PLANNING 3 REVIEWER RELATED FIELDS (AEE-EGG-PBS-SLE-EDN)

01 PLANNING ➢ Architecture
➢ Engineering
➢ PLANNING - the art and science of ordering land use and siting of ➢ Ecology
building and communication routes to secure maximum practicable ➢ Economics
degree of economy, convenience, and beauty (Keeble). ➢ Geography
➢ Geology
○ Allocation of resources, particularly land, in such a manner as ➢ Public Administration
to obtain maximum efficiency, while paying heed to the nature ➢ Business Administration
of the built environment and the welfare of the community ➢ Sociology
(Ratcliffe). ➢ Social Science
○ A way of thinking about socio-economic problems, oriented ➢ Law
predominantly toward the future, is deeply concerned with the ➢ Environmental Science
relation of goals to collective decisions and strives for ➢ Environmental Management
➢ Development Management
comprehensiveness in policy and program (Friedman). ➢ Natural Resources Planning and Development

➢ ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING - activities concerned with

the management and development of land, as well as the preservation,
02 PLANNING AS STATE INTERVENTION
conservation, and rehabilitation of the human environment (PD No. The state has the monopoly over legitimate use of force.
1308) ➢ STATE INTERVENTION - the COLLECTIVE ACTION
○ Also known as Urban and Regional Planning, City Planning, involving the legitimate coercive powers of the government. It encourages,
Town and Country Planning, and Human Settlements prescribes, discourages, or prohibits private action (Wiemer and Vining
Planning. 1992).
○ The multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing, specifying,
clarifying, harmonizing, managing, and regulating the use and ➢ LOCAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PLANNING
development of land and water resources, about their
environments, for the development of sustainable communities
(PET)
and ecosystems (Rep. Act No. 10587, 2013). ○ Police Power
○ Eminent Domain
○ Taxation
NATURE OF PLANNING (PSMDC)
➢ Process
➢ Science and Art
➢ Multisectoral
➢ Dynamic
➢ Continuous/Cyclic

GOALS OF PLANNING (UO)

➢ ULTIMATE GOALS (DGE)
○ Development
○ Growth
○ Equity ➢ Planning as State Intervention
➢ OVERALL GOAL (SEP): The development of ○ DEVELOPMENT
sustainable communities and ecosystems (SEP) ■ Orthodox definition: primarily economic in
○ Socio-cultural development nature.
○ Economic Development/Self-sufficiency ■ Broad definition: improvement of society
○ Physical/Environmental Development/Sustainability enabling people to achieve their aspirations.
■ Integration of environment and development
FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANNING
➢ The planning object’s environment (PSEPT): ○ ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
○ Physical/Natural GOVERNMENT
○ Social ■ Allocation
○ Economic ■ Distribution
○ Political, Legal, and Administrative ■ Stabilization
○ Technological
➢ The built environment is a result of conflicts in the past and present, between
○ The ultimate purpose: to protect the common good or to
those with different degrees of power in society-landowners, planners, developers, promote the general welfare.
estate agents, local authorities, pressure groups of all kinds, insurance companies,
etc. as the balance of power changes and ideologies rise and fall so the built 03 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
environment is affected. It is a continuing situation, with the past constraining the
present and together binding and limiting the future (Pahl 1968l as cited in ➢ LOCAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PLANNING
Minnery 1985). ○ Encourage
○ Discourage
○ Prescribe
THE PLANNER’S TRIANGLE: Three Priorities, Three ○ Prohibit
Conflicts ○ Provider of social goods and services
○ Regulator of the market
○ Arbiter between contending social groups and classes
○ Social engineer

02 HUMANS IN THEIR ECOLOGICAL SETTING

URBAN PLANNING VS. URBAN DESIGN

➢ URBAN PLANNING - is planning a city’s structures, including
its policies, infrastructure, neighborhoods, building codes, and
regulations. Urban planning, by definition, is the “planning of city
strategies, structures, and policies.” The focus is more technical and
political on the strategy, structure, and policy.

PROBLEMS OF URBAN PLANNING (WCNH) ➢ URBAN DESIGN - is used to focus solely on designing individual
➢ ‘Wicked side’ of planning city features. This could be a transportation system, city park, or
➢ Chaotic urban futures wastewater treatment facility. Urban design is for those who want to do
➢ No panaceas exist creative work. People who want to work on quality of life, population
➢ Human behavior in space resilience, and sustainability will find rewarding careers as urban designers.

TYPES OF PLANS (STNSECM) ELEMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

➢ In terms of scope (PCDSFIC):
○ Perspective plan
○ Concept plan
○ Development
○ Structure plan
○ Framework plan
○ Integrated plan
○ Comprehensive plan
➢ In terms of time (SML):
○ Short term
○ Medium term
○ Long-range plans
➢ National, regional, and local
➢ Strategic vs. Indicative
➢ Economic, social, and physical
➢ Comprehensive vs. Incremental
➢ Macro and Micro
 a. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

b. URBAN ENVIRONMENT

2. DEFORESTATION - human destruction of forests, building of

malls, houses, farming.
○ Outcome:
■ Loss of biodiversity
■ Soil erosion – loss of topsoil.

3. OVERFARMING - when plants are harvested, the soil becomes

less fertile.
➢ URBAN PLANNERS - often speak at public gatherings and ○ Outcome:
assess market research data to discover the wants and needs of a city. ■ Abandoned field
They are tasked with working alongside land developers and public ■ Erosion of topsoil
officials to build plans for the development of parks and public buildings
that the surrounding community will benefit from. NATURAL RESOURCES
➢ URBAN DESIGNERS - stay busy meeting up with a range of NON-RENEWABLE RENEWABLE NATURAL
clients while relying on programs like AutoCAD, SketchUp, and GIS to NATURAL RESOURCES RESOURCES
develop blueprints for city parks and public buildings. This career requires
a good deal of creativity and artistic vision, as well as the ability to make
sure plans are workable. They meet with landscapers, civil engineers, and a Coal, oil, natural gas, metals, minerals Air, water, soil, sunlight, living things
variety of other professionals to create workable designs. After the project
is complete, it is important that the urban designer meets with the client to Can be taken from the earth only once Resources that are naturally replaced
ensure it covers all of their specifications.
Human activity can disrupt the natural
HUMANS IN THEIR ECOLOGICAL SETTING events that replace the resources
➢ HUMAN ECOLOGY - is the interdisciplinary or
transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their ➢ Conserving both renewable & non-renewable natural resources is
natural, social, and built environments. important.
○ ERNST HAECKEL - used the word “oekologie” in 1866 ○ SUSTAINABLE USE - use of natural resources at a rate
to describe the study of an organism’s relationship to its that does not deplete them.
environment.
○ is composed of concepts from ecology like interconnectivity, 1. RECYCLING
community behavior, and spatial organization. From the ○ newspaper, glass, metal, plastic.
beginning, human ecology was present in geography and
sociology, but also in biological ecology and zoology.
2. CONSERVING SOIL
○ Soil is renewable, but the process is very slow, therefore it is
CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATIONS important to conserve.
➢ Location ○ COVER CROPS
➢ Density ■ crops planted to cover a field to prevent erosion
➢ Growth Rate ■ can also be planted in between rows.
➢ What causes a population’s size to change? ○ Crop rotation
○ Number of births ○ Fertilizer
○ Number of deaths ○ Strip cropping
○ Number of individuals that move in or out of a certain area ○ Terracing
or place (MIGRATION) ○ Contour Farming
○ Windbreaks
➢ POPULATION GROWTH
○ Under ideal conditions populations grow exponentially. 3. CONSERVING FORESTS
■ As the population grows larger, it grows faster. ○ SUSTAINED-YIELD-FREE FARMING
○ In the natural world population shows “logistic growth” ■ cutting down trees only in certain areas so
■ Population growth slows or stops after a period of surrounding areas are untouched.
exponential growth.
■ Population reaches a carrying capacity.
○ REFORESTATION
■ replace lost trees by planting new ones.
LIMITING FACTORS ○ forests provide wood and paper.
○ soil holds large amounts of water, preventing erosion.
DENSITY INDEPENDENT DENSITY DEPENDENT ○ destruction takes a long time to replace.
LIMITS LIMIT
4. CONTROLLING POLLUTION
Limits that affect a population Limits that increase as population ○ Emission controls for cars
○ Ban aerosol sprays
regardless of population size. size increases.
○ Control industrial waste
■ Gas treated before released
temperature, storms, flood disease, parasites, competition, and ■ ban on dumping waste in water & land.
predators ○ Sewage treatment plants
■ Use bacteria to treat water before releasing.
HUMAN POPULATIONS ○ Special sites for toxic waste
○ World human population growth = exponential.
○ Humans can eliminate competition, increase food production, 5. RESTORING THE ENVIRONMENT
control disease, etc.
○ INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS:
HUMANS AND THE ECOSYSTEM ■ People can choose:
➢ Disrupting ecosystems can threaten biodiversity. ● Not to pollute
○ Hunting ● Not to burn garbage
○ Agriculture ● Change products that they use
○ Animal Domestication ● Drive energy-efficient cars
○ Urbanization ● Reduce, reuse, recycle
➢ What happens? ○ SOCIETAL ACTIONS
1. URBANIZATION - the movement to cities. ■ Cities, States & Governments can:
○ Outcome: ● pass laws against pollution
■ Increased runoff causing flooding & erosion. ● fine or jail polluters
● hold public meetings & hearings about pollution
■ Use of non-renewable natural resources. ● give incentives
03 EKISTICS: THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT ○ MACRO-SETTLEMENTS - whose largest possible
➢ “HUMAN SETTLEMENTS” MEANS THE TOTALITY OF expression is the ecumenopolis.
HUMAN COMMUNITY – whether city, town or village – with all the
social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain ➢ EKISTIC LOGARITHMIC SCALE
it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and ○ Consists of 15 Ekistic Units ranging from Man to
services to which these elements provide the material support.” Ecumenopolis and these units turn into 4 basic groups.
- UN Conference on Human Settlements, Canada, 1976 ○ Used as a basis for the measurement and classification of
many dimensions in human settlements
REALITIES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (ESPTA) ○ Also used in geography and regional science.
➢ Economical
➢ Social
➢ Political
➢ Technical
➢ Aesthetic

EKISTICS
➢ was coined by Greek architect and urban planner Konstantinos
Apostolos Doxiadis (1942).
➢ science of human settlements.
➢ Includes regional, city, and community planning and dwelling design.
➢ The principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as
well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size
and quality.
➢ The target is to build a city of optimum size, that is, a city that respects ➢ PHYSICAL UNITS
human dimensions. ○ MAN (as individual) – smallest unit
➢ Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to
accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the ○ SPACE – the second unit either personally owned or shared
same settlement. with others
➢ aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from ○ FAMILY HOME – third unit
the archeological and historical record by looking not only at great cities ➢ SOCIAL UNIT
but, as much as possible, at the total settlement pattern. ○ Group of Homes
➢ ECUMENOPOLIS - The entire area of Earth taken up by human
KONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS settlements.
➢ “In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science ➢ MEGAPOLIS - A group of conurbations consisting of more than 10
of human settlements.”
million people each.
➢ CONURBATION - A group of large cities and their suburbs,
BASIC PARTS OF COMPOSITE HUMAN SETTLEMENTS consisting of 3 to 10 million people. Also called urban agglomeration.
➢ THE HOMOGENOUS PARTS - the fields ➢ METROPOLIS - A large city & its suburbs consisting of multiple
➢ THE CIRCULATORY PARTS - roads and paths within the fields cities & towns having 1 to 3 million people.
➢ THE CENTRAL PARTS - built-up village ➢ LARGE CITY - a city with a large population & many services having
less than 1 million but over 3 lakhs people.
➢ THE SPECIAL PARTS - i.e., a monastery contained within the ➢ CITY - a city with abundant but not with as many services as a large city,
homogenous part having over 1 lakh up to 3 lakhs.
➢ LARGE TOWN - population of 20,000 to 1 lakh.
CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ➢ TOWN - population of 1,000 to 20,000.
➢ SIZES ➢ VILLAGE - population of 100 to 1000.
○ Small and sparsely spaced (rural settlements or villages ➢ HAMLET - tiny population ( <100) and very few (if any) services, &
specializing in agriculture) few buildings.
○ Large and closely spaced (urban settlements specializing in ➢ ISOLATED DWELLING - 1 or 2 buildings of families with
secondary and tertiary activities) negligible services, if any.

➢ LOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS 2. BY EKISTICS ELEMENTS

○ plains, mountains, coastal, etc

➢ PHYSICAL FORMS
○ form as the expression of content, function, and structure

➢ FIVE ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

➢ FUNCTIONS
○ which are important to an understanding of the meaning and
role of settlements
○ Reveal nature, specialization, & raison d’etre of settlements
○ Based on activity (economic, social), their performance, or
special role (as dormitories, retirement villages, etc.)

➢ TIME DIMENSION
○ age of settlements, their place in the continuum (past, present,
future), their relative static of dynamic character, the whole
process of their growth.

➢ DEGREE OF SOCIETY’S CONSCIOUS

INVOLVEMENT IN SETTLEMENT CREATION
○ natural and planned settlements

➢ INSTITUTIONS, LEGISLATIONS, AND

ADMINISTRATIONS
○ which society has created for settlements.

CLASSIFICATIONS
○ By EKISTICS UNITS
○ By EKISTICS ELEMENTS
○ By EKISTICS FUNCTIONS 3. BY EKISTICS FUNCTIONS
○ By EVOLUTIONARY PHASES 4. BY EVOLUTIONARY PHASES
○ By FACTORS & DISCIPLINES ➢ MACRO SCALE - nomadic, agricultural, urban, urban industrial;
➢ MICRO SCALE – specific area at a limited period of time.
1. BY EKISTICS UNITS 5. BY FACTORS AND DISCIPLINES
➢ FOUR BASIC GROUPS
○ MINOR SHELLS OR ELEMENTARY UNITS -
Man (Anthropos), room, house;

○ MICRO-SETTLEMENTS - units smaller than, or as

small as, the traditional town where people used, do & still do
achieve interconnection by walking (house group, small
neighborhood):

○ MESO-SETTLEMENTS - between traditional town &

conurbation within which one can commute daily (small polis,
polis, small metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis); and
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
➢ SPANISH OCCUPATION
○ BINONDO
■ Founded in 1594,
■ created by Spanish Governor Luis Perez
Dasmarinas
■ a permanent settlement for converted Chinese immigrants
(called sangleys) across the river from the walled city of
Intramuros where the Spanish resided.
○ INTRAMUROS
■ built to protect the seat of the Spanish government
from hostile native revolts and raiding Chinese sea
pirates.
■ The plans for Intramuros were based on King
Philip II of Spain’s Royal Ordinance issued on
July 3, 1573, in San Lorenzo, Spain.
■ Its design was based upon a start fort or trace italienne and covered 64
hectares of land, surrounded by 8-foot thick stones and
high walls that rise 22 feet.
■ planned and executed by Jesuit Priest Antonio
Sedena.
○ CEBU
■ following Magellan, Spanish explorers led by
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI sailed
from Mexico and arrived in 1565 and established a
colony on the island of Cebu.
■ The Spaniards established settlements, trade
flourished, and renamed the island “VILLA
DEL SANTISSIMO NOMBRE DE
JESUS” (TOWN OF THE MOST
HOLY NAME OF JESUS).
■
Cebu became the first European settlement
established by the Spanish Cortes in the Philippines.
➢ AMERICAN PERIOD
○ BAGUIO
○ The region around Baguio was first settled primarily by the
KANKANAEYS and the IBALOIS.
○ In the nearby town of La Trinidad, Spaniards established a
commondante or military garrison, although
KAFAGWAY, as Baguio was once known, was barely
touched.
■ 1901 - Japanese and Filipino workers hired by the
Americans built KENNON ROAD, the first
road directly connecting Kafagway with the
lowlands of Pangasinan.
■ Before this, the only road to Kafagway was
NAGUILIAN ROAD.
■ September 1, 1909 - Baguio was declared a
chartered city.
■ AMERICAN ARCHITECT DANIEL
BURNHAM - one of the earliest successful
modern city planners, laid a meticulous plan for the
city in 1904. His plan was, nevertheless, realized
only to a small extent, primarily due to the growth of
the city well beyond its initial planned population of
25,000 people.
GOVERNMENT OFFICES ON HOUSING
SETTLEMENTS
■ HOUSING AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT AND
COORDINATING COUNCIL
○ Coordinates and manages activities and targets of all
national housing agencies to ensure the accomplishment of the
National Shelter Program.
○ Focuses on policy-making and coordination.
➢ HOUSING LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD
○ Involves mainly in adjudication planning, regulation and
over land use, housing, and real estate development
➢ NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY
○ Sole national government agency tasked to engage in shelter
production for the low-income sector
➢ SOCIAL HOUSING FINANCE CORPORATION
○ Lead government agency mandated to undertake social
housing programs catering to the formal and informal
sectors.
○ Develops and administers social housing program schemes
such as the Community Mortgage Program (CMP).
➢ UPDATE:
○ RA 11201 (Feb 14, 2019) - this law created the Dept.
of Human Settlements and Urban Development
(DHSUD).
➢ NEW STRUCTURE OF HOUSING AGENCIES
➢ DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
○ Assumes the functions of both HUDCC and HLURB.
04 WHAT IS PLANNING?
➢ Planning as a Basic Human Activity
○ Basic activity that pervades human behavior at every level of
society
○ “Planning is a process… of human thought and action based
upon that thought, which is a very general human activity.”
➢ Planning as a recreational choice
○ Choice that meets certain standards of consistency & logic
○ “A process for determining appropriate future actions through a
sequence of choices.”
➢ Planning as control of future action
○ The ability to control the future consequences of present actions.
➢ Planning as a special kind of problem-solving
○ Choice that meets certain standards of consistency of logic.
WHY PLANNING IS NOT
➢ Not a purely individual activity
○ Personal planning vs. societal planning
➢ Not present-oriented
○ Primarily concerned with future actions involving uncertainty
○ Needs for predictions
➢ Cannot be routinized
➢ Has little or nothing in common with trial and-error
approaches to problem-solving
WHAT IS PLANNING?
➢ It must be:
○ Societal
○ Future-oriented
○ Non-routinized
○ Deliberate
○ Action-oriented
➢ PLANNING is the deliberate social or organizational activity of
developing an optimal strategy for achieving a desired set of goals.
RATIONALITY OF PLANNING
➢ Rationality is a central feature of planning
➢ Rationality is a way of choosing the best means to attain a given end
➢ Rationality is a tool that enables us to make choices according to certain
standards of logic
➢ These standards of logic are axioms
AXIOMS OF LOGIC IN PLANNING:
➢ PREFERENCES MUST BE TRANSITIVE
○ Rank in order: from best to worst
AND
➢ PROBABILITIES AND UTILITIES MUST BE
INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER
○ One’s assessment of the likelihood that some event or outcome
will happen (its probability) should not be affected by the value
one would assign to the event or outcome (its utility)
➢ INADMISSIBILITY OF DOMINATED CHOICES
○ Superior option must be chosen
RATIONALITY VS. POLITICAL PROCESS
➢ In terms of planning, it reflects the tension between two constructing
approaches when it comes to decision making.
➢ RATIONALITY IN TERMS OF PLANNING - emphasizes the
systematic, objective, and evidence based processes wherein decisions is in
accordance with logical standards and pursuit of optimal outcome. With this
approach, it prioritizes efficiency, effectiveness, and systematic evaluation
of alternatives.
➢ THE POLITICAL PROCESS IN TERMS OF PLANNING -
acknowledges the decision making is influenced by political
considerations, power dynamics, and diverse stakeholder’s interest. In
context in the political process, the decision is not solely driven in rational
analyses, but also may influence or be shaped by negotiation or
compromise the pursuit of various political agendas.
➢ The interplay between rational and political processes possesses a huge
challenge in planning. Because it is a delicate balance between objective,
goal, decision-making and complexities in navigating a diverse political
landscape.
PLANNING ROLES AND CONTEXT PLANNING SECTORS
CONTEXTUAL PLANNING MODELS
➢ COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING – recognizes complexity of 1. SOCIAL SECTOR
factors affecting physical or land use decisions ○ Seeks to improve the state of well-being of the local population
and upgrade the quality of social services such as health,
education, welfare, housing, etc.
➢ SOCIAL PLANNING – oriented towards social needs more than to
physical planning
2. ECONOMIC SECTOR
○ Ensures that the economy is in a sound state of health thru the
➢ ADVOCACY PLANNING – considers special and/or
use of various measures to create a favorable climate for private
marginalized groups
investments

➢ BUREAUCRATIC PLANNING – value-neutral administrator 3. PHYSICAL SECTOR

○ Lays down the physical base of the social and economic
➢ RADICAL OR ANTI-PLANNING – social change outside the development of the area, and provides infrastructure support
governmental establishment or in active opposition to it requirements of other development sectors.

➢ NONPLANNING – people’s behavior and interaction will eventually 4. INSTITUTIONAL SECTOR

produce socially optimal outcomes with minimum regulation ○ Focuses on strengthening the capability of the bureaucracy and
elective officials to manage effectively planned growth and
PLANNER’S ROLES change
○ Fiscal administration
1. TECHNICIAN - administrator: technical expert at the service of
elected officials ○ Seek to provide mechanisms for the elective partnerships and
linkages
2. Political roles
5. ENVIRONMENT SECTOR
○ Consolidates the environmental implications of all development
○ MOBILIZER: develop support for plan implementation proposals within the municipality and provides mitigating and
preventive measures of their anticipated impacts
○ MEDIATOR: combine diverse & conflicting interests ○ Maintaining the cleanliness of air, water and land resources and
rehabilitating degraded areas
○ ENTREPRENEUR: gathering the resources needed to ○ Preservation/ conservation and management of protected areas
implement the plans and wildlife.

3. ADVOCATE AND GUERILLA: represent special interest 06 HISTORY OF PLANNING

groups 1. THE ANCIENT WORLD
a. The beginning of urbanization
THE PLANNING PROCESS b. Egyptians (400BC)
c. Greeks (5th century BC)
➢ PLANNING as sequential, multi-staged process in which d. Romans (27 BC to 324 AD)
many of the phases are lined to their predecessors by
feedback loops 2. THE MEDIEVAL, RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE
➢ Components are: PERIODS
○ Problem diagnosis a. Medieval Period (500-1500 AD)
○ Goal articulation b. Renaissance (15th- 16th century)
○ Prediction and projection c. Baroque( 17th- 18th century)
○ Alternatives development
○ Feasibility analysis 3. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
a. Reform movements
○ Evaluation b. Garden City
○ Implementation c. Comprehensive Planning
CYCLICAL PLANNING PROCESS
THE ANCIENT WORLD
5000 BC
● Construction of the first cities (warrior-king city- kingdoms)
● Built cities served as fortress and market places for agricultural products of
the surrounding lands
● Population ranged from 3,000 to 5,000 people

2000 BC
● Babylon as one of the first cities
● Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II during the 6th century BC with regular street
ANALYTIC TOOLS IN POLICY ANALYSIS plan
● Have temple and tower at the center
➢ MODELING ● Growth of other cities planned and built along Indus Valley (known as
○ An abstraction or representation of the reality Pakistan) and the Yellow River of China
Similar with Egyptian cities (not walled)
DIFFERENT KINDS: Primary location factors were transport, agriculture and
➢ ICONIC: those that look like reality (e.g. scale model of a house) defensive advantages

➢ ANALOG: those in which there is a correspondence between elements 2. EGYPTIAN (400 BC)
and ● Flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley which produced
actions in the model and those in reality but no direct physical resemblance surplus crops fueled social development and culture
(e.g. charts, graphs) ● Organization of collective construction and agricultural projects and trading
with surrounding regions
➢ SYMBOLIC: representation of entities of a system through symbols ● Building of monumental pyramids, temple, and obelisks
(e.g. F = m a)
3. ANCIENT GREECE (500-400 BC)
➢ SIMULATIONS ● Hippodamus of Miletus (Father of Town Planning)
○ A replication or imitation of the operation of a real-world ● Greek architect. Highlighted importance of rectangular street system
process or systems (gridiron pattern) to ensure accessibility of the public buildings and spaces.
○ Are important predictive tools ● Planning philosophy and designs were used extensively in Greek colonial
town and city states, Miletus and Priene
ANALYTIC TOOLS IN POLICY Significant developments include:
1. BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS ACROPOLIS - visible relationship between buildings and nature
○ Benefit-cost ratio AGORA - served as commercial business center of the city
GRIDIRON PATTERN - credited to lawyer named Hippodamus
2. COST-EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS
○ Units of output per peso cost
4. ANCIENT ROME (27 BC TO 324 AD)
3. IMPACT ANALYSIS ● Rome was the first city with a million population (3 AD)
○ EIA ● Construction of eight-storey buildings until 1st century AD. First example
of zoning observed when Augustus imposed a 70-foot height limit
○ TIA
○ SIA
Significant Developments:
● Recognition of Town as a system of gridiron streets enclosed by
a wall; theatre, arena, and market were places for common
B. RENAISSANCE PERIOD: LONDON (1600s)
assembly SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN (1600S)
● Construction of huge monument and public buildings Building ● English architect, prepared Plan for London, St. Peter and St. Paul
of a forum (public meeting place) Cathedral
● Basic street pattern useful for military government ● Designs - straight boulevards and piazzas (city square or plaza)
● Recognition of the importance of transportation making the
Romans as the first regional planners
● Housing was predominantly small apartments, with atrium style
JOHN GWYNN (1766)
houses ● prepared a remarkable plan called "London and Westminster Improved"
● Key figure in the introduction of Building Act of 1774 which improved
standards of materials and workmanship
REASONS FOR THE FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE
476 AD JAMES CRAIG (1739-1735)
MORAL DECAY ● Scottish architect, planned linear new towns for Edinburg
● Emperors were too obsessed with power. In power struggles, Emperors ● Plans for a New Town composed of simple rectilinear arrangement of three
were killed by their own sons or wives. Brothers killed their own brothers parallel streets
who were rival heirs to the throne, showing the breakdown of families.
Among the elite, incest, in-breeding, deceit, and treachery were common, as
well as corruption from top to bottom DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA (1844-1920)
● Emperors had ostentatious and pleasure- focused lifestyles, leading to ● Spanish engineer, suggested the idea "Linear City" (Ciudad Lineal) from
bankruptcy of treasury and loss of respect from the citizens. Military Cadiz, Spain across Europe
generals were rewarded with multiple women and sex-orgies as prize for ● Logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of all city lay-out
battle, which resulted in loss of discipline, neglect of foot-soldiers and ● Houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility systems supplying
neglect of conquered territories. water, communications and electricity

● The State's official persecution of early Christians and of diaspora Jews TONY GARNIER (1869-1948)
before the reign of Constantine The Great led to sectoral strife; ● French architect
socio-religious divisions among the citizenry prevented them from uniting ● Industrial city with a linear structure, designed hypothetical industrial town
during periods of crisis. called "Une Cite Industrielle"
● Designs characterized with separation of spaces by function through four
● Poor Governance, neglect of citizenry, neglect of conquered territories led zoning categories (leisure/ recreation, industry, work and transport
to local rebellions; contributing to the rise of the Vikings (Visogoths,
Ostrogoths from Scandinavia) & Huns from Asia Minor who plundered
wealth of Roman cities. ROBERT OWEN (1771-1858)
● English social reformer, conceptualized "Village of Unity and Mutual
● Vikings cut off Roman lifeline Cooperation
The Aqueduct. Without steady supply of water, Rome's ● Established a silent monitor system to determine the daily behavior of
workers in a given village (based on business principle)
population went down from 1-million in 03AD to 12,000 in 400
AD
B. RENAISSANCE PERIOD: PARIS (1800S)
● Empire was just too large to maintain for an overstretched army fighting in
multiple fronts. BARON GEORGE EUGENE HAUSSMAN
● Architect-theorist, urban design attended to workers as well as members of
● "They bite more than they could chew." the ruling class
● Designs with network of large avenues, railway stations, monuments,
THE MEDIEVAL, RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS squares at the crossroads, public facilities

A. MEDIEVAL PERIOD:500-1450 AD C, BAROQUE PERIOD (17th to 18th Century AD)

● Marked by monumentalism and grandeur of reigning monarchs of the
● Church became the main administrative arm of the state
western world (France).
Predominance of abbeys and cathedrals indicating church influence ● Cities possessing majestic boulevards characterized with huge open spaces.
● Common architectural designs are luxuriant, decorative, portals, fronts, and
● Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle, assumed a gates, overloaded with unrestrained ornamentation.
radiocentric pattern
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
Existence of two main architectural styles ➢ EBENEZER HOWARD (1850-1928)
● NORMAN STYLE ○ THEORY OF THREE MAGNETS
official architecture of the church or cathedral ■ Both the city and the countryside had both
With rounded arch advantages and disadvantages.
■ Good town and country living features would be
comfined into GARDEN CITY: 30, 000 population,
● GOTHIC STYLE surrounded by greenbelt.
adopted by the Victorians in building railway stations ○ Concept of “SOCIAL CITY” - a polycentric
settlement surrounded by greenbelt and consists of “GARDEN
with pointed arch
CITIES” closely linked with one another and with a larger
“CENTRAL CITY”
B. RENAISSANCE PERIOD: 1440S ○ Supported high residential density (15 houses per acre - 0.40
hectare)
15TH/16TH CENTURY
● Church became less dominant with power gained by businessmen and
merchants THE CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA (1900-1945)
➢ DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM - leading proponent of the City
● Redevelopment of central area in Italian cities Beautiful Movement and Father of American City Planning.
Creation of formal central square, piazza, along the lines of forum or ➢ Greatest achievement: CHICAGO PLAN
agora (fostered by Michaelangelo, Bernini and others) ➢ CITY BEAUTIFUL ADVOCATES - improvement of city
Italian cities built at high density for defense (defensive city walls) through beautification.
➢ CBM - a reform philosophy.
➢ Intention of using beautification and monumental grandeur of cities
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI (1404-1472) (Chicago, Detroit, and Washington, D.C.)
● "Ideal Cities" ➢ To create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.
star shaped plans with street radiating from a central point, usually for a ➢ Beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase
church, palace or castle the quality of life.
City should show solidity (firmitas), functionality (utilitas) and beauty ➢ His movement spread to embrace all public works including bridges, river
(venustas)
embankments, colleges, and universities.
● Redesigned Rome's water supply ➢ The movement gave way to the City Functional Concepts including
ZONING.
➢ CITY - was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a
PIERRE CHARLES L'ENFANT (1754-1825) network of parks, and clusters of focal buildings or building blocks of civic
● French-American engineer who prepared Plan for Washington D.C. centers including city hall, a country court house, a library, an opera house,
a museum, and a plaza.
B. RENAISSANCE PERIOD: ROME (1550s) ➢ CRITICISMS OF CHICAGO PLAN
● Linked settlements to transport
● Built roads to expand empires ○ Based on a business core with no conscious provision for
● Built military cities for defense and security business expansion in the rest of the city.
● Characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small ○ Planned as an ARISTOCRATIC CITY for merchant princess,
apartments for masses and with atrium for the rich not in accord with the realities of downtown real estate
development which demanded overbuilding and congestion,
utopian.
○ Beauty stands supreme, commercial convenience significant, no
health and sanitation concerns, and scant attention to zoning.
THE REGIONAL CITY (1900-1940) 5. REPUBLIC ACT (1941-1965)
➢ PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932) - Scottish social evolutionist ○ Planners still educated abroad: MANOSA BROTHERS
and planner Architects and engineers doing planning (partnership)
➢ Concept of "Survey before plan" ○ Design: Continued the AMERICAN CONCEPT
➢ Planning must start with a survey of the resources of a region, of human ○ National Economic Planning, National Economic Council,
responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural landscape; National Planning Commission
emphasis on the survey method. ○ Planning done at national level
○ LOCAL AUTONOMY ACT (1959) - power to enact ZO and
➢ PATRICK GEDDES (1854-1932)
subdivision regulations
○ Introduced the concept of CONURBATION
○ URBAN CONURBATION 6. MARCOS REGIME (1965-1986)
■ Conglomeration of town aggregates, describing the
○ Institute of Planning (1965) through WALTER
waves of population to large cities, followed by
FAITHFUL/VILORIA
overcrowding and slum formation, and the wave of
○ Architects/Engineers, PIEP (1968)
backflow
○ Design: New Towns, IADP, River Basin Project, Comprehensive
Planning
○ NEC, Still national planning, NEDA, Regional Development
REGIONAL PLANNING Councils, Start of Local Planning Initiatives, Export Processing
○ Founding of the REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION zones, HLURB and abolition of MHS, NHA
OF AMERICA (an urban reform association)
■ Published "SURVEY" - a manifesto containing the
concept of a region 7. AQUINO REGIME (1986-1992)
■ Formed by CLARENCE STEIN ○ IEP-SURP, Diploma, MURP, PhD URP
➢ HENRY WRIGHT AND CLARENCE STEIN ○ Local Filipino Planners/Foreign Plannerss
○ Explained how New York developed from a city of small trade ○ Design: Urban Renewal, City Center, Eco- Tourism, PUD
centers to an industrial belt, to a financial and managerial center. Industrial Estates
○ National-Regional-Local Planning, LGC of 1991, NGOs, Joint
venture projects, BOT, BOO
URBAN THEORISTS
➢ CONSTANTINE DOXIADIS 8. RAMOS REGIME (1992-1998)
○ Proposed ekistics as a science of human settlement which ○ SURP: Cebu, Davao, Iloilo Diploma
presented the emergence of increasingly large and complex ○ Filipino Planners: Manosa, Manahan, Palafox, David
settlements tending to regional conurbations to a worldwide city ○ Design: MIXED DEVELOPMENT
(Ecumenopolis) ○ Fort Bonifacio, Filinvest City, Mandaluyong Complex, Roxas
➢ LEWIS MUMFORD (1895-1990) Blvd, Land Use Transport Design
○ structures of modern cities is partially responsible for many ○ NEDA, MMDA, HLURB, LGU, RDC, NGOs
social problems observable in many Western societies
○ Urban planning should consider relationship between people and 9. ESTRADA REGIME (1998-2001)
their living spaces ○ Poverty: ERAP para sa Masa
○ Wrote "City in History" in 1961 ○ Pro-poor Growth: Pro-poor Mass Housing

THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT (EARLY 1920S) 10. ARROYO REGIME (2001-2010)
➢ RADBURN OR NEW TOWN IDEA - presents a series of super ○ Investment in Infrastructure
blocks (an island of greens) each around open green spaces which are ○ Super-Regions Infrastructure and mixing potentials
themselves interconnected. ○ Housing
➢ Greenways were pedestrian ways and separation of pedestrian and ○ Strong Republic Nautical Highway
vehicular traffic
➢ Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic. 11. AQUINO REGIME (2011-2016)
○ Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016)
MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING ○ Inclusive Growth
○ Infrastructure Development
➢ CHARLES-EDOUARD JEANNERET (1887-1965) ○ Rehabilitation Plan
○ Swiss-born French architect, popularly known as LE' ○ RA 10587: Environmental Planning Act
CORBUSIER

○ UNE VILLE CONTEMPORAINE

(CONTEMPORARY CITY, 1923) - a hypothetical
plan for a city of 3 million people. Skyscrapers within large,
rectangular park- like green spaces

○ LA VILLE RADIEUSE (RADIANT CITY) - a

linear city based upon the abstract shape of the human body with
head, spine, arms, and legs.

TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT OF 1947 (BRITAIN)

➢ Planning permission is required in land development
➢ METHOD OF PLANNING – Man assumes control over physical
and human matter and processes it to serve his defined needs.

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF PLANNING IN THE

PHILIPPINES
1. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
○ No planning school
○ Design: coastal communities/Riverine communities
○ Chinese-Malay settlers/Filipino natives
○ Settlements along rivers invited trading/commerce

2. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1898)

○ Still no planning school
○ DESIGN: plaza complex
○ LAWS OF THE INDIES: Philippines divided into
barangays/pueblos/provinces
○ MAURA LAW OF 1893: Municipal tribunal/ council
established for each town with at least a thousand taxpayer

3. AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

○ Still no planning school and planners are educated abroad
○ American Planner: DANIEL BURNHAM
○ Design: Gridiron, Circumferential/Radial Roads; Parks Design
○ City Beautiful: Pleasant Vistas, Landscaped Parks, Wide Radial
Boulevards

4. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-1941)

○ Planners still educated abroad: Kayanan and Concio
○ American Planners
○ Design: GRIDIRON
○ Creation of the National Urban Planning Commission, Capital
City Planning Commission and Real Property Board, National
Economic Council (for economic planning in 1935)