AR 8801

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

S. HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2020-2021

 COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the vocabulary, elements and classification of human settlements.
 To give exposure to planning concepts at different scales of settlements.
 To give an understanding of planning addressing current issues.

S. HARINI, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, AMS ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2020-2021

UNIT 1 _INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Introduction to planning as a discipline and brief evolution of the profession. Elements of human
settlements. Human beings and settlements. Nature, shells and net works- their functions and linkages.
Anatomy of human settlements, Classification of human settlements- locational, resource based,
population, size and occupational structure.
Introduction to planning as a discipline and brief evolution of the profession

What is planning?

Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired
goal. It is the first and foremost activity to achieve desired results. It involves the
creation and maintenance of a plan, such as psychological aspects that require
conceptual skills.

Evolution of Planning:

Planning is a ubiquitous human activity.  Planning processes evolve toward greater

complexity. As the number of different organizations and activities undertaken through
them increases, the importance of interdependencies cumulates, and the significance,
number, and complexity of planning processes grow.
Evolution of Planning as a disciplineand brief evolution of the profession:

• Modern-day society, planning is becoming an instrumental aspect when looking

for development, growth and success.
• Planning allows for organisations to plan and meet their objectives, and, in the
process, acquire a better understanding of how to prepare for the future
• Planning define the project’s goals and thus develop a clear vision of how to
successfully ensure that any plans reach their conclusion. It is a dynamic process
of discovery.
• In Planning, everyone involved can share their thoughts and formulate productive
ideas.
• Planning allows for certain timelines to be established. The implementation of a
timeframe ensures that various disciplines involved in the action, fully understand
the schedule for construction and completion of the project. 

• To summarize, planning is a “forward-thinking strategies” can lead to a

development that is both creative and serves a meaningful purpose.

Discipline : Branch of Knowledge (preventive, supportive and corrective measures)

Evolution of Planning as a disciplineand brief evolution of the profession:
Evolution of Planning as a disciplineand brief evolution of the profession:

Difference between an Planner and an Architect

Planner Architect
Decides what can be built, where Does the actual design
and how outdoor areas and open
spaces should be used

Concerned with community’s Concerned with client’s needs

needs and impact on surrounding
areas

Difference between an Planning and Design

Planning
Planning applies established
procedures to solve a largely
understood problem within an
accepted framework.
Design
Design inquires into the nature of
a problem to conceive a
framework for solving that
problem

planning is problem solving design is problem setting

Evolution of Planning as a discipline and brief evolution of the profession:
What planners do? ( role of a planner)
• Planners create, maintain, review and administer
construction schedules and plans.
• They also do Liaising with managers and engineers to discuss
the progress of the project and address any issues that arise.
• In the creation of a plan, planners identify the strategies by
which the community can reach its goals and vision.
• Planners are also responsible for the implementation or
enforcement of many of the strategies, often coordinating the
work of many groups of people, agencies and organisations.

What Skills Do Planners Need? (responsibility of a

planner)
• Knowledge of urban spatial structure or physical
design and the way in which cities work.
• Ability to analyse demographic information to discern
trends in population, employment, and health.
• Knowledge of plan-making and project evaluation.
• Mastery of techniques for involving a wide range of people
in making decisions.
Evolution of Planning as a disciplineand brief evolution of the profession:
Evolution of Planning as a disciplineand brief evolution of the profession:
Summary
Timeline of the development of planning theory 1900-2018, (Source: El-Kholei, 2018) 
Some important definitions and keywords:
Human Settlement :
A settlement is an organized human habitation
Settlement is a process of grouping of people and
acquiring of some territory / terrain to build houses for
shelter and to establish their occupational base for their
economic support
Early hunters
Scale: settlement
Any form of human habitation ranging from single
dwelling unit to a community, to a large city.

Criteria:
Process of settlement by the people on a previously
uninhabited area

Vancouver Declaration:
Human settlements means the totality of the human
Early Greek
community -whether city, town or village - with all the settlement
social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it.

Fabric of Human Settlement:

The fabric of human settlements consists
of physical elements and services to which these
elements provide the material support.
Early Indian
Ekistics: Settlement - Simla
Study of Human Settlements.
Elements of human settlements. Human beings and settlements.
Evolution of Human Settlement:
Paleolithic Age
Characterized by nomads and Hunters
Shelter – Caves and Trees
Mesolithic Age
Characterized by nomads and hunters, cooked their food in outdoors
Shelter – temporary huts ade of mammoth bones followed by wood, straw, rocks etc
Neolithic Age
Characterized by Farmers and herders, houses had hearth, cooked their food in indoors.
Shelter – rectangular houses using tree trunks, woode beams with reed thatch coverings
That Extra Mile!

Early shelters were mostly of wood base.. When did masonry

construction actually start? After What historical incident?
Sequence of Evolution of early Human Settlements:
1 2 3

4
5

6 7 8
Factors Responsible For Different Types Of Settlements

1. Physical factors
• Nature of terrain: Dispersed type of settlements found
in remote jungles, hilly areas. Compact settlements
found in highly productive alluvial plains.
• Altitude: Dispersed settlements are found in hills of
Meghalaya and clustered and semi clustered
settlements are found in Gujarat plains.
• Climate: due to frequent droughts settlement may
become hamlets.
• Availability of water: Scarcity of water in Rajasthan
has resulted in development of compact settlements.
Compact Settlement – Rajasthan
2. Cultural and ethnic factors
Caste and tribal structure: due to ethnic factors settlement
may become fragmented and Hamleted e.g.Chhattisgarh.

Religion: people of same religion prefer to live together

making a settlement large or small.

3. Security factors
Defence from invasions and Wild animals: due to defence
from dacoits, wild animals or fear settlements may cluster
and form compact settlements.
Hill Settlement – Meghalaya
 Elements of Human Settlements by Doxiadis :

Born
1913, comes from a family that played an important role in the
settlement of Greek war refugees in between the two World Wars
Worked
Chief Town Planning Officer, Greater Athens Area (1937 - 1938).
Head, Department of Regional and Town Planning, Ministry of Public
Works, Greece (1939 - 1945).
Major Projects
In the application of his theories on Ekistics, C.A. Doxiadis studied,
programmed, planned and designed, in collaboration with his colleagues,
a great number of human settlements and other development projects.

His Contribution:
• Doxiadis proposed a convenient way of organizing and mapping the components &
relationships of elements within the human settlements realm.
• He suggested a Classificatory System_ a methodology to establish the hierarchical structure
and links among elements of a system.

“Dimensions increase and will continue to increase for a few generation and thus the most
probable future in definable terms will mean a very large increase of population and energy in
the city of Anthopos (man). This is the city where the whole mankind will live or tend to live.”
C.A.DOXIADIS
Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages:
EKISTICS _ FRAMEWORK
What is ekistics?
Ekistics is the science of human settlements; Ekistics refers to functions
expressed in space by area of certain dimensions. In practice, Ekistics has
set the goal of human happiness.

Involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to

geography , ecology , physical environment , human psychology,
anthropology, cultural and political aspects, occasionally aesthetics

Ekistics framework: Dimensions of human settlements according to

Doxiodis:

Two classificatory dimensions : relative to scale, relative to man’s five

environmental elements.

First Dimension- Relative to Scale:

Lower End- the individual, the room, and the dwelling; and increases in
size all the way into the Other Extreme-

Other Extreme- the city, the urban continent, and the "world-wide city"--
which he called an Ecumenopolis
Ekistics framework
Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages:
EKISTICS
Second Dimension- man's five Environmental Elements: Ekistics framework:
1. Nature:
Earth and natural site on which settlements are built
2. Man ( Anthropos) (CULTURE):
Creates and inhabits the Settlements
3. Society:
Formed in a given settlement
4. Networks:
Functions that allow settlements to survive and grow
5. Shells:
Built to transform the first element and to house the other element

Ekistics framework
• The first principle is maximization of man's
potential contacts with the elements of nature
(such as water and trees), with other people, and
with the works of man (such as buildings and
roads).
• The second principle is minimization of the
effort required for the achievement of man's
actual and potential contacts.
• The third principle is optimization of man's
protective space, which means the selection of
such a distance from other persons, animals, or
objects that he can keep his Contacts with them
(first principle) without any kind of Sensory Or
Psychological discomfort.

• The fourth principle is optimization of the quality of man's relationship with his
environment, which consists of nature, society, shells (buildings and houses of all sorts)and
networks (ranging from roads to telecommunications). This is the principle that leads to order,
physiology and aestheticS, and that influences art and architecture.

• The fifth principle, man organizes his settlements in an attempt to achieve an optimum
synthesis of the other four principles, and this optimization is dependent on time and space, on
actual conditions, and on man's ability to create a synthesis.
Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages:
EKISTICS PRINCIPLES ( 5 NOS) - OUTCOME
Ekistics & other Disciplines:

In the first five volumes of his

book ekistics, , it is interesting to
note that
• out of a total of 105 papers,
66 (or 62.9%) are papers in
economics, mainly regional
economic analysis.
• 6 papers(or 5.7%) are on
geography,
• 16 (or 15.2%) on regional
science
• Physical planning is
represented by 6.7%
• political aspects by 3.8%,
• sociology by 3.8% and
transportation by 1.9%

From this it is quite clear that The center of gravity lies in ekistics.
Human beings and Settlements -nature, shells and network _ functions and linkages:
EKISTICS _ ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS:
To achieve the centre of gravity on EKISTICS,
we must clarify what we mean by cities.

If we have the wrong conception -- for

example, that
cities are “all like the City of London _ densely
built, small, traditional central parts of urban
areas, or like city of New York _ multimillion
Preston in Lancashire presents the
people agglomerations with many confusion created by the random
skyscrapers”-- we cannot go very far. development of cities in 19th century.

In all these cases we fail, not because the cities of the future may not be like these
prototypes, but because we approach our subject with preconceived ideas about
numbers of people, physical size, buildings, and styles which are a major
hindrance to the conception of the cities of the future.
ANALYSIS: (continued)
According to Doxiadis, the greatest problem
facing cities worldwide was the problem of
managing growth. He proposed several solutions:

• To leave room for expansion of the city core.

• Limiting all buildings to three levels or less, with
permission to build higher
• Separating automobile and pedestrian traffic
completely.
• Constructing cities as a "beehive“ of cells each no
bigger than 2 by 2 kilometers, the maximum
comfortable distance for pedestrians
• To limit the number of roads on campus.
• All the educational buildings are interconnected to
permit people to walk from one to the other.
• Courtyards provide a place for meetings between
people.

Central mall in a recently built shopping centre

outside Los Angeles where pedestrians are able to
move free of automobile traffic
Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT (athens)

VILLAGE in Pre Urban City in Beginning Urban Early dynapolis

Megalopolis (large political) Metropolis:-Industrial Era Dynapolis:-Industrial Era

 Ecumenopolis : Ecumenopolis : Ecumenopolis :
Settlement Of Future As a Dead City As City of Life

One of the major problems is the great confusion created by a mixing of two elements — of man and
machine—within the cities of the present.

This confusion, which brings man and machine into conflict in all urban areas, has been
resolved satisfactorily in favor of the machine only for major lines of transportation where man
as a free agent has been completely separated from machine and has been confined within it.
Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT _ ARGUMENTS

• Are dimensions actually increasing?

• Is population growth a boon or a taboo to a society?

• Do we really need to have control measures to curtail this growth or rather use our
intellect, which puts us at par viz a viz animals and other life forms?

• Why then cities still live, without succumbing to this devastating growth?
Human beings and Settlements – EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT _ what lacks?

• Long term planning - Needed to determine whether such lands are destined to
become urban or not. But that ideal works only if the urban planning is for green
field projects
• Since most urbanisation is not green field, are our policies encouraging this
integration, or is development just chaotic?
• Today’s chaos may be more visible in Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru,
Chennai, Kolkatta & Hyderabad.
• Our modern day cities too can be planned in such a manner that limits are set to
accommodate a certain population and city is buffered by an equal area of
countryside before an another area is created.
• This equitable land distribution between the city and the village would be an inter
complementary arrangement.
• Mega-cities interconnected with high speed transport with green fields in between.
Integration, if at all necessary should be evolutionary and not enforced
• A city where the scale is within the horizon of the human mind. With the
planner no longer planning the city since being overtaken by greedy politicians and
Builders _ emergence of so called millennium which lack the minimum city like
Gurgaon social facility is evident.
 Human beings and Settlements – ARGUMENTS

The garden cities were created outside the built-up

area (a) in order to avoid its pressures, but later were
absorbed by the dynamically expanding city (b).

The centre has to grow within the built-up

area, and the dynamic city is choked to death.

In spite of the continuing surgery, the dynamic city cannot be relieved of pressures; with more
roads, more functions move in. The centre has to grow within the built-up area, and the dynamic
city is choked to death
HUMANBEINGS &SETTLEMENTS_APPLICATION OF DOXIADIS PRINCIPLES
A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMABAD

Islamabad was an idea to create a “City of the Future” with the concept of dynapolis’, that is, a
planned unidirectional linear city as the only solution to cope with the growth of an explosive
urbanization era, relying on strong environmental elements and a synthesis of town planning and
Architectural principles.

Landscape Pattern & Highways 3 Parts Of Metropolitan Area Dynamteropolis

Sketch indicates growth of functions

Unity Of Scale National Park
in the direction of the city's future expansion.
 Fully pedestrianised street

Social planning Pedestrian and vehicle traffic Human scale re-established

within the human community
as in this one in Mosul, Iraq.

The making of the plan of Islamabad is an investigation and anticipation into the landscape of the
area chosen as project site for the new capital of Pakistan.
The idea, concept and proto-form of ‘Dynapolis’, as conceived by Doxiadis, is bound to find its
manifestation in Islamabad.
The translation of dynapolis into a physical plan, guided by its proto-form, Landscape and the
intuition of the architect is what is described as the making of the plan of Islamabad.
 Human beings and Settlements – CONCLUSION

The fact that the frame is extra-human does not mean that we
cannot create a human scale within it. Man will have to create once
more a human scale within an extra human frame, which has
many inhuman parts.

The key to the solution is the creation of the human community as

a part of a much larger city.

The problem, therefore, is reshaped as a problem of an organized

Ecumenopolis, consisting of many human communities that will
be its fundamental cells, interconnected by the tens, hundreds,
thousands, and tens of thousands into major urban complexes that
will be the parts of Ecumenopolis.

In this way, what was a natural human community can be

immensely enlarged into a human city. With proper
organization of transportation and telecommunications
networks, the extra-human scale of the large city can be turned into
a human one and the inhuman conditions now existing in many
parts of the city can be eliminated.

Ecumenopolis, the unique city of man, will form a continuous,

differentiated, but also unified texture consisting of many cells,
the human communities.
 Human beings and Settlements – WHY CITIES STILL LIVE?

Vital cities have marvellous innate abilities for understanding , communicating,

contriving and inventing what is required to combat their difficulties.

Perhaps the most striking example of this ability is the effect that big cities have had a
disease.

Cities were once the most helpless and devastated victims of disease, but they became
great disease conquerors.

All the apparatus of surgery, hygiene, public health measures, etc. which people not
only in cities but also outside them depend upon for the unending wars against
premature mortality are fundamentally products of big cities and would be
inconceivable without big cities.

The surplus wealth, the productivity, the close-grained juxtaposition of talents that
permit society to support advances such as these are themselves products of our
organization into cities, and especially into big and dense cities.
Anatomy of human settlements
 Anatomy (structure) of Human Settlements
1. Anatomy based on Settlement Types 2. Anatomy based on arrangement of
settlements
Broadly classified into two types based on occupation:
1.Rural settlements Broadly classified into four types based on arrangement:
Sparsely populated and are mostly agricultural based 1. Shapeless cluster / nuclear
2. urban settlements  without any regular street or with an irregular road which
Densely populated and are mostly non-agricultural. comes up according to the local requirements, it may be of
the massive type and dispersed type.
2. Linear pattern
with a straight and spacious street running network parallel
rows of houses.
Rural settlement 3. Square or rectangular grids
with straight streets running parallel or at right angles to one
another.
4. compact / dispersed
Settlement formed of isolated or dispersed homestead
Urban settlement Settlements and depends on the size of the settlement. May
be centralised / radial.
3. Anatomy based on Settlement Hierarchy (population)

Isolated dwellings
Such settlement consists of individual units. It can be termed as the initial stage of development of
a settlement.
An isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2 buildings or families in it.
Hamlets
When many individual units are cluster together they form hamlets. The grouping may be due to
similar occupational patterns, religion, cultural factors etc. A hamlet has a tiny population (<100)
and very few (if any) services
Villages
When many hamlets combine they form a village. The reason for such grouping may be due to
interdependencies of one hamlet on another, thus to form a self- sufficient unit.
Towns
A town is a larger entity which is more self-
sufficient, has a stronger economic base.
Cities
Where large concentration of people exists,
multiple economic activities exist.
Metropolis
A metropolis is a large city, with a population of
at least one million living in its urban
agglomeration.
Megalopolis
An extensive, metropolitan area or a long chain of
continuous metropolitan areas.
Dynapolis
Term coined by C.A. Doxiadis, used
since the early fifties in his teaching
and writing; meaning dynamic city
or dynamic "polis." The
ideal dynapolisis the city with a
parabolic uni-directional growth,
which can expand in space, and
time.

Ecumenopolis
The cities of the future - extra-
human in dimension
Whole earth will be covered by one
human settlement. Ecumenopolis on
the earth in the year 2120 is
expected that the population of the
earth will have leveled off at a
minimum of 20,000,000,000
people, and the population of urban
areas at a minimum of
18,000,000,000 people
 Classification of human settlements- locational, resource based, population, size
and occupational structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS By Doxiodis

1. By Ekistics Units

2. By Ekistics Elements

3. By Ekistics Functions

4. By Evolutionary Phases

5. By Factors & Disciplines

1. Classification By Ekistics Units:
Unit Range from Man to Ecumenopolis – has 4 basic
groups. Also called Ekistics Logarithmic Scale ELS

Four Basic Groups

1. Minor shells or elementary units
Man(Anthropos), room, house
2. Micro-settlements
units smaller than, or as small as, the traditional town where
people used, do & still achieve interconnection by walking
(housegroup, small neighbourhood)
3. Meso-settlements
between traditional town & conurbation within which
one can commute daily (small polis, polis, small
metropolis, small eperopolis, eperopolis)
4. Macro-settlements
whose largest possible expression is Ecumenopolis

Physical and Social Units

• Man (as individual)- smallest unit
• Space- second unit personally owned/ shared with others
• Family Home- third unit
• Social Unit
• Group of Homes
PREDICTION:
For the year 2100 at which time he estimated (in 1968) that
earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of Doxiadis' Ideal Future Ekistic Units
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by
fusion energy.
Ekistics Units:
Large City
a city with large population &
many services having less than 1
million but over 3 lakhs people.

City
a city with abundant but not with
as many services as in a large city
having over 1 lakh upto 3 lakhs
people

Large Town
Population of 20,000 to 1 lakh.

Town
population of 1,000 to 20,000.

Village
population of 100 to 1000

Hamlet
tiny population (<100) and very
few (if any) services & few
buildings

Isolated dwellings
1 or 2 buildings of families with
negligible services, if any.
Ekistics Units:
Sphere of Influence and settlement Hierarchy:
Sphere of influence is the area served by a particular settlement
Range is the maximum distance that a man/ anthropos wishes to travel.

Settlement hierarchy refers to the arrangement of settlements in the order of importance, usually from
many dwelling units or hamlets in the base of the hierarchy to the conurbation.

The order of importance is based on the following:

1. The area and population of the settlement ( size)
2. The range and number of services/ functions within each settlement
3. The relative sphere of influence of each settlement.
2. Classification By Ekistics Elements:
Nature:
Earth and natural site on which settlements
are built
Man ( Anthropos):
Creates and inhabits the Settlements
Society:
Formed in a given settlement
Networks:
Functions that allow settlements to survive
and grow
Shells:
Built to transform the first element and to
house the other element
3. Classification By Ekistics Functions:
3. Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Function:
Residential Towns
The main function of many settlements, today is to give
people to live. People may live in one settlement and work
in another.

Administrative Towns
National capitals, which have headquarters of
administrative offices of central governments.Eg. New
Delhi, Canberrra, Moscow, and Washington. Local
authority offices run the local services, such as road
maintenance and waste disposal.

Industrial Towns
Mining & manufacturing regions constitute industrial
towns. “Old” Industrial towns tend to have following
Features:
-Found on or near coalfields
-Has railways and canals for transport
-Has housing and industry mixed in together
-Newer industry is found on the outskirts, near main roads
for transport
In newer industrial towns planning ensures the housing
and industry are located apart. Goods are manufactured in
factories. Today many factories are located in business
parks on the outskirts of settlements. Dhanbad and Khetri
are examples of mining towns.
Towns which have developed due to setting up industries
such as Jameshdpur are called industrial towns.
Defence Towns
Centres military activities are known as defence towns. They
are of three types: Fort towns, Garrison towns and Naval
bases. Jodhpur is fort town; Mhow is a garrison town; and
Kochi is a naval bases.
Commercial Towns
Many old towns were famous as trade centres such as Lahore
in Pakistan, Baghdad in Iraq and Agra in India. Some town are
developed as transport towns such as Rotterdam in the
Netherlands, Aden in Yemen and Mumbai in India are port
towns. Shopping centres and recreation facilities, such as
sports centres and cinemas, provide services for people
Market Towns
Market Towns tend to have following features
• Found on a fertile farming area
• Offer Many services e.g., shops and offices
• Good transport links – often they are route centres
• They may be the site of important bridges. Often mills
were built on the river
• Market places in the town centre
Port Towns
Ports tend to have the following features
• Found where there are sheltered harbours
• Flat land for building on nearby
• Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger ships
• Many ports have gone through a lot of development
• The largest ports are found where there is a major
industrial area inland that needed a place to import and
export its goods.
Seaside Resorts

Seaside Resorts tend to have the following features

Found on the coast with beaches
Close to industrial areas with large populations, with
good rail and road links
On the sea-front are hotels and entertainments
Guest houses found inland where the land is cheaper to
buy
Housing found further inlands, with industry on the
outskirts
Caravan, camp-sites and golf courses also on the edge
of town, but near the coast
Promenades – pedestrianized roads along the front of
the resort

Cultural Towns

Towns famous for religious, educational or recreational

functions are called cultural towns.

Places of pilgrimage, such as Jerusalem, Mecca,

JagannathPuri and Varanasi etc. are considered ass
religious towns.

There are also recreational towns such as Las Vegas in

the USA.
Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Occupational Structure

Besides population size, occupation is also taken as the criteria. In India, if more than 75% of
workforce is engaged in non-agricultural activities then the settlement is called as Urban. Other
countries have their own criteria. For eg. In Italy it is 50%

Classification Of Human Settlements Based On Location

Towns & cities all over the world have certain advantages of site and location, which have
enabled them to grow. The size of a town is its topographical location.

For instance, Lagos (Nigerian city) sited on a marshy island that is almost surrounded by
lagoon with an outlet to the sea. Its situation is its position in relation to the rest of the region.
Lagos is situated ( or positioned)at the sea end of a rich agricultural region producing cocoa,
palm and kernels, ground nuts,cotton and hides and skins.

Several factors favoured the location and growth of cities and towns in a particular area.

Settlements On Hills
Coastal Settlements
Forest Settlements
Desert Settlements
Settlements Along Rivers
4. Classification based on ekistics Evolutionary Phases:
The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major phases:
1. Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the evolution of man.)
2. Primitive organised settlements ( the period of villages - eopolis - which lasted about 10,000 years.)
3. Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.)
4. Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400 years.)
5. The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.

1. Primitive human settlements - Non - organised settlements

1. Man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or
permanently in different location
2. Fire - animal husbandry – domesticating grazing animals
– deforestation – agriculture – permanent settlements.
3. natural shelters – caves – trees - primitive unorganised
habitat – dwelling units - boundary walls
4. Settlement had no link beyond boundary walls and no
transportation.
5. Occupation – hunting, Agriculture and cattle breeding.
6. Nucleus - built up part of human settlement, several parts
lead out into the open, thinning out until they disappear.
7. Nobody goes beyond certain limits of boundaries
8. No physical lines connecting this primitive settlement
with others; there are no networks between settlements.
2. Primitive human settlements organised settlements

1. Man twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era

of organised agriculture, his settlements also began to
show some characteristics of organisation.

2. Initial forms were circular, then other additional units

placed along the periphery of the circular form, then
elongated to elliptical form and finally ended in
rectilinear forms. Rectilinear developed into grid iron
pattern with no loss of spaces.

3. Two courses in evolution of human settlements:

Microscale - Man must divide the land, construct one
or more shells (rooms and houses), and circulate
within a built-up area (neighbourhood), the solution
leads to a synthesis at a right angle.
Macroscale - Man must own and use space but not
build it, and circulate within it, although to a much
lesser degree than before (usually non more than one
movement to and from every day), man continues to
follow the course of nature towards hexagonal
patterns.

4. Patterns of settlements differ depending on the phase

of evolution and the prevailing conditions of safety.

5. Villages developed near river, hills, sea etc.

3. Static Urban Settlements Or Cities
1. 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement appeared as
small cities in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains.
2. Man realised that a single-nucleus was not always valid in the
internal organisation of the total shells of the community. As
community grows single nodal point was not sufficient.
3. Expansion of the nucleus in one or more directions happened.
Example:
Settlement of Messene, in ancient Greece.
Central nucleus expanded in two ways:
1. linear form along a main street - contained shops clustered in
the central agora
2. decentralisation of some functions, such as temples -
additional nodal points and central places gradually came into being
within the shells of the settlements - a phenomenon that is unique to
human settlements.

4. Dynamic Urban Settlements

4. Started in the seventeenth century, may last for another 100 or
200 years until we reach the next phase that of the universal
settlement.
5. Settlements in space are characterised by continuous growth.
Hence problems are continuously intensified. New problems
continuously created.
6. Dynamic settlements - created as a result of an industrial
technological revolution. The evils of yesterday which are
being multiplied today in a very dangerous manner. Dynamic
settlement completely different other category of settlements is
a real threat to humanity itself. Eg. Detroit, london etc
Example: London smog - atmospheric pollution may be so severe as to account for 4,000 deaths in a single week
of intense "fog". Hydrocarbons, lead, carcinogenic agents, deteriorating conditions of atmospheric electricity
-- all of these represent retrogressive processes introduced and supported by man.

First dynamic urban settlement:

The early dynapolis - the city with a parabolic uni-directional growth,
which can expand in space, and time.
The settlements expands in all directions, instead of spreading only
along the railway lines creating new islands of dependent settlements
around railway stations, as during the phase of the early Dynapolis.
The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a
disorgnised manner. Eg. The Agra Dynapolis

The second dynamic urban settlement:

Metropolis / Dynametropolis – Comprises of several other urban and
rural settlements of the surrounding area.
The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of
dynamic growth, then declined and died. Eg. City of Rome.
Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a
megalopolis. The development of human settlements up to 100 sq.km.
Scale

The Third dynamic urban settlement:

Megalopolis I Dynamegalopolis - The area on a large scale including

more than one metropolis and many other urban settlements and it
cannot be static.
A megalopolis is a metropolis on a much larger scale. The development
of human settlements up to 1,000sq.km Scale
5. The Universal Human Settlement : Ecumenopolis

1. Whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis),

or composite (metropolises and megalopolises), they
have been growing continuously during the last
centuries.
2. Ultimatel ythe whole Earth will be covered by one
human settlement.

3. The population explosion, will be definitely be the most

decisive factor in the next phase of human settlements.

4. The cities of the future - extra-human in dimension

Whole earth will be covered by one human settlement.

5. Ecumenopolis on the earth in the year 2120 is expected

that the population of the earth will have leveled off at a
minimum of 20,000,000,000 people, and the population
of urban areas at a minimum of 18,000,000,000 people
5. Classification by Ekistics by factors and Disciplines:
Future?? - Death of Cities – A case of an Urban Square

Cause for the decay

Three big events are responsible for these changes.
1. An unprecedented increase of population
2. The socialization encompassing all political systems and social classes
3. The emergence of the machine in our lives
End of Unit 1
 AR 8801 - HSP – Question Bank

UNIT – I
PART A – 2 Marks
1. What is a Settlement?
2. How do you define planning?
3. What are the roles and responsibilities of a planner? State the differences between planning and designing.
4. State Vancouver Declaration on Human settlement
5. What is the criteria and what are the factors for human settlement?
6. Define the fabric of Human settlement
7. What is ekistics? Who coined the term?
8. What are the elements of human settlement?
9. Write the sequence of evolution of human settlement
10. What are the factors responsible for different types of settlement?
11. Write the classification of settlement based on arrangement
12. Write the classification of settlement based on occupation
13. Write the classification of settlement based on Hierarchy
14. Draw the settlement hierarchy pyramid
15. State Doxiodis principle
16. Write down the 15 ekistics units by Doxiodis.

PART B – 16 Marks

17. Elaborate the evolution of planning as a discipline. What are the roles and responsibilities of a planner.
18. Explain the different elements of human settlements and the factors for each with a flowchart
19. Elaborate the Classification of settlements based on function. Give an example for each
20. Explain the Principle of Ekistics and eloborate the Settlement Classification by C.A. Doxiodis
21. Explain and elaborate the anatomy of human settlement and its types