LOYOLA JESUIT COLLEGE, ABUJA

(NVE) CIVIC & SECURITY EDUCATION

NOTES FOR JSS THREE,TERMS 1&2

NAMES OF
STUDENT…………………………………

ADMISSION NUMBER………………………

CLASS……………….

DATE…………………..

2023/2024 NOTES ON CIVIC & SECURITY EDUCATION BY MRS. E. O.BABALOLA

1
JSS 3 TERM 1
WEEKS TOPICS BEHAVIOURAL BECE/ERC
OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS
1. -National Security 1. Identify the military State three roles of
Agencies agencies responsible for the Nigerian
-Military and national security Customs Service in
Paramilitary Agencies 2. Identify the para- maintaining
military agencies national security
responsible for national
security
2. The Military: Army, 1. Narrate the history of Identify three roles
Navy and Air force the three arms of the of the NSCDC in
- Their history and roles armed forces in Nigeria maintaining
- Their functions in 2. Identify the national security
National Security leadership structure of
each arm
3. Describe their
functions in the
maintenance of national
security
3. The Paramilitary 1. Give the functions of Describe four
Services – NSCDC, the various Para- factors that limit
SSS, Police, NCS, NIS, military forces national security
NPS etc
4. - General Caution and 1. What is safety? State the principles
Safety Measures on 2. Enumerate the of emergency
Emergency measures to be taken on management
Management emergency management
- Appropriate response 3. Identify the
to emergency appropriate response to
Terrorism – meaning emergency situations.
causes and effects of 4. What is terrorism and
terrorism. Solutions to give examples of
the problem of terrorist groups in the
terrorism world
5. Mention four effects
of terrorism
6. Give two solutions to
the problems of
terrorism
5. National Economic Life 1. What is national Highlight three
– Meaning of Self- economic life? importance of self-
Employment 2. Identify some self employment in a
-Self-Employment employment projects nation

2
 Projects that people can engage
- The Need for Self- in
Employment 3. Give the reasons why
we need self
employment
6. -Types of Self- 1. Identify the types of Mention three
Employment self employment sources of funding
- Sources of funding for projects you have been for self-
Self-Employment taught employment
2. Mention the sources
of funding for self
employment
7. - Government Agencies 1. Identify the Identify three
that promote Self- government agencies government
Employment that promote self agencies engaged
- Employment Skill employment in aiding self-
Acquisition Training 2. Mention the training employment in
Centers centers that can help Nigeria
self employment skill
acquisition in Nigeria
8. Security Management- 1. What is security Outline four factors
meaning, scope. management? that constitute
Meaning of threats and 2. What are threats? security threats in
how to respond to such 3. Mention three Nigeria
ways to respond to
threats
9. Examination

NATIONAL SECURITY

MEANING OF NATIONAL SECURITY

This term can be defined as the efforts made by the government of a nation to secure and
guarantee the safety of lives and properties of the citizens. It involves ensuring that people live in
harmony in social environments that is devoid of conflict and acrimony. Government usually
ensures national security through agencies such as the military, para-military, police, state
security services, immigrations etc to ensure internal security and the protection of the nation’s
territorial integrity and boundaries.

ROLE OF CITIZENS IN MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY

Citizens have a great role to play in maintaining national security. These roles include

1. VIGILANCE; citizens should be vigilant and alert in detecting criminal activities or intentions
around them in order to prevent crimes from being committed. For example students in higher

3
institutions should be vigilant to detect when cult activities are being planned with a view to
reporting to the relevant authorities. Young people in a community can form vigilante groups to
effect a crime free environment.

2. SUPPLYING INFORMATION TO SECURITY AGENCIES; it is the duty of citizens to

supply necessary information to security agencies on potential security threats. Such security
agencies include the Police, EFCC, ICPC, NAFDAC, NDLEA etc depending on the nature of the
crime.

A citizen reporting crime in a police station in Nigeria

3. REMAINING LAW ABIDING; the greatest way citizens of a nation can help maintain
national security is by being law abiding themselves. This is because obedience to law brings
about peace, order, justice and unity in the country, while disobedience leads to breakdown of
law and order and breeds insecurity.

4. DISPLAYING PATRIOTISM; citizens are expected to love and be loyal to their country by
showing interests, regards and concerns for her symbols and the issues that have to do with the
development of the nation. Citizens should love their nation enough to be willing to take up arms
to defend her territorial integrity. We should love our country and place her interests above our
other interests. Patriotism strengthens our independence and enables us to serve and defend our
country at all times. Patriotism is displayed in the following ways…

a. being ready to serve and defend our country at all cost

b. putting up a good and diligent attitude at work

c. having respect for our national symbols

d. portraying the good image of our country while in a foreign land

4
5. LOYALTY IN SERVICE; citizens are meant to do their work well whatever their jobs maybe.
They are expected to display loyalty in service, doing their work with all diligence, obedience
and commitment in their places of primary assignments.

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING NATIONAL SECURITY

THE MILITARY

The military in any country is usually made up of three components which are composed of the
Army, the Navy and the Air force. All three components work to protect the land, sea and air
space of the country. In Nigeria, the three are called the Armed Forces and are under the
command of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The Chief of Defence Staff is also the chief
adviser to the Minister of Defence in all matters of national security.

The Army; The Nigerian Army has the longest period of existence among the three components.
The original element which was the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) by Britain our
colonial master was formed in 1900.

The Nigerian troop fought in World War Two in Burma in 1945. The Nigerian troop was created
in 1956 and renamed the Nigerian Military Forces then. The age requirement for voluntary
service is 18 years.

Functions of the Nigerian Army;

1. Defend the country from external aggression

2. Maintain the countries territorial integrity

3. Assist civil authorities such as the police and the civil defence corps to quell and calm internal
insurrection and crisis.

4. Performing other functions as prescribed by an Act of the National Assembly ratified by the
Presidency.

The Nigerian Navy;

It was established on the 1st of June 1956. The Nigerian Navy is commanded by a Vice Admiral
who is known as the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) He is assisted by 7 principal staff officers at the
Head Quarters known as Branch Chiefs.

Functions of the Nigerian Navy;

1. They are in charge of the maritime matters such as sea trade in Nigeria

2. Protecting the Nigerian territorial sea and the resources therein.

5
The Nigerian Air Force;

It was established in April 1964. The Nigerian Air Force is commanded by an Air Vice Marshall.

Functions of the Air Force;

1. To achieve full defence of the country from the air and on the ground

2. To delineate the Nigerian air space and carry out aerial survey of our airspace in other to make
such secure from external aggression and suspicious activities.

PARA-MILITARY SERVICES

The para-military is organized to function like the armed forces. They are however not as
equipped as the armed forces. They act as an internal force that helps to keep the peace and
organize the movements of people and goods in and out of the country. Some of them can keep
convicted people in prison.

A. The Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS)

This agency which was created in August 1963 is responsible for the movement of people in and
out of the country. They are placed in all the main entry points in Nigeria to maintain rigorous
surveillance on the activities of aliens to forestall breaches of internal security and espionage
activities. Espionage activities have to do with spying on a country by another one, in other to
access military or political secrets. The Immigration service in Nigeria is under the Board of
Immigration and Prison Services.

Functions of the NIS;

1. Controlling and monitoring the movements of persons coming or going out of Nigeria

2. Deportation and repatriation of illegal aliens

3. Issuance of entry visas into the country

4. Prosecution of offending aliens

5. Issuance of the Nigerian Passports to Nigerian citizens

6. Registration and control of aliens and ECOWAS citizens in Nigeria

7. Implementation of visas accords, protocols and treaties

8. Border patrol and surveillance

9. Collection and storage of data relating to immigrants entering, residing in and leaving Nigeria.

6
10. Advising the national committee on citizenship and naturalization.

B. The Nigerian Customs Service

This agency is responsible for checking the goods that enter and leave the country.

They prohibit and seize dangerous goods including weapons that can be used to prosecute unrest.

They collect customs duties and others such taxes. Customs duties are the taxes paid on goods
imported into the country.

C. The Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)

This agency first began as a voluntary organization in Lagos under the name of the Lagos Civil
Defence Committee established to maintain law and other in Lagos. It later spread to other parts
of the country and was even used during the civil war to protect people.

In 2003 the National Assembly, under Olusegun Obasanjo administration passed a law which
made it an agency under the Ministry of Interior. The NSCDC is under the command of the
Commandant- General of the Corps, who is accountable to the Minister of Interior. The
Commandant- General is assisted by 4 deputy command-generals at the Headquarters, 8 zonal
commandants and 36 assistant commandant-generals who head each state of the federation.

The Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps logo and officials

Functions;

1. Assist in the maintenance of peace and order

2. Protect and recue civilians during emergencies

7
3. Register and train private security organizations

4. Maintain 24-hour surveillance on government properties

5. Monitor the activities of trade unions and religious organizations to forestall breakdown of law
and order

6. help in disaster management and provide rescue operation as well as emergency medical
services to the injured.

D. The Nigerian Police Force (NPF)

This agency was established in 1960 and is under the command of the Inspector- General of
Police who is appointed by the President of Nigeria. The IG is assisted by the Deputy Inspector-
General of Police. Each state of the Nigerian Federation has a branch of the Police Force which
is headed by a Commissioner of Police. The motto of the Nigerian Police Force is ‘Police is your
friend’ and their symbol is an elephant.

Functions;

1. To maintain law and other within the country

2. To protect lives and properties

3. To arrest and prosecute suspected criminals in law courts

4. To detain suspected criminals in police custody

5. To detect crimes through carrying out investigations

6. To prevent and control crisis, riots and mayhem.

8
E. The State Security Services (SSS)

The SSS is a branch of the police organization. They however do not appear in police uniform,
because of the style of their operation. They are meant to mingle with the crowd and public very
freely as a way of gathering information first hand. If they wore uniforms, they would be
recognized as law enforcement agents and the public might be wary of them and will therefore
be on guard which might hinder the SSS agents from gathering “intelligenc” very easily.

The SSS in Nigeria is one of the successors of the dissolved National Security Organisation
(NSO)

The agency is headed by a Director-General.

Functions;

1. Arrest those who know about criminal activities and those who are either about to start or are
already carrying out criminal activities.

2. The protection of the President, Vice-President, Senate President, their wives and other high-
ranking government officials.

3. Investigate the criminal activities of people

4. Prosecute criminals in the law courts

F. The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC)

This agency is in charge of ensuring safety of lives and properties on Nigerian roads. It had its
origin in Oyo state where it was known as the Road Safety Corps of Oyo state in 1977 and was
started by Prof. Wole Soyinka. In February 1988, the Federal Military Government of Nigeria
took the initiative and inaugurated a Federal Road Safety Corps under the Chairmanship of Prof.
Wole Soyinka. Today the head of the FRSC is a Corps Marshal Chief Executive.

Functions;

1. They license vehicles and see to the road worthiness of vehicles. Their symbol is an owl.

2. They check reckless driving on our roads and arrest traffic regulation offenders

9
G. The Prisons Service

This agency is responsible for keeping people who have been sentenced to various jail terms in
prison. They are the control of the Minister of Interior and are headed by an officer called a
Comptroller General.

Functions;

1. They train prisoners to acquire many skills while serving their jail terms so they can become
useful to themselves and society after serving their jail terms.

H. Vehicle Inspection Office (VIO)

The Vehicles Inspection Office is set up by state governments to carry out vehicular inspection.
They check that drivers have fire extinguishers, that car tire legs are not worn out and thread
bare. They also ensure that driver’s road worthiness papers are in order. The vehicles used by the
VIO in the FCT are yellow in colour with black stripes.

I. Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)

This agency works like the SSS, but unlike the SSS which is a part of the police, the DIA works
mainly for military intelligence and information gathering. Their work is meant to aid only the
military.

J. National Intelligence Agency (NIA)

This national agency is responsible for retrieving foreign security information. Their work helps
to make the nation safe from external attacks.

SAFETY AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Safety can be defined as the condition of being free from harm or danger of any sort. It is a state
of being protected from any harm, risk, injury or danger.
The World Health Organisation defines an emergency as the state in which normal procedures
are interrupted, and immediate measures need to be taken to prevent that state from turning into a
disaster. An emergency is any event that can cause deaths or significant injuries to the public; or

10
that can disrupt operations, cause physical or environmental damage or threaten the financial
standing of businesses and institutions. Obviously, numerous events can be emergencies
including:
- Wild fires
- Hazardous materials incidents
- Floods or flash floods
- Hurricanes
- Tornadoes
- Winter storms
- Earth quakes
- Communications, public transportation, or public electricity failures
- Radiological accidents
- Civil disturbances, terrorism, war
- Loss of key suppliers
- Explosions

Emergency management can therefore be defined as the discipline of dealing with and avoiding
risks, particularly those that have catastrophic consequences for communities, regions or entire
countries. It is the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies. The aim is to reduce the harmful effects of all
hazards, including disasters

THE FOUR STAGES OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

Mitigation
Mitigation is taking action now –before the next disaster to reduce human and financial
consequences later. It involves analyzing risks, reducing risks and insuring against risks.
Effective mitigation involves, understanding why a disaster happened and investing in long term
plans to avoid such so as to ensure community well being. We achieve mitigation through
regulations, local ordinances, land use and building practices. A person who decides to insure his
car is mitigating against future loss.

Preparedness
Preparedness is a continuous cycle of planning, managing, organizing, training, equipping,
exercising, drills, creating, monitoring, evaluating and improving activities to prevent, protect
against, respond to, recover from, and take action against natural disasters, acts of terrorism and
other such disasters, an example of preparedness is when the school organizes a fire drill exercise
for its staff and students. It also includes teaching people how to use a fire extinguisher.

Response
This stage includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders.
First responders usually will be the core emergency services such as firefighters, police and
ambulance crew. Secondary emergency services may follow after. A well rehearsed emergency
plan makes rescue and response more efficient. Prompt response by the relevant agencies to
distress calls can help to reduce loss in the event of an emergency. Emergency services should

11
make their numbers public so people know to call them and they should engage in regular
rehearsals so that they will always be ready. The practice of complaining that there is shortage of
water or fuel to respond to distress calls by fire fighters will be reduced if they are well prepared.

Recovery
The aim of recovery is to restore the affected area to its previous state. Recovery efforts deal
with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are met. Recovery efforts
may take the form of
- Rebuilding destroyed properties
- Re employment
- Repair of infrastructure

Students Role in Maintaining General Caution

Students can help maintain general caution doing the following
1. Not running around in a thunder storm, to remove their washing from the lines.
2. Drinking water from the kelvinator which is made of steel in a thunder storm
3. Throwing sharp objects at each other when playing
4. Leaving their fans and lights on when not in class or in the hostels
5. Using irons with exposed wires to press their clothes
6. Running around to be the first to reach the hostel after meals
7. Leaving their classrooms dirty and wet with water
8. Not damaging school properties, writing on wet cement, or scribbling on the walls etc
9. Properly putting away their personal effects and not littering
10. Not rocking their chairs in the dining hall

The agency in charge of emergency management in Nigeria is the National Emergency

management Agency (NEMA) NEMA is reputed to have an air ambulance which has the
capacity to undertake medical evacuation across Nigeria and can fly non- stop to any
European and Middle Eastern capital.
References

TERRORISM
Terrorism can be defined as the unleashing of systematic violence, destruction of lives and
property and the disruption of the peace and well being of a state as a means of forcing the
government or a people to concede to the demands of a group of extremists.
Terrorism breeds fear, insecurity and anarchy. Terrorists are usually religious fanatics who want
to impose the superiority of their beliefs by violence and anarchy or political saboteurs who want
to bring down an existing government to take over power by destruction and bloodletting.
Terrorism is a global issue today.

Examples of Terrorist Groups Operating in the World currently

1. The Taliban (Islamic terror group) originated from Afghanistan and is responsible for 3,
571 deaths as at 2017. It is responsible for attacks in Pakistan, and Tehrik.
2. Al – Shabab (Islamic Islamic terror group) originated from Somalia and an affiliate of Al
Qaeda, it is responsible for attacks in Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda responsible for 1,457
in 2017

12
 3. Boko Haram (Islamic terror group) operating from Borno State and an affiliate of ISIS is
responsible for the death of 35,000 people by 2019. It is responsible for attacks on Chad,
Niger, Cameroun and Nigeria
4. Islamic State of Iran and Syria (ISIS) operating in the Middle East, Europe and
Asia. It is responsible for over 10,000 deaths as at 2017
5. Al – Quaeda (Islamic terror group) operating with over 30,000 fighters. It is responsible
for the 9/11 attack on the twin towers in the United States of America. Over 2000 people
died in that attack alone.
6. Fulani Herdsmen; even though the Nigeria government is yet to classify it a terror
group, the Global Terrorism Index, has classified Fulani Herdsmen as one of the deadliest
terror groups of the current times. They are also an Islamic group unleashing mayhem on
their neighbours in a bid to create a Fulani Islamic caliphate for themselves and their
cattle.

Mode of Operations by Terrorists

1. Suicide bombing
2. Dropping bombs in public places on unsuspecting citizens
3. Kidnap
4. Arson (burning of properties) and looting of valuables
5. Rape and molestation of female victims even of minors
6. Invasion of communities and engaging in mass execution of victims by beheading or
shooting them
7. Hostage taking and demanding of ransom as a way of funding their evil activities
8. Organized on military/police posts and execution of captured victims
9. Releasing videos of their gruesome and bloody activities on the internet to make sure that
citizens are terrified and afraid.
10. Raiding farms and communities for food and livestock, thereby impoverishing them.

Effects of Terrorism

1. Destruction of lives and properties

2. Spread of fear, terror and insecurity among citizens
3. Increase in crime and criminality
4. The nation will not be able to engage in developmental projects such as provision of
infrastructure. All monies will be directed towards fighting terrorism
5. Education will grind to a halt as parents will be afraid to send their children to school for
fear of terrorists kidnapping their children
6. Business activities will grind to a halt as foreign investors will not invest in a terror
driven country
7. The tourism industry will collapse as foreigners will be too afraid to visit, hotels and
tourist sites will lose income and have to sack their staff

13
 8. The provision and distribution of goods and services will be greatly hampered as people
will be too afraid to go about their normal business
9. The population will drop as people are either killed or they migrate to safer zones
10. National unity will be disrupted as people will be filled with hatred against the group
carrying out the acts of terror. For example the Afenifere (Yoruba group) and other
groups in the South- South and Middle belt regions of Nigeria are very bitter against the
murderous Fulani herdsmen.

Preventive Measures Against Terrorism

1. The government should put good security measures in place to safeguard lives and
properties. CCTV cameras, drones and police checkpoints should be put in place to
monitor the whole nation
2. Schools should indoctrinate young people with positive values such as neighbourliness
and peaceful coexistence. They should be taught the evils of terrorism
3. Government should make education available to all. The almajiri and the Fulani bororoje
system where children are denied formal education and allowed to wander around
begging to earn their living or chasing after cattle should be stopped by the government.
Government should make illiteracy a punishable crime in Nigeria.
4. Government should ensure equity and justice in the distribution of national resources so
as to avoid conflict from people who may feel denied of government bounties.
5. There should be effective policing to halt conflict
6. There should be quick response to breaches in security. Government should not wait for
conflicts to degenerate into serious bloodletting before taking steps to address such
7. Government should provide gainful employment opportunities for young people so as to
make them too busy to engage in terrorism.
8. Where it is not possible to employ all young people, government can provide a conducive
environment through the provision of standard infrastructure, so that young people can
create employment for themselves. For example if electricity supply is constant, people
can engage themselves in gainful activities.
9. Parents should keep an eye on their children, to prevent them into being conscripted into
terror groups
10. Parents should provide all the love and care that children need so that they will grow up
responsible adults who will bring glory and not terror to their communities.

NATIONAL ECONOMIC LIFE; SELF EMPLOYMENT

Employment can be defined as having or being engaged in an economic activity from which a
person can earn an income or money for their upkeep. Being employed helps a person to be able
to take care of themselves. Unemployment on the other hand, is when a person has no source of
income to earn a living. An unemployed person cannot take care of himself.

14
Self employment is the act of being engaged in doing legal business or working for a living
without answering to anybody. A self employed person engages in a skill or vocation such as
carpentry, hair dressing, fashion designing, trading and etc and even employs labour and so do
not seek for government paid jobs.

The Need for Self Employment

1. It creates jobs for people which relieve the government of the burden of having to employ
everyone. Thus new graduates are quickly absorbed in ventures and are able to earn a living.

2. Self employment can provide avenue for people to develop their talents and become experts in
one field of venture or the other.

3. Self employment results in small scale industries which contribute to the development of the
national economy.

4. It makes one become an employer of labour

5. People who are self employed have a sense of fulfillment in life

6. Unemployment reduces poverty, unemployment, idleness and crime rate in society.

7. It increases government revenue as government will have more people to collect taxes from

Types of Self-employment projects

1. Farming; examples are poultry farming, fish farming, crop farming, horticulture or animal
husbandry

2. Tire vulcanizing

3. Shoe mending

4. Fashion designing

5. Hair dressing

6. Business centre operation

7. Transport business and etc

Sources of Funding for Self –Employment

1. Personal Savings; People who have been working for some time may have acquired some
personal savings which they can use to start up a venture that will make them self employed.

15
2. Loans from family and friends; a person who wishes to be self employed but does not have
the money to do so, may raise loans from family and friends and be able to do so.

3. Micro-Finance banks formerly known as community banks also assist people who want to
start their own businesses. They give small loans with low interests to enable customers start
small scale industries.

4. Government agencies that promote self employment. The Nigerian has set up many agencies
on ground to assist the growth, development, and expansion of self employment activities. These
include

1. National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

2. National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)

3. Vocational Training Centre

4. Youth Empowerment Centre

5. Women Development Centre

6. Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP)

1. National Directorate of Employment (NDE)

This agency was established in 1986 under the Babangida administration to do the following;

a. design and implement programmes to fight mass unemployment.

b. develop work programmes for the unemployed

c. obtain and maintain data bank on employment and vacancies in work places

The NDE provides counseling services and trains people to be self employed.

2. National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)

This was established in 2001 under the Obasanjo administration to coordinate and monitor
poverty alleviation activities in the societies

3. Vocational Training Centres have been established in most parts of Nigeria where people
are trained to acquire skills in their areas of competence.

4. Government has established Youth Empowerment Centres in almost all local governments
in Nigeria where youths are advised on what to do with their various skills and competence.

16
5. Women Development Centres; these are basically the initiative of women groups. Here
women are trained to acquire skills and are assisted to set up businesses of their own after skill
acquisition.

6. Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP)

This is the initiative of government to make families engage in various economic activities that
will make members self employed and engaged. It is an attempt to keep families happy and self
sustaining.

Nigeria has had eight military heads of state from January 16th 1966 – May 24th 1999 and eight
civilian heads of state. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was a ceremonial Head of State, while Sir Tafawa
Balewa was a Prime Minister. In total Nigeria has had sixteen leaders from 1960 -2022

Functions of a Ceremonial Head of State

A ceremonial head of State such as Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe was in Nigeria in 1963 performs
ceremonial functions such as

1. Calling on the winner of general elections to form a new government, after he is declared
winner of the election by the electoral commission.

2. Declaring parliament open, at the beginning of each new session

3. Receiving visits from foreign heads of state and delegates, inaugurating important events.

17
Mr.Bola Ahmed Tinubu who came into power on the 29th of May 2023, is the 16th president but
17th ruler of Nigeria because Ernest Shonekan was only a head of an interim government.

JSS 3 TERM 2
WEEKS TOPIC BEHAVIOURAL BECE/ERC
OBJECTIVES QUESTIONS
1. Separation of powers 1. State the Describe how
Checks and balances meaning of separation of power
National separation of can promote good
consciousness powers governance
2. Highlight the
meaning of
separation of
powers
3. Tell the
meaning of
national
consciousness
2. Nigeria as a 1. Why is State three factors that
federation Nigeria necessitated the
Meaning of considered a adoption of federalism
federalism federation?
3. 1. Why nations adopt 2. Why did Nigeria Describe the
federalism choose to operate a relationship between
2. Characteristics of a federation? the federal and state
federation 3. State the governments
3. Relationship characteristics of a
between federal, State federation
18
 and local 4. Show the
Governments relationships between
the federal, state and
local governments in
Nigeria
4. 1. Meaning of 1. What is Enumerate five
Government government? functions of
2. Functions of the 2. State three governments in any
organs of government functions of the country
organs of government
3. Identify the titles of
three officials in the
three organs of
government
5. Consumer Rights and 1. Who is a List four rights of a
Responsibilities consumer? consumers in a
-Definition of 2. What are consumer country
concepts rights
- Universal rights of a 3. List three universal
consumer rights of consumers
- Consumer rights and 4. Show four
responsibilities universal
responsibilities of
consumers
6. Emergency 1. What is emergency Identify three
Management management? examples of
- Meaning and types 2. Show three types of emergency situations
of emergency emergency in Nigeria
management in management stages 2. Describe the
Nigeria. you have been taught importance of
- General Caution and 3. Define the response to
Safety Measures on following terms emergency situations
Emergency i. General caution
Management ii. Safety measures
- Appropriate iii. Appropriate
response to response to
emergency emergency

7. - Types of 1. Differentiate 1. State and describe

constitutions- federal, between a written and any four types of
unitary types of an unwritten constitutions we have
constitutions constitution in Nigeria
- Characteristics of 2. Show the 2. Mention two
constitutions such as differences between characteristics of the
written, unwritten, the rigid and flexible Nigerian constitution
rigid, flexible,. constitution

19
8. Revision and Revision
Examination

Meaning of Separation of Powers

Separation of powers describes the sharing of the power to make, enforce and interpret the law in
a nation between the three organs of government that is the legislature, the executive and the
judiciary, in such a way that these powers are not centered in one organ of government, but
shared between all three organs. This ensures that no organ becomes so powerful as to abuse
constitutional provisions or rule arbitrarily.

Checks and Balances

Checks and balances refer to the separation of power in the government, which is ensured
through the establishment of three different organs- the legislative, executive and judicial organs
to prevent any one organ from becoming too powerful at the expense of the others. Checks and
balances ensure that the power of one organ of government is balanced by the power of the other
organ of government. For example the legislature may make the law, but the executive has to
approve it before it becomes law and the judiciary can declare that same law null and void if it
examines the law and finds that it is unconstitutional or that it violates other existing laws in the
constitution. So every organ of government has power to check the other from becoming too
powerful and ensures that the exercise of power is balanced.

Importance of Checks and Balances

1. It makes each organ of government accountable for what it does in ruling the citizens
2. It makes the three organs cooperate in doing things
3. It ensures that no organ is allowed to exercise absolute power which is dangerous
What is National Consciousness?
National Consciousness can be defined as the awareness that people who share some common
interest or heritage such as a common language, geographical location, historical backgrounds,
cultural beliefs and government have that they belong to a nation-state.
This awareness makes the people desire to be free from foreign rule or domination, it makes
them proud of their nation, to be patriotic to their nation and not do anything that will spoil the
image of their country.

Nigeria as a Federation- Meaning of a federation

A federation can be defined as a system of government where a group of states constitutionally

form a single country with a central government headed by a President or a Head of State. Each
state is usually headed by Governors and may be divided into local governments. A federation
usually grants constitutional powers to the three tiers of government such as the central, state and
local governments. Most federations are made up of three tiers/levels of government. Nigeria
became a federation in 1954, when all the regions where joined together under a central
government headed by a Governor- General. Each region was headed by a Premier.

20
Reasons Why Countries Adopt the Federal System of Government

Countries may adopt a federal government for the following reasons

1. If they share a common geographical location. For example it was possible for Nigeria
to adopt federalism because the three regions-North, East and West all occupy the same
location within West Africa.
2. Fear of domination by minority groups; countries may adopt federalism to enable
minority groups have their own state to be able to practice their own culture instead of
being lumped with a larger ethnic group that may dominate them. For example, Ijaw
people have their own state Bayelsa instead of being lumped up with say Igbo people in
Anambra State, who are one of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria.
3. Large Size; federalism is the best option where a nation is made up of a very large
population, with many diverse languages, ethnic groups, religious practices and etc.
Federalism will allow such different people to have their own unique state where they can
practice their culture and religion in peace. For example most Kano residents are
Muslims, speak the Hausa language and practice Islamic culture’ thus they have Kano
State where they can practice their culture and religion including shariah law to their
hearts content.
4. Some countries can adopt federalism so as to be able to ward off attacks from other
stronger countries who may want to attack and annex them. For example Nigeria is
able to maintain her territorial integrity because she has a large army made up of different
ethnic groups. Edo State alone cannot have an army strong enough to withstand
Cameroun for example.
5. Economic benefits; countries may adopt federalism to enjoy the natural resources of the
other federating states. For example, the oil from the Niger-Delta is used in developing
states even in northern Nigeria.
Characteristics of a Federation
1. A federating state is usually bound by a written constitution. A constitution is a
document where all the laws, principles and doctrines that guide the governance of a
state and actions of the citizens are written down.
2. The federating units i.e. the central or federal, state and local government all have
control over their own affairs in a federation. For example Mr. Charles Soludo has
control over some of the affairs of Imo State as Governor and not Gen. Buhari
3. The central or federal government has greater power than the states and local
governments. For example the president of Nigeria has control over the armed forces,
the police, the immigrations, customs, EFCC, ICPC, NAFDAC etc
4. The legislature in a federation is usually composed of two houses- the house or
Representative and the House of Senate
5. There is usually more development in a federation because the leaders of the three
tiers have power to develop their individual regions.

21
Relationship between the Federal, State and Local Government

A federation such as the Nigeria federation usually involves more than one tier/level of
government. In Nigeria, we have three levels of government such as the federal/central,
State and local governments.

The federal government is the highest level of government in Nigeria and has control
over all the sensitive institutions such as the armed forces etc in the country. The federal
government has a special legislative list known as the EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATIVE
LIST where only it has the power to make and enforce laws for the whole federation.
Items on this special list include minting of currency; defense of the whole nation,
aviation, railway transportation, maritime shipping and navigation, foreign affairs,
regulation of political parties, creation of states, census, and trunk A roads etc

The state government is the second highest level of government in a federation and has
control over a small area of the federation. The state government has power to make and
enforce laws on the CONCURRENT LIST. Items on this list include education,
agriculture, rural electricity, creation of local governments, trunk B roads, health care
delivery system, and rural electricity board etc. There are 36 states in Nigeria.

The Local Government is the lowest level of government in a federation and is also
called the grass root government. The local government together with the state
government can exercise power over the RESIDUAL LIST. Items on this list include
chieftaincy affairs, collection of rates, licensing, construction of motor parks and local
markets etc. There are 774 local governments in Nigeria.

The federal and state governments cooperate to make laws on some items such as
agriculture, education, on the concurrent list.

The state and the local governments cooperate to make laws on the residual list. The three
levels of government all work together to ensure the security and welfare of all citizens in
the nation.

Areas of Differences between the Levels of Government

S/NOS FEDERAL STATE LOCAL

GOVERNMENT

1. It is headed by a It is headed by a It is headed by a

President or a Head Governor, assisted Chairman assisted
of State, who is by a Deputy by a Vice Chairman
assisted by a Vice Governor
President

22
2. Presidents appoint Governors appoint Local Government
Ministers to head Commissioners to Chairmen are
the various head the various assisted by
ministries commissions and Supervisory
councils in the state councilors

Government- Meaning
Government describes the set of people who have been given the authority by the citizens
of a nation to direct the affairs of that state. They are the ones who ensure the security
and welfare of all citizens in a nation. The business of government is shared between
three organs- the legislative, executive and judicial organ.
Organs of Government
Organs of government can be defined as the three main organs/arms of government i.e
the legislative, executive, and judicial organs of government that make, implement and
enforce the laws. Very simply, the legislative organ makes the laws, the executive
enforces the laws, and the judiciary interprets the laws.
The Legislature
This organ of government is the first organ of government and is made up people called
representatives and senators who are all of them elected by the people. The legislature in
Nigeria is called the National Assembly and is made up of the House of Representatives
and the House of Senate. Each state also has a legislature called a House of Assembly
e.g. Edo State House of Assembly. The legislature makes the laws.
Functions of the Legislature
1. The legislature represents the interests of the people and make laws that enforce the
rights and interests of the people
2. It approves the annual budget of expenditure of the federal and state governments
3. They oversee the executive to see how the executive is spending the money approved
for them to spend
4. It approves the appointment of ministers, ambassadors and judges
It has the power to impeach the president, Governor or local government chairman if
Functions of the Executive

5. they commit impeachable offences, such as treason, bribery and etc. Treason is when
you cooperate with anyone within or outside Nigeria to levy war against Nigeria to
bring her to ruin.
The Executive

The executive is the second organ of government and is made up of people like the
President, Ministers, Governors, Commissioners and Local Government Chairmen who
all implement the laws made by the legislature. While the President, Governors and Local
Government Chairman are elected and come into office through winning elections,
ministers and commissioners are usually appointed into office by the President and
Governors. The executive organ ensures the security and welfare of all citizens.
23
1. The executive propose the many bills that will later be discussed and passed into law
by the legislature
2. It implements the laws made by the legislature
3. It gives assent or approves the laws made by the legislature before they become laws
4. It prepares the budget of annual expenditure and passes it to the legislature to discuss
and pass into law
5. The executive enforces and maintains law and order in the society
The Judiciary

The judiciary is the third organ of government. It is the organ in charge of interpreting the
law when there is confusion over the meaning of a law. Its business is to ensure that
justice is done in the society. The judiciary is made up of judges, lawyers and magistrates
etc. Members of the judiciary such as supreme court judges and judges are usually
appointed by the executives and approved by the legislature before they take can up
office as judges.

Functions of the Judiciary

1. It interprets the constitution

2. It settles disputes between the federal, state and local governments
3. It settles disputes between the government and citizens
4. It settles disputes among citizens themselves and punishes those who break the laws
of the land
5. It ensures that the legislature does not make laws that offend the rights of citizens
Titles of those who function in Government

Members of the Federal Government Legislature

House of Senate (Red Chamber)

1. Senate president
2. Deputy senate president
3. Senate leader
4. Majority leader
5. Minority leader
6. Chief whip
7. Deputy whip
8. Committee chairman
9. Other senators
10. Clerk of senate
House of Representatives (Green Chamber)

1. Speaker

24
 2. Deputy speaker
3. House leader
4. Minority leader
5. Chief whip
6. Deputy whip
7. Committee chairmen
8. Other representatives/legislators
9. Clerk of the House
Members of the State Government Legislature

1. Speaker
2. Deputy speaker
3. Majority leader
4. Minority leader
5. Chief whip
6. Deputy whip
7. Other legislators
8. Clerk of the House
Member of the Local Government Legislature

1. Speaker
2. Deputy speaker
3. Majority leader
4. Minority leader
5. Party whip
6. Other Councilors
7. The Clerk
Members of the Executive – Federal Level

1. The President
2. The Vice President
3. The Secretary to the Government of the federation
4. Ministers
Members of the Executive – State Level

1. The Governor
2. The Deputy Governor
3. The Secretary to the State Government
4. Commissioners
Members of the executive – Local Government Level

1. The Chairman

25
 2. Th e Vice-Chairman
3. The Supervisory Councilors
Members of the judiciary –Federal level

1. Chief Justice of Nigeria (Chairman of the judiciary)

2. Supreme Court Judges ( Deputy Chairman)
3. President of the Court of Appeal
4. Five retired justices 1
Members of the Judiciary- State level

1. The Chief Judge

2. Judges
3. The Grand Khadi
4. The magistrates
5. The President of the Customary Court of Appeal
6. The Khadi
7. The Justice of Peace
 Members of the state judiciary also maintain justice for the local governments.
There is no special judiciary under the control of local governments in Nigeria.

Organs of Government
The Legislature; the legislature in Nigeria has two symbols which are the Mace and the Gavel.
The Mace is usually borne by the Sergeant at Arms who carries it in and out of the chamber at
the end of every day’s proceedings. Any law made during the absence of the mace will not be
regarded as legitimate at all. The Sergeant at arms is the Chief Security Officer who guards the
mace, from being stolen or seized by miscreants. Loss of the mace means the law makers cannot
meet or convene to make laws.

The Gavel is a wooden object shaped like a hammer which the Senate President or Speaker beats
on the table to call for order in the chamber.

The Mace being borne by the Sergeant at Arms and another picture of it at rest in the chamber

26
The gavel in use and at rest in the chamber

The Executive

The symbols of the executive are the Coat of Arms and the national flag. The Coat of Arms was
adopted in Nigeria in 1960 just before Nigeria became independent. The symbols on the
Nigerian Coat of Arms represent different things. The Coat of Arms consists of the images that
express different meanings: the black shield and colorful wreath over the shield stand for the
fertile soil of Nigeria; the white horses symbolize dignity; the Red Eagle represents the strength
of the nation; while the White lines in the “Y” shape stand for the two main rivers of Nigeria:
Benue and Niger, which meet at Lokoja.

The National Flag; the Nigerian National Flag is made up of two colors, green and white. The
green color represents the agricultural wealth of the nation, while the white color symbolizes the
peace and unity of the nation. The flag was designed by Mr. Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in 1959.
It was unveiled for use on the night of October 1st 1960. The flag is flown at half mast during
national tragedies, Armed Forces Remembrance Day or during the burial of a distinguished
Nigerian. It can also be draped over the coffin of slain soldiers and officers who died in service

27
 The
Coat of Arms and The Nigerian Flag in full mast.

The Nigerian flag flying at half mast

The Judiciary

The judiciary has two symbols of authority and they are the Scales of Justice and the Wig worn
by members of the judiciary. The scales of justice symbolize the absence of partiality in judging
cases while the wig shows the learned wisdom of the judges and lawyers who wear it.

28
The scale of Justice The Lady of Justice

Members of the judiciary wearing wigs

Consumer Rights and Protection

A consumer is anyone who buys and consumes any good or service offered for sale. Consumer
rights describe the entitlements that anyone who purchases and consumes goods has to good
quality products. Anyone who purchases goods has the rights to safe and quality goods.
Consumer Protection on the other hand is a regulation made by the government to protect the
right of consumer to safe and quality goods. This regulation ensures that anything offered to
consumers meets up to high standards of safety set by professionals in the field of food safety.
The agencies that set up these regulations are as follows

 The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
 The Consumer Protection Council (CPC)
 The Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON)

The Universal Rights of Consumers

The universal rights of consumers are as follows…
1. Right to satisfy basic needs; this means consumers who are thirsty have a right to buy a drink
to quench their thirst, without asking for permit from the government.

2. Right to safety; consumers have a right to safe and quality goods. They should not be deceived
or forced to buy fake or harmful goods.

3. Right to information; consumers have a right to know the contents of whatever product they
are buying to consume. This right guarantees a consumer against dishonest advertising.

29
4. Right to choose; consumers have a right to choose any particular product that catches their
fancy in the midst of many other products, and be at peace that what they are choosing is
qualitative.

5. Right to representation; this fifth consumer right enables the consumers to express their
interests and views through organised group in the making and executions of government
policies. That is to say, the government should put the interest of consumers into consideration in
making its policies (1)

6. Right to redress; the sixth consumer right is the rights to be compensated for unsatisfactory
services and inferior goods or damages inflicted from their use. (2)

7. Right to consumer education; consumers have right to be educated on their rights and how to
enforce them in making purchases. For example they have a right to know the manufacturers of a
product and the expiry date on the product so they can make safe choices.

8. Right to a healthy environment; this 8th right guarantees the consumer a safe and healthy
environment to work and to live in. This right guarantees the consumer an environment free from
harm caused by manufacturing.

Consumers enjoying their rights in a supermarket and in a local market

Consumer Responsibilities
The responsibilities of consumer are actions, which consumers should take to protect their
interests.
1. Be aware; it is the responsibility of the consumer to be fully conscious and well informed of
the products he/she is purchasing. He should be able to know the use and content of the product
and how to use or care for it. The consumer can get all necessary information by carefully
reading the labels or instructions labelled on the packet of the product,
2. Demand and keep proofs of transactions; it is the responsibility of the consumer to demand for
evidence and proofs of any transactions for any good purchased. Whenever, the consumer

30
purchases any product, he/she must endeavour to collect a receipt or invoice of proof of that
transaction.

3. Think independently; the consumer should not act under the influence of either the advertisers,
producers, suppliers or even co-buyers. The consumer should know what he/she wants and
should understand what he/she is buying, rather than being influenced by what the adverts,
producers or suppliers say. The consumer should think and act independently based on what
he/she wants.

4. Speak out; the consumer has the responsibility to speak out or voice out his/her feelings and
interests to be heard by the relevant authorities. Consumers have the responsibility of organising
themselves into a registered, recognised and organised labour or trade group, to express their
interests and goals to the relevant authorities.

5. Respect the environment; it is the duty of the consumer to be conscious of the kind and extent
of pollution occurring in his immediate environment. This would enable the consumer address
problems properly. By being environment friendly, the consumer should not support products
and services that harm the environment. Consumers should not litter the environment.

6. Seek redress when necessary; it is the responsibility of the consumer to seek for appropriate
redress by asking for compensation for poor quality products.

7. Follow instructions and use the product for its intended purpose; it is the responsibility of the
consumer to follow instructions on how to use the products and not abuse the goods.

Functions of the Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria

The Consumer Protection Council of Nigeria was established in 1992 and commenced operations
in 1999.

1. Addressing consumer complaints with a view to providing speedy redress to such complaints

2. Providing consumer education on what products have been banned, recalled from circulation
or not approved by NAFDAC and federal government

3. Encouraging people to form associations, trade unions and professional bodies that can
safeguard the interests of consumers.

4. To eliminate hazardous products from the markets.

5. Undertake campaigns for increased computer awareness. Thus ensuring that consumers are
aware of their responsibilities in ensuring that substandard products are exposed.

The Standard Organization of Nigeria

The Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) is the sole statutory body that is vested with the
responsibility of standardising and regulating the quality of all products in Nigeria. SON was
31
established by the Act No. 56 of 1971. SON is a full member of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO). The Director-General of the SON is Mr. Osita Anthony Aboloma.

Functions of the SON

1. The Standards Organization of Nigeria is empowered to seize and confiscate and destroy any
sub-standard products. The Standards Organization of Nigeria also has the power of sealing up
any place where substandard products are produced or kept, and offenders are punishable by law.

2. Much of the activities of the Standard Organization of Nigeria is all about the standardization
of products, therefore, it is the statutory function of the Standard Organization of Nigeria to
ensure that it establishes the standards of assessing the quality of products to meet the Nigerian
industrial standards.

3. Compiles Products Inventory For Standardization. Another function of the Standard

Organization of Nigeria is to carry out products inventory of all sorts, and these products are
products that are to be standardized.

4. Ensures Standard For Measures. Every manufactured product within Nigeria or those products
imported into the country have standard specification for each product, and those specified
standard has to be complied with when measuring the recipe used for the manufacturing of these
products.

5. Carries out investigation into quality of facilities. The statutory function of the Standard
Organization of Nigeria products is to maintain standard of products. When satisfied, SON will
issue out certification, showing the approval of the factories, approval of the products and that of
the laboratories.

6. Undertakes Test To Ensure Compliance To Standard. Standard is the key word to the Standard
Organization of Nigeria. They normally conduct product test, to ensure that, there is strict
compliance to standard, as set up and approved by the Standard Organization of Nigeria.

7. Develops Methods Of Carrying Out Test. The Standard Organization of Nigeria would never
allow any product into the country or the market without making sure that the products meets the
specified standard. Hence, it works on methods that will help them deliver on their mandate. This
means they develop their own methods of testing materials used in the production of a good.

8. Prepares Standard Samples. The Standard Organization of Nigeria is known for standard, and
so, what they do is to carry out the preparation of standard samples and once they finish
preparing the standard samples, the next step would be to distribute the standard samples.

Emergency Management
The World Health Organisation defines an emergency as the state in which normal procedures
are interrupted, and immediate measures need to be taken to prevent that state from turning into a
disaster. An emergency is any event that can cause deaths or significant injuries to the public; or
that can disrupt operations, cause physical or environmental damage or threaten the financial

32
standing of businesses and institutions or even health. Obviously, numerous events can be
emergencies including:
- Wild fires
- Hazardous materials incidents
- Floods or flash floods
- Hurricanes
- Tornadoes
- Winter storms
- Earth quakes
- Communications, public transportation, or public electricity failures
- Radiological accidents
- Civil disturbances, terrorism, war
- Loss of key suppliers
- Explosions
- Cardiac Arrest etc

Emergency management can therefore be defined as the discipline of dealing with and avoiding
risks, particularly those that have catastrophic consequences for communities, regions or entire
countries. It is the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing
with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies. The aim is to reduce the harmful effects of all
hazards, including disasters.

The Four Stages of Emergency Management

Mitigation
Mitigation is taking action now –before the next disaster to reduce human and financial
consequences later. It involves analyzing risks, reducing risks and insuring against risks.
Effective mitigation involves, understanding why a disaster happened and investing in long term
plans to avoid such so as to ensure community well being. We achieve mitigation through
regulations, local ordinances, land use and building practices.

Preparedness
Preparedness is a continuous cycle of planning, managing, organizing, training, equipping,
exercising, drills, creating, monitoring, evaluating and improving activities to prevent, protect
against, respond to, recover from, and take action against natural disasters, acts of terrorism and
other such disasters

Response
This stage includes the mobilization of the necessary emergency services and first responders.
First responders usually will be the core emergency services such as firefighters, police and
ambulance crew. Secondary emergency services may follow after. A well-rehearsed emergency
plan makes rescue and response more efficient.
Recovery
The aim of recovery is to restore the affected area to its previous state. Recovery efforts deal
with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are met. Recovery efforts
may take the form of
- Rebuilding destroyed properties

33
- Re employment
- Repair of infrastructure
The agency in charge of emergency management in Nigeria is the National Emergency
management Agency (NEMA) NEMA is reputed to have an air ambulance which has the
capacity to undertake medical evacuation across Nigeria and can fly non- stop to any European
and Middle Eastern capital.
The fire service can also help in times of emergency. We also have emergency medical service in
a medical emergency situation.

How to Respond to Emergency Situations

1. If you are at the scene of a fire outbreak for example in your house, try not to panic. Look for
the fire extinguisher and spray at the source of the fire
2. Do not expose yourself to danger while trying to help
3. If someone has fainted, try to loosen any tight clothing to ease breathing and cover them with
a blanket if the weather is cold.
4. Call any adult or dial 911 where possible.

Types of Constitutions

A constitution can be defined as a body of laws, principles, doctrines and conventions guiding
the governance of a nation, state or organization

There are basically three pairs of constitutions

1. Federal/unitary constitutions
2. Written/unwritten constitutions
3. Rigid/flexible constitutions

Federal Constitution; a federal constitution is one which shares constitutional power to govern a
state between a central authority such as the central government and sub national units such as
state governments. Federal constitutions, give the central government power to act on items in
the exclusive lists. Such items include, minting of currency, aviation, national defence, foreign
affairs, trunk A roads, maritime defence etc and gives the state government power to act on items
on the concurrent list. Items on the concurrent list include transport, education, health, rural
electricity supply, trunk B roads etc. However when an item on the concurrent list is being
disputed over by the federal government and state government, the federal government will take
the supremacy.

Unitary constitution; a unitary constitution concentrates constitutional powers only in the central
authority at the expense of the sub national units. That is to say that states that operate a unitary
constitution have a supreme central government and a weak state governments. The states in a
unitary government have no constitutional powers but are created by the central government who
can also dissolved them at if they no longer see their usefulness.

34
Written Constitutions; this is a constitution where all the laws, principles, rules, doctrines and
convention are codified in one single volume that can be easily referred to. For example all the
laws that govern Nigeria are codified in the 1999 Nigerian constitution. Written constitutions are
usually rigid and difficult to amend.

Unwritten Constitution; this describes the type of constitution where the laws, principles, rules,
conventions and doctrines are scattered in various separate documents. Unwritten constitutions
are usually flexible and easy to amend.

Rigid constitutions; laws in the rigid type of constitution is usually very hard to change or
amend. The process of amendment of laws in a rigid constitution is long and difficult. To change
or amend a law in a rigid constitution, one third of the national assembly and one third of the
state houses of assembly must agree before any law can be changed or amended.

Flexible; a flexible constitution is one where its laws can be easily changed by a simple majority
in a legislature. The method of amending laws in a flexible constitution is as simple as that of
passing ordinary laws.

References
1. Basic Civic Education for Junior Secondary Schools Ukegbu Merry N. & Anyaoha C.
2. Spectrum Civic Education for Junior Secondary Schools Bamiteko et al
3. Civic Education for Junior Secondary schools NERDC
4. The Urban Assembly School for Emergency Management – uasem.org
Wikipedia.
Google.com
5. Notes on Civic Education by Mrs. E. O. Babalola
6. All pictures are from www.google search.com

35