HANDOUT #Concepts

7 of National and Human

Security
Study of Security International and Local
Diagnostics
1. What comes to your mind when you hear the phrase “national
security?”
2. What do you think are some national security concerns?
3. Do you think you or your institution will be affected by so-
called national security concerns?
Coverage
I. Concepts of Human and National Security
• National Security Elements and Power
• National Security Concerns
• Legal and Constitutional Bases
• Shared Concerns: Human and Ecological Security
• Lessons Learned
II. Recruitment Methods and Propaganda of CPP/NPA/NDF in the
Philippines
COPENHAGEN SCHOOL
• Who is security for? From what should our citizens be secured against?
• What component of security should we be concerned with?
• How can this security be attained?
• These are essential questions that come to mind when viewing security
Human Security and Human Development
as a product of social construction.
1994: UNDP referred to human security as having the following two
aspects:
first safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression…
second, it means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the
patterns of daily life – whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such
threats can exist at all levels of national income and development.”
Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human
Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press, 23.
<http://www.undp.org/hrdo/1994/94.htm>
UNDP listed the threats to human security under the
following main categories:
• Economic security;
• Food Security;
• Health Security;
• Environmental Security;
• Personal Security;
• Community Security; and,
• Political Security.
Source: UNDP p. 24-25.
National Security and Human Security
2000: UN Sec-Gen Kofi Annan
(Africa):
“Human security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the
absence of violent conflict. It encompasses human rights, good
governance, access to education and health care and ensuring that
each individual has opportunities and choices to fulfill his or her
Source: Kofi Annan. “Secretary-General Salutes International
potential…”
Workshop on Human Security in Mongolia.” Two-day Session in
Ulaanbaatar, May 8-10, 2000. Press Release SG/SM/7382.
2000: UN Sec-Gen Kofi Annan (Africa):
“Every step in this direction is also a step towards reducing poverty,
achieving economic growth and preventing conflict. Freedom from want,
freedom from fear, and the freedom of future generations to inherit a healthy
natural environment – these are the interrelated building blocks of human –
Source: Kofi Annan. “Secretary-General Salutes International
Workshop on Human Security in Mongolia.” Two-day Session in
Ulaanbaatar, May 8-10, 2000. Press Release SG/SM/7382.
Human Security
• seeks to “protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance
human freedoms and human fulfillment”
• requires “protecting people from critical and pervasive threats” and
"empowering them to take charge of their own lives"
• protection and empowerment are mutually reinforcing and cannot
succeed in isolation”
• Commission puts emphasis on the “need for comprehensive, integrated
and people-centered solutions that together can help people develop the
building blocks of survival, livelihood and dignity”
Reformulation of National Security Definition
• Expanded previous national security concepts by taking into account the
close relationship and interdependence among security, development
and governance
• NSC and a multi-sectoral group examined the relationship between
National Security Definition (1997)
national security
A condition andbeing
or state of human security
where in a process
the Filipino of conceptual
people’s re-of
values, way
life,definition
institutions, welfare and well being, sovereignty and strategic relations
are protected and enhanced.”
ELEMENTS of NATIONAL SECURITY
►Moral-spiritual Consensus
►Cultural Cohesiveness
►Economic Solidarity
►Socio-political Stability
►Ecological Balance
INSTRUMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER/DIMENSIONS OF
NATIONAL SECURITY
A grouping of homogenous elements and factors of a nation, used as a
tool to attain national goals and objectives, either singly or more, usually
in combination with other tools
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Socio-Cultural
4. Techno-Scientific
National Goals
• From5. Environmental
Phil Constitution, National Security Definition and Elements
6. Military
• Desired conditions – Filipino government and citizens aspire for over
a long time frame, such as:
• Capital Formation,
• Health, Nutrition, Sanitation
• Income generation, distribution, growth
• Political participation
• Educational Opportunities
• Ecological/Environmental well-being
• Social justice
National Environment National Concerns
• Volatile • Crises and Disasters
• Uncertain • Weapons of Mass
• Complex Destruction (WMD)
• Ambiguous • Chemical, Biological,
• Turbulent Radiological, and
• Hostile Nuclear (CBRN)
• Pandemics
• Armed Conflict
• Defense and
Diplomatic Irritants
National Concerns, by National Power
1. Political
• Honest, credible elections in 2010 -automation, failure of elections,
constitutional crisis
• Pol-Mil: Diplomatic and Defense Irritants- overlapping land or
maritime boundaries and competing claims, e.g. KIG or Spratlys;
undocumented workers and settlers; human and drug trafficking
2. Economic
• Sound economic fundamentals
• Growth, consumption, savings, investments (financial crisis)
• Jobs (work stoppage, closure of business/factories)
• Expertise of human resources
• Land use - Food crisis
• Energy – alternative sources
3. Socio-Cultural
• Disunity
• Irreconcilable multiple historical and cultural
traditions
• Graft and corruption-eco leakage
• Nefarious/criminal activities
4. Techno-Scientific
• Capacity to absorb or modify technology for local
application (customized to Filipino needs esp energy)
• Status of Science and Mathematics curriculum (primary
and secondary education)
• Evolving a science culture
5. Environmental
• Natural Crises/Disasters (deluge occasioned by typhoons
Ondoy and Pepeng; landslide; volcanic eruption, earthquake
and tsunami)
• Sea mishaps
• Sustainable
Pollution – air, land, waterdesigned
development: (Oil spills, Fish kills)
to meet the needs of the present without
• Pandemics
compromising– AH1N1 Virus,
the ability of Bird
futureFlu, SARS to meet their own needs
generations
(UNDP, 1987)
• Sustainable development encompassing National Security Dimensions
• Dimensions of Sustainable Development
(From Philippine Agenda 21)
• Economic Development
Official Framework for• Sustainable
EcologicalDevelopment
Development
• Spiritual Development
• Human Development
• Social Development
6. Military
• Coup d’ etat
• Armed Conflict – long-standing insurgency
• CPP/NPA/NDF-
• MNLF
• MILF
• ASG
Military/Police
• Terrorism (man-made disaster- arson, explosions)
• Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) – arms residue of Cold War and
prospects of all-out conflict in rogue states
• Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) warfare
Who should address these national security concerns?
National Defense Act of 1935(Commonwealth Act No.1)
“Provides that during national emergencies, the government has
the right to mobilize its citizens resources for national defense.”
Sec 52. “The obligation to undergo military training shall begin with
youth in school, commencing at the age of ten years, and shall
extend through his schooling until he reach the age of twenty-one
when he shall become subject to service with the colors.”
Sec. 4, Art 1, 1987 Constitution
“The prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people…”
Sec. 4, Art XVI, 1987 Constitution
“The AFP shall be composed of a Citizen Armed Force which shall
undergo Military Training and serve as maybe provided by law.”
RA 7077-Citizen Armed Force or AFP Reservist Act of 1991
“Development of Reserve Force Component of the Army is a key
component of the concept of total force.”
Provide the base for expansion of the AFP in the event of war or national
emergencies;
1. Assist in relief and rescue during disasters and calamities;
2. Assist in socio-economic development;
3. Assist in the operations of essential government or private utilities in
the furtherance of the overall mission.
RA 9163
“An Act establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for
tertiary level students.”
“Objectives of the National Service Training Program (NSTP)
Recognizing the vital role of the youth in nation building, the State
through the National Service Training Program (NSTP) shall have the
following objectives:
Objectives of the National Service Training Program (NSTP)
“…Inculcate in the youth the ideals of patriotism, nationalism and advance
their involvement in public and civic affairs; and,
Motivate, train, organize and involve the youth in military, literacy, civic
welfare programs and other related endeavors in the service of the nation.”
Shared National Security Concerns
Security Sector Concerns
• Military- rebellion using sectors of society
• Political-defense irritants
• WMD
• CBRN
• Crises/Disasters: natural and man-made (terrorism)
• Environmental concerns
• Human and Drug trafficking
• Illegal possession of FAs
 NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
Your AFP
...is not just a fighting machine,
…we save lives, but we are just a few, we are victims too,
…we can extend selfless service to other government agencies (national
and local),
…but we are humans too…
Your AFP needs your help too through the citizen armed force or ROTC
cadets… Concerns
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Given thesetogether?
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whatour
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• Where can each educational institution HELP the students? their family?
their community? the nation?
• Can you see the uniformed/security sector as your institution’s
partner/school and community’s partner?
SECURITY SECTOR: LESSONS LEARNED
• AFP is concerned with the armed elements of insurgent groups, although
it extends its assistance even to socio-economic agencies and public
works
• Factors that compel a person to become an insurgent must be
comprehensively addressed by all instrumentalities of government.
• Non-military methods should prevail.
• Interdependence of security-governance-development: human and
national security
• National security is not just the concern of the military and police
• Conflicts and calamities should be addressed comprehensively starting at
the community.
• Calamities/disasters do not choose between the rich and the poor.
• It is better to be prepared than sorry.
THANK
YOU!!