GLOBALIZATION

The official definition of “globalization” is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
More simply, globalization refers to an open flow of information, technology, and goods among countries and consumers. This openness occurs through various relationships, from
from business, geopolitics, and technology to travel, culture, and media.
Additionally, globalization has improved the quality of life in several developing nations. This includes implementing efficient transportation systems and ensuring accessibility to
services such as education and healthcare.

Even though globalization makes our lives better, it does bring some challenges as companies start to grow and expand across borders. It also increased income inequality and
substandard working conditions in developing countries that produce goods for wealthier nations. Income inequality is directly related to globalization as it further increases the
gap between more advanced and developing areas of a nation.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT?

 INCREASED TRANSPORT OF GOODS – isa daw ito sa pangunahing resulta ng globalization, kung saan ung product ng isang bansa ay mas madali ng maipagbili or
maimarket sa mas madaming consumer. This increased transport of goods can impact the environment in several ways, including: Increased emissions, Habitat
destruction, Invasive species.
 ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION- method of production whereby an entity focuses on the production of a limited scope of goods to gain a greater degree of efficiency
 DECREASED BIODIVERSITY- Increased greenhouse gas emissions, ocean acidification, deforestation (and other forms of habitat loss or destruction), climate change, and
the introduction of invasive species all work to reduce biodiversity around the globe. According to the World Wildlife Fund’s recent Living Planet Report, the population
sizes of all organisms
 INCREASED AWARENESS

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION?

 Access to New Cultures

 The Spread of Technology and Innovation
 Lower Costs for Products
 Higher Standards of Living Across the Globe
 Access to New Markets
 Access to New Talent

ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION
Specialization is the process wherein a company or individual decides to focus their labor on a specific type of production. It leads to a much more efficient supply chain and
opens up greater production possibilities. It’s worth considering that globalization has allowed some nations to specialize in producing various energy commodities, such as oil,
natural gas, and timber. Nations that depend on energy sales to fund a large portion of their national budgets, along with those that note “energy security” as a priority, are more
likely to take intervening actions in the market in the form of subsidies or laws that make transitioning to renewable energy more difficult. One oft-overlooked side effect of
globalization is that it allows nations and geographical regions to focus on their economic strengths, content in knowing they can turn to trading partners for goods they don’t
produce themselves. This economic specialization often boosts productivity and efficiency.
Ex:

 Many of the largest oil producers are in the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Iraq.Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil producer and accounts for roughly
15% of global output. The country ranked as the largest oil producer in the decade from 2003 to 2012, after which it fell to second place due to surging oil production
in the United States. Close to 71% of the total U.S. crude oil production comes from five states—Texas, North Dakota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Colorado. The total
petroleum production in the U.S. averaged about 18.87 million b/d while its consumption averaged about 19.78 million b/d in 2021

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION?

MICROECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION
This refers to an individual’s specialization within the workforce. Generally speaking, economic forces and competition dictate that people within the labor force choose areas of
specialization that are well-suited to their talents. Within an organization or company, efficiency dictates that individuals be assigned specific tasks that capitalize on their skill sets
and avoid redundancy. Individual specialization in a company produces a higher-quality final product and gives the company a competitive advantage over less-efficient competitors.
Ex: For example, on an assembly line, it is more efficient to assign each employee a specific task that they perform each day rather than train them on every task and have them
rotate tasks every day.
So kung ung isa daw pong company ay mag fofocus sa pag aassign ng task sa isang employee, mas may posibiidad daw po na mas efficient at mas okay ang kakalabasan ng trabaho

MACROECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION
International trade largely dictates specialization at the macroeconomic level. Countries often specialize in a particular area to fulfill a global need giving them a comparative
advantage over international trade competitors. For example, a country may specialize in producing semiconductors, essential components to electronics. That country is potentially
able to make semiconductors at a higher quantity, higher quality, and cheaper than countries that do not have the supply chains and developed business infrastructure to produce
semiconductors.
Ex: for example, a country can produce bananas at a lower cost than oranges, it can choose to specialize and dedicate all its resources to the production of bananas, using some
of them to trade for oranges.

WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS AND BENEFITS OF SPECIALIZATION?

 INCREASED OUTPUT
 CHEAPER PRODUCTS
 ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE

WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION?

 LOSS IN DEMAND
 POLITICAL VULNERABILITY
When a company specializes, it focuses on a narrow range of goods or services . Unfortunately, overspecialization can threaten forest health and lead to serious environmental
issues, often in the form of habitat loss, deforestation, or natural resource overuse. A few examples include:

 ILLEGAL DEFORESTATION IN BRAZIL- due to an increase in the country’s cattle ranching operations, which requires significant land for grazing
 OVERFISHING IN COASTAL AREAS - that include Southeast Asia, which has significantly contributed to reduced fish populations and oceanic pollution
 OVERDEPENDENCE ON CASH CROPS - such as coffee, cacao, and various fruits, which has contributed to habitat loss, especially in tropical climates
GLOBALIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY - A TWIN PHENOMENA
globalization and technology have evolved as a twin phenomenon
The spread of knowledge and technology across borders has intensified because of globalization. new knowledge and technologies do not necessarily develop everywhere and at
the same time. Therefore, the way technology spreads across countries is central to how global growth is generated and shared across countries. The world has become more
connected than ever before through the increase in technological advancements and economic integrations. Advanced economies are formed as domestic businesses transform
into international ones and further contribute to the spread of technology around the world.

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, such as techniques, skills, methods, and processes, to practical aims such as the production of goods and services or the
accomplishment of objectives. Technology is used to improve the human experience in countless ways and encompasses entertainment, the economy, communications, medicine,
and more. Technology has advanced throughout human history (though at varying speeds) and has accelerated greatly over the past 100-150 years in particular. Technology is
advancing rapidly across much of the world, but some countries are ahead of the pack, enabling their citizens to enjoy advanced benefits including more efficient transportation,
the best healthcare, and green initiatives.

The eighteenth century brought about the first industrial revolution that led to emergence of energy and motion through the invention of steam engine.

second industrial revolution in nineteenth century that witnessed invention of electricity and communications which seeded developments of newer and more effective
communication systems in later times

third industrial revolution of twentieth century saw the developments in computers that led to the new fields of information technology and robotics

fourth industrial revolution of the current (twenty first) century, denoted as Industry 4.0, which is laying the foundation of an information intensive transformation of
manufacturing and service industries

Clearly, the technologies that have emerged in the past three centuries have made the people, societies, businesses and the nations come closer.

Indeed, during 1995–2014, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom (the G5) produced three-fourths of all patented innovations globally. Other large
countries—notably China and Korea—have started to make significant contributions to the global stock of knowledge in recent years, joining the top five leaders in a number of
sectors.

Today, technology has assumed a status that makes a country, possessing it, secure and powerful. Its economic and demographic status is dictated by the technology it
possesses and the level at which it has fruitfully utilized it in its various social and economic sectors. So much so, the education and literacy level is also influenced by the extent of
possession of technology and its application in the sectors of banking & finance, retail & supply chain, transportation & hospitality, healthcare, agriculture, e Governance etc.
Therefore, technology enables effective fruits of globalization to be reaped; it significantly impacts the quality and pace of life of the humanity, and is a powerful tool in
protecting the sovereignty and nationality of a country, in maintaining and sharing its culture, social systems, ethos and technology adaptation experiences globally. Newer
technologies, the liskes of Artificial Intelligence, have a defining role in this competitive race.

While globalization has been much criticized for its possible negative side effects, it has amplified the spread of technology across borders in two ways. First, globalization
allows countries to gain easier access to foreign knowledge. Second, it enhances international competition—including as a result of the rise of emerging market firms—and this
strengthens firms’ incentives to innovate and adopt foreign technologies.
LIST OF THE MOST TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED COUNTRIES
JAPAN
Japan is famous for its innovative technology. It is home to some of the most technologically advanced companies in the world. Leading Japanese companies include Sony, Panasonic, and Toyota.
Japan is a leader in robotics and automation. Major Japanese companies in the field are SoftBank Robotics and Honda.

SOUTH KOREA
South Korea is another country that has made significant strides in technology. The country is famous for its advanced electronics industry, which includes companies like Samsung and LG.

UNITED STATES
The United States is home to some of the most innovative technology companies in the world. These companies include Apple, Google, and Microsoft.
The country is a leader in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and aerospace technology.
The US also leads the world in space exploration. NASA, an independent US agency, is at the forefront of many space exploration missions.

GERMANY
Germany is famous for its advanced automotive industry. Leading German companies include BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen.
The country is also a leader in renewable energy technology, with a strong focus on wind and solar power.

CHINA
China has made significant strides in technology over the past few years. It has become a major player in the global technology industry.
The country is the global leader in advanced manufacturing capabilities. It is home to some of the world’s largest technology companies including Huawei, Lenovo, and Tencent.

SINGAPORE
Singapore is known for its advanced infrastructure and is one of the most connected countries in the world. The country has a strong focus on innovation and has invested heavily in research and
development. Singapore is home to some of the world’s most advanced biomedical research facilities, including the Genome Institute of Singapore and the National University of Singapore.

SWEDEN
Sweden is known for its advanced telecommunications industry, with companies like Ericsson leading the charge.
The country is also a leader in green technology and has made significant strides in renewable energy, including wind and solar power.

SWITZERLAND
Switzerland is known for its advanced engineering capabilities, with companies like ABB and Nestle leading the charge.
The country is also a leader in the financial technology industry, with companies like UBS leading the charge.
UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom is known for its advanced aerospace industry. Companies like Rolls-Royce and BAE Systems are leading the charge.
The country is also a leader in the pharmaceutical industry. It has made significant contributions to the field of medical research.

FINLAND
Finland can boast of its advanced technology industry. Companies like Nokia and Rovio Entertainment leading the charge.
The country is also a leader in the mobile gaming industry. It has produced some of the most popular mobile games in the world, including Angry Birds.

There is no standard or universally accepted method for determining the most technologically advanced nations. As a result, each individual source's rankings are likely to differ
at least slightly from one another. However, when viewed as a whole, certain trends do emerge. The list of the ten most technologically advanced countries in the world considers
various factors. such as research and development investment, number of patents filed, number of tech startups, availability of high-speed internet, digital competitiveness and
overall technological infrastructure. Japan, South Korea, and the United States top the list, followed by Germany, China, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and
Finland.

New Technology Trends 2023 :

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) - Alan Mathison Turing USA
2. Robotic Process Automation (RPA) -Phil Fersht The first industrial robots were developed by George Devol, American inventor and founder of the first robotics
company in history
3. Edge Computing - Akamai CHINA
4. Quantum Computing- Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin. CHINA
5. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) - Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull U.S.
6. Blockchain - Satoshi Nakamoto CHINA
7. Internet of Things (IoT)- Carnegie Melon University USA
8. 5G South Korea
9. Cybersecurity Ray Tomlinson US
10. Full Stack Development - Darcy DiNucci
11. Computing Power- Charles Babbage
12. Datafication- Kenneth Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schönberger
13. Digital Trust- Bommireddi Ramamohan Reddy
14. Internet of Behaviours - Professor Göte Nyman
15. Predictive analytics- Arnold Daniels
16. DevOps- Patrick Debois Belgium
17. 3D Printing- Charles Hull USA
18. Genomics- Frederick Sanger
 TECHNOLOGY

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Alan Mathison Turing
Robotic Process Automation (RPA) George Devol
Edge Computing Akamai China
Quantum Computing Richard Feynman and Yuri Manin. China
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull United States

Blockchain Satoshi Nakamoto China

Internet of Things (IoT) Carnegie Melon University United States
5G South Korea
Cybersecurity Ray Tomlinson United States

Full Stack Development Darcy DiNucci

Computing Power Charles Babbage
Datafication Kenneth Cukier and Viktor Mayer-Schönberger
Digital Trust Bommireddi Ramamohan Reddy
Internet of Behaviours Professor Göte Nyman
Predictive analytics Arnold Daniels

DevOps Patrick Debois Belgium

3D Printing Charles Hull United States
Genomics Frederick Sanger

Top 5 countries that are ruling the technology world

1. Japan
 From manufacturing out-of-the-world automotive engines, video games, optical clocks, robots - Japan produces - and even uses - everything that you can imagine. Home to a
wide variety of market leaders like Sony, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Panasonic, Mitsubishi and more, Japan is indeed the land of rising sun. As of 2017, 51 of the Fortune Global 500
companies were based in Japan.

2. South Korea
Apart from the widely famous K-Pop bands, South Korea is also known for its deep-rooted and highly developed digital interface. The country possesses the third most
broadband internet users and is also a global leader in electronics, digital displays and mobile phones. Consumer goods giant Samsung is based in South Korea, along with many
other notable brands as Hyundai. The reason behind the country's aggressive technological approach is its government's commitment to drive the tech sector.

3. China
An undisputed leader in manufacturing, China is a leader in technology too. From self-driving cars to cancer detection, Artificial Intelligence to solar panels, electric vehicles,
battery technology, telecom infrastructure, mobile apps - China leads the game in every sphere. China is now targeting the semiconductor industry, the crown jewel of digital
technologies.

4. United States
The USA is a superpower nation that holds the same rank in tech domain too, thanks to the massive budget allocation to its R&D effort. Home to a vast number of renowned
semiconductor firms and internet firms, USA overshadows the digital and internet domains. The US is the home to Facebook, Twitter, Google, Dell, Microsoft and umpteen such
tech giants. The US military’s tech prowess is inspiring in its own league as it has tech-savvy drones, stealth bombs, warships among a fleet of war machines.

5. Germany
Germany possesses 19.1% share of the international industrial and mechanical engineering market. Its widely developed technological outlook can be traced back to the world
war times. In the automobiles industry, various renowned names - BMW, Porsche, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Audi - come from Germany. Their next focus is on manufacturing robots.
A German lighting company, Osram is said to be the key force for its creation of low energy LED.

Japan

-innovative technology.

-Sony, Panasonic, and Toyota.

-leader in robotics and automation

-SoftBank Robotics and Honda.

South Korea

-advanced electronics industry

- Samsung and LG
United States

- innovative technology companies

-Apple, Google, and Microsoft.

-leader in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and aerospace technology.

-leads the world in space exploration. NASA, an independent US agency, is at the forefront of many space exploration missions.

Germany

-advanced automotive industry

-Leading German companies include BMW, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen.

-leader in renewable energy technology, with a strong focus on wind and solar power.

China

- advanced manufacturing capabilities

-technology companies including Huawei, Lenovo, and Tencent.

Singapore

-advanced infrastructure and is one of the most connected countries in the world

- strong focus on innovation and has invested heavily in research and development

- world’s most advanced biomedical research facilities, including the Genome Institute of Singapore and the National University of Singapore.

Sweden

- advanced telecommunications industry, with companies like Ericsson leading the charge.
-leader in green technology and has made significant strides in renewable energy, including wind and solar power.

Switzerland

-advanced engineering capabilities, with companies like ABB and Nestle

- leader in the financial technology industry, with companies like UBS leading the charge

United Kingdom

-advanced aerospace industry

-Companies like Rolls-Royce and BAE Systems

-leader in the pharmaceutical industry.

-medical research.

Finland

-advanced technology industry

- Nokia and Rovio Entertainment

-leader in the mobile gaming industry.

- popular mobile games in the world, including Angry Birds