NATIONAL DEFENSE

SYSTEM

MG (Ret) Dr. Rizerius Eko Hs

06 March 2024
 CONTENTS
Here’s what you’ll find in this slides:

1. National Defense Strategy 4. National Defense Doctrine:

Asymmetric Defense

2. Goals & Targets

5. Conventional Warfare
VS
3. War in the Era of Globalization Irregular Warfare

6. Total Defense System in the 21st

Century (Sishankamrata Abad 21)

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 US VS INDONESIA SECURITY-DEFENSE SYSTEM

U.S. National Security Sishankamrata UUD 1945 Pasal 30

System (Identical to National Security)
Intern Militar Situation Siskamtib Sishanta
al y al nas (UU (UU No. 3/2002 tentang
Securi Securit Security No.2/200 Hanneg) (Defense)
ty y (Ongoing 2 tentang Military Non-military
(Exter econ, Polri) Threats Threats
nal sos, pol (Police) (INAF/TNI (Elements other
Threat conditio + Reserve than Defense
s) ns) component sector, M/A
Source: Huntington,Hanneg
“The & according to
Pengelolaan (UU No. 3/2002 Penyelenggaraan Hanneg
Soldier and the State.”Bab
(1957), Proponents forms &
IV) (UU No. 3/2002 Bab II)
p. 84 ) characteristics
DEFENSE MANAGEMENT of the threats)
DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY (DEFENSE DEFENSE STRATEGY
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 1. INDONESIAN’S NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY
NATIONAL DEFENSE’S ENDS
TO PROTECT NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY, THE UNITY AND INTEGRITY OF
E THE UNITARY STATE OF INDONESIA, AND THE SAFETY OF THE PEOPLE

N TARGETS
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
D CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD SUPPORTED BY STRONG
DEAL WITH MILITARY DEAL WITH NON-
S THREATS MILITARY THREATS
PEACE AND REGIONAL
STABILITY
AND INDEPENDENT
DEFENSE INDUSTRY

W WAYS TO ACHIEVE THE TARGETS:

STRATEGIC
A * IMPLEMENT TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
* IMPLEMENT DEFENSIVE-ACTIVE DEFENSE APPROACH ENVIRONMENT
Y * IMPLEMENT LAYERED DEFENSE (DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH)
* IMPLEMENT DEFENSE COOPERATION FOR WORLD PEACE
S * DEVELOP DEFENSE INDUSTRY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL DEFENSE CAPABILITY

M MILITARY POWER NON MILITARY POWER

E 
CAPABILITY

DEVELOPMENT
INTELLIGENCE HUMAN RESOURCES
A 

DEFENSE 

ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SECURITY FOR THE PEOPLE’S SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE
N 

REGIONAL EMPOWERMENT 

TERRITORY
SUPPORTING CAPABILITIES NON-PHYSICAL FACTORS
S  EARLY ALERTNESS

RISK MANAGEMENT 4
 DEFENS
E BASIC
ESSENTIAL • Democracy
 Means are Universal • Human Rights
 Rights & Duties of • Legal provisions and principles of
Citizens peaceful coexistence with due
 Confidence in one's observance of the geographical
own abilities constellation of the Republic of
National Law Indonesia
No. 3 / 2002

PURPOSE GOALS
• Realizing and Guard and Protect;
UNITY
Defending the Territory • State Sovereignty
of the Republic of • Integrity of the Republic of Indonesia
Indonesia as a defense • Safety of the people
unity
THREATS
 2. GOALS & OBJECTIVES
NATIONAL DEFENSE WHITE PAPER:

National defense aims to:

• maintain and protect the sovereignty,

• the territorial integrity,
• and the safety of the entire nation.

 Ensure the realization of the Government's vision, mission, and priority agenda in
order to support GMF policies 5 interrelated strategic objectives:

1. Capability in facing threats;

2. Capability of handling the security of the maritime area, land area and the
aerospace area;
3. Play a role in creating world peace based on free and active politics;
4. Realizing a strong, independent and competitive defense industry; and
5. Public awareness in defending the Republic of Indonesia.

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 3. WAR IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalisation increases the likelihood of conflict involving non-state and failed-state actors. State
on-state conflict will not disappear, but its character is already changing.
• Asymmetric tactics such as economic, cyber and proxy actions instead of direct military
confrontation will play an increasing part, as both state and non-state adversaries seek an edge
over those who overmatch them in conventional military capability.
• As a result, the differences between state-on-state warfare and irregular conflict are dramatically
reducing. This will add to the pressures on military personnel and the government. It will be more
difficult to distinguish enemies and threats from the civilians, media, non-governmental
organisations and allies also present on the battlefield.
• We must expect intense scrutiny of operations by a more transparent society, informed by the
speed and range of modern global communications. Threats will continue to attack physical and
electronic lines of communication. And the growth of communications technology will increase
threats ability to influence, those on the battlefield and society directly.
• “the most important events in international politics are explained by differences in the capabilities
of states, not by economic forces operating across states or transcending them.”
• The primary challenge for strategists, is not just to divine the character, extent and likely future of
globalization, but to assess its significance onto defense sector. On the plus side, globalization is
almost certainly good for growth.
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 3. WAR IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
Threats Shift
1945 NOW
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT
DYNAMICS CREATE :
• Volatile PERCEPTION OF
• Uncertain THREATS
• MILITARY
MILITAR
• Complex FORM
Y
• NON MILITARY
• HYBRID
• Ambiguous

• STATES
• NON STATES
ACTOR STATES
• STATE-
Maintaining the upholding of NKRI based on SPONSORED
Pancasila and UUD NRI 1945
National
FOREIG • FOREIGN
Interest AXIS
N • DOMESTIC
Ensuring the continuity of national development
(Defense for national objectives.
White LAND
•
•
LAND
SEA
Paper) Utilizing a comprehensive and integrated national
MEDIA SEA
AIR
•
•
AIR
OUTER SPACE
facilities, potentials and national power • CYBER
 4. NATIONAL DEFENSE DOCTRINE: ASYMMETRIC DEFENSE

• Asymmetric warfare (4th generation of war)  a war between belligerents or

warring parties whose military strengths are very dissimilar.
• Due to the large difference in military strength, the fault side will certainly
not conventionally & openly fight against the opposing party, instead they
will use new techniques outside of the usual and applicable rules to weaken
the opponent's strength.
• E.g. through guerrilla techniques. Hybrid warfare or combination is a war
that combines conventional warfare techniques, asymmetric warfare and
information warfare to gain victory over the opposing side.

Such condition prosecute states to have a strong yet flexible doctrine, strategy,
and defense posture
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5. CONVENTIONAL WARFARE
VS
IRREGULAR WARFARE

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 THE 21st CENTURY
(SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)
Indonesia Defense Doctrine and Strategy and Posture

Involving all citizens, regions, and other national resources which to be early- prepared by the
government and organized in total, integrated, directed and continuous.

Defense Doctrine, Strategy and Posture

3 Values of Sishankamrata Doctrine:

Population People’s support
Territory Territorial autonomy
Universal Resources cohesiveness HR, NR,
AR and infrastructures.
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 THE 21st CENTURY
(SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)
Strategy (Indonesia Defense White Paper 2015):
Ends UU No. 3 Tahun 2002, in support the Government's priority agenda of GMF
policy.

The national defense policy is formulated in 5 interrelated strategic objectives

(Defense White Paper 2015):

1. Actualizing national defense capability to overcome threats;

2. Capability of maritime, land aerospace security;
3. Creating world peace based on free and active politics;
4. Building a strong, independent and competitive defense industry; and
5. Raising community awareness of state defense.

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 6. TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE 21st CENTURY (SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)

Strength-Usage Strategy
TOTAL DEFENSE

Direct mobilization/
NON-MILITARY indirect MILITARY
(National Resources) (INAF)
Reserve & Proponent PERPPU

MO (OMP) MOOTW
Civil Defense
(OMSP)

• Public Security Deterrene

• Disaster management Combat
• Social-Culture
• Economy Prosecution
• Technology Non-combat

Recovery
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 6. TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE 21st CENTURY (SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)
Defense Components: Facing Military Threats

Means: INAF (TNI)

Defense Resources Main Component
• Military Reserve Component
Resources Land, Sea & Aerospace
• Non-military (Combatant)
Resoures Proponent Components
(Non-Combatan)
5 4 3 2 1
National Guards:
NR, AR, . Police
Professionals . M E N WA
Nat. Other civilians • Doctor . Polisi PP
infrastructures . Veteran
• Paramedics . Security officer
Defense . Individual
. NGO • Engineer/Technician . Taskforces, etc
• Chemist
Industry • etc
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6. TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE 21st CENTURY (SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)
Defense Components: Facing Non-military Threats

Means:
Defense Resources MINISTRIES/
• Military Resources AGENCIES
• Non-military MAIN ELEMENT OTHER SECTORS
Resoures

OTHER ELEMENTS/ NATIONAL POWER

STATE DEFENSE AWARENESS

Other M/A:
Province, municipality, regencies,
district, sub-district, etc
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 6. TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE 21st CENTURY
(SISHANKAMRATA ABAD 21)

Ways (Defense White Paper, 2015):

1. Preparing a universal/ total defense,
Active-Defensive, layered-defense.
2. Improving Maritime, Land, and Aerospace
security.
3. Enhancing international cooperations.
4. Building and Empowering the Defense
Industry.
5. Strengthening National Defense
Awareness.

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War as Part of Defense

In realizing total war, national

resources are needed to create ways of
fighting and the readiness of forces to
destroy the enemy.
Foreign policy and national security
in almost all countries are not always
in line, and often clash one to another.

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National Strength of a Country
Every country must have national interests
which are the desires, goals and ideals of a
country.
This most basic capital is national strength,
which is the power that exists within the country
itself.
Having good strength in all aspects, the country
will have a sufficient level of prosperity and not
be too dependent on neighboring countries.
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STATE’S NATIONAL POWER
 According to Hans J Morgenthau (Politics Among Nations), the national power of a
country divides 9 elements of a country's national power which determine its position in
international politics. There are 9 elements that are stable and unstable.
 1. Geography of a country, climate, other geological factors.
 2. Natural resources.
 3. Industrial capacity.
 4. Military preparedness.
 5. Population
 6. Character/Leadership
 7. National spirit/moral.
 8. Quality of Diplomacy.
 9. Mastery of science and technology
 The sources in question are the potential possessed by a country and the
development of this potential in the form of national strength. Examples of
national strength are military strength, political stability, economic
capability and international diplomatic expertise.
This national strength is the background for a country to take
political policies which will ultimately have an impact on the
international world. “If actors get their way a lot, they must be
powerful” (Goldstein, 2007). The stronger a country's power, the
stronger its position and influence in international relations. The
strength of a country refers to three main elements; (1) Force,
which means the ability to control another country by coercive
means such as military force.
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 As emphasized by Morgenthau (1990), military power is useful for supporting
power politics, namely to expand territory (imperialism) and obtain the most
respected status in the world (politics of prestige), in addition to maintaining
the balance of power; (2) Influence, which means the ability to influence other
worlds and the international world in general, for example the United States
which has succeeded in influencing other countries to implement free
markets and free trade; (3) Authority, which is defined as the willingness and
obedience of an international relations actor to another actor who is more
powerful (Couloumbis and Wofre, 1986).

 These three elements integrate with each other to create true national
strength.

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 The Nature of Universal War

The National Defense doctrine explains that: Universal

People's War is essentially
"Total war for all Indonesian people by mobilizing all national
strength and resources to uphold state sovereignty, territorial
integrity and the safety of the nation from other nations who
threaten or occupy the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The
Universal People's War is populist, universal and territoriality."
(National Defense Doctrine, 2007)

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 The Universal People's War for Indonesia today is
essentially a "total war" for all Indonesian people, but this
does not mean that all people are played as combatants.

THIS UNDERSTANDING IS OF COURSE NOT

EXACTLY THE SAME AS TOTAL WAR IN A
UNIVERSAL UNDERSTANDING!!!
(See Understanding Universal Total War)

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The war of this century is the war of the universal people.
In war, it is not just the two armed forces that fight.
Warfare has become broader and deeper, among other
things, due to technical advances.
Today's war requires a universal nature, all people, both
their wealth and energy, are available to be processed to
achieve victory.
All available resources must be used. To defeat an
opposing nation, not only must its armed forces be
destroyed, but so must all its political and socio-economic
structures and institutions. 25
 How About Total War?
 Total war is essentially a war in which the home front (i.e., the
country's political system, society and economy) is massively
mobilized for the continuation and expansion of the war effort — this
implies the subordination of politics (internal and external) to the goal
of purely military victory (a notion that Clausewitz would regard as
unreasonable).
 It is characterized by civilian infrastructure and civilians themselves
becoming heavily involved in the war as part of the military's
logistical support system.
 Since war cannot operate alone and requires the existence of politics
and society, Clausewitz argued that an ideal war is impossible
because political and military leaders cannot avoid this influence…
( Military Aggression 2…)

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