DEFENSE STRATEGY

FRAMEWORK
MG (Ret) Dr. Rizerius Eko Hs
09 January 2024
 CONTENTS
Here’s what you’ll find in this slides:

1. Introduction: Defining Strategy National Defense Strategy

a. What is Strategy f. National Defense Strategy
b. From Military Strategy to National Framework
Security Strategy g. The Construction Of National
c. The Many Meanings of Strategy Defense Strategy
d. The Characteristics of Foreign
Affairs Strategy:
■ Comprehensive
■ Long-Range
■ Means-Sensitive
■ Purposeful
■ Coherent
■ Interactive
e. Construction of American Strategy:
Strategy Logic as Framework
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 INTRODUCTION
What is strategy?
Strategy is how something is done; it is a plan for action.

From Military Strategy to National Security Strategy Military strategy,

of course, is about the application of military means to achieve
military objectives and, if one adopts Clausewitzian logic, higher
political ends.

Military Strategy Tactics

Deals with the employment of military Deals with the optimal order, arrangement,
force at the highest, broadest, and most and maneuver of units in or in preparation
general level. for combat, and from operational art

3

Edwin Meade Earle
Strategy is not merely a
concept of wartime, but is an
inherent element of statecraft
at all times.
WHAT IS STRATEGY?
John Collins
Military strategy is mainly the
province of generals. Grand
strategy is mainly the purview
of statesmen. Grand strategy
controls military strategy,
which is only one of its
elements.
Zbigniew Brzezinski
A strategically focused policy
is one that... develops a
broader approach –
combining strategy and
tactics – with regard to
specific regional or functional
objectives.
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 FROM MILITARY STRATEGY TO NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) :

“Military strategy is the art and science of employing the armed forces of a nation
to secure the objectives of national policy by the application of force or the threat
of force.”

Robert J. Art:
Grand Strategy is full range of U.S. foreign policy ends, both security and nonsecurity in
nature, but restricts the means considered to purely military ones.

B. H. Liddell Hart:
The role of grand strategy- is to coordinate and direct all the resources of a nation
or band of nations-towards the attainment of
the political objective of the war - the goal defined by fundamental policy.

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 FROM MILITARY STRATEGY TO NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Military strategy is about the application of military means to achieve military objectives
and, higher political ends.

Three aspects of Military Strategy definitions to be noted:

1. The only means addressed are military ones, “the armed forces of a
nation.”
2. Military strategy is made subservient to a higher “national policy” that,
as will be seen below, should be viewed as reflecting higher-level
strategic thought.
3. Interestingly, the definition is not limited to outright warfare but
entertains the possibility of achieving national objectives via the threat
of force alone, without fighting.
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 THE MANY MEANINGS OF STRATEGY

Interaction between strategy

formulation and policy decision takes
place (or ought to) in the State
Department and other agencies of
the civilian government that are in
charge of executing nonmilitary
elements of the nation’s foreign and
national security policies. Strategy
should definitely come first at each
level – especially at the highest levels
of government.

National security strategy would thus include grand strategy properly defined, with the latter operating
within the former when the nation is at war and the two becoming less and less distinguishable to the extent
that the war becomes total.
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 THE MANY MEANINGS OF STRATEGY
• Foreign affairs strategy = evolving written or mental plan for the coordinated use of all the
instruments of state power to pursue objectives that protect and promote the national interest.

John Galvin used the images of spiders &

honeybees to point out that:
strategists must not merely spin consummate
webs of logic in splendid isolation but also build
consensus into their schemes by cross-
pollinating ideas and gathering support.

It is about how strategists spin their webs, not

about how decision makers prevail in the policy
process. Policy should reflect strategy, of course,
but often it does not, or does so only partially.

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 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS STRATEGY

To be inclusive rather than exclusive, structured and systematic rather than random,
Comprehensive
a
A episodic, or piecemeal in approach.

Strategy tries to look well into the future, and thus to help refocus decision
Long-Range
B b makers from the urgent to the important.

Means-Sensitive Distinguish strategic thinking from policy thinking is the focus on means, on the
C instruments of policy, the various forms of the resources or power of the state.
The use of policy tools is to pursue and to achieve certain ends; it is to accomplish
Purposeful specified national goals or objectives relating to the state’s external environment.
D

Ends and means hang together, relating things logically, both in thought and action.
e Coherent Kissinger: Good policy depends on the patient accumulation of nuances; care has to be
taken that individual moves are orchestrated into a coherent strategy

The need to deal with what might be called intelligent resistance to the
f Interactive strategist’s designs.
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 STRATEGY LOGIC AS FRAMEWORK

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT

INTERNATIONAL DOMESTIC
assess assumptions assumptions

opportunities MEANS
and threats power and
analyze influence

national
interests

plan objectives statecraft instruments

courses of action
POLICIES 10
Click icon to add picture
NATIONAL DEFENSE’S STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
ELEMENTS TO CONSIDER IN STRATEGY FORMULATION
LOOK AT THESE
THREE ELEMENTS:
IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE
INDONESIA VIEW’S * TO SHAPE
ON PEACE AND WAR * TO PREPARE
* TO RESPOND

FORMULATED WITH
THREE BASIC SEEK ALTERNATIVES IN RISK
SUBSTANCES: MANAGEMENT IF THOSE THREE
BASIC SUBSTANCES ARE:

* ENDS
* DISPROPORTIONAL
* MEANS * IMBALANCE
* WAYS * UNCOORDINATED

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THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY
NATIONAL DEFENSE’S ENDS
TO PROTECT NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY, THE UNITY AND INTEGRITY OF
E THE UNITARY STATE OF INDONESIA, AND THE SAFETY OF THE PEOPLE

N TARGETS
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
D CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD SUPPORTED BY STRONG
DEAL WITH MILITARY DEAL WITH NON-
S THREATS MILITARY THREATS
PEACE AND REGIONAL
STABILITY
AND INDEPENDENT
DEFENSE INDUSTRY

W WAYS TO ACHIEVE THE TARGETS:

STRATEGIC
A * IMPLEMENT TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM
* IMPLEMENT DEFENSIVE-ACTIVE DEFENSE APPROACH ENVIRONMENT
Y * IMPLEMENT LAYERED DEFENSE (DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH)
* IMPLEMENT DEFENSE COOPERATION FOR WORLD PEACE
S * DEVELOP DEFENSE INDUSTRY TO SUPPORT NATIONAL DEFENSE CAPABILITY

M MILITARY POWER NON MILITARY POWER

E 
CAPABILITY

DEVELOPMENT
INTELLIGENCE HUMAN RESOURCES
A 

DEFENSE 

ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SECURITY FOR THE PEOPLE’S SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURE
N 

REGIONAL EMPOWERMENT 

TERRITORY
SUPPORTING CAPABILITIES NON-PHYSICAL FACTORS
S  EARLY ALERTNESS

RISK MANAGEMENT 13
ELEMENTS OF STATE DEFENCE
STRATEGY TO FORM THE FRAMEWORK

To Form/ To
Shape

3 Elements of
State Defence To Response
Strategy…are
ability to…

To Prepare
 Shaping a strategy that is able to create and shape
a national and international security environment
that can guarantee national interests that support
regional stability, reduce and eliminate threats,
prevent conflict and aggression and other acts of
violence.

TO FORM/ TO SHAPE…
 Respond
 A strategy that is able to respond to various
spectrums of crises, so as to eliminate
threats and risks to the national interest.

TO RESPOND…
 Prepare
 A strategy that is able to prepare a defense to face
an uncertain future through efforts to build
strength, develop concepts, and organize defense
that utilizes technological advances to protect
national interests.

TO PREPARE…
The national defense strategy is used as the basis for:

• Determining Policy, Development of State Defense

Posture,

• Developing the Doctrine of National Defense

• Develop Military Defense Strategy and Non-Military

Defense Strategy.

The national defense strategy is a guideline for all

parties involved in the implementation of national
defense in accordance with their respective functions.
Introduction to Policy and Strategy.
 Policy and strategy are often misunderstood and frequently
substituted for one another.
 Policymaking is not strategy, though many policy makers act
strategically.
 When referring to policy as it is applies to the defense sector of a
national government, it is really public policy.
 This implies it is formulated through a process that has political
considerations in mind.
 Additionally, for public policy to be effective, it must be enforceable
by the public agency responsible for formulating the policy. In the
case of defense policy, at least for nations that are democratically
oriented, this most often refers to a civilian ministry or agency of
government (i.e., The Ministry of Defense).
 More specifically, defense policy orients itself to the challenges
assigned to the defense sector by national policy. The political
process through which defense policy is formulated is shaped by
national policy and law, and the prevailing politics of the
constituency.
 Finally, the implementation of defense policy falls to the ministry of
defense (or other appropriate civilian agency) and the defense and
security services created to implement defense policy.
 While strategy provides a necessary foundation for planning
processes, it is not as much planning as it is a process.
 Deliberate strategy formulation is usually the realm of nations and
organizations.
 Expedient formulation is often associated with individuals who must
quickly develop strategy in response to an unforeseen crisis or
challenge.
 Strategic defence is a type of military planning doctrine and a set defense and/or
combat activities used for the purpose of deterring, resisting, and repelling a strategic
offensive,
 Regardless of the temporal or spatial dimension of strategy formulation, the strategy
development process must simply communicate and prioritize complex matters to its
constituents or subordinates.
 Strategy is not planning. Rather, strategy answers questions about how to deal with
competitive situations or challenges in an uncontrolled environment.
 Planning, alternatively, must necessarily make assumptions about the environment.
 Strategy can also be described as an approach to achieve a policy objective. Strategy
as an approach is also synchronous with the idea of strategy as process that leads to a
synthesis of ideas.
STATE’S NATIONAL POWER
 According to Hans J Morgenthau (Politics Among Nations), the national power of a
country divides 9 elements of a country's national power which determine its position in
international politics. There are 9 elements that are stable and unstable.
 1. Geography of a country, climate, other geological factors.
 2. Natural resources.
 3. Industrial capacity.
 4. Military preparedness.
 5. Population
 6. Character/Leadership
 7. National spirit/moral.
 8. Quality of Diplomacy.
 9. Mastery of science and technology
 This national strength is the background for a country to take
political policies that will ultimately have an impact on the
international community.

 “If actors get their way a lot, they must be powerful”

(Goldstein, 2007). The stronger the strength of a country, the
stronger its position and influence in international relations.
 The strength of a country refers to three main elements; (1)
Force, the meaning is the ability to control other countries by
force such as by military force.
As emphasized by Morgenthau (1990) military power is useful for
supporting power politics, namely to expand the territory of power
(imperliasm) and get the most respected status in the world (politics of
prestige), as well as maintaining the balance of power (balance of power);
(2) Influence, meaning the ability to influence the other world and the
international world in general, for example the United States which has
succeeded in influencing other countries to implement free market and
free trade; (3) Authority, which is defined as the willingness and
obedience of an actor in international relations to another actor who is
more powerful (Couloumbis and Wofre, 1986).