Fracture, Joints and

veins
Types of Fractures
• A shear fracture or slip surface is a fracture along
which the relative movement is parallel to the fracture.
• The term shear fracture is used for fractures with
small (mm to dm-scale) displacements, while the term
fault is more commonly restricted to discontinuities
with larger offset.
• Fractures are commonly called cracks in material
science and rock mechanics-oriented literature.
• Extension fractures are fractures that show
extension perpendicular to the walls. Joints have little
or no macroscopically detectable displacement. Still,
close examination reveals that most joints have a
minute extensional displacement across the joint
surfaces, which are classified as (narrow) extension
fractures.
• When wide fractures are filled with air, hydrocarbons,
or water, we use fissure. Mineral-filled extension
fractures are called veins, while magma-filled
fractures are classified as dikes and sills.
 (a) Stylolites in chalk
(b) More widely spaced
Stylolites are compactional
structures characterized by
very irregular, rather than
planar, surfaces
(limestone) as seen in a
core from the North Sea
Ekofisk field, 3 km below
sea level. These stylolites
are horizontal and parallel
to bedding, with vertical
“teeth” formed by vertical
compaction during burial.
stylolites in Jurassic
limestone from southern
Utah. Yellow arrows point
at bedding-parallel
(compaction-related)
stylolite (S0 denotes
bedding). Red arrows point
out tectonic stylolites
formed during the
Laramide orogeny. The
beds were since rotated
due to folding.
• Some geologists loosely refer to stylolites as contraction
fractures or closing fractures, as they nicely define one
of three end-members in a complete kinematic fracture
framework together with shear and extension fractures.
• Structures that form by perpendicular compaction or
shortening are known as anticracks in the engineering-
oriented literature.
• Similarly, numerical modeling has dramatically improved
our understanding of fracture growth, particularly in the
linear elastic fracture mechanics field.
• Mode I is the opening (extension) mode where
displacement is perpendicular to the crack’s walls. Mode
II (sliding mode) represents slip (shear) perpendicular to
the edge, and Mode III (tearing mode) involves slip
parallel to the edge of the crack.
• Combinations of shear (Mode II or III) fractures and
tension (Mode I) fractures are called hybrid cracks or
fractures. Furthermore, Mode IV (closing mode) is
sometimes used for contractional fracture-like structures
such as stylolites.
Rock mechanics
experiments carried
out at various
differential stresses
and confining
pressures set a
convenient stage for
studying aspects of
fracture formation.
Failure and Fracture Criteria
Fungsi Mohr circle untuk menghitung besar tegangan pada batuan dan kerak bumi, stabilitas
lempeng, dan analisis tegangan terhadap tekanan dan gaya geser

Mohr circle harus dibagi 2 karena ukuran tsb lebih besar dibandingkan ukuran aslinya
Joints and Veins
Fracture pada
gambar ini memiliki
ukuran yang sangat
kecil dan tidak
menyebabkan
displacement
Shear yang searah jarum jam memiliki nilai positif (+)
Kompresional memiliki nilai yang positif
Ekstensional memiliki nilai yang negatif

Pada gambar ini memiliki nilai sigma negatif

karena ekstensional pada tiitk a
Terdapat shear di ujungnya
Conjugate