esa ;g ohjrk fNih jgrh gSA ohjrk ,d çsj.kk gS
mldh udy ugÈ dh tk ldrhA blhfy, ;g ges'kk u;s&u;s :i esa lkeus vkrh gSA
iqjk.kksa esa O;Dr Ã'oj ds fHkUu&fHkUu vorkj ohjrk ds mnkgj.k gSaA ohjrk tc Hkh fdlh
ns'k esa çdV gqà mlds vkxs lHkh us eLrd >qdk;k gSA ohjrk dk fodkl vyx&vyx
gksrk gS Bhd mlh rjg tSls eu dh çlUurk lcdh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA oSls gh
ohjrk dh vfHkO;fDr ,d lh ugÈ gksrhA ;g dsoy mRlkg esa gh ugÈ ns[kh tkrh ân;
dh dkseyrk esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA tkikfu;ksa dh ohjrk mRlkgiw.kZ u gksdj ân;
dh dkseyrk dh ohjrk gS tks euq"; vkSj ç—fr lHkh dks çHkkfor djrh gSA og psjh ds
Qwy ls Hkh vfèkd dksey çrhr gksrh gSA rHkh rks og O;fDr mRlkgh ohjksa dh rjg mruk
gh ohj Fkk ftlus ØwlM s ~l ds fy, iwjs ;wjksi dks fgyk fn;kA mlus ;wjksi ds yksxksa dks
vius rhFkZ [kksyus vkSj ,kfyfLVu ds rax djus dh ,slh vk¡lw Hkjh dgkuh lqukà fd lkjk
;wjksi mlds lkFk jks mBkA ;g Hkh vPNh vkSj lPph ohjrk dk mnkgj.k gSA ,slh gh
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 fu"dke lsok dh ohjrk uSÇVxxsy i{kh dh gSA ;g i{kh chekj ds xUns t[eksa dks lkQ
djrk gSA ,slh dksey ohjrk yksxksa ds fnyksa esa vkt Hkh jkt dj jgh gSA ys[kd dgrk
gS fd ;g ohjrk nqfu;k ds lkeus ugÈ vkrhA bfrgkl bl ohjrk dh ppkZ ugÈ djrk
ij bruk vo'; gS fd ,slh ohjrk ds ne ij lalkj vkt thfor gSA
ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd ohjksa dk fuekZ.k djus okys dkj[kkus ugÈ gksrAs os nsonkj
ds o`{k dh rjg vius vki iSnk gksrs gSa vkSj fcuk ijofj'k ds vius vki cM+s gks tkrs gSAa
mudk thou cgqr 'kkar] xaHkhj vkSj vUr%eq[kh gksrk gSA os tokgjkr dh [kku dh rjg
gksrs gSaA Åij ls dqN fn[kkà ugÈ nsrk ij vanj muds fopkjksa ds ghjs eksrh gksrs gSAa os
vius dk;ks± ls tkus tkrs gSa] rHkh os lalkj ds lkeus vkrs gSa vU;Fkk os xqeuke jgrs gSaA
tc lkeus vkrs gSa rks yksx muls çHkkfor gksrs gSAa rHkh rks mudk fny lcdk fny cu
tkrk gSA mudk eu] mudk cy] muds fopkj] muds ladYi] dsoy muds u jgdj
lcds cu tkrs gSAa os lcds ân; esa cl tkrs gSAa ,sls lPps ohjksa dk fuokl xqnfM+;ksa]
danjkvksa vkSj >ksifM+;ksa esa gksrk gSA mudh ohjrk fn[kkoVh vkSj vkReç'kalk djus vkSj
lquus dh ugÈ gksrh tcfd nwljh rjg ds ^Mªkbax:e ohj* lPps ohjksa ls ,dne fHkUu gksrs
gSaA os iqLrd] v[kckj] fo}kuksa ds ys[k vkSj O;k[;kuksa ds ekè;e ls gh ohj gksuk pkgrs
gSaA ;s ohj <ksx
a h fdLe ds gksrs gSaA nwljksa ls viuh ç'kalk lquuk bUgsa vPNk yxrk gSA
os nqfu;k esa viuk uke djuk pkgrs gSAa ,sls yksx thou dks vueksy le>dj vkxs
c<+dj ihNs blfy, gV tkrs gSa fd fdlh vkSj dk;Z ds fy, thou cpk jgsA okLro esa
;s dk;j vkSj Mjiksd gksrs gSaA lPpk ohj ,slk ugÈ djrkA og cand w dh xksyh dh rjg
,d ckj gh vius thou dk ç;ksx djrk gSA mls ckn ds fy, ugÈ cpkrkA Mªkbax :e
ohj xjtus okys ckny gSa rks lPps ohj cjlus okys ckny gksrs gSaA
ohj iq#"k vkSj dk;j iq#"k dk varj crkrs gq, ys[kd dgrk gS fd ohj iq#"k tgk¡
vkxs c<+us vkSj ryokj mBkus esa fo'okl j[krk gS ogÈ dk;j iq#"k ihNs gVus vkSj flj
>qdkuk viuk èkeZ le>rk gSA og 'kfDr;ksa dks [kks nsus ds LFkku ij 'kfDr;ksa dks bdëk
djus esa fo'okl j[krk gSA blhfy, dqnjr dh lHkh 'kfDr;k¡ mlds 'kjhj esa lekà jgrh
gSaA Ã'oj ds foèkku vkSj ç—fr ds fu;e cny ldrs gSa ij ohjksa ds fopkj ugÈ cnyrsA
os tc Hkh dksà dk;Z djrs gSa rks lalkj esa gypy ep tkrh gSA
ys[kd ,sls ohjksa ds mnkgj.k nsrs gq, Ãlk elhg dh ppkZ djrk gS ftlus
rjg&rjg ds d"V lgu fd, ij ohj dk eu ugÈ MksykA vxj og dk;j gksrk rks
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ckn'kkg dh rkdr dk tokc rkdr ls nsdj lYrur dk r[rk gh iyV ldrk FkkA
ij bl ohj us Hk; ugÈ ekuk vkSj ekSr dks xys yxk fy;k! vkt vusd ckn'kkgksa dh
ckn'kkgr [kkd esa fey xà ij Ãlk elhg dh ckn'kkgr vkt Hkh dk;e gSA ,sls gh
jk.kk us ehjk dks tgj nsuk pkgk] 'ksj vkSj gkFkh ls Mjkuk pkgk ij mldh 'kfDr ds
vkxs taxyh i'kq Hkh ureLrd gksdj pys x,A dkjyk;y ds 'kCnksa dh xeÊ FkekZehVj
dh xeÊ dh rjg vkt Hkh fon~;eku gS tks yksxksa ds ân; esa vkt Hkh vkx yxk ldrh
gSA ckcj ds flikfg;ksa }kjk ykns x, cks> dh ijokg u djrs gq, xq#ukud xkuk xkrs
gSaA bls gh ohjksa dh 'kkafr dgrs gSAa tSls usiksfy;u daèks ij p<+dj cky [kÈpus okys
cPps dh ijokg ugÈ djsxk oSls gh ohj nqfu;k ds yksxksa }kjk nh xà ijs'kkfu;ksa dh
ijokg ugÈ djrsA lPps ohj rkdroj yksxksa dh rkdr ds vkxs dHkh ugÈ >qdrsA os rks
viuh ekSt esa thrs gSAa ,slk gh ,d vU; ohj tkiku dk vkfl;ks FkkA ftlus vius
R;kx vkSj ijksidkj ds cy ij vius jktk dks iwtus okys tkikfu;ksa dks jktk ds fo#)
cxkor djus dks rS;kj fd;kA mldh ohjrk vkSj fuMjrk ds vkxs lsuk] iqfyl] ea=h
tSlh rkdrsa èkjh jg xà vkSj jktk dks vUu dk HkaMkj turk ds fy, [kksyuk iM+kA
mldh lPpkÃ] Ãekunkjh vkSj vkRefo'okl ds vkxs dksà Bgj ugÈ ldkA Bhd blh
rjg tSls :l dk tkj ckn'kkg VkYlVk; dh lPpkà ds lEeq[k fVd ugÈ ldkA
ys[kd dk fopkj gS fd vkt Hkh nqfu;k èkeZ ij fVdh gS tks bl èkeZ dk ikyu djrk
gS mlh dh thr gksrh gSA
vktdy yksx ;g dgrs lqus tkrs gSa fd dke djks ij ys[kd dk fopkj fHkUu
gSA og dgrk gS fd dke djus ls igys dke djus dk cy iSnk djks! gesa igys o`{k
dh rjg vius vanj dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A vktdy vanj 'kfDr vÆtr fd, gq, ohj
de utj vkrs gSAa vc ohjksa dks v[kckj dh Vdlky esa x<+k tkrk gSA ,sls v[kckjh ohj
vius NksVs ls dk;Z ij Qwys ugÈ lekrsA ;s v[kckjh ghjks v[kckj ys[kd dh Lrqfr vkSj
Çunk ij thrs ejrs gSaA ys[kd bl cukoVh ohjrk ls cpus dh çsj.kk nsrk gSA og <ksxa h
ohjksa dks lPps ohjksa dk vuqlj.k djus dks dgrk gSA bruk gh ugÈ ys[kd mUgsa ;g Hkh
dgrk gS fd vxj ohj ugÈ cu ldrs rks ohjrk ds xq.kksa dks vius vanj iSnk djus dk
ç;Ru rks djuk pkfg,A
,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd tc ge ohjksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjs vanj Hkh ohjrk dk
Hkko meM+us yxrk gS ij og 'kh?kz gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k ohjrk ds Hkko
107

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 dk LFkk;h u gksuk gSA og ohjrk fn[kkoVh gksrh gS rHkh Vhu ds crZu dh rjg tYnh
xje vkSj tYnh BaMh gks tkrh gSA blhfy, balku dks vius vanj lPpkà iSnk djuh
pkfg,A vius thou dks lcdk thou cukdj thuk pkfg,A ckgj ds ctk; mls vius
vanj 'kfDr iSnk djuh pkfg,A ,slk djus ls thou esa 'kkafr vkSj vkuan vuqHko gksxkA
vius vanj thus ls vius vki dks ns[kus ls nqfu;k dk :i cny tk;sxk vkSj O;fDr dh
vkRe'kfDr c<+ tk;sxhA

1- lPps ohj iq#"k ds xq.k crkb,A

2- lPps ohj iq#"kksa dk Lokxr euq"; ds lkFk vkSj dkSu djrk gS\
3- ohjrk ds dkSu&dkSu ls :i gSa\
4- ohj iq#"k vkSj dk;j iq#"k esa varj crkb,A

dksà Hkh jpukdkj tc fdlh jpuk dk fuekZ.k djrk gS rks mlds efLr"d esa dqN
fopkj gksrs gSa ftUgsa og jpuk ds ekè;e ls ikBd ds lEeq[k j[krk gSA vius fopkjksa dks
og fdlh o.;Z fo"k; esa fijksdj çLrqr djrk gSA mlds oks fopkj gh ml jpuk dk
çfrikn~; gqvk djrs gSaA ys[kd vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg us ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk esa lPps ohjksa
ds fofHkUu çdkjksa vkSj xq.kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA ogh bl fucaèk dk çfrikn~; gSA bl
çfrikn~; ij fofHkUu 'kh"kZdksa ds ekè;e ls fopkj dj ldrs gSa&
1- ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk esa ys[kd us ,d lPps ohj ds vusd
xq.kksa dh ppkZ dh gSA muds vuqlkj ,d ohj iq#"k dks èkS;Z'khy] 'kkar] xaHkhj vkSj
Lora= fopkjksa okyk gksuk pkfg,A ,sls ohjksa esa lkxj tSlh 'kkafr vkSj xgjkà rFkk
vkdk'k dh rjg dh fLFkjrk gksrh gSA lPps ohjksa ij fopkj djrs gq, mUgksua s nks
rjg ds ohjksa dh ppkZ dh gSA ,d oks tks mRlkg ds ekè;e ls viuh ohjrk fl)
108

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 djrs gSa rks nwljh rjg ds ohjksa dk lacèa k ân; dh dksey xzfa Fk;ksa ls gksrk gSA
igyh çdkj ds ohjksa esa j.kthr Çlg] dqHa kd.kZ vkSj ,YIl ioZr ij QkSt p<+kus
okys ohj vkrs gSa rks nwljh çdkj ds ohjksa esa os ohj vkrs gSa tks lR;] vÇglk] çse]
n;k] d#.kk] ijksidkj dh [kkfrj vius çk.kksa dk eksg u dj vius dk;Z dks iwjk
djrs gSAa ,sls ohjksa esa cq)] Ãlk elhg] ealjw ] 'kCl rjcst vkfn vkrs gSaA ,sls ohj
fdlh ds lkeus >qduk ilan ugÈ djrsA ;s o`{k dh rjg ds gksrs gSaA vius vanj
gh vanj ;s i`Foh ls jl xzg.k djrs jgrs gSa ij ;g fglkc ugÈ j[krs fd mUgksaus
fdrus dk;Z fd;sA os rks tufgr ds dk;Z djds Hkwy tkrs gSaA mu dk;ks± dh vksj
è;ku ugÈ nsrAs ;gh lPps ohj ds y{k.k gSaA
2- ohjrk ds dà çdkj gSa dHkh ;g ohjrk mRlkg esa
vkdj [kwu cgkus esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS rks dHkh çse ds eSnku esaA dHkh lkfgR;
vkSj laxhr ds çn'kZu esa rks dHkh thou ds xw<+ rÙo vkSj lR; dks tkuus esa] ohjrk
,d çsj.kk gSA ;g tc dHkh lkeus vkrh gS ges'kk u, :i esa vkrh gSA og fdlh
dk vuqdj.k ugÈ gksrh blhfy, ohjrk mRlkg dh rjg dkseyrk esa Hkh gksrh gSA
;wjksi ds ,d 'k[l dh vk¡lw Hkjh vihy lqudj lkjk ;wjksi mlds lkFk gks fy;k]
chekjksa ds fljgkus [kM+s gksdj xjhcksa dh lsok djuk ys[kd dh –f"V esa mPp dksfV
dh ohjrk gSA ,slh ohjrk dh ppkZ Hkys gh bfrgkl xzaFkksa esa ugÈ dh tkrh ij vkt
Hkh lalkj ,sls gh ohjksa dh fo'odY;k.k dh Hkkouk ij fLFkj gSA
3- ohjrk ,d tUetkr xq.k gSA fdlh dkj[kkus esa ohjksa
dk fuekZ.k ugÈ gksrkA os nsonkj dh rjg Lo;a iSnk gksrs gSa vkSj cM+s gksrs gSAa Åij
ls ns[kus esa ohj ds xq.kksa dk irk ugÈ pyrk ij muds ân; esa mnkÙk Hkkoksa ds
tokgjkr fNis jgrs gSaA ,sls ohj jkst&jkst fn[kkà ugÈ nsrs os rks xqQkvksa]
danjkvksa] xjhcksa dh >ksia fM+;ksa esa fNis jgrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ckgj vkrs gSAa tc
ckgj vkrs gSa rks lalkj mudh cgknqjh ns[k pfdr jg tkrk gSA vkt gesa ^Mªkbax
:e* ohj gh vfèkd feyrs gSAa mudh fLFkfr Vhu ds crZu dh rjg gksrh gSA tks
>V xje vkSj >V B.Ms gks tkrs gSAa os v[kckj] iqLrd vkSj O;k[;ku ds ekè;e
ls vius ,d gh dkjukes ls ghjks cu cSBrs gSAa os >wBh rkjhQ esa Nkrh Qqykdj
?kwers gSaA ;s fn[kkoVh ohj çn'kZu esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA ,sls <ksaxh ohj xjtus okys
109

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 ckny gksrs gSa cjlus okys rks lPps ohj gh gksrs gSAa lPps ohj ijksidkjh gksrs gSAa
,sls lPps ohjksa ds dk;Z ls nqfu;k fgy tkrh gSA
4- ohjksa dk vlyh LFkku yksxksa ds ân; esa gksrk
gSA os vius dk;ks± ls ;qxksa&;qxksa rd yksxksa ds ân; esa viuk LFkku cuk ysrs gSAa
ftUgsa vkxs vkus okyh vusd ihf<+;k¡ Lej.k djrh gSaA ,sls ohj vius thou dks
{kqæ le>dj viuk loZLo nwljksa dh Hkykà ds fy, dqckZu dj nsrs gSa rHkh rks ;s
ges'kk&ges'kk ds fy, tu&tu ds ân; esa viuk LFkku cuk dj vej gks tkrs
gSaA ealwj vkt Hkh yksxksa ds ân; ij jkt dj jgk gSA ,sls gh ohjksa esa 'kEl rjcst
vkrk gS ftlus jktk dks fHk[kkjh le> dj viuh [kky mrkj dj Qsad nhA ,sls
ohjksa esa Hkxoku 'kadj vkSj vdcjh njckj ds nksuksa ohj vkrs gSa ftUgksua s vius thou
dk R;kx dj yksxksa ds ân; esa LFkku cuk;kA xkSre cq) dh ;g 'kjhj R;kx dh
ohjrk Hkyk fcuk ç'kalk ds dgk¡ jg ldrh gS&^^cq) egkjkt us tc jktk dks e`x
ekjrs ns[kk rc viuk 'kjhj vkxs dj fn;k ftlls e`x cp tk,A cq) dk 'kjhj
pkgs pyk tk,A**
5- lPpk ohj lkfÙod xq.kksa ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA
lR;] n;k eerk] d#.kk] ijksidkj] R;kx mlds tUetkr xq.k gksrs gSAa ,sls ohj
dks bu mnkÙk xq.kksa ds dkj.k lkèkq egkRek dh laKk nh tkrh gSA lPpk ohj çk.kksa
dh ijokg ugÈ djrkA ftl dk;Z dks djus dk chM+k mBkrk gS mls djds gh
jgrk gS] pkgs mlds ekxZ esa fdruh gh ckèkk,¡ D;ksa u vk;sAa og fdlh ds jksds ugÈ
#drkA ywFkj us ;wjksi esa iksi ds jkT; dks fuMjrkiwoZd èoLr dj fn;k] jathr
Çlg us QkSt lfgr rwQkuh vVd dks ikj dj fn;k] ,YIl ds ohj dgk¡ gSa\ dgrs
gh QkSt ,YIl ioZr ij p<+ xÃA tkiku ds vkfl;ks dk ân; ifo= Fkk] og lPpk
Fkk mlus vius oL= vkSj iqLrdsa vdky ihfM+r yksxksa ds fy, csp nÈA mlds lPps
R;kx dks ns[k turk vius fç; jktk ds fo#) cxkor dks rS;kj gks xÃA var
esa mldh lPpkà dh fot; gqÃA cq) dk 'kjhj R;kx muds lkfRod xq.k dk
ifjpk;d gSA

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 1- lPps ohj iq#"k ds D;k y{k.k gSa\
2- D;k ohjrk ,d tUetkr xq.k gS\
3- ohjksa dk eq[; LFkku dgk¡ gksrk gS\

lPph ohjrk fucaèk ds ekè;e ls ys[kd Hkkjrh; turk esa mRlkg dk lapkj djuk
pkgrk gSA og fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks fons'kh 'kklu ls
Lora=rk dh yM+kà ohjrkiwoZd yM+us dh çsj.kk nsuk pkgrk gSA og fons'kh 'kklu ls
eqfDr ds fy, yksxksa dks vius esa lkfÙod xq.kksa dks vkRelkr djus dk lans'k Hkh nsrk gSA
vkt Hkh nqfu;k èkeZ vkSj vè;kRe ds fu;eksa ij [kM+h gSA ;gh euq"; ds vanj vkarfjd
'kfDr iSnk djrs gSAa mlds pfj= dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA lkfRod xq.kksa okyk O;fDr gh
lPpk ohj curk gSA

vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg dk ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk ,d HkkokRed fucaèk gSA blesa ys[kd
us chp&chp esa vius fopkjksa dks Hkh çLrqr fd;k gSA ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk dk oLrqi{k
cgqr çHkko'kkyh gSA vc ns[kuk ;g gS fd viuh oLrq dks ys[kd us fdl çdkj
vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA ogh mldh fucaèk dyk gSA gj fucaèkdkj dh viuh ,d [kkl 'kSyh
gksrh gS ftlls mls igpkuk tkrk gSA
fdlh Hkh fucaèkdkj dh fucaèk&'kSyh dks le>us ds rhu çeq[k vkèkkj gS&
a
¼1½ oLrq oSf'k"V~;
¼2½ Hkk"kk
¼3½ 'kSyh
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 oLrq oSf'k"V~; ls rkRi;Z fucaèk esa çLrqr fo"k; ls gSA ys[kd us vius fucaèk esa D;k
dgk gS\ vkSj mldh ml fo"k;oLrq dh D;k [kkl fo'ks"krk,¡ gS\a bl ij fopkj djuk
Hkh fucaèk 'kSyh dk ,d Hkkx gSA bl –f"V ls ;fn ns[ksa rks ;g Li"V gS fd bl fucaèk
esa ys[kd us ^lPph ohjrk* ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k gSA ;s lPps ohj 'kkar vkSj
xaHkhj ç—fr ds gksrs gSAa ckgjh nqfu;k ls budk vfèkd lacaèk ugÈ gksrkA gk¡] tc dHkh
;s dksà dk;Z djrs gSa rks lkjh i`Foh muds ml dk;Z ls pfdr gks mBrh gSA mudk lkjk
thou yksddY;k.k esa O;rhr gksrk gSA ;s lPps ohj tgk¡ ,d vksj mRlkg vkSj tks'k ds
dk;Z djrs gSa ogÈ vius ân; dh dkseyrk ls Hkh lHkh ds ân; esa LFkku cukrs gSaA ys[kd
fn[kkoVh vkSj v[kckjh ^ghjks* dks ohj ugÈ ekurkA mldh –f"V esa lPps ohj mnkÙk xq.kksa
ds Lokeh gksrs gSAa lR;] vÇglk] n;k] eerk] d#.kk] ijksidkj] buds xgus gSAa blhfy,
lai.w kZ fo'o ls mudk ukrk tqMr+ k gSA eqgEen] Ãlk elhg] Hkxoku 'kadj] ealjw ] ywFkj]
j.kthrÇlg] xq#ukud vkfn lPps ohj gSaA mUgksaus lR; dh [kkst djrs gq, vkè;kfRed
mUufr dh vkSj viuk lai.w kZ thou ekuork dh lsok esa yxk fn;kA bl fucaèk dh oLrq
dk ;g oSf'k"V~; gS fd blesa ys[kd us fofHkUu xq.kksa dk lekos'k fd;k gSA bl fucaèk esa
gesa HkkokRedrk] fopkjkRed] m)j.k dh ço`fÙk] lkfgfR;drk] lw{e fujh{k.k] cgqKrk]
ikSjkf.kd ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ vkfn xq.k ns[kus dks feyrs gSAa

Hkk"kk vfHkO;fDr dk l'kDr ekè;e gSA jpukdkj vius vewrZ Hkkoksa dks blh ds
ekè;e ls vfHkO;fDr çnku djrk gSA ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk dh Hkk"kk [kM+h cksyh xn~; Hkk"kk
gSA bl Hkk"kk esa ljyrk] ljlrk] çokgrk] Hkkokuqdwyrk] laL—rfu"Brk vkfn xq.k fon~;eku
gSaA ys[ku dh Hkk"kk ,slh gS tks mlds fopkjksa dks O;Dr djus esa l{ke gSA mudh Hkk"kk dh
ljlrk dks bu iafDr;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS&^^ioZr mldh ok.kh dks lqudj fi?ky iM+s
vkSj ufn;k¡ ^vYykgw&vYykgw dk vyki djrh gqà ioZrksa ls fudy iM+hA**

vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg dk 'kCn HkaMkj cgqr le`) gSA bldk dkj.k mudk cgqHkk"kkfon~
112
gksuk gSA iw.kZ Çlg th dk laL—r] Çgnh] iatkch] vaxzsth] Qkjlh vkSj mnwZ ij leku

©
vfèkdkj FkkA çkjaHk esa rks os vaxzt
s h esa gh fy[kk djrs Fks ij ckn esa egkohj çlkn f}osnh
vkSj in~eÇlg 'kekZ ^deys'k* ds laidZ esa vkus ds ckn Çgnh esa fy[kus yxsA ;gh dkj.k
gS fd mudk HkaMkj cgqr iq"V gSA ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk esa Hkh gesa rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt
vkSj fons'kh pkjksa çdkj ds 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx feyrk gS&
èkhj] 'kkafr] fLFkj] vpy {khj] fpà] danjk] çTTofyr] ifjR;kx] var%dj.k]
fueXu] {kqæ ÇiMksithoh] ,s'o;Zoku] euksgj] ;K vkfnA
lfn;ksa] uÈn] vk¡[k] ek¡l] ekFks] cLrh] [kky] flj] ekSt] ekSdk] ikcanh]
fcØh vkfnA
nk<+h] vkgV] iqrys] gí] 'ks[kh] ekSt] <sj] pdukpwj] jkSud] fnd] <sykA
vkokt+] gdwer] vtc] xqyke] dqckZu] vkt+kn] dkfQj] njokts] gqDe]
dqnjr] xqLrk[kh] 'kSrku] dekyA
;wjksi] fVdV] tktZ vkfn ds lkFk iwjs ds iwjs vaxzt
s h m)j.k dk ç;ksx
bUgksaus fd;k gSA

tgk¡ eq[; vFkZ esa ckèkk gks vkSj dksà nwljk vFkZ yxkuk iM+s ogk¡ 'kCn dh y{k.kk
'kfDr gksrh gSA Hkk"kk esa tgk¡ bl 'kCn 'kfDr dk ç;ksx gksrk gS mu ç;ksxksa dks yk{kf.kd
ç;ksx dgk tkrk gSA buds ç;ksx ls Hkk"kk dh vFkZ nsus dh {kerk esa o`f) rks gksrh gh
gS lkFk gh dFku esa ,d oØrk vk tkrh gSA y{k.kk 'kfDr dk ç;ksx ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk
esa Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dk ,d mnkgj.k ;gk¡ çLrqr gS&
iksi dk lkjk csMk+ pdukpwj gks x;kA ;gk¡ ij ^pdukpwj* 'kCn esa y{k.kk 'kfDr gSA
pdukpwj dk ç;ksx dk¡p ¼'kh'kk½ vkfn ds VwVus ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA ij ;gk¡ iksi
ds lkezkT; ds pdukpwj gksus dk dFku fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ VqdM+s&VqdM+s gksuk
u yxdj iksi dk lkezkT; èoLr gks x;k] u"V gks x;k& ;g vFkZ yxk jgk gSA vr%
;gk¡ y{k.kk 'kfDr gSA
blh rjg ds vU; mnkgj.k Hkh bl fucaèk esa feyrs gSa&
1- mldh ckr dks yksx cã okD; ls Hkh c<+dj le>rs FksA
2- daxky iknjh dh vkRek ty mBhA
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 3- rc vius vki dks gkse dj nsrs gSaA
4- ek¡l ds iqrys rks gjne dk¡irs jgrs gSAa
5- vius [kwu esa <sj gks x,A
6- ioZr mldh ok.kh dks lqudj fi?ky iM+sA
7- dqy i`Foh Hk; ls dk¡ius yxhA
8- lR; dks vius vanj dwV&dwV dj Hkjk gSA

Çcc jpukdkj ds ân; dk fp= gqvk djrk gSA og tks dqN lksprk gS mldk Çcc
loZçFke mlds ân; esa curk gS vkSj fQj jpukdkj mls Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls O;Dr djrk
gSA Çcc dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd og vewrZ dks ewrZ cuk nsrk gSA ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk esa
Hkh vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg us 'kCnksa dk ,slk ç;ksx fd;k gS fd oÆ.kr fo"k; ds Çcc gekjh
vk¡[kksa ds lkeus mHkj vk, gSaA dqaHkd.kZ dh xgjh uÈn dk Çcc] ealjw dk lwyh ij p<+us
dk Çcc] 'kEl rjcst dk [kky mrkj dj Qsadus dk Çcc] vdcjh njckj ds nks ohjksa dk
Çcc] j.kthrÇlg ds vVd dks ikj djus dk Çcc vkfn ,sls Çcc gSa tks oÆ.kr fo"k; dk
fp= lkeus [kM+k dj nsrs gSaA ,slk gh ,d Çcc Ãlk elhg dk gS ftls ;gk¡
mnkgj.kLo:i fn;k tk jgk gS&^^tc Hkkjh lyhc mBkdj dHkh fxjrk] dHkh t[eh gksrk
vkSj dHkh csgks'k gks tkrk gS\ dksà iRFkj ekjrk gS] dksà <syk ekjrk gS] dksà Fkwdrk gS]
exj ml enZ dk fny ugÈ fgyrkA**

vyadkj vfHkO;fDr dyk dk egÙoiw.kZ vax gSA jpukdkj viuh ckr dks lhèkk u
dgdj mls viuh dYiuk&'kfDr ds cy ij peR—r cuk nsrk gSA xn~; esa vyadkj dk
ç;ksx vius vki esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk gSA buds ç;ksx ls tgk¡ ,d vksj xn~; dh
'kq"drk lekIr gks tkrh gS ogk¡ dFku esa ljlrk vkSj peR—fr vk tkrh gSA iw.kZ Çlg
th us vius fucaèk esa dgÈ&dgÈ vyadkj dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA ftlls mudh Hkk"kk ds
lkSna ;Z esa vo'; gh Jho`f) gqà gSA fucaèk ls bl rjg ds mnkgj.k ;gk¡ çLrqr gSa&
1- ^^dHkh fdlh dh vkSj dHkh fdlh dh çk.k&lkjaxh ohj ds gkFk ls ctus
yxrh gSA**
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 ^^ftldk Çlgklu yksxksa ds ân;&dey dh ia[kqfM+;ksa ij gSA**
2- ^^os rks nsonkj ds nj[rksa dh rjg thou ds vj.; esa [kqn&c&[kqn
iSnk gksrs gSaA**
^^mldh lkalkfjd çfr"Bk flQZ ,d ekewyh xqyke dh lh gSA**
3- ^^ekuks bl canwd esa ,d xksyh gSA**
^^mlds 'kCn ekuks vkx dh fpuxkfj;k¡ gSAa **

fucaèkdkj viuh Hkk"kk dks l'kDr cukus ds fy, eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx vius fucaèk esa
djrk gSA buds ç;ksx ls tgk¡ Hkk"kk pqVhyh curh gS ogÈ og cksypky dh Hkk"kk ds
utnhd Hkh igq¡prh gSA ys[kd vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg ds fucaèkksa esa eqgkojksa dk Hkjiwj ç;ksx
gqvk gSA buds ç;ksx ls ys[kd dh vFkZ{kerk esa vo'; o`f) gqà gSA ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk
esa ys[kd us bu eqgkojksa dk ç;ksx fd;k gS&
1- lR; dks vius vanj dwV&dwVdj Hkjuk gSA
2- dqN cu u iM+k vkSj ohjrk ds vkxs flj >qdk fn;kA
3- uke dh [kkfrj Nkrh Bksddj vkxs c<+uk vkSj fQj ihNs gVuk igys ntsZ dh
cqt+fnyh gSA
4- vkfl;ks us ftl dke ij dej ck¡èkh mldks dj fn[kk;kA
5- lalkj ij ekuks gt+kjksa fctfy;k¡ fxjÈA
6- foèkkrk Hkh lk¡l jksddj mudh jkg dks ns[krk gSA
7- iksi dk flôk ;wjksi ds yksxksa ij ,slk cSB x;k FkkA
8- iksi dh vk¡[kksa ds b'kkjs ls ;wjksi ds ckn'kkg r[r ls mrkj fn, tk ldrs FksA

vfHkO;fDr ds <ax dks 'kSyh dgrs gSaA lQy ys[kd dh jpuk esa çlax ds
vuqlkj vusd çdkj dh vfHkO;atuk&i)fr ns[kus esa vkrh gSaA blhfy, mudh ,d gh
jpuk esa vusd çdkj dh 'kSfy;k¡ ç;qDr dh gqà fey tkrh gSAa vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg ds
115

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 fucaèk esa Hkh blhfy, vusd çdkj dh 'kSyh ç;qDr gqà gSaA muesa ls dqN ds mnkgj.k
;gk¡ çLrqr gSa&
1- bl çdkj dh 'kSyh ogk¡ gksrh gS tgk¡ ys[kd Hkkoksa dh lqna j
vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA bl rjg dk mnkgj.k] ^lPph ohjrk* esa fuEufyf[kr
iafDr;ksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS&^^ns[kks] gjk dh danjk esa ,d vukFk] nqfu;k ls
fNidj] ,d vtc uÈn lksrk gS tSls xyh esa iM+s gq, iRFkj dh vksj dksà è;ku
ugÈ nsrk oSls gh vke vknfe;ksa dh rjg bl vukFk dks dksà u tkurk FkkA**
2- tgk¡ fdlh fo"k; ls lacafèkr ys[kd vius fopkj çdV
djrk gS ogk¡ bl rjg dh 'kSyh gksrh gSA bl 'kSyh ls lacfa èkr nks iafDr;k¡ ;gk¡
nh tk jgh gS&
a Þohjrk dh dHkh udy ugÈ gks ldrhA tSls eu dh çlUurk dHkh
dksà mèkkj ugÈ ys ldrkA**
3- tgk¡ fucaèkdkj viuh ckr dks le>kus ds fy, mnkgj.k nsrk
gS ogk¡ ij m)j.k 'kSyh gksrh gSA tSls& ^^ftl rjg pwgs dh tku fcYyh ds
gkFk esa gksrh gS mlh rjg iksi us ;wjksiokfl;ksa dh tku vius gkFk esa dj yh
FkhA**
4- tgk¡ ys[kd lw= okD; ds :i esa vius fopkj O;Dr djrk gS ogk¡
lw= 'kSyh gksrh gSA lw= 'kSyh dk mnkgj.k fucaèk dh lcls çFke iafDr gS&ÞlPps
ohj iq#"k èkhj] xaHkhj vkSj vktkn gksrs gSaA**
5- tgk¡ fucaèkdkj fdlh fo"k; dk o.kZu djrk tkrk gS ogk¡
o.kZukRed 'kSyh gksrh gSA ^lPph ohjrk* esa vkfl;ks dk o.kZu blh 'kSyh esa fd;k
tkrk gSA ys[kd o.kZu djrk gS&Þtkiku ds ,d NksVs ls xk¡o dh ,d >ksaiM+h esa
NksVs dn dk ,d tkikuh jgrk FkkA mldk uke vkfl;ks FkkA og iq#"k cM+k
vuqHkoh vkSj Kkuh FkkA bls nhu vkSj nqfu;k ls dqN ljksdkj u FkkA**
6- fucaèkdkj tgk¡ ,slk o.kZu djrk gS fd oÆ.kr fo"k; dk fp=
vk¡[kksa ds lkeus [kM+k gks tk, ogk¡ fp=kRed 'kSyh gksrh gSA bl 'kSyh dk ,d
m)j.k ;gk¡ çLrqr gS&Þegkjkt j.kthr Çlg us QkSt ls dgk&ÞvVd ds ikj
tkvksA** vVd p<+h gqà Fkh vkSj Hk;adj ygjsa mB jgh FkÈA tc QkSt us dqN
mRlkg tkfgj u fd;k rc ml ohj dks tjk tks'k vk;kA egkjkt us viuk
116

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 ?kksMk+ nfj;k esa Mky fn;kA dgk tkrk gS fd vVd lw[k xà vkSj lc ikj
fudy x,A**
7- tgk¡ fucaèk esa dkO;kRed Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ogk¡
vya—r 'kSyh gksrh gSA tSl&
s ÞigkM+kas dh ilfy;k¡ rksMd
+ j ;s yksx gok ds cxksys
dh rjg fudy tkrs gSa] vkSj muds fny dh gjdr dk fu'kku leqæ dk rwQku
nsrk gSA**
8- tgk¡ ij nks ik=ksa ds laokn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gks ogk¡ laokn
'kSyh gksrh gSA ckxh xqyke vkSj ckn'kkg dk okrkZyki laokn 'kSyh dk vPNk
mnkgj.k gS&^^ckn'kkg us dgk&^^eSa rq>dks vHkh tku ls ekj Mkyw¡xkA rqe D;k
dj ldrs gks\** xqyke cksyk&^^gk¡] eSa Qk¡lh ij rks p<+ tkÅ¡xk( ij rqEgkjk
frjLdkj rc Hkh dj ldrk gw¡A**

ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg us ml le; ;g fucaèk fy[kk] ftl le; gekjk ns'k ijra= FkkA
ns'k cM+h gh Hk;adj fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk FkkA pkjksa rjQ fujk'kk dk
vaèkdkj Nk;k gqvk FkkA ,sls le; esa bl fucaèk dks fy[kdj ys[kd tueu esa vk'kk]
mRlkg dk lapkj djuk pkgrk gSA blhfy, ;g fucaèk ns'kokfl;ksa ds fy, ,d cgqr gh
egÙoiw.kZ fucaèk çekf.kr gqvkA

1-

117

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 ¾èkS;ZokuA ¾Lora=A ¾xgjhA ¾mnkÙk
xq.k ¼lkfÙod xq.k½A ¾nwèk dk lkxj ¼fo".kq dk fuokl LFkku½A ¾lkezkT;A
çLrqr vorj.k ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk ls fy;k x;k gSA bl fucaèk ds
ys[kd vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg th gSaA vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg Çgnh lkfgR; ds tkus&ekus
fucaèkdkj gSaA bUgksua s vius ek= N% fucaèkksa ds dkj.k Çgnh lkfgR; esa viuk mPp LFkku
cuk;k gSA vkt Hkh mudh x.kuk çFke iafDr ds fucaèkdkj ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA buds
fucaèk buds thoukuqHkoksa dk çek.k gSAa Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj laL—fr dk iks"kd gksus ds
dkj.k muds fucaèkksa esa ekuoh; thou ds mnkÙk xq.kksa dh çfr"Bk feyrh gSA ^lPph
ohjrk* Hkh mudk ,d HkkokRed fucaèk gS ftlesa ys[kd us ,d lPps ohj ds xq.kksa dk
mn~?kkVu fd;k gSA
ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd lPps ohj èkS;Z'kkyh] xaHkhj ç—fr ds rFkk
Lora=rk fç; gksrs gSAa os fdlh caèku dks Lohdkj ugÈ djrsA os èkS;Zoku blhfy, gksrs gSa
D;ksfa d os dfBu ls dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fopfyr ugÈ gksrsA mudh xaHkhjrk leqæ
tSlh gksrh gS] tks lc dqN vius ân; esa lek;s jgrk gSA og ges'kk 'kkUr jgrk gS vkSj
e;kZnk dk ikyu djrk gSA mldh xgjkà dks ekiuk dfBu dk;Z gSA Bhd bl rjg ds
lPps ohj iq#"k gksrs gSaA os vkdk'k dh Hkk¡fr vius fopkjksa esa fLFkj gksrs gSaA ifjfLFkfr ds
vuqlkj muesa fdlh çdkj dh papyrk ugÈ vkrhA os fLFkj ç—fr ds gksrs gSaA dksà Hkh
ifjfLFkfr muesa cnyko ugÈ yk ikrhA muds bjkns etcwr gksrs gSaA os dHkh fopfyr ugÈ
gksrsA ys[kd dks jkek;.k ds dqaHkd.kZ esa Hkh ,slh gh lPph ohjrk ds n'kZu gksrs gSAa mldh
xgjh uÈn mldh ohjrk dh ifjpk;d gSA ;g ckr lp gS fd ohj ges'kk xgjh fuæk
esa lks, jgrk gSA os vklkuh ls ugÈ tkxrsA D;ksfa d os lkfRod xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksrs gSAa
os lnk mnkÙk xq.kksa ds lkxj esa Mwcs jgrs gSAa os yksd dY;k.k djds 'kkafriwoZd 'kkar Hkko
ls viuh nqfu;k esa [kks, jgrs gSaA mUgsa bl cká lkalkfjd nqfu;k ls dksà [kkl ysuk nsuk
ugÈ gksrkA os bu lkalkfjd gypyksa ls vius dks vyx j[krs gSaA ,sls lPps ijksidkjh
ohj yksx tc viuh xgjh uÈn ls tkxrs gSa rks nqfu;k ds cM+& s cM+s lkezkT; Mxexk mBrs
118

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gSaA mudh vk¡[k ds ,d b'kkjs ij lkezkT; curs fcxM+rs gSaA muds dk;ks± ls lalkj esa
èkwe ep tkrh gSA

1- çLrqr vorj.k dh Hkk"kk [kM+h cksyh xn~; Hkk"kk gSA ftles]a ljyrk] ljlrk]
çokgrk] HkkoksR—"Vrk dk xq.k fon~;eku gSA
2- ys[kd us bl fucaèk esa fofoèk çdkj ds 'kCn HkaMkj dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA buesa rRle
vkSj rn~Hko 'kCn çeq[k gS&a
èkhj] 'kkafr] papy] vkdk'k] fLFkj] fpà] lÙoxq.k] {khj] lkxjA
xk<+h] uÈn] nqfu;k] vk¡[kA
3- bl vorj.k esa ys[kd us Çcc&;kstuk dk lQy fuokZg fd;k gSA dqaHkd.kZ dh
xk<+h uÈn dk Çcc lgt gh ikBd ds lkeus mHkj vkrk gSA
4- bu iafDr;ksa esa ys[kd us miek vyadkj dk ç;ksx dj viuh Hkk"kk dks vya—r
cukus dk lQy ç;kl fd;k gS&^^muds eu dh xaHkhjrk vkSj 'kkafr leqæ dh rjg
fo'kky vkSj xgjh ;k vkdk'k dh rjg fLFkj vkSj vpy gksrh gSA**
5- okYehfd jkek;.k ds dqaHkd.kZ vkSj ^{khj&leqæ* tSls ç;ksx ys[kd ds laL—r vkSj
ikSjkf.kd Kku dh vksj ladsr djus okys gSaA
6- ys[kd us bl vorj.k ds igys gh okD; esa lw='kSyh dk ç;ksx fd;k gS&^^lPps
ohj iq#"k èkhj] xaHkhj vkSj vktkn gksrs gSaA**
7- ys[kd us ;gk¡ dkO;kRed Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gS tks fuLlangs xn~; dh uhjlrk
dks rksMr+ h gSA
8- lPps ohj ds LoHkko vkSj çHkko dh O;atuk bu iafDr;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
2-

119

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 ¾'krkfCn;ksAa ¾vkokt ¼Loj½A ¾u'ks esa pwj
¼eneLr½A ¾çk.k :ih lkjaxhA
iwoZor~A
lPpk ohj tc viuh xgjh fuæk ls tkxrk gS rks mldh xtZuk ls
mlds }kjk fd, x, dk;ks± ls lalkj çHkkfor gksrk gSA buds dk;ks± dh xw¡t gtkjksa o"kks±
rd lqukà nsrh gSA ;kuh os lalkj esa yEcs le; rd tkus tkrs gSaA budh vkokt dh
xtZuk ds vkxs vU; lc lkalkfjd vkoktsa nc tkrh gSAa dsoy ohj dh gq¡dkj gh lqukÃ
nsrh gSA og ohj tc eneLr gksdj vius dk;ks± dks iwjk djus esa yxk gksrk gS rks mlds
dneksa dh vkokt nwj&nwj rd lqukà nsrh gSA og dHkh fdlh ds rks dHkh fdlh ds çk.kksa
dks gjrk pyk tkrk gSA mls dksà jksd ugÈ ikrkA mlds ,sls ohjrk Hkjs dkjukeksa dh
xwt
¡ vkxs vkus okys gtkjksa o"kks± rd lqukà nsrh gSA os yksxksa ds fnyksa ij vfeV Nki NksM+
tkrs gSaA
3-

& ¾mnkÙk xq .kA ¾ân;A ¾Mw c ukA

¾ux.;A ¾tgk¡ igq¡pk u tk ldsA ¾lqanjA
iwoZor~A
lPps ohj iq#"k ges'kk mnkÙk xq.kksa ds lkxj esa Mwcs jgrs gSaA mudk
ân; mu mnkÙk xq.kksa ds dkj.k ges'kk vkuafnr jgrk gSA ,slk ohj iq#"k lkèkq egkRek
dh dksfV esa vkrk gSA tSls lkèkq lar yksx {kqæ thou dk R;kx dj Ã'oj ds è;ku esa
yhu gks tkrs gSa oSls gh ohj iq#"k Hkh thou dh NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ls vius dks vyx dj
ysrk gSA lalkj esa gksus okys fØ;k dykiksa ls mldk vfèkd lacèa k ugÈ jgrkA og rks
vius vPNs vkSj Js"B dk;ks± dks djus esa gh vius dks yxk, jgrk gSA ,sls R;kxh ohj iq#"k
120

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ds fy, vxE; ekxZ Hkh xE; gks tkrk gSA euq"; gh ugÈ ç—fr Hkh mudk vknj djrh
gSA vkdk'k mudh j{kk ds fy, cknyksa dk Nkrk rS;kj j[krk gS rks lkjh ç—fr mlds
eLrd ij fryd dj mldk Lokxr djrh gSA ys[kd dh –f"V esa ,sls R;kxh] ijksidkjh
lkèkq iq#"k gh lPps jktk gSaA ftudk tM+ psru lHkh vknj djrs gSAa
4-

¾gj le;A ¾dk;ZA ¾isM+A ¾lkèkkj.kA

¾fQØA
iwoZor~
vè;kid iw.kZ Çlg th dk fopkj gS fd ohj O;fDr vius vki dks gj
le; Js"B ls Js"Brj cukus esa yxk jgrk gSA mldk gj u;k dk;Z mls egku~ vkSj ohj
cukrk tkrk gSA og vius pfj= dks cgqr Å¡pk cukus esa yxk jgrk gSA ohjrk ds dk;Z
djuk mldh –f"V esa lkèkkj.k dk;Z gSA og rks ,sls lkekU; ohjrk ds dk;ks± dh dHkh
x.kuk Hkh ugÈ djrkA tSls isM+ tehu ls jl [kÈpus esa yxk jgrk gS og dHkh ;g è;ku
Hkh ugÈ djrk fd ml ij fdrus Qwy vkSj Qy yxsaxAs mls ;g Çprk Hkh ugÈ lrkrh
fd eSaus fdrus Qy yksxksa dks fn, vkSj fdlus fdrus Qy [kk,A tSls bl ckr dk
fglkc&fdrkc j[ks fcuk o`{k ijksidkj esa yxk jgrk gS Bhd mlh çdkj dk thou ohjksa
dk gksrk gSA os o`{k dh rjg bl thou ls èkhjs&èkhjs vius vanj 'kfDr vÆtr djrs jgrs
gSaA og rks lR; dh [kkst esa yxs jgrs gSAa ml lR; dks vius vanj ys tkuk gh mudk
eq[; mn~n's ; gSA ij lR; dks çkIr djrs&djrs ;fn os dksà ,slk dk;Z dj tkrs gSa ftls
lkekU; yksx cgqr egku~ le>rs gSa rks mUgsa vius ml egku~ dk;Z dk è;ku Hkh ugÈ
jgrkA D;ksfa d os tks Hkh dk;Z djrs gSa mlesa tufgr] yksd&dY;k.k dh Hkkouk fNih
121

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 jgrh gSA ,sls gh ijksidkjh iq#"k ohjrk ds nk;js esa vkrs gSaA tks ^usdh dj nfj;k esa Mky*
dh ijaijk dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
5-

¾[kq ' khA ¾vkdkjA ¾ns[ kdjA ¾

vk'p;Z;qDrA ¾vknj djukA
iwoZor~A
ys[kd dk fopkj gS fd ohjrk dk Lo:i ges'kk u;k gksrk gSA mldh
dksà udy ugÈ dj ldrkA D;ksfa d og tc Hkh çdV gksxh u;s :i esa gh çdV
gksxhA Bhd mlh çdkj tSls eu dh çlUurk dks dksà mèkkj ugÈ ys ldrkA lc ds
eu dh [kq'kh vyx&vyx gksrh gSA ,sls gh gj O;fDr dh ohjrk mldh futh gksrh
gS] uà gksrh gS fdlh dk vuqdj.k ugÈ gksrhA le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj
lalkj esa tc Hkh ohjrk lkeus vkà gS og ges'kk ,d u;s :i esa mHkj dj çdV gqÃ
gSA blfy, gj ohjrk dks ns[krs gh yksx vk'p;ZpfDr gks mBrs gSaA ealwj] 'kCl]
j.kthr Çlg] xq#ukud] cq)] Ãlk elhg] vkfl;ks vkfn lHkh dh ohjrk vyx&vyx
vkSj fujkyh gSA rHkh rks gj O;fDr dh ohjrk us lalkj dks vyx&vyx :i esa
çHkkfor fd;k gSA ,slh ohjrk ds fo"k; esa tc O;fDr dqN dg vkSj le> ugÈ ikrk rks
flj >qdk dj mldk vknj djrk gSA
6-

122

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 ¾fuekZ.k ¼cuk;s tk ldrs½A ¾o`{kksaA ¾taxyA
¾vanj ¼vUr%eq[kh½A ¾ghjs eksrh ¼[ktkuk½A ¾dfBukÃA
iwoZor~
ys[kd dk dguk gS fd ohjksa dk fuekZ.k ugÈ gksrkA mUgsa fdlh
dkj[kkus esa vU; phtksa dh rjg rS;kj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA os rks ohjrk dk xq.k ysdj
tUetkr iSnk gksrs gSAa Bhd mlh rjg tSls taxy esa ^nsonkj* dk isM+ vius vki mx
vkrk gSA mls dksà ikuh ugÈ nsrk gS og vius vki cM+k gks tkrk gSA blh rjg dk ohj
yksxksa dk thou gksrk gSA u mUgsa dksà ikuh nsrk gS u nwèkA fcuk fdlh dh ijofj'k ds
os vius vki cM+s gks tkrs gSAa os nqfu;k ds lkeus vpkud çdV gks tkrs gSAa mUgsa igys
ls dksà ugÈ tkurk D;ksfa d mudk lkjk thou var%eq[kh gksrk gSA os vius rd lhfer
jgrs gSaA vanj gh vanj 'kfDr vÆtr djrs jgrs gSAa ckgj ls ns[kus ij irk Hkh ugÈ
pyrk fd ;s ohj iq#"k gSaA Bhd oSls gh tSls [kku dks Åij ls ns[kus ij ;g ugÈ tkuk
tk ldrk fd blds vanj fdrus ghjs tokgjkr dk [ktkuk fNik gSA ohj dk thou
dHkh&dHkh turk ds lkeus çdV gksrk gS] og Hkh rc tc dHkh og dksà ohjrk dk dk;Z
djrk gSA vU;Fkk mldk LoHkko rks fNis jgus dk gh gksrk gSA lcds lkeus vkuk mls
vPNk ugÈ yxrkA blfy, muds vkl&ikl ds yksxksa dks ;g irk Hkh ugÈ pyrk fd
;g dksà ohj iq#"k gSA

1- ljnkj iw.kZ Çlg dh fucaèk'kSyh ij fopkj dhft,A

2- ^lPph ohjrk* fucaèk dh Hkk"kk'kSyh le>kb,A
3- çLrqr fucaèk dk lkj crkrs gq, buds mn~n's ; ij çdk'k Mkfy,A

123

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  ^Çgnh dk xn~; lkfgR;* & jkepaæ frokjh
 ^Çgnh fucaèk dh fofHkUu 'kSfy;k¡* & eksgu voLFkh
 ^Çgnh xn~; 'kSyh dk fodkl* & M‚- txUukFk çlkn 'kekZ
 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl* & M‚- uxsæa

124

©
IV
 tkudh nsoh eseksfj;y d‚yst
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

6-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

6-2 çLrkouk
6-3 gfj—".k çseh % ,d ifjp;
6-4 ,dkadh dk ifjp; ,oa mlds rÙo
6-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
6-5 ekyo çse % leh{kk
6-5-1 dFkkoLrq
6-5-2 ik= pfj=&fp=.k
6-5-3 laokn&;kstuk
6-5-4 ns'kdky&okrkoj.k
6-5-5 mn~ns';
6-5-6 Hkk"kk&'kSyh
6-5-7 jaxeaph;rk
6-6 fu"d"kZ
6-7 vH;kl&ç'u
6-8 lanHkZ&xzFa k

;g bdkà Hkkjr ds çeq[k ,dkadhdkj] ukVddkj gfj—".k çseh vkSj mudh ,dkadh
^ekyo çse* ij dsafær gSA bl bdkà ds vè;;u ds ckn fon~;kFkÊ&
 Çgnh ds ,dkadhdkj gfj—".k çseh ds lacèa k esa tku ldsaxAs
127

©
  Çgnh dh foèkk ^,dkadh* ds Lo:i] egÙo vkSj rÙoksa dks le> ldsaxAs
 lkekU; turk esa ,dkadh dh Hkwfedk vkSj mikns;rk le> ldsaxAs
 gfj—".k çseh dh ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh ds mn~ns'; dks le> ldsx
a As
 ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh esa fufgr ,sfrgkfldrk dks le> ldsaxAs
 ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh dk rkfÙod –f"V ls voyksdu dj ldsaxAs

lkfgR; lekt dk vkÃuk gksrk gS ftlesa thou ds fofHkUu rjhds lekfgr gksrs
gSaA lkfgR; dh çdk'k 'kfDr us euq"; ds gko&Hkko o fopkjksa dks 'kCnc) djds viuk
foLrkj fd;k gSA bl dkj.k ls lkfgR; fujarj viuk fodkl djrk jgk gSA ukVd]
dgkuh] ,dkadh] vkykspuk] i= O;ogkj] fjiksrkZt+] lekykspuk bR;kfn lkfgR; dh vusd
foèkk,¡ lkfgR; esa viuk LFkku fo'ks"k :i ls j[krh gSaA ukVd ls ,dkadh dk tUe gqvk
gSA ,dkadh ,d vad dk –'; gSA ftlesa ,d dFkk vkSj dqN fxus&pqus ik= gksrs gSAa
blesa fo'ks"k mn~n's ; dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, dsoy ,d gh çHkko dh l`f"V djds de ls
de le; esa vfèkd ls vfèkd çHkko ,dkadh dk mn~n's ; gksrk gSA Çgnh lkfgR; ds
,dkadhdkjksa esa gfj—".k çseh dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA bUgksua s lekt] ns'k] n'kk vkSj ikSjkf.kd
dgkfu;ksa dks lkeus j[krs gq, vius lkfgfR;d –f"Vdks.k dks çLrqr fd;k gSA bl ys[k
esa ge muds ,dkadh ^ekyo çse* dk lok±x ewY;kadu djsx a As

çfl) ,dkadhdkj gfj—".k çseh th dk tUe lu~ 1908 esa xquk] Xokfy;j esa gqvk
FkkA jk"VªHkDr ifjokj esa gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa cpiu ls gh jk"Vªh;rk ds laLdkj çkIr gq,A
cpiu esa gh budh ekrk dk nsgkar gks x;kA ia- ek[kuyky prqoZsnh ds lkFk ^R;kxHkwfe*
esa i=dkj ds :i esa lkfgfR;d thou dk çkjEHk fd;kA gfj—".k çseh th dh loZçFke
çdkf'kr jpuk ^Lo.kZ fogku* ¼1930 Ã-½ xhfrukV~; gSA mlesa çse vkSj jk"Vªh;rk dh
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Hkkoukvksa dh cM+h jlkRed vfHkO;fDr gSA j{kkcaèku] f'ko lkèkuk] çfr'kksèk] vkgqfr]
LoIuHkax] fe=] fo"kiku vkfn ukVd ,sfrgkfld gSa] rks caèku] Nk;k] eerk] ukVd
lkekftd gSAa ^ikrky fot;* gfj—".k çseh th dk ,d ek= ikSjkf.kd ukVd gSA çseh
th ds nks ,dkadh laxzg eafnj ¼1942 Ã-½ vkSj cknyksa ds ikj Hkh çdkf'kr gq, gSaA cknyksa
ds ikj] ?kj ;k gksVy] ok.kh eafnj] u;k lekt] ;g esjh tUeHkwfe gS vkSj i'pkrki
,dkafd;ksa esa vkt dh lkekftd leL;kvksa dk fp=.k gSA gfj—".k çseh th us
xhfr&ukV~; dh 'kSyh ds dà ç;ksx fd, gSAa lksguh efgoky] lLlh iqUuw] fetkZ lkfgck]
ghj&jk¡>k vkSj nqYgk Hkêh ;s lHkh iatkc esa çfl) çse&xkFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr jsfM;ks ds
fy, fy[ks laxhr :id gSAa çse ds ,dfu"B vkSj foæksgh :i dks buesa Hkh mifLFkr fd;k
x;k gSA nsonklh laxhr :id esa Hkh dkYifud dFkk dks ysdj çse dks euq"; dk
LokHkkfod xq.kèkeZ crk;k x;k gSA ehjkckÃ] esa O;fDrxr thou dh dBksjrkvksa ls çsfjr
gksdj fxjèkj xksiky dh eèkqj mikluk esa vkJ; ysus okyh ehjk dh thou&dFkk gSA
gfj—".k çseh th dk dfork laxzg ^vk¡[kksa esa* ¼1930 Ã-½ jgL;kuqHkwfr dks vkSj ?kuhHkwr :i
esa mifLFkr djrk gSA vfXuxku ¼1940 Ã-½ esa dfo vuy oh.kk dks ysdj jk"Vªh; tkxj.k
dk xhr xk mBk gSA blds vfrfjDr ^:i n'kZu* ¼xty ,oa xhfr 'kSyh½] çfrHkk] oUnuk
ds cksy] :ijs[kk çseh th dh dkO; jpuk,¡ gSaA çseh th dk Çgnh ukVddkjksa esa fof'k"V
LFkku gSA muds ukVd esa LoPNanrkoknh 'kSyh dk cM+k la;fer vkSj vuq'kkluiw.kZ
mi;ksx gS( blhfy, muds ukVd jaxeap dh –f"V ls lQy gSAa

,dkadh dh ijaijk dks laL—r ukVd lkfgR; esa ns[k ldrs gSAa ;g vfr çkphu
gSA laLÑr esa :id ds 10 çdkj crk, x, gSa&ukVd] çdj.k] fMe] Ãgke`x] vad] ohFkh]
O;k;ksx] Hkk.k] leodkj] çgluA budks ,dkadh dk lzkrs ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu ;g
voèkkj.kk Hkkjrsanq ds fy[ks çglu rd gh lhfer gksrh gS D;ksafd vkt ge ,dkadh ds
ftl :i dk çpkj ,oa çlkj dks ns[k jgs gSa mlds f'kYi ,oa jpuk lkSna ;Z dk Js;
fuf'pr :i ls n'kZd txr dks tkrk gSA lkekU;r% ,d vad okys ukVd dks gh ,dkadh
dh laKk nh xà gSA ukVd dk y?kq :i ,dkadh gSA ukVd esa dà vad gksrs gSAa ukVd
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 esa dà ckj inkZ mBrk vkSj fxjrk gS tcfd ,dkadh esa ,d ckj inkZ mBrk gS vkSj var
esa gh inkZ fxjrk gSA blds ekè;e ls thou ds fdlh ,d i{k ?kVuk pfj= dk;Z fopkj
dks çHkkoh <ax ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS tksfd lkekftdksa ds eu esa lgt gh ?kj dj tkrs
gSaA ,dkadh ,d –'; foèkk gSA rÙoksa ds lacèa k esa ,dkadh foèkk esa cgqr erHksn gSA oSls
,dkafd;ksa ds varxZr lkr rÙoksa dks ekuk tkrk gS&
¼1½ dFkkoLrq
¼2½ ik= ,oa pfj=&fp=.k
¼3½ laokn
¼4½ Hkk"kk&'kSyh
¼5½ ns'k&dky vkSj okrkoj.k
¼6½ mn~n's ;
¼7½ jaxeaph;rk
ftl dFkk ds vkèkkj ij ,dkadh dh jpuk ,oa çLrqfr nsrs gSa] mls ,dkadh
dh dFkkoLrq dgk tkrk gSA ,sls Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd dFkk dh fo"k;&oLrq dFkkoLrq
dgykrh gSA fo"k; ds vuqlkj ,dkadh dh dFkkoLrq dks fofoèk çdkjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk
gS tSl&s ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld] lkekftd] èkkÆed] jktuhfrd] dkYifud vkfnA
dFkkoLrq ,dkadh dk ewy gSA ,dkadhdkj ftl mn~ns'; ls fdlh fo'ks"k Hkko] fopkj
vFkok rF;] leL;k dks vfHkO;fDr nsuk pkgrk gS] mlh ds vuqlkj dFkkoLrq dks vkjaHk
ls var rd Qsj&cny djds ukVdh; :i nsrk gSA
,dkadh esa dFkk dk vkjaHk bl rjg gksrk gS ftlls n'kZd mldh vksj lgtrk
ls gh vk—"V gks tk,] mldk eu mlesa je tk,A ,dkadhdkj dks bldk fujarj è;ku
j[kuk iM+rk gS fd n'kZd dk eu dgha Hkh ,dkadh ls mpVus uk ik,A vFkkZr dkSrqgyrk]
ukVdh;rk dh Hkkouk fujarj cuh jgsA tgk¡ ;g Hkkouk vius pje f'k[kj ij igq¡prh
gS] ogha çk;% ,dkadh lekIr gks tkrk gSA dFkkud ds vk;kstu ij gh ,dkadh dh
lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA
,dkadh esa dFkkud ukeek= ds fy, jgrk gS] Çdrq tSls cjxn dk NksVk&lk cht
,d egku o`{k dk vkdj èkkj.k dj ysrk gS Bhd mlh çdkj dFkk dk y?kq&ls&y?kq va'k
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Hkh dykdkj dh dh Hkkafr dyk ,d lqanj —fr dk :i gksrk gS] ftlesa og vPNh ;k
cqjh Hkh gks ldrh gSA
,dkadh esa eq[; :i ls vkjaHk] mRd"kZ vkSj var ;s gh rhu dFkk fLFkfr;k¡ gksrh gS]a
ysfdu lqfoèkk ds fy, bls pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&
¼v½ vkjaHk
¼c½ fodkl
¼l½ pjeksRd"kZ
¼n½ lekfIr vFkok ifj.kfrA
,dkadh ds ik=ksa vkSj muds pfj=ksa ds vkèkkj ij gh
,dkadh ds lEiw.kZ Hkko ,oe~ dyki{k dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA blesa ,d eq[; ik= gksrk
gS vkSj lkjs ik= ,dkadh dh dFkkoLrq] dFkkud ds vuq:i gh çR;{k] vçR;{k :i ls
eq[; ik= ds pfj= dks lkeus ykus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA ,dkadh esa ik=ksa dh la[;k ftruh
de gksrh gS] mruk gh vfèkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk jax mHkjdj gekjs lkeus vkrk gSA vfèkd
ik=ksa ds gksus ls dFkkoLrq ,oe~ dFkkud dh ewy laons uk ds my>us dk Hk; cuk jgrk
gSA ,dkadh ds ik=ksa dk pfj=&fp=.k ,dkadhdkj viuh ekSfyd jpuk&çfrHkk] 'kSyh]
laokn] dkS'ky vkfn ds vkèkkj ij djrk gSA
Js"B ,dkadh esa ik=ksa dk pquko lqfu;ksftr rjhds ls gksrk gS vkSj ik=ksa ds
pfj=&fp=.k esa LokHkkfodrk] lgtrk] lathork] vkfn lekfo"V gksrs gSAa ,dkadh ds ewy
dFkkud ds vuqlkj gh ik=ksa ds pfj=ksa ,oa ço`fÙk;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ,dkadh
dh ewy laons uk dk mn~n's ; iwjk djus ds fy, nks&,d xkS.k ik=ksa dk Hkh l`tu
,dkadhdkj dks djuk iM+rk gSA xkS.k ik=ksa ds p;u esa bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kk tkrk
gS fd ,dkadh esa çR;sd xkS.k ik= ds pfj= esa dksÃ&u&dksà O;fDrxr fo'ks"krk vo';
gksA ,slh fo'ks"krk gksus ds dkj.k gh ,d ik= dk nwljs ik= ls la?k"kZ utj vkrk gSA
fofoèk LoHkko vkSj laLdkj ik=ksa ds ikjLifjd laidZ vkSj la?k"kZ ls ,dkadh esa lfØ;rk
ds xq.k çR;sd {k.k cus jgrs gSaA ik=ksa dk ;gh thou&la?k"kZ fofHkUu çdkjksa ds lanHkks± esa
çLrqr djuk ,dkadhdkj ds f'kYi dh fo'ks"krk gSA
laokn&;kstuk çfØ;k dk foLrkj djrk gSA laokn ds eq[; :i
ls nks dk;Z gksrs gS&
a ik=ksa ds pfj= dks mn~?kkfVr djuk rFkk dFkkçokg dks vkxs c<+krs
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 gq, dFkk dk foLrkj djukA ifjfLFkfr vkSj ik=ksa dks tksM+us ds lUnHkZ esa vkarfjd Hkkoksa
,oe~ eukso`fÙk;ksa dks ckgj vfHkO;Dr djus esa laokn&rÙo dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gksrk gSA
vko';drk ls T;knk okrkZyki dh çfØ;k Åc mRiUu djrh gSA vkSfpR; ds vuqlkj u
fd;k x;k fopkj laokn&;kstuk dh çHkkokfUofr esa ckèkk curk gSA vr% ik=ksa dh
f'k{kk&nh{kk] ns'k&dky] okrkoj.k vkfn vFkZiw.kZ fopkjèkkjk dk ifjpk;d gksrk gSA ,d
ik= ds }kjk cksys x, laokn dh çfrfØ;k nwljs ik=ksa dh laokn çfØ;k ij fuHkZj gksrh
gS vkSj og pqVhys vkSj pqHkus okys gksrs gSaA bl rjg laoknksa }kjk dFkkoLrq xfr'khyrk
ikrh jgrh gSA
Çgnh esa pfj= çèkku ,dkafd;ksa esa O;fDrRo ds lkFk mldh pkfjf=d ço`fÙk;ksa dk
ifjp; nsus ds fy, dFkksidFku vFkok laokn dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA laokn }kjk gh
pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk,¡ gekjs lkeus vkrh gSaA vfHkoknu] lacksèku] çse] Øksèk] nku'khyrk]
deZ'khyrk vkfn dks O;Dr djus ds fy, e;kZnk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,dkadhdkj lVhd
Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx djrk gSA dFkkud dks fujarj lfØ;] xfr'khy j[kus ds fy, ik=ksa dh
LoHkkoxr pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa dks lkeus mHkkjrk jgrk gSA LokHkkfod :i ls ik= dk
y{; laokn&;kstuk ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA ,dkadh esa laokn] ;kstuk ds vuqlkj gksus pkfg,A
fujFkZd vkSj vuko';d laoknksa dks dgh Hkh LFkku ugÈ nsuk pkfg,A
,dkadh esa ftKklk vkSj dqrgw yrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ukVdh; laoknksa dh
;kstuk dh tkrh gSA dFkkoLrq] ,oa ;kstuk–f"V ds vuqlkj gh laokn dh Hkk"kk dks
O;kogkfjd Lo:i nsuk iM+rk gSA orZeku ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa ik=ksa ds yM+kÃ&>x³s tSls
LFkwy dk;Z&O;kikjksa dks Hkh ladsrks ds ekè;e ls O;Dr djuk pkfg,A çHkkoh laokn dks
pqLr] pqVhyk] ekÆed vkSj lquusokys ik= ds Hkhrj m}sx] mÙkstuk ,oa çfrfØ;k txkus
esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A
Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vfHkO;fDr nsus dk ekè;e Hkk"kk gS vkSj
vfHkO;fDr dk <ax 'kSyh gSA ,dkadhdkj fo"k;&rÙo ds vuqlkj gh Hkk"kk&'kSyh dk pquko
djrk gSA ,d gh fo"k;oLrq dks ysdj fofoèk foèkkvksa esa fy[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu mldh
fo"k;&oLrq dks dfo vius <ax ls çLrqr djrk gS ukVddkj vius <ax ls vkSj
,dkadhdkj vius <ax lsA lkèkkj.k&ls&lkèkkj.k dFkkud esa dq'ky ys[kd viuh lqanj
Hkk"kk&'kSyh ls çk.k Hkj nsrk gSA ;fn ,dkadh dk lkaL—frd vkSj lkeftd Lrj uhpk gS
rks mldh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa Hkh ;g xq.k fn[kkà nsxkA
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 ,dkadh esa fdlh ns'k&dky vFkok okrkoj.k dk lacaèk
lhèks ik=ks]a ?kVukvksa ls gksrk gSA ;g fp=.k LokHkkfod ,oa ltho rHkh laHko gks ldrk
gS] tc ,dkadhdkj ,dkadh dh Hkk"kk] ik=ksa dh os'k&Hkw"kk] ik=ksa dh Hkk"kk dks mlh dky[kaM
ds vuqlkj gh j[kk tk;A rkfd ,dkadh esa ns'k&dky vFkok okrkoj.k dk iqV cuk jgsA
,dkadh esa ml dky dk ltho fp=.k vko';d gksrk gSA ftlls n'kZdks dks rhoz
jlkuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ftl ns'k vkSj dky ds lekt dks ysdj ,dkadh jph xà gS] ml
,dkadh esa okrkoj.k] bfrgkl] laL—fr] os'k&Hkw"kk] [kku&iku] jhfr&fjokt vkfn dk
lgt] LokHkkfod vkSj çkekf.kd fp=.k gksuk vko';d gSA
,dkadh dk mn~n's ; Qwy dh xaèk dh rjg ekStnw jgrk gSA ftl ,dkadh
dk mn~n's ; ftruk vfèkd yksdeaxydkjh gksxk] mldk lkfgfR;d ewY; Hkh mruk gh
vfèkd c<+rk tkrk gSA ,dkadhdkj dk mn~ns'; ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls gh O;aftr gksrk gSA
esa mn~ns'; rÙo ds lacèa k esa bl çdkj dgk x;k gS& ^*mn~n's ;
og rÙo gS] ftlesa ys[kd dh ml lkekU; ;k fof'k"V thou&–f"V dk foospu gksrk gks]
tks mldh —fr esa dFkkoLrq ds foU;kl] ik=ksa dh ;kstuk] okrkoj.k vkfn esa loZ= fufgr
gksA bls ys[kd dk thou&n'kZu ;k thou&–f"V] thou dh O;k[;k] thou dh
vkykspuk dg ldrs gSaA** ,dkadh dk dsæa h; Hkko gh og gsrq ;k mn~n's ; gS] ftlds fy,
,dkadh jph tkrh gSA çR;sd ,dkadh ds ihNs dksà fo'ks"k laons uk] leL;k] Hkkouk vFkok
thou&–f"V fufgr gksrh gS ftl Hkko dks ,dkadhdkj lkadfs rd :i esa tkus&vutkus
vfHkO;fDr nsuk pkgrs gSaA
,dkadh ,d –'; foèkk gSA dgkuh ds :i esa i<us dh vis{kk mls eap
ij ns[kuk T;knk lkFkZd vkSj lcy fl) gksrk gSA eap ij gh vfHkus;rk ;k jaxeaph;rk
ds cy ij ,dkadh dk jax&:i fu[kjdj vkrk gSA jaxeaph;rk ls ?kVuk,¡ Çcfcr Hkj u
gksdj ;FkkFkZ :i esa thfor gks mBrh gSaA lkekU; ?kVuk ls ;qDr ,dkadh Hkh jaxeaph;rk
ds dkj.k egku vkSj ljkguh; gks tkrh gSA ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh ,dkadh dh
lQyrk jaxeap ij gh ij[kh tkrh gS vkSj lkdkj gksrh gSA
la{ksi esa dgsa rks mDr rÙoksa dh dlkSVh ij gh dldj fdlh ,dkadh dk lgh
ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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 1- ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh dk jpukdkj dkSu gS\ ¼çlkn] gfj—".k çseh] dk'khukFk Çlg½
2- ,dkadh ds fdrus rÙo gksrs gS\a ¼4@5@6@7½
3- ^vk¡[kksa es*a gfj—".k çseh dh dkSu&lh foèkk gS\ ¼ukVd@,dkadh@dkO;@miU;klÀ
4- laokn ;kstuk dk nwljk uke D;k gS\ ¼jaxeaph;rk@ckrphr@okrkZyki@dFkksidFku½

bl ,dkadh dh dFkkoLrq ,sfrgkfld gSA bl ,dkadh esa ekyo oa'k dh xkFkk gSA
,dkadh ds 'kq: esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS fd fot;k uked ,d yMdh jkr ds oDr pacy
unh ds rV ij cSBh gSA mldh vk;q dks ns[kdj yxrk gS] tSls mldk ços'k lqdqekj
ukf;dk dh voLFkk esa gqvk gSA tgk¡ ;kSou vkSj ckSf)d dkS'ky vius u,&u, Hkkxksa
vkSj meaxksa ds lkFk meM+ jgk gSA ftlesa uohu fdly;ksa dk vadqj gqvk gksA lkSan;Z
vkSj 'kkjhfjd <k¡pk lqxfBr gSA fot;k dk rst vkdÆ"kr djus okyk gS] rks ogh fot;k
esa lkalkfjdrk ds pkrq;Z vkSj LoPNan deZB ukjh gksus ds iwjs xq.k fon~;eku gSAa ,dkadh
esa tc Jhiky fot;k dks cSB dj xhr xkrs ns[krk gS] rks mls ns[krk gh jg tkrk gS
vkSj mlh otg ls og tkdj dgrk gS fd ^rqe esjs thou dh çk.k LQwÆr gks] rqe esjs
jDr dks LQwÆr nsrh gksA rqEgsa ik ysuk esjs thou dk mn~ns'; gSA ysfdu rqEgsa ik ysuk
esjs thou dh e`R;q dk dkj.k Hkh gSA rqEgkjk Hkkà ftls vius dqy dk vfHkeku gS---vkSj
eSa ,d lkèkkj.k fdlku dk iq= gw¡ rks ogha rqe ekyo tkfr dh dU;k gksA* bl çdkj
uk;d Jhiky tkfrHksn rFkk O;oLFkk esa O;kIr Å¡p&uhp ds Hkko dks lkeus j[kus dk
ç;kl djrk gSA
,dkadh esa vkxs Jhiky ds LokfHkekuh vkSj deZjr gksus dk fp=.k Hkh vkrk gSA
tgk¡ fot;k vkdk'k dh rkjhdk dks uhps Jhiky dh xksn esa fxjk nsus dh ckr dgrh
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gSA ysfdu Jhiky dks nku esa feyh oLrq ugÈ pkfg,] og tks dqN Hkh djuk pkgrk gS]
og vius ckgqcy ij djuk pkgrk gSA mls fdlh dh n;k lgkuqHkwfr] {kek dh
vko';drk ugÈ gSA mldh deZ'khyrk] –<+] ladYi] deZBrk gh thou dk mn~n's ; gSA
,dkadh ds –'; ifjorZu ds lkFk fot;k ds Hkkà t;nso dk vkxeu gksrk gS] tks
ekyo x.k dk lsukifr gSA vius daèks ij Hkkà ds gkFk j[kus ls fot;k pkSad tkrh gSA
fQj nksuksa esa lkekU; okrkZyki gksus yxrk gSA t;nso Jhiky dks ilan ugÈ djrk gSA
ysfdu fot;k Jhiky ls çse djrh gSA blfy, tc fot;k us vius çse ds ckjs esa t;nso
ls dgk] rks og xqLls esa yky&ihyk gks mBk vkSj dgus yxk& ^vc ekyooa'k dks Jhiky
dk 'kh'k pkfg,* rHkh t;nso ls fot;k cksyus yxrh gSA rqe yksxksa dk oa'k dk vfHkeku
vius ns'k ds fy, 'k=q mRiUu dj jgk gSA rqeus Jhiky dk vieku fd;k gS] vkSj vieku
ls mith fujk'kk mls 'k=q ds ikl [kÈp ys xà gSA bl çdkj ,dkadh esa vfHkeku jk"Vª]
ns'k] lekt ds fy, ?kkrd fl) gksrk fn[kk;k x;k gSA
,dkadh esa Hkys gh vfHkeku 'k=qrk dks tUe nsrk gSA ij vfHkeku djus dk rjhdk
lgh gksuk pkfg,A vfHkeku fdl rF; ds fy, fd;k x;k gS\ vfHkeku djus dk dkj.k
D;k gS\ ;g lc ,dkadh esa crk;k x;k gSA fot;k ds ç'uksa dk mÙkj nsrs gq, t;nso
dgrk gS fd ekuk ge vfHkekuh gSAa gesa vius ckgqcy vkSj dkS'ky ij vfHkeku gSA gekjk
lkgl o"kks± ls bl ekyo ns'k dh j{kk djrs gq, vk jgk gSA ysfdu fdlh ds vfHkeku
dks rksM+us ds fy, vius 'k=q ls eS=h Hkko j[kuk vfHkeku ls cM+k iki gSA Jhiky ekyo
ns'k ij vkØe.k djus ds fy, 'kdksa dks fuea=.k ns vk;k gSA gekjs ikl brus gfFk;kj
ugÈ fd ge 'kdksa dk lkeuk dj ldsAa cgu vxj 'kdksa dk ekyo ns'k ij 'kklu gks
tkrk gS] rks dksà Hkh Lora= ugÈ jg ik,xkA Lo;a Jhiky Hkh ugÈA mls Hkh mudk nkl
cuuk iM+x s kA blfy, Lo;a ds çse ls c<+dj ns'k çse gSA
,dkadh esa ifjfLFkfr ifjorZu ds lkFk ekufld ifjorZu dh >k¡dh dks Hkh çLrqr
fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ fot;k dks igys Jhiky ls yxko Fkk] vc mldk fopkj cny x;k
gSA fot;k vius futh LokFkZ esa vius ekyo ns'k dh HksaV ugÈ ns ldrh gSA blfy, tc
,dkadh esa iqu% Jhiky dk ços'k gksrk gS rks fot;k dk mn~n's ; cnyk&cnyk fn[kkÃ
iM+rk gSA tgk¡ Jhiky fot;k dks vius lkFk ys tkus dh ckr djrk gS] rks og dg nsrh
gS fd eq>s rqEgkjk eksg NksM+uk gksxkA tc Jhiky bldk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrk gS] rks
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 fot;k dgrh gS fd & Þge cpiu esa ,d lkFk dà [ksy [ksys gSaA thou dk vafre [ksy
Hkh eSa rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyuk pkgrh gw¡A cksyks [ksyksxAs nksuksa ,d lkFk ,d nwljs dh ckr ls
lger gks tkrs gSaA fot;k Jhiky ds nksuksa gkFk [kwc dl dj ck¡èk nsrh gS vkSj dgrh
gS fd vkxs dk [ksy esjs Hkkà [ksyxsa As bl çdkj fot;k }kjk Jhiky ds lkFk fd;k x;k
Ny ,d cnyk u gksdj çse gksrk gSA tgk¡ og vius çseh Jhiky dks ns'kæksgh cuus ls
cpk ysrh gS] vkSj ,dkadh ds var esa fot;k ekyo tkfr ds vfHkeku dks pqukSrh nsrs gq,
ekyo tkfr dh ijaijk dk [kaMu djrs gq, Jhiky dks ojekyk iguk nsrh gS vkSj dgrh
gS fd&
ÞeSa rqEgkjh gw¡ vkSj rqEgkjh gh jgw¡xhA Jhiky ds pj.kksa dh èkwy dks viuk ewyèku
le>rh gS vkSj Jhiky ds pj.kksa dks Li'kZ djrh gSßA

fdlh Hkh dFkkoLrq esa ik=&;kstuk vkSj pfj=ksa dk fo'ks"k LFkku gksrk gSA ;n~;fi
ge ns[ksa rks fcuk ik=ksa ds dFkk dk ltZu gh ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, ik=ksa dk
gksuk vfr vko';d gksrk gSA ,dkadh esa dFkk laf{kIr gksrh gSA blfy, blesa ik=ksa dh
la[;k Hkh de gksrh gSA nks&pkj ik=ksa ds ekè;e ls gh dFkk mn~n's ; dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq,] ,dkadh dh dFkkoLrq dks xfr'khyrk nh tkrh gSA ekyo çse ,dkadh esa eq[; :i
ls rhu ik=ksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k gSA ftuds ekè;e ls ekyo oa'k ,oa ekyo ns'k
dh dFkk dks jpk x;k gSA dFkk esa ik= t;nso] tks ekyo ns'k dk lsukifr gSA t;nso
dh ,d cgu gS] ftldk uke fot;k gSA fot;k lqdqekj voLFkk dh gSA ftldh vk;q
16 ls 17 o"kZ dh gSA fot;k dk ,d çseh Hkh gSA ftldk uke Jhiky gSA Jhiky ekyo
ns'k dk jgus okyk gS] vkSj fot;k ij vklDr gSA Çdrq mlds eu esa fot;k dks ikus
dh ykylk ds lkFk vius çk.kksa dk ladV Hkh fn[krk gSA D;ksafd t;nso Jhiky dks ilan
ugÈ djrk gSA bl çdkj iwjh ,dkadh dh dFkk bUgÈ rhuksa ik=ksa ds eè; ?kwers gq, vius
mn~;ke mn~n's ; dh çkfIr djrk gSA
t;nso xkSj o.kZ dk lqanj ;qod gSA tks 'kkjhfjd {kerk ls Hkh cfy"B gSA
cM+h&cM+h mldh vk¡[ksa gSAa psgjs ij nk<+h&ewN gSA ftlls psgjs ij ,d ykfyek vkSj
dkafr Nkà gSA t;nso lkglh] rdZi.w kZ vkSj dwVuhfrK Hkh gSA mlesa lsukuk;d gksus ds
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lkjs xq.k ekStwn gSaA blfy, t;nso dks ekyo ns'k dk lsukifr cuk;k x;k gSA og laiw.kZ
ekyo ns'k dh lsuk dk usr`Ro djrk gSA
ekyo çse ,dkadh esa çeq[k ik= vkSj ukf;dk gS fot;kA ftldk pfj= iwjh
,dkadh ds dsæa esa gSA fot;k dh mez 16&17 o"kZ dh gSA og mTToy xkSj o.kZ dh gSA
mldh 'kkjhfjd lqanjrk vR;ar euksgkjh gS vkSj vk¡[kksa dk rst vR;ar vkdÆ"kr djus
okyk gSA fot;k dh vk¡[kksa dk vkd"kZ.k Jhiky dks çHkkfor djrk gSA vkSj Jhiky mldh
vksj Ç[kpk pyk vkrk gS ftl dk fp=.k ys[kd us bl çdkj fd;k gS&
¼xkuk can djds½ rqe cM+s vf'k"V gks Jhiky\
,sls dksey daB ls ,sls dBksj 'kCn 'kksHkk ugÈ nsrs\
rqe viuh lhek ds ckgj tk jgs gksA
eSaus rqEgkjk vieku fd;k gS D;k\ fot;k!
vieku rks ugÈ fd;kA
fQj\
;gk¡ ,dkar esa nsj rd pqipki [kM+s ns[krs jgukA
eSa rqEgsa thou Hkj ns[kuk pkgrk gw¡A
¼Çdfpr yTtk fuf'pr Øksèk ls½ fdl vfèkdkj ls\
ftl vfèkdkj ls pk¡n rqEgsa ns[k jgk gSA
nwj jgdj vkdk'k ls\
rqe esjs thou dh çsj.kk gks iwÆr gksAß
Jhiky ekyo ns'k ds fdlku dk csVk gSA ftlus ekyo ns'k esa tUe fy;k
gSA ijarq mlesa HksnHkko dh Hkkouk us tUe ys fy;k gS] blfy, og ekyo
oa'k ls cnyk ysuk pkgrk gSA mldk 'kjhj lqanj vkSj cfy"B gSA mlus
'kjhj ij lSfudksa okyh os'k&Hkw"kk èkkj.k dj j[kh gSA ftldk mYys[k
gfj—".k çseh bl çdkj djrs gSa&
ÞJhiky ,d cfy"B vkSj lqanj ;qod gS mldk vkos'k ;ks)k dk gS dej esa ryokj
gkFk esa èkuq"k daèks ij ihNs dh vksj rjdl ¼o; yxHkx 25 o"kZ½ß
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 laokn ijLij Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks
foLrkj nsus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA laokn ds ekè;e ls fdlh Hkh dFkkoLrq dk foLrkj o
laf{kIr :i çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, dgkuh] miU;kl] ukVd] ,dkadh vkfn
lHkh esa laokn gksrs gSaA ysfdu foèkk ds vuqlkj laoknksa dk foLrkj rFkk laf{kIrhdj.k gksrk
gSA miU;kl esa laokn yacs vkSj vfèkd gksrs gSa rks ogÈ ukVd esa laokn yacs vkSj pqVhys
gksrs gSaA ysfdu ,dkadh dh dFkkoLrq dFkk ls vfèkd laoknksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ukVd
vkSj ,dkadh nksuksa gh mn~n's ;ksa ij dsfa ær gksrs gSa ijarq ukVd dFkk ds mn~n's ; ij dsfa ær
gksrk gS rks ogÈ ,d ,dkadh laoknksa ds mn~n's ; ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA
^ekyo çse* ,dkadh esa laoknksa ds ekè;e ls dFkk dk foLrkj fd;k x;k gSA
laokn gh lai.w kZ dFkk dh l`f"V djrs gSaA çR;sd laokn lkjxÆHkr gksus ds lkFk mn~n's ;
dh iwÆr djrk gSA ,dkadh dh 'kq#vkr esa gh ys[kd dk fot;k dks pacy unh ds rV
ds fdukjs cSBk xhr xkrs gq, fn[kkuk vkSj Jhiky dk pqids ls fot;k dks ns[krs gq,
fn[kkuk ,dkadh dh xaHkhj laokn&;kstuk dk vax gSA tgk¡ gfj—".k çseh laoknksa ds
ekè;e ls fot;k vkSj Jhiky ds pfj= dk mn~?kkVu djrs gSa] mldk fp=.k ,dkadh esa
bl çdkj djrs gSa&
rqe cM+s vf'k"V gks Jhiky\
,slh dksey daB ls ,sls dBksj 'kCn 'kksHkk ugÈ nsrs gSa fot;kA
rqe viuh lhek ds ckgj tk jgs gksA
eSaus rqEgkjk vieku rks ugÈ fd;k] D;k fot;k!
vieku rks ugÈ fd;kAß
gfj—".k çseh dh ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd og vius lkfgR; esa laoknksa ds
ekè;e ls lacèa kksa dks çLrqr djus esa cgqr n{k gSAa ,dkadh esa fot;k vkSj Jhiky ds thou
dh lkFkZdrk ds lkFk uk;d dh dkseyrk rFkk O;kid –f"V dk fp=.k Hkh gfj—".k çseh
blh çdkj djrs gSa] ys[kd us laoknksa dk vkèkkj ysdj bUgsa çLrqr fd;k gSA
dkSu lh pêku gS
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 rqEgkjk Hkkà t;nso mls vius dqy dk vfHkeku gSA eSa ,d lkèkkj.k
fdlku dk iq= gw¡ vkSj rqe Hkkjr dh lqçfl) ekyo tkfr dh dU;k gksA
vkdk'k dh rkjhdk dh vksj i`Foh ij iSj djds pyus okyk çk.kh dSls gkFk
c<+k ldrk gSßA
,dkadh esa LokfHkeku vkSj LoNanrk dk ifjp; Hkh gfj—".k çseh nsrs gSaA D;ksafd
dksà Hkh O;fDr viuk LokfHkeku ekjdj thfor ugÈ jg ldrkA blfy, mls vius
LokfHkeku ij MVs jguk pkfg,A ,slk fp= ,dkadh esa Jhiky ds pfj= esa ns[kus dks
feyrk gSA tc fot;k rkjhdk dks Jhiky dh xksn esa fxjk nsus dh ckr dgrh gS rks
Jhiky dg mBrk gS&
eSa mls Lohdkj ugÈ d:¡xkA
D;k\
eSa —ik dk nku ugÈ pkgrk gw¡A
rks rqe D;k pkgrs gksAß
fot;k ds laoknksa esa lekt] O;oLFkk vkfn ls c<+dj ns'k dh Hkwfedk gS ns'k O;fDr
dh igpku dk vkèkkj gksrk gSA blfy, ns'k dh j{kk djuk xkSjo dk fo"k; gSA bl dk
fp=.k ,dkadh esa t;nso ds laoknksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tgk¡ og vius ns'k ij
U;kSNkoj gksus ds fy, rS;kj gSA tSl& s
;gk¡ Jhiky vk;k FkkA
gk¡A
rHkh rqe bruh papy gksrh gks] fot;k rqEgsa ,d dke djuk iM+sxkA
ekyo Hkwfe dks Jhiky dk eLrd pkfg,A
ekyo Hkwfe dks ;k rqEgsaA
vjs eq>s ugÈ ekyweA
mls rks rqels 'k=qrk gS ekyo Hkwfe ls ugÈA
og esjs vijkèk dk naM ekyo Hkwfe dks nsuk pkgrk gSA
ekyo Hkwfe dks ;k ekyo x.k dksA
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 tc fons'kh 'kklu gekjs ns'k esa gksxk rc D;k dksà tkfr ijkèkhurk ls cp
ldsxhA
fons'kh 'kklu ekyo ij\ß
,dkadh lekt vkSj ns'k dh O;oLFkk ds cnyrs ifjos'k ds vuqlkj vius laoknksa
dks cnyrh gSA ,dkadh esa fot;k Jhiky ls çse djrh gSA ijarq mldk çse bruk vaèkk
ugÈ gS fd og vius çse ds cnys jk"Vª ds fojksfèk;ksa dk lkFk nsAa og vius ckSf)d dkS'ky
ls Jhiky dks ns'kæksgh gksus ls cpk dj jk"Vª ij U;kSNkoj djrh gS] rks ogha ijaijkvksa
dk [kaMu Hkh djrh gSA t;nso ds lEeq[k bl le; ns'k ds fy, thou&ej.k dk ç'u
gSk Jhiky&^mnkjrk ds fy, vodk'k ugÈ gSA*
¼Jhiky ls½ fç;re] eSa vius vijkèk ds fy, {kek pkgrh gw¡ ¼xys ls gkj
mrkjdj igukrh gqý ;g esjs çse dk vafre çek.k gSA vkt gekjk
Lo;aoj gSA vkt ge ekyo tkfr dh ijaijk ds fo#) —"kd dqekj dks
eSa ojekyk igukrh gwA¡ eSa rqEgkjh gw¡ vkSj rqEgkjh gh jgw¡xhA
esjs gkFk caèks gq, gSaA fot;k eSa rqEgsa dqN çfrnku ugÈ ns ldrk vius çse
dk dksà çek.k ugÈ ns ldrkA
çse çfrnku ugÈ pkgrk gS rqEgkjs pj.kksa dh jt eq>s fey tk, ;gh
vewY; fufèk gS esjs fy,Aß

dksà Hkh jpuk vius ;qx] dky vkSj ifjos'k ls vNwrh ugÈ jgrh gSA blh dkj.k
çR;sd lkfgR; esa lekt >ydrk gqvk fn[krk gSA bl ,dkadh esa ekyo oa'k dh ohjrk
rFkk 'kkS;ZxkFkk dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bldh dFkk yxHkx 2100 o"kZ iwoZ dh gSA LFkku
ekyo ns'k gS tks vkt ds nf{k.k if'pe eè; Hkkjr çns'k dk fgLlk gSA ekyo&oa'k us
Hkkjr ds ,d cM+s Hkw&Hkkx ij viuh lÙkk dks dk;e dj j[kk gqvk gSA ftlesa ekyo&oa'k
ds egku ;ks)kvksa us viuh vkgqfr nh gSA blfy, ekyooa'k ds ;ks)k esa ,d vfHkeku Hkh
gS fd og ekyo ns'k dh j{kk ds fy, lnSo rRij gS vkSj lnSo rRij jgsx a As ekyo oa'k
ds bl vfHkeku ls ogk¡ ds fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa ds chp erHksn mRiUu gks tkrk gSA ;g
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vfHkeku ls mRiUu erHksn&euHksn tSlh leL;kvksa dks tUe nsrk gSA ftlls ekyo oa'k
rFkk ekyo ns'k ij vkØe.k ds ckny eaMjkus yxrs gSAa bl çdkj ls bfrgkl&cksèk ds
:i esa ekyo çse ,dkadh Js"B fl) gksrk gSA ,dkadh dk dysoj NksVk vkSj lhfer gS
blfy, ns'kdky vkSj okrkoj.k ds fy, le; vkSj LFkku de gS fQj Hkh çseh th ds
ladsrksa vkSj Hkk"kk us gh okrkoj.k dks ltho cuk fn;k gSA

Hkk"kk fopkjksa ds ogu dk lkèku gksrh gSA tgk¡ Hkko çokfgr gksdj laoknksa ds
ekè;e ls mn~n's ; dks iwjk djrs gSaA gfj—".k çseh dh Hkk"kk cgqr gh lkjxÆHkr gksrh
gSA mlesa cM+& s cM+s Hkkoksa dks vklkuh ls ogu djus rFkk çHkkfor djus dh lfEeJrk
gksrh gSA dFkk ds ik= dFkk esa viuh lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAa gfj—".k çseh ds ukVd
vkSj ,dkadh esa ns'kHkfDr dh jpukRed vuqHkwfr feyrh gS mudh jpukvksa esa vkn'kZoknh
Lo:i ns[kus dks feyrk gSA gfj—".k çseh dh Hkk"kk cgqr gh çHkkoh rFkk 'kq)
lkfgfR;d [kM+h cksyh dh gSA mUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa lgtrk ds vuqlkj rRle
rn~Hko rFkk mnwZ Qkjlh vkfn 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA çseh th dh Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa
ukV~;&'kSyh dk lQyrkiwoZd ç;ksx gqvk gS] tgk¡ Hkk"kk dk çHkko rFkk dFkk dh xfjek
nksuksa gh laoknksa ds vuqdy w gSAa buds vykok laokn 'kSyh esa HkkokRed 'kSyh dk Hkh
ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

^ekyo çse* ,dkadh ,d ,sfrgkfld ,dkadh gSA ftldk ftØ gesa bfrgkl ds
iUuksa esa feyrk gSA Hkkjr ij lfn;ksa ls vkØe.k gksrs jgs gSaA tSls 'kd] gw.k bR;kfnA
bu lHkh vkØe.kksa ds eè; esa ,d gh dkj.k gS fd tks yksx gekjs chp jg jgs gSa buesa
ls dqN yksx ,sls Hkh gSa tks viuh vko';drk dh iwÆr gsrq fdlh Hkh gn rd tk ldrs
gSaA pkgs og jktæksg ;k ns'kæksg vkfn D;ksa u gksA jkek;.k dky esa yadk ds jktk jko.k
ds Hkkà dh dqfVyrk ds dkj.k jko.k ij fot; çkIr djus dk ea= Jhjke dks feyrk gSA
ftlls jko.k dk jkT; foHkh"k.k dks çkIr gks tkrk gS blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd
A
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 ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh bfrgkl ij vkèkkfjr ,dkadh gSA bl ,dkadh dks jpus ds ihNs
gfj—".k çseh dk ,d gh mn~ns'; Fkk& jk"Vªçes A çseh th ds fy, jk"Vªçes gh loksZifj gS]
lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa loksZPp gSA ;fn jk"Vªçes ds ekxZ esa O;fDr dh ftKklk] ihM+k rFkk
egÙokdk¡{kk vkfn ckèkk cu jgh gS] rks mldk fuokj.k rqjra djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd
jk"Vªçes ] jk"VªHkfDr gh loksZPp gSA ekyo çse ,dkadh esa gfjÑ".k çseh us thou] txr rFkk
jk"Vª dh ladYiuk dks lkeus j[k loksZifj jk"Vªçes rFkk jk"Vª dk Hkko lkeus j[kk gSA
D;ksafd O;fDr fdruk Hkh vehj gks tk,] èku laink ls laiUu gks tk,] ijarq tc rd
mldk viuk ?kj lqjf{kr ugÈ gS] rc rd og viuk fodkl ugÈ dj ldrk gSA jk"Vª
fgr ds fy, O;fDr dks vxj Lo;a dh Hkh vkgqfr nsuh iM+s rks mls ns nsuh pkfg,A tgk¡
fot;k Jhiky dh vkgqfr nsdj vius çse dks jk"Vª ij U;kSNkoj djrh gS] rks ogÈ
vehj&xjhc] mPp&uhp dh ladYiuk] ijaijk vkfn dk [kaMu Hkh djrh gSA

fdlh Hkh ukVd dh lQyrk mldh vfHkus;rk@jaxeaph;rk ls çHkkoh curh gSA

tc rd ukVd dk eapu ugÈ gks tkrk ;k fy[kh xà foèkk ukVd] ,dkadh vkfn
vfHkus;rk dk xq.k ugÈ j[krh gS] rc rd ukVd vkSj ,dkadh dk;Z dh lQyrk dks çkIr
ugÈ dj ldrsA ^ekyo çse* ,dkadh esa jaxeap ds lkjs xq.k ekStwn gSaA ,d gh LFkku ij
t;nso rFkk Jhiky ds eè; laoknksa dks çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA os'kHkw"kk esa lSfud
os'kHkw"kk gS ftldk fp=.k Lo;a muds ys[kd us fd;k gS&
ÞHkS;k ¼dqN bl rjg lhèkh [kM+h mls ns[krh jgrh gS½] ftl vksj Jhiky x;k gS
fQj ,d yach lkal ysdj dj cSB tkrh gSA mldk Hkkà tSls gh ços'k djrk gSA t;nso
Hkh xkSj o.kZ o cfy"B 'kjhj cM+h vka[kksa vkSj jkScnkj psgjs okyk uo;qod gSA lSfud
os'kHkw"kk! ¼diM+ksa ls mldk :i çdV gksrk gS½ß eap lTtk ls ysdj çdk'k O;oLFkk vkSj
fn'kk funsZ'k iw.kZr% Li"V vkSj lVhd gSaA

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 varr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd gfj—".k çseh dk Çgnh ,dkadh lkfgR; esa egÙoiw.kZ
LFkku gSA ;g ,d çfl) ukVddkj gSa muds thou ij xk¡èkh thou n'kZu dk çHkko gSA
mUgsa cpiu ls gh jk"Vª çse ds çfr yyd gSA ;g laLdkj bUgsa vius ifjokj ls çkIr gqvk
gSA budh jpukvksa esa ekuoh; çse vkSj jk"Vª çse dh vuqHkwfr ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ekyo
çse ,dkadh ekyo oa'k ij vkèkkfjr gSA blfy, ;g ,d ,sfrgkfld ,dkadh gSA ,dkadh
esa HkkÃ&cgu vkSj çseh rhu pfj= gekjs lkeus vkrs gSaA rhuksa pfj= vius LoHkko vuqlkj
dFkk dh fl)rk esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gSAa fot;k ,d lqdqekjh ukf;dk gS tks fuHkÊd]
fuMj rFkk LoPNanrkoknh gS] rks ogÈ t;nso ekyo ns'k dk lsukifr gS tks vius dk;Z
ds çfr ltx vkSj lrdZ gSA blfy, og Jhiky dks ilan ugÈ djrk gSA Jhiky
LoPNanrk rFkk lkglh O;fDr gSA ijarq mldh dqBa k fujk'kk mls ns'kæksgh cuk nsrh gS vkSj
var esa jk"Vªçes dks loksZifj j[krs gq, fot;k Jhiky dh HksVa &ekyk p<+kus ds lkFk iqjkuh
ijaijkvksa dks rksM+ Jhiky dk oj.k djrh gSA bl çdkj ,dkadh ,sfrgkfld gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk orZeku lanHkZ esa çklafxd gSA tgk¡ ns'k&çse O;fDr ds fy, loksZifj gS rks ogÈ
tM+ ijaijkvksa dk [kaMu djuk Hkh t:jh gSA

1- ^ekyo&çse ,dkadh ,sfrgkfld ,dkadh gS*& bl dFku dks Li"V dhft,A

2- ekyo&çse ,dkadh dk lkj fyf[k,A
3- ekyo&çse ,dkadh ds pfj=ksa dk fp=.k dhft,A
4- ekyo&çse ,dkadh dk ,sfrgkfld ,dkafd;ksa esa LFkku fuèkkZj.k dhft,A
5- ekyo&çse ,dkadh esa fdl oa'k dk ftØ fd;k x;k gS\
6- t;nso lsukifr dk pfj=&fp=.k foLrkj ls dhft,A
7- ^ekyo&çse* ,dkadh dh ukf;dk fot;k ds xq.kksa dk foLrkj ls fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
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  ^ekyo&çse ¼,dkadh½* & gfj—".k çseh
 ^Çgnh ,dkadh dk Øe* & jkepj.k egsUæ
 ^Çgnh ,dkadh mn~Hko vkSj fodkl* & jkepj.k egsaæ
 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dks'k* & la- M‚- èkhjsæa oekZ

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 eqDr f'k{kk fon~;ky;]
fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;] fnYyh

7-1 vfèkxe dk mn~ns';

7-2 çLrkouk
7-3 ysf[kdk&ifjp;
7-3-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-4 xqafx;k dk lkj
7-4-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-5 xqafx;k % rkfRod leh{kk
7-6 fu"d"kZ
7-6-1 cksèk&ç'u
7-7 O;k[;k&Hkkx
7-8 vH;kl&ç'u
7-9 lanHkZ&xzFa k

bl ikB dk vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ fon~;kFkÊ&

 egknsoh oekZ ds thou&o`Ùk ls ifjfpr gks ldsaxAs
 egknsoh th ds lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku ls voxr gks ldsaxAs
 ^xqafx;k* laLej.k dk fufgrkFkZ le> ldsaxAs
 Hkk"kk&f'kYi ls ifjfpr gks ldsx
a sA
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 vkèkqfud Çgnh lkfgR; esa Nk;kokn viuh nk'kZfud xaHkhjrk vkSj dkO;kRed
le`f) ds fy, çfl) gSA vkSj blh çfl) dkO;èkkjk ds çeq[k jpukdkjksa esa ls ,d gaS
egknsoh oekZA egknsoh ds jpukvksa esa vuqHkwfr dh l?kurk] Çpru dh xaHkhjrk] çse vkSj
d#.kk dk ,slk lkeatL; gS tks mudh jpukvksa dks ,dne ltho cuk nsrk gSA os ,d
cM+h gh laons u'khy dof;=h gSAa blfy, ;s viuh jpukvksa esa bl 'kks"kd lekt ds ,d
laons u'khy O;fDr dh vkarfjd osnuk dks Loj nsus dk ç;Ru ges'kk djrh jgh gSaA
xqafx;k Hkh blh i`"BHkwfe ij jfpr budk ,d ekÆed laLej.k gS] tks ikBd dks ges'kk
vkdÆ"kr djrk jgsxkA

Çgnh lkfgR; dh Nk;koknh dfork dks le`f) vkSj lkSna ;Z çnku djus okyh
dof;=h egknsoh oekZ dk tUe lu~ 1907 Ã- esa Q#Z[kkckn ds ,d f'kf{kr ,oa dqyhu
ifjokj esa gqvkA buds firk Jh xksfoUn çlkn mPp f'k{kk çkIr rFkk fon~;ky; esa
eq[;kè;kid FksA budh ekrk Jherh gsejkuh nsoh Hkh f'kf{krk rFkk HkfDrHkko ls ifjiw.kZ
x`gfLFku efgyk FkÈA ?kj ds HkfDriw.kZ okrkoj.k dk çHkko ckfydk egknsoh ij Hkh iM+kA
os ek¡ ls lqus gq, ehjk] dchj] lwjnkl ds Hktuksa dks xk;k&xquxquk;k djrh FkÈA ;gÈ ls
muds eu esa dfork fy[kus dh çsj.kk gqà mUgksaus czt Hkk"kk esa leL;kiwÆr djuk 'kq:
fd;kA bUgsa igys ?kj ij gh f'k{kk&nh{kk nh x;hA Hkk"kk&vè;;u ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr
vkSj fp=dyk esa Hkh budh i;kZIr #fp FkhA
vYik;q esa gh budk fookg Jh Lo:iukjk;.k oekZ ls gks x;kA rc ;s bUnkSj esa
vk x;È vkSj ogÈ bUgksaus fu;fer :i ls mPp f'k{kk çkIr dhA fefMy vkSj gkÃLdwy
dh ijh{kk esa bUgksua s iwjs çns'k esa loZçFke LFkku çkIr fd;kA fQj bUgksaus ç;kx ds dU;k
egkfon~;ky; ls ch-,- rFkk ç;kx fo'ofon~;ky; ls laL—r esa ,e-,- dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ
dhA rnqijkar os ç;kx fon~;kihB dh çkpk;Z ds in ij fu;qDr gqÃA blds vfrfjDr
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bUgksaus ^lkfgR; laln* uked ,d laLFkk Hkh cukÃ] ftlds fodkl esa fujarj dk;Zjr
jgÈA budh egku~ lkfgfR;d nsu ds fy, fofHkUu laLFkkvksa us bUgsa vusd iqjLdkjksa ls
lEekfur fd;kA lsdlfj;k iqjLdkj] eaxykçlkn ikfjrksf"kd] in~eHkw"k.k vkSj KkuihB
tSls lEeku egknsoh oekZ dh egrh ljLorh lkèkuk ds çek.k gSaA
vkjaHk ls gh dkseyân;k ,oa laosnu'khy egknsoh us dsoy lkfgR;&lkèkuk gh
ugÈ dh] vfirq lekt ds nfjæ ,oa misf{kr oxZ ds çfr lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ Hkh jgÈA
NksVh&NksVh ikB'kkyk,¡ [kksydj cPpksa dks i<+kuk] yach Nqfê;ksa esa misf{kr cfLr;ksa vkSj
ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsuk mudk 'kkSd jgkA fuèkZu Nk=ksa vkSj lkfgfR;d laLFkkvksa
dh vkÆFkd lgk;rk djus esa Hkh os viuk i;kZIr èku O;; dj nsrh FkÈA euq";ksa ds izfr
gh ugÈ] i'kq&if{k;ksa vkSj isM+&ikSèkksa ds çfr Hkh budk fo'ks"k Lusg FkkA fcYyh] [kjxks'k
vkSj dqÙkk ikyu vkSj muds çfr eeRo dh Hkkouk muds laLej.kksa ls Li"V gSA egknsoh
oekZ }kjk fyf[kr js[kkfp=ksa ,oa laLej.kksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd os fdl çdkj
le;&le; ij vius laidZ esa vkus okys dqyh] etnwj] èkksxh] egkjkftu] foèkokvksa vkfn
nhu&nq%f[k;ksa dh lgk;rk djrh jgh gSaA vius lkfgR; esa Hkh mUgksua s bu misf{kr
O;fDr;ksa dh ihM+k dks ok.kh nhA nfyr O;fDr;ksa ds laLej.kkRed js[kkfp=]
ukjh&lacaèkh&leL;kvksa ij fy[ks x;s muds fucaèk mudh lkfgfR;d çfrHkk ds lkFk&lkFk
muds laosnu'khy O;fDrRo ds Hkh ifjpk;d gSaA egku~ çfrHkk dh èkuh gksus gq, Hkh
lhèkk&lknk thou ,oa vgadkj&jfgr g¡leq[k LoHkko egknsoh dks vkSj Hkh Å¡ps in ij
çfrf"Br djrk gSA
egknsoh oekZ ds dkO;&laxzg uhgkj] jf'e] uhjtk] lkaè;xhr vkSj nhif'k[kk&
mudh egrh dkO;&lkèkuk ds l'kDr çek.k gSaA buesa çFke pkj —fr;ksa dh jpuk,¡
^;kek* 'kh"kZd dkO;&laxzg esa Hkh laxzghr gS]a ftl ij mUgsa lu~ 1982 esa ^KkuihB
iqjLdkj* feykA vrhr ds pyfp=] Le`fr dh js[kk,¡] iFk ds lkFkh budh çfrfufèk
xn~;&dfork,¡ gSAa buesa mUgksaus vius thou ds fofoèk voljksa ij laidZ esa vk;s vusd
lkekU; ,oa fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa ls ikBdksa dk ifjp; djk;k gSA ^Ük`a[kyk* dh dfM+;k¡* muds
fucaèkksa dk laxzg gS vkSj ^lIro.kkZ* esa mUgksaus osnksa ls ysdj ^xhr xksfoUn* rd ds laLÑr
inksa dk Çgnh vuqokn fd;k gSA

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 egknsoh dk dkO; eq[;r% vkRekfHkO;atdrk dk dkO; gSA vkRekfHkO;atuk Nk;koknh
dfo;ksa dh dfork dh çeq[k ço`fÙk jghA blfy, mudh dfork esa futh thou ls tqM+s
lkalkfjd lq[k&nq%[k] d#.kk&vkuUn vkSj gkL;&#nu dh [kqydj vfHkO;fDr gqÃA tc
dfo ds ân; esa lafpr Hkkoukvksa dk mæsd gqvk rks og xhr cudj çLQqfVr gks x;kA
egknsoh oekZ dh dfork esa Hkh oS;fDrd lq[k&nq%[kkRed vuqHkwfr;ksa dh cgqyrk gSA ^eSa
uhj Hkjh nq%[k dh cnyh* dfork esa dof;=h us vius thou dh ifjHkk"kk bl çdkj nh
gS&

fojg&osnuk egknsoh dh dfork dk vfHkUu] vVwV vax gSA fojg dks çse dh
dlkSVh dgk x;k gSA tks bl dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrk gS] ogh lPpk çseh gSA çse ds {ks=
esa fojg dh bl egÙkk ds dkj.k gh dchj] tk;lh] lwj] ehjk] ?kukuan vkfn dfo;ksa ds
dkO; esa ^çse dh ihj* dk O;kid fp=.k gqvk gSA egknsoh oekZ us Hkh nq%[k vkSj osnuk dks
vius dkO; dk egÙoiw.kZ vax crkrs gq, dgk& Þnq%[k esjs fudV thou dk ,slk dkO;
gS] tks lkjs lalkj dks ,d lw= esa ck¡èk j[kus dh {kerk j[krk gSA gekjk ,d cwn¡ vk¡lw
Hkh thou dks vfèkd eèkqj] vfèkd moZj cuk, fcuk ugÈ jgrkAß egknsoh dh dfork esa
fojg&tfur ;g nq%[k vfojy vkSj 'kk'or gSA blhfy, mUgksua s vius thou dks ^fojg
dk tytkr* dgk gS&

mudk fojg vJqiwfjr vkSj vuar laons ukvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSA mUgksaus fojg dks bl
lhek rd xzg.k fd;k gS fd os mlds lkFk ,dkdkj gks x;h gSaA bl fojg&osnuk ds
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fcuk mUgsa viuk thou vèkwjk yxrk gSA vr% fojg dks feyu ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ
ekurh gSa&

çkfIr dh vis{kk vçkfIr esa gh mUgsa thou dh lkFkZdrk çrhr gksrh gS&

egknsoh oekZ dh dforkvksa esa vfHkO;Dr çse vkSj fojg dh Hkkouk bruh xgu vkSj
vykSfdd gS fd og jgL;okn dh lhek rd igq¡p tkrh gSA tc dksà dfo fdlh lalkjh
O;fDr dh vis{kk fdlh vO;Dr] vxkspj ,oa vlhe lÙkk ds çfr viuh Hkkoukvksa dks
O;Dr djrk gS rks mls jgL;kuqHkwfr vFkok jgL;okn dgk tkrk gSA egknsoh dk dkO;
,slh vusd dforkvksa vkSj xhrksa ls Hkjiwj gS] ftlesa jgL;okn vFkok jgL;okn dgk
tkrk gSA Çgnh lkfgR; ds vusd vkykspdksa vkSj dfo;ksa us mUgsa jgL;oknh dof;=h dgk
gSA vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us Hkh egknsoh oekZ dks jgL;oknh dof;=h ekukA muds
vuqlkj ÞNk;koknh dgs tkus okys dfo;ksa esa egknsoh th gh jgL;okn ds Hkhrj jgh gSaA
vKkr fç;re ds fy, osnuk gh buds ân; dk HkkodsUæ gS] ftlls vusd çdkj dh
Hkkouk,¡ NwV&NwVdj >yd ekjrh jgrh gSaAß vKs; us Hkh egknsoh ds dkO; dks ^,d
fpjaru vkSj vlhe fç; ds çfr fuosfnr* ekuk ftlesa ^v'ks"k dkseyrk* gSA vius çse dks
vlhe lÙkk ds çfr leÆir djrh gqà dof;=h dgrh gSa&

vius ml vy{; fç; dks ikus ds fy, mUgsa ckákpkjksa dh vko';drk çrhr ugÈ
gksrh D;ksafd og rks mlds lkFk ,dkdkj gks x;h gS&

euq"; ml vuar lÙkk dk ç—fr ds fofHkUu miknkuksa esa Hkh vfHkO;Dr ikrk gSA
ç—fr ds fofHkUu :iksa esa og fofp= vkd"kZ.k ,oa viuRo vuqHko djrk gSA blh dkj.k
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 dfork esa Hkh ç—fr vius iw.kZ] le`) :i esa fn[kkà iM+rh gSA vkèkqfud dky ds
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us viuh dfork esa ç—fr dks vusd :iksa esa fpf=r fd;kA egknsoh Hkh
ç—fr esa vius vy{; fç; ds vkus dk ladsr yf{kr djrh gqà dgrh gSa&

egknsoh us viuh dfork esa çkr%] laè;k] jtuh] rkjs] tqxuw] lw;Z&jf'e;ksa] iÙkks]a
o`{kks]a fu>Zjksa vkfn dk fo'kn fp=.k fd;k gSA mUgksua s ç—fr dks dgÈ vkyacu :i es]a dgÈ
mn~nhiu :i es]a rks dgÈ leosnukRed :i esa fpf=r fd;k gSA dof;=h o"kkZ&_rq dh
jkf= dk o.kZu ,d ln~;%Lukrk ukf;dk ds :i esa djrh gqà dgrh gS& a

dgÈ mudh dfy;k¡ ^iYyo ds ?kw¡?kV lqdqekj* mBkdj lyTt ukf;dk&lh çrhr
gksrh gSa rks dgÈ ckny dksà u;k lans'k ysdj vk;s fn[kkà iM+rs gSa&

;n~;fi dà vkykspdksa us egknsoh oekZ ds ç—fr&fp=.k dks çlkn vkSj fujkyk

ds ç—fr&fp=.k tSlk HkO; vkSj fojkV rFkk iar ds ç—fr&fp=.k tSlk lqf'kfYir ugÈ
ik;k Çdrq blesa lansg ugÈ fd egknsoh ds ç—fr&fp=.k esa ekuoh; osnuk dh tks rM+i
gS] mlds çR;sd O;kikj esa tks d#.k Ønau gS] mlesa Hkkoqdrk vkSj dYiuk dk tks ?kuhHkwr
:i fon~;eku gS rFkk vxkspj lÙkk ds tks vy{; ladsr fn[kkà iM+rs gSa] os vrqyuh;
gSaA
ekuorkokn vkSj ekuoh; d#.kk ,sls fo"k; gSa] ftu ij lHkh Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us
vusd dfork,¡ fy[kÈA ;qxhu çHkko vkSj ukjh&ân;&lqyHk dkseyrk ds dkj.k egknsoh
dh dforkvksa ij Hkh d#.kk dk xgjk jax fon~;eku gSA blds vfrfjDr Nk;koknh
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dfo;ksa dh ckS) n'kZu dh egkd#.kk us Hkh xgjs çHkkfor fd;kA blfy, egknsoh dk
fo'okl gS fd d#.kk dh mnkÙk Hkkouk esa Luku djds nq%[k Hkh mTToy gks tkrk gS vkSj
O;fDr Lo ds ladh.kZ nk;js ls ckgj fudydj loZokn dks xzg.k dj ysrk gS&

egknsoh oekZ dh dfork esa çse] vuqjkx] fojg] osnuk] ihM+k] ç—fr vkfn fo"k;
bruh lgtrk vkSj uSlÆxdrk ls vfHkO;Dr gq, gSa fd lgt gh ikBd ds ân; dks Nw
tkrs gSAa mudh dfork esa Hkkoukvksa dk ,slk lkfRod mæsd gS fd og dgÈ Hkh
vfo'oluh; ,oa —f=e çrhr ugÈ gksrkA dksey Hkkoksa dh ljl vfHkO;fDr egknsoh dh
dfork dks ân; ds cgqr lehi yk nsrh gSA blh dkj.k mudh dfork eq[;r% xhrkRed
,oa laxhrkRed gSA vkpk;Z jkepaæ 'kqDy us egknsoh oekZ dks Nk;koknh ;qx dh loZJ"s B
xhfrdkj ekurs gq, dgk& ^xhr fy[kus esa tSlh lQyrk egknsoh th dks gqÃ] oSlh vkSj
fdlh dks ugÈA u rks Hkk"kk dk ,slk fLuXèk vkSj çkaty çokg vkSj dgÈ feyrk gS] u ân;
dh ,slh HkkoHkafxekA txg&txg <yh gqà vkSj vuwBh O;atuk ls Hkjh gqà inkoyh
feyrh gS fd ân; f[ky mBrk gSA* egknsoh oekZ ds xhrksa esa miyCèk Hkkoksa dk lgt
mPNyu] laf{kIrrk] xs;rk] laxhrkRedrk] èoU;kRedrk] dkYifudrk] Hkkoxr ,d:irk
vkfn xq.k mUgsa lQy xhfrdkO; dh dksfV esa fLFkr djrs gSaA
egknsoh oekZ ds dkO; dk vuqHkwfri{k ftruk lcy gS] f'kYi i{k Hkh mruk gh
l'kDr gSA Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, fp=ksie Hkk"kk dks
viuk;k] ftlesa dksà –';] ?kVuk vFkok O;fDr fp=:i esa ikBd ds le{k vafdr gks
tkrk gSA viuh Hkk"kk&Hkafxek }kjk fp=ksa dks mdsjus esa egknsoh Hkh iVq gSaA jkf= dk ;g
–'; dof;=h dh fp=ksie Hkk"kk dk lqanj mnkgj.k gS&
jtuh vks<s+ tkrh Fkh f>yfey rkjksa dh tkrhA
Çccksa vkSj çrhdksa ds lgkjs fofoèk Hkkofp=ksa dk vadu egknsoh ds xhrksa ds f'kYi
dks l'kDr cukrs gSAa ç—fr ds fofHkUu miknuksa ds ekè;e ls çLrqr Çcc&fp= }kjk
dof;=h us Ük`axkj dk fdruk ekÆed fp= [kÈpk gS&

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 yk{kf.kd 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx Nk;koknh dfork dh egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk jghA
vfHkèkk }kjk lhèks&lhèks vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr dh vis{kk yk{kf.kd 'kCnksa }kjk dfork dks
lqanj vkSj cafde cukus esa egknsoh oekZ Hkh iVq gSaA u;uksa esa nhid tyuk] 'oklksa ls
LoIu&ijkx >juk] uHk ds uo jaxksa dk nqdwy cquuk [kn~;ksr >juk vkfn ,sls ç;ksx gSa
tks dfork ds vFkZ dks vfèkd çHkko'kkyh cukrs gSAa
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us miek] :id] mRçs{kk] vfr'k;ksfDr vkfn ijaijkxr vyadkjksa
ds vfrfjDr ekuohdj.k] us viuh fo'ks"k&foi;Z; vkSj èoU;FkZ&O;atuk vkfn ,sls
vyadkjksa dk ç;ksx Hkh fd;k tks ik'pkR; dfork ds çHkko ds dkj.k vk;sA egknsoh us
viuh dfork esa u;s&iqjkus lHkh vyadkjksa dk ç;ksx djds viuh dfork dks l¡okjkA
mudh dfork esa vyadkj dsoy 'kksHkko`f) vFkok mfDr&peRdkj ugÈ djrs] vfirq
jlkuqHkwfr esa Hkh lgk;d gksrs gSAa miek vyadkj ds vusd dykRed ç;ksx egknsoh dh
dYiuk&moZjrk ds ifjpk;d gSAa tSls&

× × × ×

olar _rq dh jkf= ds o.kZu esa ekuohdj.k vyadkj dk lqanj ç;ksx æ"VO; gS&

Nanksa dh –f"V ls egknsoh oekZ dh dfork y;iw.kZ gSA muds xhr 'kkL=h; laxhr
ds fu;eksa ls vkc) Hkys gh u gksa Çdrq mudh rqdkarrk vkSj uknkRedrk mUgsa xs; cuk
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nsrh gSA xhrksa esa laxhr dh eèkqjrk ygjsa ekjrh gS D;ksafd muds xhr lhèks ân; ls
fudyrs gSaA egknsoh oekZ us Lo;a xhrksa esa cqf) dh vis{kk ân; ds vuq'kklu ij cy
fn;k& Þpkgs dfork fdlh Hkk"kk esa gks] pkgs fdlh ^okn* ds varxZr] pkgs mlesa ikÆFko
fo'o dh vfHkO;fDr gks pkgs vikÆFko dh vkSj pkgs nksuksa ds vfofPNUu lacaèk dh] mlds
vewY; gksus dk jgL; ;gh gS fd og euq"; ds ân; ls çokfgr gqà gSAß ân;&rÙo
dh çèkkurk ds dkj.k gh egknsoh ds xhrksa esa 'kkL=h; laxhrkRedrk dh vis{kk
y;kRedrk vkSj 'kCn&laxhr vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA
egknsoh ds xhrksa esa vfHkO;atuk dh iw.kZrk] dYiuk dh çèkkurk vkSj laf{kIrrk vkfn
vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh muds f'kYi ds egÙoiw.kZ i{k gSAa egknsoh oekZ dh xhfr;ksa ds f'kYi
dh fof'k"Vrk ds dkj.k M‚- dqekj foey us mudh rqyuk vaxt sz xhrdkj VSuhlu ls djrs
gq, dgk& Þvaxzt s h esa ftl rjg VSuhlu dh xhfr;k¡ f'kYi dh –f"V ls mR—"Vre gSa]
mlh çdkj Çgnh esa egknsoh ds xhr 'kksHku f'kYi dk vU;re mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSaA
bl mR—"Vrk ds dkj.k gh egknsoh ds xhrksa esa gesa--- loZ= ,d in~;pk#rk feyrh gSAß

1- egknsoh oekZ dk tUe dc vkSj dgk¡ gqvk\

2- egknsoh oekZ dk çFke dkO;&laxzg dkSu&lk gS\
3- egknsoh th us viuh jpukvksa esa fdl dk fo'kn fp=.k fd;k gS\

bl js[kkfp= dk vkjaHk egknsoh oekZ us xzkeh.k ,oa vf'kf{kr yksxksa }kjk muds i=
fy[kokus vkSj ml i=&ys[ku esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa ds foLr`r o.kZu ls fd;k gSA
ysf[kdk dk dFku gS fd vui<+ xzkeh.kksa }kjk Hksts tkus okys lan's kksa vkSj lekpkjksa ds
lgh ys[ku vkSj laç"s k.k esa os vusd ckj vleatl esa iM+ tkrh FkÈ Çdrq lcls fodV
leL;k rc mRiUu gqÃ] tc ,d xw¡xh L=h vius fy, ,d i= fy[kokus dk vuqjksèk djus
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 yxhA çLrqr js[kkfp= esa ysf[kdk us blh xw¡xh L=h dh d#.kk xkFkk dgh gS] ftls mlds
xw¡xis u ds dkj.k xqafx;k uke ns fn;k x;k gSA
bl xqafx;k dk okLrfod uke èkuifr;k FkkA og ,d laiUu rsyh jX?kw dh lUrku
Fkh] ftlds tUe ij [kwc mRlo euk;k x;kA cksyus dh voLFkk rd igq¡pus ij Hkh tc
èkuifr;k ds eq[k ls ok.kh u QwVh rks mlds fy, ekrk&firk us dà Vksu& s VksVds vkSj
bykt djk;s Çdrq lHkh ç;Ru O;FkZ fl) gq,A bl çdkj èkuifr;k c<+us yxh vkSj fookg
dh vk;q gksus ij firk us NksVh csVh fn[kkdj fookg&e.Mi esa xqfa x;k dks cSBk fn;kA
llqjky igq¡pus ij tc ;g Hksn [kqyk rks mls xgus vkfn mrjokdj okfil Hkst fn;k
x;kA ykpkj firk us fQj NksVh&csVh dks nqYgu cukdj mlh ?kj esa HkstkA HkkX;ghuk
xqafx;k ekrk&firk dh lsok dks gh loZLo ekudj thou O;rhr djus yxh] Çdrq muds
'kh?kz gh dky&dofyr gksus ds i'pkr~ og fQj vdsyh jg x;hA
mèkj mldh cfgu dqN le; i'pkr~ ,d iq= dks tUe nsdj py clÈ cguksÃ
us ml ekr`ghu ckyd dks xqfa x;k dh xksn esa Mky fn;k vkSj og ckyd xqafx;k ds
,dkdh thou dh ,djlrk dks nwj djus dk lkèku cu x;kA xqafx;k dk ekr`&ân;
ml ckyd dh vPNh&ls&vPNh lsok&lqJw"kk esa tqV x;kA viuh ?kVrh lEifÙk dh
ijokg u djrs gq, og leÆir Hkko ls ml cPps dks ikyus esa yxh jghA viuh vcksèk
voLFkk rd rks gqyklh xqafx;k ds ekr`Ro ls mYyflr gksrk jgk] Çdrq laKku gksus ij
og laxh&lkfFk;ksa }kjk viuh ek¡ ds xw¡xsiu dks ysdj fp<+k, tkus ij ek¡ ds çfr
fojDr gksus yxkA blh voLFkk esa ,d fnu mlus vius firk ds ikl tkus dh gB
idM+ yhA mldh gB ds vkxs >qddj xqafx;k us mlds firk ds fo"k; esa iwNrkN dh
vkSj irk pyk fd og vius u;s ifjokj ds lkFk dkuiqj pyk x;k gSA xqafx;k us u;s
diM+kas vkSj feBkb;ksa ds lkFk iq= dks fonk fd;k Çdrq foekrk }kjk viekfur gksdj og
'kh?kz gh ykSV vk;kA
,d fnu xk¡o esa ,d ik[k.Mh lkèkq dh laxr esa gqyklh mlds lkFk Hkkx [kM+k
gqvkA foo'k xqfa x;k dqN Hkh u dj ik;hA Çdrq mldk ekr`&ân; çfrfnu mldh ckV
ns[kk djrkA cgqr o"kks± ckn mls fdlh ls irk pyk fd gqyklh dydÙkk esa ,d lsB ds
?kj njcku gks x;k gS vkSj mlus fookg Hkh dj fy;k gSA xqafx;k dks tSls vaèksjs esa vk'kk
dh ,d fdj.k fn[kykà iM+h vkSj mlus egknsoh th ls vkxzg fd;k fd og ,d i=
mlds csVs ds uke Hkh fy[k nsa Çdrq xqfa x;k ;g ugÈ tkurh Fkh fd dydÙkk tSls
154

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egkuxj esa fcuk irs ds dksà fpëh mlds gqyklh ds ikl ugÈ igq¡p ik,xhA mls larq"V
djus ds fy, egknsoh th us ,d i= viuh lgsyh dks fy[kkA mlus mÙkj fn;k fd
gqyklh dks <w¡<+ ikuk rks dfBu dk;Z gS Çdrq mudk viuk ukSdj gjHktu Hkh ,sls gh ?kj
ls vk;k FkkA xqfa x;k dh ckr lqudj] æfor gksdj og xqafx;k ds fy, ,d i= vkSj dqN
#i;s Hkst jgk gSA dydÙks ls vk;s i= dks gqyklh dk gh le>dj xqafx;k bruh
mYyflr gqà fd vleatl esa iM+h egknsoh mls lR; dg ikus dh fgEer ugÈ tqVk
ik;ÈA bl ?kVuk ds ,d ekl i'pkr~ xqafx;k gqyklh ds f[kykSuksa dh fiVkjh vkSj diM+kas
ls Hkjs cDls ds chp e`r ik;h x;hA mlds rfd;s ds uhps gjHktu dk i= vkSj mlds
Hksts nl #i;s Hkh t;ks& a ds&R;ksa ik;s x;sA
çLrqr js[kkfp= egknsoh ds dq'ky xn~;&ysf[kdk gksus dk Li"V ifjpk;d gSA
egknsoh us vius lEidZ esa vk;s vusd O;fDr;ksa ds thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks mHkkjrs gq,
muds ekè;e ls viuh d#.kk rks O;Dr dh gh gS lkFk gh ml lekt dh fueZerk vkSj
dBksjrk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gS] tks nSoh&çdksi ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds çfr Hkh ugÈ
ilhtrk gSA

1- xqfa x;k dk okLrfod uke D;k Fkk\

2- xqfa x;k ds xw¡xis u dks nwj djus ds fy, mlds ekrk&firk us D;k fd;k\
3- xzkeh.kksa ds i= fy[kus esa dkSu lh leL;k,¡ vkrh FkÈ\
4- xqfa x;k fdldks i= fy[kokuk pkgrh Fkh\

çLrqr js[kkfp= egknsoh ds dq'ky xn~;&ysf[kdk gksus dk Li"V ifjpk;d gSA

egknsoh us vius laidZ esa vk;s vusd O;fDr;ksa ds thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks mHkkjrs gq,
muds ekè;e ls viuh d#.kk rks O;Dr dh gh gS] lkFk gh ml lekt dh fueZerk vkSj
155

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 dBksjrk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gS] tks nSoh çdksi ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds çfr Hkh ilhtrk
ugÈ gSA ^xqafx;k* uked bl laLej.kkRed js[kkfp= dh rkfRod leh{kk bl çdkj gS&
^js[kkfp=* vFkok ^Ldsp* ds fy, vko';d gS fd mlesa o.;Z fo"k;
vFkok pfj= dk ;FkkrF; fp=.k gksA ftl çdkj ,d lQy fp=dkj vius fp= dks
vfèkdkfèkd çHkkoiw.kZ cukus ds fy, mldh gj js[kk vkSj gj dks.k dks iwjh rUe;rk ls
[kÈprk vkSj l¡okjrk gS] mlh çdkj ys[kd Hkh vius laLej.kksa ds vkèkkj ij o.;Z O;fDr
ds O;fDrRo ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks bl çdkj mdsjrk gS fd ikBd mlls vuk;kl gh
lkeatL; LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA egknsoh ds ^xqafx;k* js[kkfp= esa bl çdkj dh
fp=kRedrk vkSj lthork fu'p; gh fon~;eku gSA nSokfHk'kIrk xqafx;k ok.kh ds ojnku
ds vHkko esa fdruh foo'k gS] bldk egknsoh us cgqr eeZLi'kÊ 'kCnfp= bl çdkj [kÈpk
gS&Þcksyus ds ç;kl esa [kqyk eq¡g] foLe; ls Hkjh vk¡[ks]a fujk'kk ls fotfM+r Hkafxek vkfn
ckyd ds fy, ,d vcw> igsyh cudj jg x;sAß
xqafx;k ds cká O;fDrRo ds lkFk&lkFk mldh ihM+k vkSj d#.kk ds Hkh lkdkj
fp= bl js[kkfp= esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSAa gqyklh dh çrh{kk esa ;a=or~ vkpj.k djus okyh
vkSj mldh Le`fr esa vk¡lw cgkus okyh dadky&'ks"k xqafx;k ds fuEufyf[kr fp= viuh
lthork esa fu'p; gh vçfre gS& a
ÞdHkh [ksrksa dh esM+kas ij [kM+h gksrh] dHkh isM+kas dh Nk;k esa cSBrh] dHkh jksrh] dHkh g¡lrh]
xqafx;k ?kj igq¡ph vkSj vk¡xu ds rqylhpkSjs ij gh losjs rd vkSaèks eqg¡ iM+h jghAß
× × ×
xqafx;k us ml eSys QVs dkxt ds VqdM+s dks vfLFk'ks"k m¡xfy;ksa esa nckdj iatj
tSls ân; ij j[kdj vk¡[ksa ew¡n yÈA ij >qÆj;ksa esa fleVh gqà iydksa ds dksuksa ls cgus
okyh vk¡lw dh iryh èkkj mlds dkuksa dks Nwdj eSys vkSj rsy ls fpdV rfd;s dks èkksus
yxhA
O;fDr&fp=.k ds lkFk&lkFk okrkoj.k dks ewrZ dj nsus esa Hkh egknsoh fl)gLr
gSa& Þdksà iqj pykuk nwljs dks lkSaidj ikykxu fy[kkus nkSM+ vk;k] dksà vk'kh"k fy[kk
nsus dk Lej.k fnykdj nk¡; pykus pyk x;kA dksà viuk lan's k fy[kokus ds fy, Hkjk
?kM+k flj ij vkSj jLlh gkFk esa Fkkes gq, gh #d xÃAß
156

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 bl çdkj ;g lkjk js[kkfp= gh lVhd 'kCn p;u vkSj çLrqfr ds dkj.k thoUr
,oa ewÆreku gSA
lkfgR;dkj lkfgR; dh fdlh Hkh foèkk ij viuh ys[kuh pyk,
vkSj mlesa fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij fy[ks] mldh oS;fDrd vuqHkwfr;k¡ mlds lkFk vo'; tqM+h
jgrh gSaA js[kkfp= Hkh bl fo'ks"krk dk viokn ugÈ gSA cfYd ;ksa dguk pkfg, fd
js[kkfp= esa oS;fDrdrk dk rÙo vis{kk—r vfèkd ek=k esa jgrk gSA dkj.k] dksà Hkh
fp=dkj vFkok js[kkfp=dkj tc rd fdlh fo"k; ;k O;fDr ds fo"k; esa iwjh rjg
ifjfpr ugÈ gks tkrk] mlesa iwjh rjg rUe; ugÈ gks tkrk] rc rd mlds fp= esa
jaxks&
a js[kkvksa dh çHkkokRedrk ugÈ vk ikrh vkSj bl ifjp;&Øe esa js[kkfp=dkj o.;Z
O;fDr vkSj mlds ifjos'k ds lkFk vfèkdkfèkd mlls tqM+rk pyrk gSA ;g vfrfjDr
tqM+ko gh js[kkfp= esa oS;fDrdrk dk dkj.k cu tkrk gSA egknsoh us Lo;a bl rF; dks
Lohdkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS&Þbu Le`frfp=ksa esa esjk thou vk x;k gSA ;g LokHkkfod Hkh
FkkA vaèksjs dh oLrqvksa dks ge vius çdk'k dh èkqaèkyh ;k mtyh ifjfèk esa ykdj gh ns[k
ikrs gSaAß xqfa x;k ds lai.w kZ thou dks bruh varjaxrk ds lkFk fpf=r djus ds ihNs
ysf[kdk dh O;fDrxr #fp gh egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA egknsoh ls i= fy[kokus okyksa dh HkhM+
esa ,d xw¡xh L=h Hkh jgrh gS] bls os vDlj y{; djrh jgrh FkÈA ;g ysf[kdk dh
oS;fDrd d#.kk dk gh ifj.kke gS ftlus mls bl pfj= ds fo"k; esa fy[kus ds fy,
ckè; dj fn;kA xqfa x;k dh bl d#.k xkFkk dks i<+dj ikBd dsoy xqafx;k dks gh
Lej.k ugÈ j[krk vfirq ,sls fojy pfj=ksa ds fp= dks ewrZ dj nsus okyh ysf[kdk dh
laons u'khyrk dks Hkh cM+h xgjkà ls vuqHko djrk gSA çLrqr js[kkfp= dh vafre iafDr;k¡
Hkh blh ckr dks Li"V djrh gSa fd blds ys[ku esa ysf[kdk dk viuk O;fDrRo fdruh
fudVrk ls tqM+k gqvk gS& Þthou esa eSaus ftrus fofp= O;fDr vkSj tSls jgL;e;
bfro`Ùk ns[ks lqus gSa] muds lkeus dYiuk ds lHkh fuekZ.k Qhds iM+ ldrs gSAa ij xqfa x;k
esjs ân; esa tks d#.k foLe; txk ldh Fkh- og fQj ugÈ tkxkAß
,d lQy js[kkfp= ds fy, vko';d gS fd mlesa fo"k; dh
,dkfUofr ;k ,dkRedrk gksA ;fn js[kkfp=dkj vius fo"k; ls gVdj o.kZu djsxk] rks
og ikBd ij viuk lafo"V çHkko ugÈ NksM+ ik,xkA egknsoh ds ^xqfa x;k* uked bl
js[kkfp= esa fo"k; dh çLrqfr bruh lqlEc) gS fd ikBd xqafx;k ds pfj= dks vius
le{k ewrZ vuqHko djrk gSA fo"k; dh fujarj çokge;rk esa dksà O;oèkku ugÈ vkrk vkSj
157

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 ikBd vfèkdkfèkd ftKklq Hkko ls bl js[kkfp= dks i<+rk pyrk gSA xqfa x;k dk cpiu]
mldk ;kSou] mldk {kf.kd nqHkkZX;iw.kZ oSokfgd thou] lQy ekr`Ro lHkh i{k brus
?kqy&
s feys gSa fd buesa fdlh vU; o.kZu ds fy, vodk'k gh ugÈ gSA ;g ,dkfUofr gh
bl js[kkfp= dh lQyrk dk çek.k gSA
lQy js[kkfp= ds fy, laf{kIrrk ,d vfuok;Z xq.k ekuk tkrk gSA
fp=dyk ds {ks= esa isafly ls js[kk,¡ [kÈpdj mHkkjs x;s fp= dks ^Ldsp* ;k js[kkfp=
dgk tkrk gSA bl çdkj dh dyk esa jaxksa dh jaxhuh ;k dykRedrk dh vksj è;ku
ugÈ jgrk vfirq cká js[kkvksa }kjk fo"k; dks mHkkjuk gh dkS'ky dgykrk gSA blh
çdkj lkfgR; dh js[kkfp= foèkk esa FkksM+s 'kCnksa vkSj laf{kIr o.kZu dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku
fn;k tkrk gSA
^xqafx;k* js[kkfp= ;n~;fi vkdkj esa laf{kIr ugÈ gS] rFkkfi mlds foLrkj esa
fo"k;kUrj dk voxq.k Hkh ns[kus dks ugÈ feyrkA oLrqr% nSodksi ls xzLr xqafx;k dh
O;Fkk&xkFkk gh bruh foLr`r gS fd mls ç;kl djds Hkh la{ksi ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
xqafx;k dh dFkk esa foLrkj gksrs gq, Hkh çHkko dh rhozrk loZnk orZeku jgh gSA blh ls
og ikBd ds eu esa ogh laons uk txkus esa lQy jgk gS] tks ysf[kdk dk mfn~n"V gSA
Li"V gS fd ^xqfa x;k* uked ;g js[kkfp= rÙoksa dh –f"V ls iw.kZ lQy gSA blesa
^,d dq'ky dykdkj] mR—"V Hkkoqd dof;=h] fuiq.k xn~;dkj vkSj vuqHkoh fp=dkj dh
Hkkoukvksa dk Hkh lfEeJ.k gSA*
;g js[kkfp= viuh lthork] ewÆreÙkk] ân;LiÆ'krk] çHkkoksRikndrk ,oa rjy
Hkkoqdrk ds dkj.k lgt lEçs"; ,oa vuqHkwr lPpkb;ksa dk O;k[;krk gSA
dksà Hkh lkfgR;dkj vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds fy, Hkk"kk dk
vkJ; xzg.k djrk gSA Hkk"kk ds }kjk gh og vius vuqHkoksa ,oa ekfuld Hkkoksa dks ewrZ :i
çnku djrk gSA bl çdkj lkfgR; dh fdlh Hkh foèkk ds fy, Hkk"kk ,d vko';d ewy
rÙo gSA js[kkfp= ds lanHkZ esa Hkk"kk dk egÙo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS D;ksfa d blesa ys[kd
dks vius Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr la{ksi esa vkSj iwjh rhozrk ds lkFk djuh gksrh gSA mls
de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa og dkS'ky fn[kkuk gksrk gS fd ikBd ds lEeq[k ml o.;Z fo"k;
;k O;fDr dk fp= lkdkj gks tk,A 'kCn'kfDr;ksa] vyadkjksa] yksdksfDr;ksa vkSj dgkorksa
dk ç;ksx djrs gq, vkSj nq:grk ,oa cksf>yrk dk ifjgkj djrs gq, og vius dF; dks
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vR;fèkd çHkko'kkyh cuk nsrk gSA 'kCnHksn ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd mi;qZDr fo'ks"krk,¡
fdlh Hkh js[kkfp= dh Hkk"kk esa gksuk vko';d gSaA ns[kuk gS fd egknsoh ds ^xqfa x;k*
js[kkfp= esa Hkk"kk dks çHkko'kkyh cukus ds ;s lkèku dgk¡ rd fon~;eku gS&
a
(i) vius vU; js[kkfp=ksa dh Hkk¡fr ^xqfa x;k* js[kkfp=
esa ysf[kdk us çk;% vke cksypky dh ljy Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA tulkekU;
ds thou vkSj pfj= dks vafdr djus ds fy, oSlh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx LokHkkfod gh
gS&ÞigykSBh larku gksus ds dkj.k xqfa x;k ds tUe ds miy{; esa cM+h èkwe&èkke
jghA uxkM+os kys usx ysus vk;s] Mkseuh ukpdj pqujh ys xà vkSj rsyh iapksa dh
T;kSukj esa dà ihis ?kh [kpZ gks x;kA tPpk dks fpjkSt
a h Mkydj gjhjk fn;k x;k]
ccwy dk xksan ikxdj iathjh nh x;hAß
Þfdlh dh vksj ls ikykxu fy[kuk gS rks fdlh dh vksj ls vlhlA fdlh dh t;
jketh igq¡pkuk gS] rks fdlh dh HksVa &v¡dokj----Aß
(ii) vius dF; dks vfèkd çHkko'kkyh vkSj fp=ksa dks vfèkd eq[kj
cukus dh –f"V ls egknsoh us chp&chp esa dkO;kRed&Hkk"kk dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k
gS&Þlkgw th ds vkys esa rsy ds èkCcksa ls Hkjs fyQkQs ds LFkku esa esjs cSx ls cxys
ds ia[k tSlk mtyk fyQkQk fudy vkrk gSAß
Þvius gh leku ok.khghu f'k'kq dh fVefVekrh gqà vk¡[kksa esa xqafx;k us dkSu&lk
lans'k i<+ fy;k] ;g rks ogh tkus] ij og mls ykSVk nsus dk lkgl u dj ldhAß
dkO;kRed vkSj vya—r Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx gksrs gq, Hkh mlesa fDy"Vrk dk vHkko
egknsoh dh Hkk"kk dh viuh fof'k"Vrk gSA
(iii) çLrqr js[kkfp= esa ysf[kdk us xqfa x;k ds thouo`Ùk dks gh
çLrqr ugÈ fd;k] vfirq mlds lkFk thou&n'kZu vkSj lekt&n'kZu dk Hkh
fp=.k fd;k gSA blh dkj.k mudh Hkk"kk esa Çpru dh xaHkhjrk Hkh O;Dr gqÃ
gS&Þthou esa eSaus ftrus fofp= O;fDr vkSj tSls jgL;e; bfro`Ùk ns[ks lqus gS]a
muds lkeus dYiuk ds lHkh fuekZ.k Qhds iM+ ldrs gSaA ij xqfa x;k esjs ân; esa
tks d#.k foLe; txk ldh Fkh og fQj ugÈ tkxk------rc eSa vius fouksn ds fy,
nwljksa dh thou&dFkk fy[krh Fkh vkSj vc nwljksa ds lq[k&nq%[k i<+rh gw¡] xqafx;k
tSls O;fDrRo dks [kkstus ds fy,A ij lalkj esa vKku dh ftruh vko`fÙk;k¡ gksrh
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 gSa] mruh Kku dh ugÈ] blh ls thou jgL; dh >yd nsus okys {k.kksa dk
çR;korZu Hkh lgt ugÈAß fdUrq ,slh xaHkhj vfHkO;fDr;k¡ la[;k esa de gh gSaA
'kCn&lewg dh –f"V ls Hkh xqafx;k dh Hkk"kk oSfoè; iw.kZ gSA rRle
rn~Hko] ns'kt vkSj fons'kh lHkh çdkj ds 'kCnksa dk fuckZèk ç;ksx blesa gqvk gS&
okRlY;] mn~xkj] dq'ky{kse] lgksnj] çs"kd] bfro`Ùk] Jhx.ks'kk; ue%]
vfofPNUu] vardZFkk] Xykfu] ijekFkZ vkfnA
vk¡lw] lkyk] lkou] lk¡i] ?kh] dq¡vk vkfnA
iks[kj] mxjkuk] NIij] fiNkSjh] yckj] igykSBh bR;kfnA
vtÊuohl] csn[kyh] nksgkÃ] fpëh] fVdV] v‚fQl] lIykà fMiks] cSx
vkfnA
lHkh çdkj ds 'kCnksa dks viukrs gq, egknsoh us viuh Hkk"kk esa ftl ljyrk vkSj
lgtrk dk fuokZg fd;k gS] mls vfèkdkfèkd çHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, eqgkojksa vkSj
yksdksfDr;ksa dk Hkh ;=&r= ç;ksx fd;k gSA ,M+h&pksVh dk ilhuk ,d djuk] gkFk
c¡Vkuk] nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nckuk] ?kqX?kw cukuk] vk;s Fks gfjHktu dks vksVu yxs dikl tSls
eqgkojsnkj ç;ksx bl js[kkfp= dh Hkk"kk dks tulkèkkj.k dh Hkk"kk ds fudV yk [kM+k
djrs gSaA blh çdkj Hkw[k&I;kl] diM+k&yÙkk] #i;k&iSlk] dkj&ckj] ?kj&tehu tSls
'kCn ;qXe vkSj ^gqb gS lks tks jke jfp jk[kk] nks vk[kj] ijfgr ?k`r ftuds eu ek[kh]
vkfn çfl) dfo;ksa dh mfDr;ksa dk ç;ksx Hkh egknsoh dh Hkk"kk dks O;kid vk;ke çnku
djrs gSa*A
f'kYi vFkok 'kSyh dh –f"V ls ^xqfa x;k* js[kkfp= esa vfèkd oSfoè; dks LFkku ugÈ
feykA eq[; :i ls o.kZukRed ,oa foospukRed 'kSfy;ksa ds vkèkkj ij gh ysf[kdk us vius
dF; dks vfHkO;fDr nh gSA
tSlk fd uke ls Li"V gS tc ys[kd fdlh fo"k; dk
foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu djrk gS vkSj mlds ekè;e ls viuh ckr dgrk gS] rks og o.kZukRed
'kSyh dgh tkrh gSA dgkfu;ksa vkSj miU;klksa dh Hkk¡fr js[kkfp=ksa esa Hkh ys[kd çk;% blh
'kSyh dk vkJ; ysrk gSA xqfa x;k js[kkfp= dh dFkk dks Hkh ysf[kdk us blh 'kSyh ds }kjk
foLrkj fn;k gSA iq= dh Hkk¡fr iky&iksldj cM+s fd;s gq, gqyklh dks fonk djrs le;
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xqafx;k dh rS;kfj;ksa vkSj mlds eu dh d#.k voLFkk dk o.kZu egknsoh us bu 'kCnksa esa
fd;k gS&
Þgqyklh ds fy, u;s diM+s cusA dkB vkSj feêh ds jax&fcjaxs f[kykSus ,d fiVkjs
esa ;RuiwoZd ltk;s x;sA Hkwus egq,] xqMè+ kkuh] yMMw vkfn fe"Bkuksa dh xBjh ck¡èkh x;hA
fpduh dkyh nksguh esa ?kh Hkjk x;kA xk¡o ds fj'rs ds dkdk yxus okys ,d foK dks
cM+h euqgkj ds mijkUr lkFk tkus ds fy, jkth fd;k x;kA fQj ,d fnu iafMrth ds
crk;s eqgwrZ esa vlxqu ds Mj ls vk¡lw jksdrh gqà xqafx;k rhu ehy pydj gqyklh vkSj
dkdk dks jsy esa cSBk vk;hA mUgsa igq¡pkdj ykSVrs le; mlds fy, xk¡o rd igq¡puk
Hkh dfBu gks x;kAß
blh çdkj ds vU; o.kZu Hkh bl js[kkfp= esa vusd LFkkuksa ij ns[ks tk ldrs gS]a
tks js[kkfp= dh foèkk ds vuq:i gh gSAa
tc ys[kd fdlh fo"k; dks ysdj xaHkhj foospuk djrk gS
vFkok fdlh ik= dh eu%fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=.k djrk gS] rc og bl 'kSyh dk vkJ; ysrk
gSA ^xqafx;k* uked bl js[kkfp= esa Hkh tgk¡ Hkkoksa dh xaHkhjrk vkSj fopkjksa dh çkS<+rk dk
fp=.k gqvk gS] ogk¡ ;gh 'kSyh viukà x;h gS&
ÞijekFkZ dh mPpre Hkkouk ds lkFk Hkh ukxfjd thou esa ços'k djus ij O;fDr
dks vfo'okl vkSj lansg ds vusd iSus rhjksa dk y{; cuuk iM+rk gSA ukxfjd thou dk
vdkj.k langs deZfu"Bk dks iaxq vkSj mldk y{;ghu nqjko] thou&n'kZu dks HkzkUr dj
nsrk gSA blds foijhr xzkeh.k thou dh iqLrd [kqyh gh feyrh gS----Aß
× × ×
Þthou esa eSaus ftrus fofp= O;fDr vkSj tSls jgL;e; bfro`Ùk ns[ks lqus gSa muds
lkeus dYiuk ds lHkh fuekZ.k Qhds iM+ ldrs gSaA ij xqfa x;k esjs ân; esa tks d#.k
foLe; txk ldrh Fkh og fQj ugÈ tkxkA ij lalkj esa vKku dh ftruh vko`fÙk;k¡
gksrh gSa mruh Kku dh ugÈ] blh ls thou&jgL; dh >yd nsus okys {k.kksa dk çR;korZu
Hkh lgt ugÈAß
× × ×
blh ds lkFk&lkFk chp&chp esa fp=kRed 'kSyh dk ç;ksx Hkh çLrqr js[kkfp= dh
fof'k"Vrk gSA viuh bl 'kSyh ds }kjk ysf[kdk us xqfa x;k dh d#.kk vkSj osnuk dks
161

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 lkdkj :i nsus esa fu'p; gh lQyrk ik;h gSA Hkk"kk&f'kYi ds mR—"V ,oa dykRed
fuokZg us bl js[kkfp= dks vfèkdkfèkd çHkko'kkyh cuk fn;k gSA
xqfa x;k js[kkfp= ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; lkekftd ifjos'k
vkSj mldh leL;kvksa dks mHkkjuk ysf[kdk dk ewy dF; gSA blls tqM+s gq, vusdkusd
igyqvksa&nfyr] ihfM+r ,oa lekt ls çrkfM+r O;fDr;ksa dk ;FkkrF; fp=.k] èkkÆed
vaèkfo'oklksa ,oa èkwuh&HkHkwr dh efgek dk vadu] xzkeh.k lekt esa O;kIr ?kksj vf'k{kk dh
vksj vaxqfyfunsZ'k] nSo ,oa HkkX; ls çrkfM+r O;fDr;ksa ds çfr lekt ds dBksj O;ogkj
dk çLrqrhdj.k vkSj bl lcds foijhr ,d misf{kr HkkX;ghuk L=h ds eu esa cgrs gq,
okRlY; ds vtlz lzkrs dk fp=.k vkfn dks mHkkjuk bl js[kkfp= dk mn~n's ; dgk tk
ldrk gSA vf'kf{kr xzkeh.kksa ds fy, i=&ys[ku ds vius dÙkZO; dks iwjk djrh ysf[kdk
ds fny esa ;g dld ckj&ckj mBrh gS fd Þvius Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa ds fofue; ds fy,
brus vkdqy O;fDr;ksa dks fdlus bruk vleFkZ cuk Mkyk\ brus fo'kky tulweg dks
ok.kh&ghu cukdj ftUgsa viuh okfXonXèkrk dk vfHkeku gS os fdrus fuyZTt gS\a ß xzkeh.k
thou esa QSyh vf'k{kk vkSj rTtfur foo'krk dk ;g fp=.k fu'p; gh çR;sd tkx:d
O;fDr ds eu dks O;kdqy dj nsrk gSA
xzkeh.k O;fDr vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k foo'k vo'; gS] fdUrq 'kgjh O;fDr dh
rqyuk esa ekuoh;rk vkSj vkilh HkkÃ&pkjs dk Hkko mlls dgÈ c<+&p<+dj gSA ;fn ,d
O;fDr vius fdlh lEcUèkh dks i= fy[kok jgk gS] rks lkjk xk¡o HkkÃ&pkjs ds ukrs
viuk&viuk ç.kke mlds lEcUèkh dks fHktokus dk bPNqd gS&Þfdlh dh vksj ls
ikykxu fy[kuk gS rks fdlh dh vksj ls vlhlA fdlh dh t;&jketh igq¡pkuk gS] rks
fdlh dh HksaV&v¡dokjA ;fn ftls i= fy[kk tkrk gS mlls fo'ks"k ifjp; ugÈ rks i=
fy[kokus okys ls rks jgrk gh gSA blh ukrs lc cM+s&NksVs ;Fkk;ksX; fy[kokuk ugÈ
HkwyrsAß xzkeh.k thou ds bl lhèks&lPpsiu vkSj vfo'okl ,oa langs ds vHkko dh vksj
Hkh ysf[kdk us ladrs fd;k gSA
bl vf'kf{kr ,oa 'kh?kzrk ls fdlh ij Hkh fo'okl dj ysus okys xzkeh.k&oxZ esa
Vksus&VksVdksa vkSj lkèkq&larksa ds çfr vaèkfo'okl Hkh O;kIr gSA viuh O;fDrxr
leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj viuh vkdka{kkvksa dh iwÆr ds fy, ;s yksx ik[k.Mh
lkèkq&larksa dk vkJ; ysrs gSa vkSj ;s rFkkdfFkr egkRek yksx bu Hkksy&
s Hkkys O;fDr;ksa dh
Hkkoukvksa dk ykHk mBkrs gq, mUgsa fdl çdkj ywVrs gSa] bldk ;FkkrF; fp=.k ^xqafx;k*
162

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js[kkfp= esa fd;k x;k gS&Þckckth rks ekuks ^vk;s Fks gfjHktu dks vksVu yxs dikl* dks
pfjrkFkZ djus ds fy, vorh.kZ gq, FksA rEckdw ds fi.Ms tSls dkys 'kjhj esa jk[k dk
vaxjkx] udyh tVktwV dk eqdqV èkkj.k dj vkSj fpeVs dk jktnaM Fkkedj os ,d
dq'kklu ij vklhu gksdj bu ;kpdksa ds njckj dk lapkyu djrs dksà xzkeoèkw tc
vius ifr dh voKk ;k viuh larkughurk dh nq[k&xkFkk lqukrh rc mudh xk¡ts ds
u'ks ls v#.k vk¡[ksa vkSj vfèkd v#.k gks vkrÈAß blh çdkj gqyklh tSls vYiO;Ld vkSj
uknku yM+dksa dks Qqlykdj vius lkFk ys mM+us ds buds gFkd.Mksa dk Hkh ysf[kdk us
lVhd fp=.k fd;k gSA
xqafx;k ds ekè;e ls ysf[kdk us HkkX; ls oafpr vkSj lekt ds }kjk misf{kr
O;fDr;ksa dh foo'k fLFkfr dks Hkh cM+h ekÆedrk ls mHkkjk gSA ,d laiUu firk dh larku
gksrs gq, Hkh xqafx;k blfy, lkekU; thou ugÈ th ikrh fd og ok.kh ds ojnku ls jfgr
gSA ^eSnk dh fi.Mh* tSlh lQsn vkSj dkseykaxh] dq'kkxzcqf) ,oa ?kj ds dke&dkt esa
fuiq.k xqafx;k vius ,d vHkko ds dkj.k fdruk misf{kr thou thrh gS] bl osnuk dks
vuqHko djds ysf[kdk us mls viuh iwjh lgkuqHkwfr nh gS vkSj bl osnuk dks ikBdksa rd
Hkh igq¡pk;k gSA

çLrqr js[kkfp= egknsoh ds dq'ky xn~; ysf[kdk gksus dk Li"V ifjpk;d gSA
egknsoh us vius laidZ esa vk, vusd O;fDr;ksa ds thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks mHkkjrs gq,]
mlds ekè;e ls vius d#.kk dks rks O;Dr fd;k gh gS] lkFk gh ml lekt dh fueZerk
vkSj dBksjrk dks Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA xqfa x;k ds iwjs thou dk bruk lw{e vkSj fo"kn
fp=.k bldk ,d l'kDr mnkgj.k gSA
;n~;fi xqfa x;k Lo;a lekt ls misf{kr ,oa frjLÑr gS rFkkfi mlds ân; esa
okRlY; dk lzkrs vckèk :i ls fon~;eku gSA llqjky dh vksj ls çrkfM+r vkSj ifr
}kjk ifjR;Dr xqfa x;k igys vius ekrk&firk dh lsok esa vius nq%[k dks Hkqykus dk
ç;kl djrh gS vkSj fQj cfgu ds ej tkus ij mlds csVs gqyklh dks viuh eerk dh
Nk;k nsrh gSA gqyklh ds cM+s gksus ij tc og viuh xw¡xh ek¡ ls fojDr gksus yxrk gS]
163

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 rc Hkh mldh lqfoèkkvksa ds çfr ;Ru'khy jguk] mldh gj bPNk dks iwjh djus ds fy,
rRij jguk vkSj mlds ?kj NksMd + j Hkkx tkus ij thoui;ZUr mldh çrh{kk djuk&
xqafx;k ds pfj= ds os igyw gS]a ftudk foLrkj ls fp=.k djds egknsoh us bl misf{kr
pfj= ds çfr ikBdksa dh lgkuqHkwfr mRiUu djus esa lQyrk ik;h gSA lekt] llqjky]
ifr ,oa ikfyr iq=&lHkh dh mis{kk vkSj O;aX; lgrs gq, Hkh xqfa x;k fdl çdkj dhpM+
esa deyor~ viuh ewd lsok vkSj eerk ds cy ij thou fcrk nsrh gS&bl dBksj rF;
dks mtkxj djuk vkSj vius lekt ds ,sls misf{kr ,oa foo'k O;fDr;ksa ds çfr
lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ,oa dksey O;ogkj ds fy, ikBdksa dks çsfjr djuk ysf[kdk dk ewy dF;
gSA

1- çfrHkkoku ys[kd dh fo'ks"krk D;k gS\

2- egknsoh oekZ fdl dkO;èkkjk ds varxZr vkrh gaS\
3- laLej.k esa xqfa x;k ds iq= dk D;k uke Fkk\

çLrqr iafDr;k¡ egknsoh ds ^xqafx;k* uked js[kkfp= ls m)`r gSaA

bl js[kkfp= esa xqafx;k dh O;Fkk&dFkk fy[kus ls iwoZ ysf[kdk us xzkeh.kksa
ds fy, i= fy[kus ds vius dÙkZO; dh ppkZ djrs gq, bl Øe esa vkus okyh dfBukb;ksa
dk foLr`r mYys[k fd;k gSA blh lanHkZ esa mudk dFku gS&
ftrus Hkh O;fDr i= fy[kokus ds fy, ysf[kdk ds ikl vkrs gS]a mudh
viuh&viuh leL;k,¡ vkSj viuh&viuh vkdk¡{kk,¡ gSaA os pkgrs gSa fd i= fy[kus okyk
mudh Hkkoukvksa dks T;ks&
a dk&R;ksa le>dj ,slh vfHkO;fDr ns fd mudh leL;k 'kh?kz
gh lqy> tk,A fdUrq ysf[kdk viuh i=&ys[ku&lEcUèkh viVqrk vkSj fy[kkus okyksa dh
164

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vfr'k; O;xzrk esa fojksèk fn[kkrh gqà dgrh gS fd ,sls Hkkoqd i= fy[kkus okyksa dh
Hkkoukvksa dh fofoèkrk dks dksà dq'ky i=&ys[kd Hkh i= ds lhfer vkdkj esa ugÈ lesV
ik,xk] fQj mudh fLFkfr rks dfork esa rqdcanh dh vkjfEHkd voLFkk esa fLFkr dfo ds
leku gS] ftlls vfèkd dh vis{kk j[kuk vcqf)eÙkkiw.kZ gSA
çLrqr va'k esa eq[;r% rRle&çèkku çkaty 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx djrs gq,
ysf[kdk tc Lo;a dks ^rqôM+* vkSj ^viVq* dgrh gS] rks bls mudh fou; gh dgk
tk,xkA lqfopkfjr vkSj pqus gq, 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx egknsoh ds xn~; dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS]
ftlds }kjk os vius dF; dh lVhd vfHkO;fDr dj ikà gSAa i= fHktokus okys xzkeh.kksa
dh vf'k{kk vkSj rTtfur foo'krk Hkh çLrqr iafDr;ksa esa Li"V mHkjdj vk;h gSA

iwoZor~A
vf'kf{kr xzkeh.kksa ds fy, vius i= fy[kus ds Øe esa ysf[kdk dHkh&dHkh
thou n'kZu dh vksj eqM+ tkrh gSa vkSj xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh thou ,oa ewY;ksa dh rqyuk djus
yxrh gSaA blh lanHkZ esa mudk dFku gS&
ysf[kdk vuqHko djrh gS fd ;fn dksà O;fDr ijfgr dh Hkkouk ls
çsfjr gksdj ukxfjdksa ds eè; vkrk gS] rks 'kq) ,oa fueZy ân; ls yksd&dY;k.k dh
vksj mUeq[k gksus ij Hkh ukxfjd mls lansg dh –f"V ls ns[krs gSaA f'k{kk ds çpkj&çlkj
ls uxjksa esa jgus okys O;fDr çR;sd dk;Z dks cqf) vkSj èku dh rqyk ij rkSyus ds vH;Lr
gks tkrs gSaA blfy, fdlh ds ijekFkZ& dk;Z dks Hkh os ç'u Hkjh fuxkgksa ls ns[kus yxrs
gSaA os fo'okl gh ugÈ dj ikrs fd dksà O;fDr fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls Hkh fdlh dh lsok dj
ldrk gSA muds ç'uksa ,oa O;aX;ksa dh –f"V dk y{; cudj dksà Hkh O;fDr vius
lsok&dk;Z dks vckèk :i ls tkjh ugÈ j[k ldrkA blds foijhr xzkeh.k O;fDr
LoHkkor% gh Hkksy& s Hkkys ,oa fu'Ny LoHkko ds gksrs gSaA thou dh vPNkb;ksa ij os fo'okl
djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, rRij Hkh jgrs gSAa ikjLifjd lg;ksx dks u rks
os yTtk dk fo"k; ekurs gSa vkSj u gh LokFkZ&lkèku dkA os viuk dÙkZO; ekudj nwljksa
dh lgk;rk djrs gSa vkSj dksà ç'u djus ij mldk lgh mÙkj Hkh nsrs gSAa blh dkj.k
muds fØ;k&dykiksa vkSj fopkjksa dks muds thou&n'kZu dk çfrfcEc dgk tk ldrk
gS] tcfd ukxfjd ¼uxj esa jgus okyksa ds½ thou ds ewyHkwr n'kZu dks igpkuuk cgqr
dfBu gSA 165

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 çLrqr iafDr;ksa esa ysf[kdk us ukxfjd ,oa xzkeh.k thou dk rqyukRed
vè;;u djrs gq, Li"V fd;k gS fd xzkeh.k thou dh rqyuk esa 'kgjh thou esa vfèkd
fn[kkok ,oa [kks[kykiu gSA Lo;a dks f'kf{kr dgus okys ukxfjd ¼uxj esa jgus okyksa ds½
vf'kf{kr xzkeh.kksa dh rqyuk esa dgÈ NksVs fn[kkà iM+rs gSa D;ksafd f'k{kk us muesa fou;
vkSj ikjLifjd lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl pkgs u fd;k gks] ysfdu mUgsa LokFkÊ ,oa
vgadkjh vo'; cuk fn;k gSA mudh ewy ço`fÙk vfo'okl dh ço`fÙk cu tkrh gS] ftlds
o'khHkwr os thou ds lr~ i{k ij dfBukà ls fo'okl dj ikrs gSAa 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k thou
dk ;g foospukRed vè;;u ysf[kdk ds vius vuqHko dk lkj gS] ftls mUgksaus rRle
çèkku 'kCnkoyh esa ;gk¡ çLrqr fd;k gSA

iwoZor~A
vf'kf{kr xzkeh.k egknsoh ls i= fy[kkdj gh larq"V ugÈ gks tkrs] vfirq
Hksts x;s i= dk mÙkj u ikus ij vèkhj Hkh gks tkrs gSa vkSj ckj&ckj ysf[kdk ls fofHkUu
ç'u djus yxrs gSAa mUgsa yxrk gS fd mudk i= Bhd <ax ls isVh esa Mkyk Hkh x;k
Fkk vFkok ugÈ ;k ml ij fy[ks x;s irs esa rks dksà xyrh ugÈ jg x;hA muds bu
ukle>h Hkjs ç'uksa ij [kh>rh gqà ysf[kdk lksprh gS&
ysf[kdk dk dFku gS fd bu vf'kf{kr xzkeh.kksa ds ,sls ç'u eu esa dHkh
rks [kh> mRiUu djrs gSa vkSj dHkh XykfuA ckj&ckj ;g ckr muds eu esa Vhl mRiUu
djrh gS fd viuh fuj{kjrk ds dkj.k ;s yksx fdrus foo'k gSa fd viuh Hkkoukvksa dh
vfHkO;fDr ds fy, Hkh mUgsa nwljksa dk eq¡g tksguk iM+rk gSA ysf[kdk dks bl ckr ij
Xykfu Hkh gS fd Lo;a dks f'kf{kr ,oa fo}ku~ ekuus okys laHkzkar ukxfjd ,oa usrkx.k fdrus
fuyZTt gSa] tks xzkeh.kksa dks vf'kf{kr cuk;s j[kus esa gh ykHk ekurs gSa D;ksfa d blls os
u rks viuh okLrfod fLFkfr le>dj vius vfèkdkjksa dh ek¡x dj ik;sx a s vkSj u gh mu
rFkkdfFkr cM+s yksxksa ds cM+Iiu ij v¡xqyh mBk ik,axsA vius ykHk vkSj LokFkZ ds fy,
xzkeh.kksa dks vf'kf{kr cuk;s j[kus okys cM+s yksxksa ds çfr ysf[kdk dk ,slk {kksHk LokHkkfod
gh gSA
çLrqr js[kkfp= esa xqafx;k dh O;Fkk&dFkk dk o.kZu gksrs gq, chp&chp
esa ysf[kdk us xzkeh.k thou ds tks lgh&lVhd fp= [kÈps gSa] mudh vKkurktU; foo'krk
166

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dk tks ;FkkrF; fp=.k fd;k gS] og mudh ltx –f"V dk ifjpk;d gSA xzkeh.kksa ds
Hkksyis u ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr] mudh fuj{kjrk ds çfr Xykfu vkSj ukxfjdksa ¼uxj esa jgus
okyksa ds½ dh HkRlZuk egknsoh ds ân; dh ekuooknh ço`fÙk ds ifjpk;d gSaA

iwooZr~A
viuh ewdrk ds dkj.k foo'k vkSj iq= Lusg ds dkj.k fody xqafx;k
dydÙks ls vk;s i= dks gqyklh dk i= le>dj larq"V gks tkrh gS vkSj ekuks blh
larqf"V us mls thou ls Hkh larq"V dj fn;kA xqafx;k ds bl d#.k var ij osnuk O;Dr
djrh gqà ysf[kdk dk dFku gS&
thou dks mldh O;kidrk esa ns[kus vkSj vuqHko djus ds mijkar
ysf[kdk fu"d"kZ nsrh gS fd mUgksaus thou esa vusd fofp= O;fDr vkSj ?kVuk,¡ ns[kh&lquh
gSa Çdrq xqfa x;k tSlk vuks[kk vkSj d#.kk mRiUu djus okyk pfj= mUgksaus dgÈ ugÈ
ns[kkA vius xw¡xis u ds dkj.k iwjk thou foo'krk esa xqtkjus okyh] lekt dh dVq ckrksa
dks lqurs vkSj vuqHko djrs gq, Hkh vufHkO;fDr dk vO;Dr d"V >syus okyh xqafx;k
tSlk O;fDrRo fQj dHkh muds laidZ esa ugÈ vk;kA ysf[kdk dgrh gS fd igys os nwljksa
ds i= vius euksjatu ds fy, fy[krh FkÈ Çdrq vc os i= blfy, fy[krh gSa fd laHkor%
oSlk gh dksà HkkX;ghu] foo'k pfj= fQj ls ns[kus dks fey tk,A
çLrqr iafDr;k¡ ysf[kdk ds eu dh laons uk dk ifjp; nsrh gSAa vius
laidZ esa vkus okys os lHkh ik= ysf[kdk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gS]a tks thou ds fdlh
egÙoiw.kZ n'kZu dk mn~?kkVu djus esa leFkZ gSaA ^xqfa x;k* tSls fujhg ik= muds ân;
esa ftl m}syu dh l`f"V djrs gSa] og vlkèkkj.k ,oa dkE; gSA

1- xqfa x;k laLej.k ds ekè;e ls ysf[kdk D;k dguk pkgrh gSa\ foLrkj ls foospu
dhft,A
167

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 2- laLej.k ^xqafx;k* dh rkfRod leh{kk dhft,A
3- vkèkqfud le; esa bl laLej.k dh D;k çklafxdrk gks ldrh gS\ foLrkj esa
crkb,A
4- egknsoh oekZ dh lkfgfR;d fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

 ^Çgnh xn~; lkfgR;* & jkepaæ frokjh

 ^Çgnh lkfgR; dk nwljk bfrgkl* & cPpu Çlg
 ^Çgnh xn~; % foU;kl vkSj fodkl* & jkeLo:i prqosZnh
 ^lkfgfR;d foèkk,¡ % iquÆopkj* & gfjeksgu

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DEPARTMENT OF DISTANCE AND CONTINUING EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI