Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Environmental Planning
Environmental Planning
Urban
Development
and
Settlements
Utilities and
Social Services
Farming
and
Fisheries
Critical
Ecosystems
and Natural
Habitats
Land Use
System
Transportation
System
Water
Resources
System
Cultural
institutions,
historic places
to preserve
Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and
aspects of the environment, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in
concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions
or interventions to attain desired results. Planning pays particular attention to the location, form,
intensity and effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments, anticipating change,
and managing such change sustainably.
URP refers to the scientific, orderly, and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities
and communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and
securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment,
beauty, health and well-being in urban and rural communities" (Canadian Institute of Planners, ca.
1919)
URP is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and of states, regions, and
the nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of
land uses and land occupancy and their regulation (American Institute of Certified Planners AICP)
URP is an art of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the economic, social, political and
physical forces that determine the location, form, intensity, and effect of urban development; it is
concerned with providing the right site at the right time, in the right place for the right people (John
Ratcliffe)
URP pays attention to the manner by which collective goals and decisions become embedded in
public policies and programs.
Cities and towns are not just human communities or political-administrative territories but part of and
wider natural environment.
Urban &
Regional
Planning is
PlaceMaking
creating
livable
human
spaces and
natural
communities
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 8
Levels of Planning
Scope or Coverage of Planning
Timeframe/Duration of Plan
CIVIL
SOCIETY
PROD.
SECTOR
MARKET
(Business)
POLITY
(State)
Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000
censuses were followed in classifying areas as urban.
Population size
rural has relatively small population, usually kinship-based.
Population density
rural population is dispersed, to be near farms and fisheries.
Cultural heterogeneity rural culture is rather homogenous, with strong social controls.
Multiple Functions
rural tends to be self-contained, focused on its own people &
economy
Level of Administration rural is concerned only of its territory while urban administers
multiple
jurisdictions.
What is a Region?
Region refers to a city or central place plus the outlying
territories that are functionally integrated with it.
Region is based on natural/physical as well as
economic/political relationships between urban areas
and its surrounding rural territories
Economic linkages
Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to
work
Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food,
water and labor supplies, etc.
Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce,
trade
Infrastructure linkages
Common Definitions
SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and
subject to common-thematic type of planning.
PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to
achieve the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind
and quantities of resources to be used.
PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and
facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with
goods and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and
local development plans.
CONCEPT PLAN the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a
development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral
policies and population and employment target and forecasts.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps,
illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become
and how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals,
objectives, policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which
translates the various sectoral plans.
CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may
be or may not be followed.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 20
Common Definitions
VALUES something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of
person or group in which they have an emotional investment
PRINCIPLES axiomatic statements of how values are related and
ranked in relation to other values
NORMS broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they
can serve to regulate behavior
STANDARDS principles and norms formulated in such a way that they
can be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established
measures for determining or evaluating performance.
GOALS broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim;
always related to community/group situation or organizational
structure
OBJECTIVES operational reformulation of goals so that they can be
doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle,
phase, etc.).(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and TimeBounded or SMART)
Planning Theory
Norbert Wiener
System Description
Projection of goals
System Modelling
Evaluation of projection
System projection
Evaluation of alternatives
System Synthesis
Evaluation of
performance
System Control
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
Problem Finding
POLICY
3. Evaluation
4. Plan Formulation
5. Design techniques
DESIGN
6. Problem Formulation
7. System Models
8. Techniques
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 29
UNDERSTANDING
Paul
Davidoff
Norman Krumholtz
Communicative Planning
Frankfurt School of Social Critical Theory;
Jrgen Habermas, The Last of the Great
Modernists and his followers in North
America John Forester, Anthony Giddens,
Patsy Healy, D. Hill
Planning is more transactive (dialectical, toand-fro) finding common ground and
common aspirations among conflicting
groups or divergent traditions; rather than
transactional (casuistic compromises for
short-term benefit)
Institutional oppression limits ability of all to
have their interests met. Group interest has
to be determined through dialogue.
Dialogue between Systems of Rationality
(economics, science, capitalism, technology)
and the Life-world (sphere of family, culture,
non-monetary values)
Rational Dialogue based on Trust,
Intersectoral Collaboration, Inclusivity,
deliberative democracy.
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 31
Communicative
Rationality
(Science, Tech,
Reason)
Communicative
Competence
(enabling rather
than
dominating,
Civil Society,
Family, Mass
Media)
Communicative
Action (agreement
with others,
democratic
decision-making,
collaborative
action)
Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive or
Synoptic Planning
Sir Patrick
Geddes and
Lewis
Mumford
Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive or
Synoptic Planning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Decide to plan
Analyze the situation/formulate problem
Formulate Goals and Objectives
Identify and design alternative strategies /
project & forecast / build scenarios /
Simulation and Modelling
Assess alternatives by tracing their
consequences
Decide / Select course of action
Implement the plan action through public
investment and private investment
Evaluate the plan; seek feedback for plan
review or Re-planning
Sir Patrick
Geddes and
Lewis
Mumford
PLAN
CHECK
ACT
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
DO
FORMULATE GOALS
IDENTIFY
ALTERNATIVES
EVALUATE
ALTERNATIVES
SELECT THE BEST
ALTERNATIVE
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
&
The
Planning
Process is
Cyclical
Brian
McLoughlin,
Strategic Planning
Strategic Planning is interwoven into Management. It is
not separate and distinct from the process of Strategic
Management
It is an aggressive pursuit of change through a potent
strategy that can bring optimal results
Ensures that all options are explored and that most
appropriate option is selected
Does not need comprehensive or voluminous data but
only manageable data relevant to strategic issues
Can be used in conjunction with broader forms of planning
Tends to focus more on economic, physical,
infrastructural, institutional solutions that often benefit the
enthusiastic lead actors and lead sectors who carry it out;
Strong on designing a fit organization led by champions
who carry out change
Strong on establishing performance standards and on
measuring results
Tends to gloss over deep-seated, complex, value-based or
culture-based problems that have no overnight solutions;
e.g. social transformation
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 37
Dr. Henry
Mintzberg
Strategic Planning
Identify context of
strategic iisues
Sort complete information
Employ analytical tools
SWOT analysis
Identify Strategic
alternatives
Evaluate alternatives
(values, cost-benefit)
Select the best
alternative
Plan Implementation
Evaluation
AGENCY
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
AGENCY
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Strategic
Planning
Process
Environmental Planning as
Profession
Environmental Planning
refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as
well as the preservation, conservation and
management of the human environment
Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978
(1) preparation of national, regional or local development and/or physical framework and land use
plans;
(2) preparation of comprehensive land use plans, zoning, and related ordinances, codes, and other
legal issuances for the management and development, preservation, conservation, rehabilitation,
regulation, and control of the environment, including water resources;
(3) development, conservation, redevelopment, and revitalization of barangay, municipality, city,
province, region or any portion or combination thereof; and
(4) development of a site for a particular need, such as economic or ecological zones; tourism
development zones; and housing and other estate development projects, including creating a
spatial arrangement of buildings, utilities, transport, and communications;
(b) In relation to any of the activities enumerated in (a) above, preparing the following studies:
(1) Pre-feasibility, feasibility, and other related concerns; (2) Environmental assessments; and (3)
Institutional, administrative or legal systems;
(c) Teaching, lecturing or reviewing any professional subject included in the curriculum and in
the licensure examinations for environmental planning;
(d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or arbitrator in hearings,
competitions, exhibitions, and other public fora; and
(e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws including acquisition of regulatory permits.
Fields of Planning
Land Use
Urban and rural
community development
Urban design
Development Control
Resources
Environment
Recreation
Management
Politics
Tourism
Heritage
Transportation
Waste Management
Health and Social
Services
Housing
Economic Development
Policy, Education
Information systems
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Ethical awareness
Ethical competency
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Service to Others - protection of life, property and
public welfare; heroic sacrifice and genuine
selflessness
Integrity and Objectivity - highest sense of integrity
and imbued with nationalism and spiritual values
Professional Competence - knowledge, technical
skills, attitudes and experience
Solidarity and Team Work - support to one
organization for all members putting the broader
interest of the profession above ones personal
ambition and preference
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Social and Civic Responsibility - due consideration
of the broader interest of the publics; contribute to
attainment of the countrys national objectives
Global Competitiveness - open to challenges of a
more dynamic and interconnected world;
professional practice at global standards level and
global best practices
Equality of all Professions - all professions
considered equally important, yet distinct, service to
society; all professionals to treat each other with
respect and fairness.
(PIEP 2004 National Convention, Quezon City, 13 November 2004)
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 49
Roles of a Planner
Planner as Regulator
Planner as Policy Advisor
Planner as Designer
Planner as Visionary
Planner as Mediator
Planner as Facilitator
Planner as Advocate
Planner as Educator
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 50
Implements
government
rules and
standards
Works as private
consultant, creates
and promotes own
plan
Reconciles
conflicting
interests of
contending
groups in
society
Advances the
civic agenda of
the general public
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
No sanctions anyway
Plans were not considered necessary or beneficial
Repetitive
No focal person to steer the plan formulation process