1.

Define the following

A. Entomology: from Greek “entomon”, which means "insect"; and --
logos, which means science thus entomology is the scientific
study of insects, a branch of arthropods.
It deals with the study of relations between arthropods as agents or
vectors and man and animals. While arthropod comes from arthros i.e.
Joint and Podos which is Foot.

Wing venation: pattern (or) arrangement of veins and cross veins on

wing surface
a. Entognathous class of primivity insect which
their mouthpart drawn in the head
Antennae: are uniramous (unbranched), mobile, sensory, segmented
appendages of the head, articulate in front or between the eyes
a. Appendage

2. Differentiate the following

A. Crop and blood feeding
Blood feeding insect are all parasites of humans or other host
animals and are abundant at certain times of the year.
Bloodsucking insects can be grouped as mosquitoes, flies,
 lice, and true bugs, they can be sometime called
Sanguinivorous.
While crops feeding insects: any species that feeds on
crops and thus competes with producers for crop yield or
quality e.g. Grasshopper, Spider mite, Sunflower.

B. Digging and seizing legs

C. Hemielytra: front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the

base
While membranous wing: are thin & more or less transparent, but
some are darkened. These wings are with highly developed
venation. They are useful for flight.

D. Epicuticle
 Epicuticle is non-chitinous.
 covers the entire external surface of an insect, except
some chemoreceptive sensillae, midgut and ends of
gland cells.
 The main function of the epicuticle is to prevent water
loss from the insect body
  acts as a reservoir for metabolic waste products,
defensive secretions and the juvenile hormone.
Exocuticle
 Hard and dark in colour due to tanning (outer tanned or
sclerotized exocuticle), contained chitin and protein.
 Has several rigid areas called sclerites. It contributes rigidity or
toughness to the cuticle.
 Exocuticle is absent or reduced in the regions of the integument
which are more flexible.

3. Fill in the blank spaces

Insect Order Mouthpart Legs metamorphosis
s
Dragonflie Odonata Mask type Prehensile HEMIMETABOLOU
s or S
(prehensum
-to seize)
housefly Diptera Sponge or complete
lapping metamorphosis
sucking
type
Wasp Hymenoptera Biting and Ambulatory complete
chewing (Ambulate- metamorphosis
type to walk)
Louse phthraptera Piercing "Gradual
and sucking metamorphosis."
 type
Bettles Coleoptera Biting and Ambulatory complete
chewing (Ambulate- metamorphosis
type to walk)

4. List characteristic of insect or hexapoda

 The body is enclosed in an external cover called Exoskeleton,
which is formed of chitin.
 The body is divided into segments, in which ideally the head is
formed of 6 segments, thorax of 3
 segments and the abdomen of 11 segments (as used to be in
arthropods ancestor). This formation of
 the body by fusion of segments is known as Tagmatization.
 The body has bilateral symmetry (the two longitudinal halves are
equal and similar).
 They have paired jointed legs and appendages.
 They are unisexual (male and female are separate).
 They have open dorsal circulatory system.

Why insect are cosmopolitans

What is metamorphosis

Types of larvae
1. Polypod - larva with a marked head, a 3-
segmented thorax with legs, a 10-sefmented
abdomen and pairs of abdominal legs or fleshy
hooked legs e.g. caterpillars
2. oligopod - larva with a well-marked head, 3 pairs of
thoracic legs, but no abdominal legs e.g. beetles
3. apodous - larva with no legs on the thorax and
abdomen e.g. maggots
What is integument (chitinous exoskeleton), which is a characteristic
feature of the arthropods, forms the outer layer of the body,
comprising the epidermis (hypodermis) and the cuticle.
Function of integument in insect
 Act as an exoskeleton, and holding the internal organs
together,
 acts as a protective barrier between the insect and the
environment.
 The integument also provides external structures to the
sensory receptor
 Movement: The rigidity that the exoskeleton exhibits makes
it possible for muscle movements precisely, due to insertion
of muscles to the integument wall tightly.
 Sensory: The cuticle is modified into various structures that
can receive stimuli.

What is modification: refer to the change or alteration of the part or

whole of the living organism from primitive to more modified or
specialized organs e.g. insects’ mouthparts.
How are the piercing and chewing mouth part modify in parallel to
the primitive mouthparts. discuss?
These mouth parts are adopted for piercing the tissues and sucking
either plant sap or nectar or blood from host.
Mouth parts are represented by rostrum / beak which is modification of
labium. It
acts as pouch for protecting the mandibular and maxillary stylets.
• The mandible and maxillae are modified to form slender bristle like
stylets which rest in the grooved labium. Both pairs of stylets are
hallowing sets–like structures capable of limited protrusion and
retraction by means of muscular action.
• The mandibular stylets form the anterior or outer pair. They are
usually serrated
with axe type edge, useful for piercing the skin.
• The maxillary stylets froms posterior or inner pair of stylets. Each
maxillary
stylets tapers to a fine point and is grooved along its inner aspect the
groove is
divided in to two parallel channels (food channel - upper cibarium, and
lower
salivarium) by means of a longitudinal ridge which traverses the length
of stylet.
Cibarium used for sucking the sap, and salivarium used for releasing the
saliva.
• Labrum forms the cover over the grooved labium.
• The hypopharynx is highly specialized and reduced to form
pharyngeal pump, at
the tip of the food channel.
• The stylets are pierced inside the plant tissues and generally they
suck plant sap
from phloem vessels.
• Insects with these type of mouth parts pierce the tissues with the
mandibular
stylets, and suck contents (sap / blood / nector) through cibarium with
the action
of pharyngeal and cibarial muscles.
1. Upper Lip or labrum
It protects mandibles and helps in closing of the mouth cavity and guide
food into mouth
Is a simple plate like structure, small sclerite, and forms upper lip of
mouth cavity

2. Anterior Jaws or mandibles

Paired, heavily sclerotized, strongest, unsegmented jaws lying
immediately behind the labrum. Mandibles possess two types of teeth:
Incisors and molars. Incisors are useful for
cutting and molars are useful for grinding. So, the mandibles are
adopted for cutting or crushing the food.

3. Accessory Jaws or maxillae (plural maxilla) The paired homologous

structures lying behind the mandibles.
They are segmented and each maxilla bears a feeler like organ, the
palpus which
are useful to know the quality and taste of food (olfactory and
gustatory senses) and function as sense organs.
4.Lowe Lip or labium.
Lower lip lies behind the maxillae, also called as
secondary maxillae.
It closes the mouth cavity from below.

5.Tongue like structure or HypopharynxI

t is a short tongue like structure located above the labium and between
the
maxillae.
In most insects the ducts from the salivary glands open on or near the
base of
hypopharynx.
With help of diagram of antennae discuss the
function
 Plumose antennae: the segments each have
few fine thread-like branches or hairs, which
are less from

 Aristate antennae; the segments are short

and the dorsal side has arista; e.g. the house
fly (Muscadomestica)

 Moniliform antennae - The round segments

make the antenna look like a string of beads
e.g. Beetles, Similium
 Geniculate antennae - there is an abrupt
bend or elbow part of the way along the
antenna e.g. Ants and Beetles

 Filiform Antennae; This is the most basic

form of insect antennae; e.g. Grasshoppers,
Flies, Dragon Fly
Functions of antennae
 perception of sound by male mosquitoes and some other insects,
and with the measurement of air speed e.g male mosquitoes.
 Helps mandibles for holding prey and for mastication of food
material.
 Aid in respiration by forming an air funnel in aquatic insects.
 Male fleas use the antenna to clasp the female during
copulation.
 The primarily function of antennae is sense organs and they
bear very large number of sensilla, usually most of these found
in the middle of flagellum. sensilla function as tactile receptors
(touch), ordour receptors (odour), contact chemoreceptors
(smell), Hygroreceptors (humidity) and temperature receptors

NYMPH: The immature stage of an insect between the egg and adult
going through incomplete metamorphosis OCELLUS: Simple eye
OVIPOSITOR: Part of the insect adapted for laying eggs
PARASITE: An organism that lives on or in another organism from
which it feeds. Does not usually kill the host
PARASITOID: A larval insect that lives on or in another organism from
which it feeds, usually resulting in the death of that organism.
PREDATOR: An animal that kills another animal for food PUPA: The
insect stage between a larva and adult for insects going through
complete metamorphosis
SCLEROTIZATION: Hardening of the exoskeleton
THORAX: The middle body segment of an insect. The legs and wings join
the thorax
ABDOMEN: Rear most body segment of an insect
COCOON: The case in which the pupa transforms into an adult
COMPOUND EYE: An eye composed of many small eyes
EXOSKELETON: The hard outer “skin” of the insect
HALTERE: Small knobbed or club-like vestigial hind wing of flies
HOST: The living organism on which another organism depends for
survival.
Monarch caterpillars rely on milkweed host plants for development
INSTAR: The stages of an insect between molts
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: Sustainable decision-making
process that utilizes different methods to reduce risks from pests and to
native insects. The process utilizes thresholds of acceptable damage, a
variety of practices to reduce pest risk, and still allows for judicial
pesticide use if needed.
 LARVA: The insect stage between the egg and pupa for insects going
through complete metamorphosis M
ETAMORPHOSIS: The change in structure and size of an insect as it
develops adult