Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955

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Efficient & effective improvement and stabilization of clay soil with

waste materials
Wahidullah Safi a,⇑, Sandeep Singh b
a
M. E. Transportation Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Soil is a vital substance for all creatures in the world, soil has vast usage in different part such as agricul-
Received 26 May 2021 ture, civil work, foundation, Bridges, Embankment, Buildings, Canals, Tunneling and etc.
Received in revised form 12 June 2021 Soil has different classes and types all types of soil cannot fulfill all requirement of engineering prop-
Accepted 22 June 2021
erties and cannot stand against the properties such as mechanical strength, permeability, durability, plas-
Available online 22 August 2021
ticity, compressibility and etc. among the different classes of soil clay soil is a weak soil which has less
shear strength and should be stabilized.
Keywords:
Stabilization of soil is a techniques and ways for improvement of engineering and other properties of
Clay soil
Stabilization
clay soil, clay soil is really a problematic soil for civil engineering and other field works due to its less
Engineering properties strength, shrinkages and swelling behavior. Many waste materials are available for stabilizing and
Waste material strengthening of clay soil which is economic and beneficial for improvement of clay soil. We accurately
analysis and incorporate this research paper base on indirect methodology (Secondary data) and
extracted that many waste material such as Nano-Silica, white cement, Fly ash classes family, Lim,
Copper slag, Red mud, Blast furnace Slag and so on are available for stabilizing of clay soil which is eco
friend, economic and easy found in site and market. Related secondary data are elaborated and suitable
techniques of stabilization of clay soil are also discussed.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Con-
ference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.

1. Introduction
Soil is an extremely important reserve for the world, Soil is a
vital substance for all living and non-living creatures in earth. It
produce a wide range of harvests. Like it produce the human pre-
requisite of nourishments with development and also it could be
materials which play a high and necessary roles in the civil engi-
neering field and for civil engineering structures such as highway,
canals, Bridges and embankment which develop in vast areas of
land. These structures carry their loads to the foundation and foun-
dation carry it to the land and earth soil. Soil tolerate all these loads
itself. Among the coarse graded and fine graded soil clay soil is the
fine graded soil which is comprised of fine mineral particles. Clay
soil particles measure size is <0.002 mm and the space between
particles are very less and it is a sticky soil as well, it consist of
some microscopic and sub- microscopic elements that is resulting
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wahidsafi888@gmail.com (W. Safi).
from the different types of rocks during chemical composition. Clay
soil hold more water and they are cohesive soil and there are very
less amount of air in their combination. This types of soil absorb
more water and its particles expands and when it particles has
been dried it shrinkage like concrete. This types of soil cannot fulfill
all engineering possessions of soil for example mechanical strength
of soil, permeability, compressibility of soil, toughness, and also
plasticity. In many cases clay soil is used as mud mortar in con-
struction aspects, but the bearing capacity of clay is very weak
and cannot stand against tensile forces, so there are many
researcher conducted researches for stabilization of clay soil.
Chart 1Tables 1 and 2
There are many alternative ways and waste materials for
improving bearing capacity and stabilization of clay soil which is
very economic and friend with environment.
Stabilization of is a technique in civil engineering to develop the
engineering and physical possessions of soil for example mechan-
ical strength of soil, permeability of soil, compressibility of soil,
durability of soil, and plasticity of clay soil. Many methods and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.333
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Computations in Materials and Applied Engineering – 2021.
W. Safi and S. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955

Site Selection

Data Collection

Direct (Primary Data) Indirect (Secondary Data)

Laboratory work Books

Experimental Work Journals

Soil Tests Conduct Other Researches

Selection of Materials Web portals

Analysis

Results and Discussions

Conclusions Recommendations

Chart 1. Research Methodology Framework.

materials are available to stabilize clay soils. The following waste
materials can be used as soil stabilizer materials and categorized
in four groups base their generation and production I) Industrial
waste materials (Fly ash, Lim, Copper slag, Red mud, Blast furnace
Slag and etc.) II) Agriculture waste materials (Rice husk, Ground
net shell, Bagasse and etc.) III) Domestic waste materials (Furnace
ash, unused tire etc.) IV) Mineral waste materials (Victim dust,
Granite dust etc.) Using waste materials from mentioned groups
is one of the technique to develop the engineering belongings of
clay soil to create them proper for construction.
less amount of air in the combination of clay soil. Clay soil absorb
more water and its particles expands and when it particles has
been dried it shrinkage like concrete. This types of soil cannot fulfill
all engineering possessions of soil for example mechanical strength
of soil, permeability of soil, compressibility of soil, durability of
soil. In many cases clay soil is used as mud mortar in construction
aspects, but the bearing capacity of clay is very weak and cannot
stand against tensile forces.

1.1. Problem statement Table 2

Basic characteristics and properties of Lime mixed soil.
Soil is one of the main element of all types of construction Basic characteristics The data sheet of lime
(Buildings, Highway, Canals, Bridges and Embankment). Clay soil
Physical appearance White powder dries
hold more water and they are cohesive soil and there are almost CaO (%) >73.3
MgO (%) <0.5
Fe2O3 (%) <2
Table 1 Al2O3 (%) <1.5
Basic features of Nano-silica and white cement soil. SiO2 (%) <2.5
SO3 (%) <0.5
Propety Nano-Silica White cement
Na2O (%) 0.4 – 0.5
Specific gravity 2.87 2.92 CO2 (%) <5
PH 6.5 to 7.5 7.1 CaCO3 (%) <10
Particle size 10 – 20 nm 50 – 90 mm Specific density (g/cm3) 2
Color white White More than 90 mm (%) <10
Free water content <3% <1% More than 630 mm (%) 0
Silica content 99.8% 25 % Insoluble material (%) <1
Shear strength 10 Kpa 35Kpa Apparent (g/l) 600 – 900

948
W. Safi and S. Singh
1.2. Research objectives

To find economic waste materials that can stabilize clay soil and
give a suitable result for improvement of clay soil.

To be could recycled waste materials and use as a stabilizer
substance.

To understand and show Eco friend waste materials which does
not air pollution.
Assessment and evaluate among all above mentioned cate-
gories of waste materials and select best one for final approve.
In this Research Paper we present ways, techniques and possi-
ble solution for selection of waste materials for stabilizing of clay
soil which can be easy found, Economic and Eco friend.
1.3. Scope of thesis
Stabilization of clay soil and get them strength to fulfill all engi-
neering properties and stand again tensile force and increase its
bearing capacity topics are main and problematic topics for all civil
engineers, so many researcher tries to found a sound solution for
them. Following points are the scope of this thesis.

Economical waste materials could high impact on budget of
large project.

Waste materials could be Ecofriendly and improve engineering
properties of clay soil.

To facilitate in compaction and increase load bearing capacity of
soil.
1.4. Gap in existing literature

There are limited research has done on stabilization of clay soil
with waste materials especially Nano-silica and Nano-silica
+ white cement.

Partials research has been conducted to analyze the effect waste
materials and Nano-silica waste particles in the compaction
rate of clay soil.

Earlier literature reveals that there are many studies which
attempt to identify one or two waste materials for improve-
ment of clay soil but less studies that shown and analyze more
waste materials for stabilization of clay of soil at one time.

Narrow research has done that show the cost impact of Nano-
silica waste materials on budget of large projects.
2. Literature review (Background of research Study)
Amu et al., 2005 had researched the impact of (class-F) fly deb-
ris with concrete for adjustment of extensive soil. He was indicated
that balancing out of 9% concrete +3% fly debris is superior to the
settling impact of 12% concrete [1]. Fly ash is an industrial waste
materials which are vast used in stabilization of clay and expansive
soil. Fly debris is the debris which has creating from the scorching
of pummeled coal in coal-terminated electric and steam manufac-
turing plants.
Jiru and Xing 2002 had explored the positive impact of fly deb-
ris (class-f) and lime on geotechnical belongings of sweeping soil
[2].
Mir and Sridharan 2013 have used fly ash class (class-f) and
shown the development in the geotechnical properties of extensive
soil [3].
Moses and Saminu 2012 have demonstrated impact of concrete
furnace dust up to the 16% on building properties of broad soil. They
have establish that the settled soil flopped in UCS, CBR, and solidness
test to be utilized as a sub-base and also base substantial in asphalt
[4].
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
Sallahudeen et al.,2014 have examined the positive outcome of
cement kiln dust for improvement of clay soil in the subgrade of
flippantly operated highways and lime can be used as a stabiliza-
tion admixture however cement kiln is harmful in ignition (LOI)
and should be avoided for stabilization of clay soil [5]. Cement Kiln
is type of industrial waste material which is used in the stabiliza-
tion of clay soil. Cement Kiln is the dust which are produced during
production of cement.
Negi et al.,2013 have learned about the beneficial outcome of
silica rage on consistency limits, compaction belongings, penetra-
bility, UCS and Ps of broad soil (natural dirt liner) and indicated
the increment in amount of silica rage decline the porousness, Ps,
and increment the UCS of far reaching soil [6]. Silica fume is a type
of industrial waste material and also known as micro silica. It is
looking like ultrafine powder which is collected from the creation
of silicon and ferrosilicon and the elements are consist of round
with a regular diameter of 150 nm.
P. Kulanthaivel et al., 2019 discovered the effect of nano – sil-
ica plus white cement on stabilizing of mud soil, they add par-
ticularly partials of Nano-silica + white cement as admixture in
varying percentage with clay loam. The percentage of Nano- Sil-
ica and white cement were separately 3 %, 5 %, 7 % and 9 % to
the weightiness of dust and collective with Nano-Silica 2% plus
white cement at 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, and 4% the result of test indicate
that optimal quantity of Nano-Silica only, and white cement only
added to loam was 7% by weight of loam. Mixture of Nano-Silica
and white cement optimal amount was recognized as 2 % nano-
silica plus 3 % white cement by mass of soil. The penetrability
lessening was achieved 45% when the soil treated with 2 %
Nano-silica + 3 % white cement as well [7]. This materials are
collected from chemical industry and increase shear strength of
clay soil properties. Here is the table of Nano-silica + white
cement mixed soil characteristics.
Havanagi et al.,2006 had analyzed the blend of copper slag with
fly debris and far reaching soil in various extent and demonstrated
their strength in bank, sub base and base. The chose blends were
likewise balanced out at 3%, 6%, and 9% concrete to make it reason-
able for base course of asphalt [7]. Copper slag is type of industrial
waste material which is produce during the smelting process of
copper.
Kalkan 2006 had found the steadying of expansive soil by usage
of expansive dust with cement- red mud wastes, he shown that
addition of red mud and cement-red mud with expansive soil
upsurge in strength and decline in enlargement ratio and hydraulic
conductivity [8].
Cokca et al., 2009 had blended ground granulated impact heater
slag – concrete with broad soil to set up a fake balance out soil,
Cokca included ground granulated impact heater slag and ground
granulated impact heater slag – concrete in extent of 5% to 25%
at an augmentation of 5%. It indicated that stabilizers diminished
aggregate sum of expanding where the pace of growing were to
be expanded. It had additionally indicated that with increment of
ground granulated impact heater slag rate introductory digression
modulus esteems likewise increment [9].
Osinubi et al.,2012 had shown that blast furnace slag and
cement waste stabilizers had outcome on strength features of
black cotton soil during compaction delay time. And had investi-
gated that compaction suspension diminishes the quality of the
balanced out soil [10].
Sabat 2012 had used ceramic dust waste materials for stabiliz-
ing of expansive soil, up to 30% addition of ceramic dust with
expansive soil shown confident possessions on index, strength,
and puffiness belongings. Utilization of ceramic dust up to 30%
had shown the positive effect in strengthening and construction
cost saving of subgrade flexible pavement [11]. Ceramic dust is a
type of industrial waste material which is produced from produc-
W. Safi and S. Singh
tion of ceramic bricks and vast used in soil stabilization process of
flexible and rigid pavement.
Katti and Sankar, 1989 have investigated the CBR quality trait of
extensive dust by use of lime and block totals. They found that uti-
lization of brick dust and lime instead of lime increase the CBR
value [12]. These wastes produce during brick masonry, bricks
transportation and in bricks kiln.
Muntohar and Hantoro 2000 have done an exploration on stabi-
lizing of expansive soil with RHA and lime. They have shown that
Rice Husk Ash and olive had effects on engineering belongings of
clay soil and have created that Rice Husk Ash and lime improved
the engineering belongings of extensive soil like Index properties,
CBR, shear strength parameters, Sp and etc [13]. Rice Husk Ash
(RHA) is the type of agriculture waste materials which is collected
from scorching of rice husk. It is appear as a waste ash which is
vast used in stabilization of clay soil and other aspect of civil
engineering.
Basha et al., 2003 had inspected impacts of RHA and concrete
on pliancy and compaction belongings of costly loam (bentonite)
and said that usage of 10–15% of Rice Husk Ash and 6–8% of
concrete is proficient as an ideal rates for adjustment of exten-
sive soil [14].
Ramakrishna and Pardeep Kumar 2006 had recommended that
addition of 8% cement and 10% RHA (Rice husk ash) as an optimal
steadiness dose for strength characteristic of expansive dust, they
explored that RHA and cement has effects on engineering belong-
ings of black cotton loam [14].
Attom and Shatnawi 2005 have shown belongings of wheat
husk on extensive soil. They explore that utilization of wheat husk
as stabilizer material increase shear strength and decrease Ps of
expansive soil [15].
Seda et al., 2007 have explored that adding of minor elements of
unused tire rubber decrease significantly the Sp and Ps of expan-
sive soil [16].
Barzesh et al., 2012 had illuminated that egg shell powder (ESP)
has positive effects on expansive soil properties [17]. ESP is type of
Domestic waste materials which people thrown in it in daily as a
wastes it is rich of calcium and can use as replace of cement mate-
rials in stabilization of clay soil.
Mughaieda and Abu-Ashour 2006 had experimented that grain
storage dust has effect on the clay soil, they shown that addition of
0 to 8% of grain dust with clay soil mass reduce Sp and Ps, C (cohe-
sion) of soil decrease while Ø increased [17]. Grain storage dust is
like a powder waste material which is collected during the stock-
ing and unstocking of scraps in the grain storages.
Srinivasulu and Rao 1995 had interpreted following effects of
Baryte powder for stabilization of expansive soil, they shown that
addition of barite powder up to 20% decrease Ip, OMC, variance free
fabulous index and C (cohesion). Also, further clarified that MDD,
Ø, UCS, and CBR esteems expanded with increment in level of bar-
ite powder [18].
Artificial intelligence Azzo 2009 have enlightened the impacts
of squashed lime stone residue on designing properties of far
reaching clayey soil. Addition of different percentage (2, 4, 6, 8,
and 10%) of crushed limestone dust to the clay soil reduce plastic-
ity of clay and significant decreased in expansion [19].
Vivek et al.,2015 have considered the effect of glass fibber as
dust stabilizer waste materials, utilization of glass fibber in differ-
ent length and percentages have superb effects and 5 cm glass fiber
was viable in all cases. 0.5% and length of 5 cm are given a wonder-
ful UCC esteem [20].
Premlatha et al.,2018 have indicated impacts of plastic squan-
ders and foundry sand for adjustment of soil, it was discovered that
usage of 17.5 % plastic waste with 40 % foundry red mud has pro-
duced amazing soundness and decrease development cost up to
10% contrasted with traditional material [21].
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
Havanagi et al.,2006 had analyzed blend of copper slag with fly
debris and far reaching soil in various extent and demonstrated
their strength in bank, sub base and base. The chose blends were
likewise balanced out at 3%, 6%, and 9% concrete to make it reason-
able for base course of asphalt [22]. Copper slag is type of industrial
waste material which is produce during the smelting process of
copper.
3. Research methodology
In here I refer in details to the research work process steps and
research framework step by step, for this research study I have
tried to collect the accurate secondary data and possible solution
for effective and efficient stabilization of clay soil with different
waste materials.
3.1. Research study framework
The chart contained in the methodology is used to achieve the
study objectives.
3.2. Materials and research methodology procedure
Research Methodology and procedure has done base on sec-
ondary data (Journals, Other Researchers Researches, Books, Web
Portals and so on). I have tried to include others researchers accu-
rate experimental works as well.
To achieve the research objectives the frame work of research
and procedure is elaborate step by step as below and also attached
with suitable graphs.
3.3. Secondary data (Indirect Data)
Secondary data is an indirect approach that develops the huge
quantity of obtainable data obtainable in both digital and hard-
copy formats.
3.4. Getting relevant data
Among the huge secondary data one of the significant chal-
lenges is to get the relevant data of the research. Categories of rel-
evant data and analysis them are an important task of the research
which should be accurately incorporate and probe.
3.4.1. Clay soil properties
Soils are materials which has different color, texture, structure
and size that can depends on different parameters. Clay soil has
tiny size and has low ability to stand on different load. Clay soil
particles measure size is <0.002 mm and the space between parti-
cles are very less and it is a sticky soil as well, it consist of some
microscopic and sub- microscopic elements that is resulting from
the different types of rocks during chemical composition. Clay soil
hold more water and they are cohesive soil and there are very
fewer quantity of air in their mixture.
3.4.2. Waste materials and additives
Fly Ash: Fly ash is an industrial waste materials which are vast
used in stabilization of clay and expansive soil. Fly debris is the deb-
ris which is formed from the scorching of pummeled coal in coal-
terminated electric and steam manufacturing plants.
Cement Kiln: Cement Kiln is type of industrial waste material
which is used in the stabilization pf clay soil. Cement Kiln is the
dust which are produced during production of cement.
Silica fume: Silica fume is a type of industrial waste material
and also known as micro silica. It is looking like ultrafine powder
W. Safi and S. Singh
which is collected from the creation of silicon and ferrosilicon and
the elements are consist of round with a regular diameter of
150 nm.
Copper slag: Copper slag is type of industrial waste material
which is produce during the smelting process of copper.
Nano-Silica: This materials are collected from chemical industry
and increase shear strength of clay soil properties. Here is the table
of Nano-silica plus white cement mixed loam characteristics.
Ceramic dust: Ceramic dust is a type of industrial waste mate-
rial which is produced from production of ceramic bricks and vast
used in soil stabilization process of flexible and rigid pavement.
Rice Husk Ash (RHA): Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is the type of agri-
culture waste materials which is collected from scorching of rice
husk. It is appear as a waste ash which is vast used in stabilization
of clay soil and other aspect of civil engineering.
Grain storage dust: Grain storage dust is like a powder waste
material which is collected during the stocking and unstocking of
scraps in the grain storages.
ESP (Egg shell powder): ESP is type of Domestic waste materials
which people thrown in it in daily as a wastes it is rich of calcium
and can use as replace of cement materials in stabilization of clay
soil.
3.4.3. Tests for stabilization of clay soil
UCS Test:
Unconfined compressive strength test have done for calculation
of the unconsolidated undrained shear strength of clay soil to
determine the unconfined compressive strength. Base on the ASTM
standard, unconfined compressive strength (qu) has expressed as a
compressive stress at which the soil simple of cylindrical specimen
will fail during simple compression test.
In this test soil sample has ready for maximum dry density and
optimum moisture content the soil sample specimen has 38 mm
diameter and 76 mm height with stable length to diameter ratio
as 2 of the soil sample specimen. In here the rate of strain is stable
as 1.25 mm/min and in unconfined compression test the confining
pressure or minor principle stress is equal to zero in other hand the
cohesion of soil is equivalent to the half of the unconfined com-
pression strength of that soil.
Permeability Test:
Hydraulic conductivity has done to determine the flow of water
through soil materials test essential test is conducted to find the
permeability characteristic of fine grained particles of clay soil. In
this procedure 2.5 Kg soil sample is compressed in three layers
of permeability mould of soil specimen. Then add water to enter
soil sample specimen for five minute and in same time the head
loss and time is considered. This procedure is repeated for three
times. For finding permeability of soil we can use the below
equation.
KT ¼ 2:303  ½al=At  log10ðh1=h2Þ
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test:
CBR test has established by California Division of Highway to
evaluate soil – sub grade and base coarse materials of flexible
pavements. This test is conducting base on the references of IS:
2720 (part XVI)-187. The ratio is determined in parentage of force
per unite area essential to penetrate a soil mass with a round plun-
ger of 50 mm diameter at the ratio of 1.25 mm/min to that for
needed matching penetration in as customary substantial. The
penetration ratio is 2.5 and 5 mm we consider the 5 mm because
it’s higher than 2.5 mm. The test has conducted by calculating
the pressure required to penetrate a dust sample with a plunger
of customary area. The calculated pressure is then distributed by
the pressure required to achieve.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
4. Results and discussions
4.1. Effects of nano- silica on unconfined compressive strength of soil
Unconfined compressive strength is the important property of
soil which is cured with Nano-silica and presented in Fig. 1.
Nano-silica has thrown to the dust in percentage of 3 %, 5 %, 7 %
and 9 % by weight of soil. This is a direct ratio with increasing up
to 7% of Nano-silica the compressive strength of soil is also
increased and then it’s gradually reduced.
Optimum amount of nano-silica has thrown to the mud was
calculated 7 %. Here the maximum unconfined compressive
strength of clay dust is in the array of 24.46 KPa and development
relationship of the dust is 5.24 times greater than untreated soil
and shown in Fig. 2.
4.2. Effects of white cement on unconfined compressive strength of soil
As same the procedure which is mentioned above the uncon-
fined compressive strength of expanssice soil smoked with white
cement has presented in Fig. 1, white cement has thrown to loam
is similar as Nano-silica in percentage range of 3 %, 5 %, 7 % and 9 %
by mass of soil. In here the maximum unconfined compressive
strength of black cotton is in the array of 204.76 KPa and the
expansion ratio of dust is 3.64 times greater than untreated soil
in other side the optimum dosage of white cement h to the soil
is 7%. In here the percentage of nano-silica is 2% fixed by weight
of soil and then white cement was thtrown to the nano-silica
mixed soil in the range of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% in other side the the
maximum compressive strength of soil is recorded 33.53 KPa and
the improvement ratio of clay soil is 70.1 times greater than
untreated soil as shown in Fig. 3 and fixed combination of 2%
nano-silica and 3% white cement.
According to Asgari et al report the CL soil smoked with combi-
nation of 7% cement content and 3 % lime content achieved
2688 KPa and 900 KPa maximum unconfined compressive strength
correspondingly. In current case CI soil cured with combination of
7% nano-silica and 7% white cement achieved supreme compres-
sive strength of 24.46 KPa and 204.76 KPa correspondingly.
Its shown the greater compressive strength of dust is realized in
Asgari et al likened to the current study. With this fact its appear
that chemical reaction among loam, cement and lime in the exis-
tence of water produce cementitious materials which can bind
the grains of loam and seal the void between soil particles that
cause of of soil enhancement and gives strength making of cemen-
Fig. 1. Effect of Nano-silica and white cement on UCS of clay soil.
W. Safi and S. Singh Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955

Fig. 2. Effect of white cement on UCS of clay soil.

Fig. 4. Effect of Nano-Silica and white cement on CBR of clay soil.

Fig. 3. Effect of Nano-silica and white cement on UCS of clay soil.

Fig. 5. SEM image of untreated clay soil.

Table 3
Clay Soil Properties.

No Nature of soil Unit The original clay

1 Specific Gravity (Gs) % 2.66
2 Plastic Limit (PL) % 20.78
3 Shrinkage Limit (SL) % 54.47
4 Liquid Limit (LL) % 40.23
5 Plastic Index (PI) % 19.43
6 Sieve Analysis % 52.30
7 Dry weight contents (ɣd maks) gr/cm3 1.363
8 Optimum Moisture Content (Wopt) % 21.00

titious ingredients owed to pozzolanic responses in cement and

lime is greater than nano-silica and white cement.

Table 4
Effect of Nano-silica and white cement on permeability of soil.

Soil Type Admixture % added Permeability (cm/sec)

CI Untreated 0% 0.01976
CI Nano-Silica 7% 0.01198
CI White cement 7% 0.01204
CI Nano-Silica + White cement 2%+3% 0.00875
Fig. 6. SEM image of treated clay soil.

952
W. Safi and S. Singh
Fig. 7. SEM captured images of the cemented soil cured for 90 days: (a) without nano-silica, (b) with 4% nano-silica, (c) with 8% nano-silica, (d) with 12% nano-silica.
4.3. Effects of nano-silica and white cement on permeability of soil
Porousness value of CI soils smoked with Nano-silica and white
cement has shown in Table 3 which the result describe maximum
reductions in penetrability is realized once the treated soil is mixed
with 2% and 3% nano-silica and white cement respectively. By add-
ing of nano-silica and white cement permeability of soil is decrease
that in other side the strength of soil is increased because the par-
ticles of nano-silica is very tiny and does not permeation to high
permeability of soil and give strength to soil. Nano-silica can
reduce the permeability of soil by alone in choice of 0.01198 that
is greater than the mix combination of nano-silic and white
cement that this reduction of permeability of treated soil is in
the range of 0.00875, because nano-silica substance has higher
ability of reduction of permeability than other stabilization mate-
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
rials like white cement, lime fly ash and so on. Penetrability of per-
meable materials is condensed in the range of (73–98) % due to
adding of bio enzymatic bacteria (Nemati et al). In here the maxi-
mum percentage is 45% for reduction of permeability and its lower
than compared to Nemati et al case and the purpose behindhand
this is case is the presence of water and high ability combination
ability with bacteria than nano-silica and white cement.Table 4
4.4. Nano-silica and white cement on California bearing ratio (CBR)
The effect disparity of CBR rate for untreated loam, Nano-silica,
white cement, and Nano-silica and white cement is displayed in
Fig. 4 and in here CBR rate of the loam increase with rise in adding
of Nano-silica+white cement. CBR value of the untreated dust is
about 15 in other side while Nano-silica and white cement only
W. Safi and S. Singh
Fig. 8. Effect of different waste materials on soil plastic limit.
has thrown to the dust, it improved the CBR rate in a exact small
limit. Adding of Nano-silica and white cement has greatly influence
on CBR value and increase it almost 31% as well. Nano-silica and
white cement mixture material of dust calming has high resulting
in improvement in CBR soil which drive certify toughness features
and free preservation of pavements.
4.5. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Analysis)
SEM analysis technique can study the Microstructure and size
features of clay soil minerals which is treated with nano-silica
and white cement. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) is a kind
of microscope process which produce the image of soil sample
via scanning the surface with a motivated beam of electrons. This
techniques can be done for two different types of untreated clay
soil which by addition of Nano-silica and white cement as captured
by SEM analysis techniques in Figs. 5 and 6 the strength of clay soil
increased base on attachment among the mud elements. While
adding white cement, Nano-silica tends to bond quickly with soil
particles because nano-silica bonding surface is very high and in
SEM analysis its obviously recognized which bright color area of
image refer to the creation of silicate cementitious ingredients
which pledge the dust particles and give strength to dust and in
other hand penetrability percentage of clay soil also decreased.
The silicate Martials evidently presented in SEM image as a white
color crystal that state nano-silica and white cement produce it
during the chemical reaction of these stabilizers and get high
bonding in itself particles and in final enhance the strength of
expanssive soil.Figs. 7-10
Fig. 9. Effect of Lime content on soil water content percentage.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
Fig. 10. Effect of varying curing periods (Days) on UCS in presence of Lime and
combination of Lime and CD percentage.
4.6. Comparison of different waste materials effects on soil
stabilization properties
Here are we attach effects of waste materials on soil stabiliza-
tion property and give some short details as well.
We can analyze from above figure that the plastic limit of soil is
maximum in red color graph when we add 20% of Fly ash with clay
soil and in other hand it will minimum when its mixed with com-
bination of 20% Silica Fume +10 N NaOH.
In this figure it is express that water content and addition of
Lime content has indirect relation except plastic limit of water con-
tent, with decrease in lime content the percentage of water content
increase and vice versa.
In above figure we can find that varying curing periods effi-
ciently effect and increase the unconfined compression strength
of soil in presence of lime and lime + CD percentage.
Combination of 7 % Lime +0.5% CD extremely effect on soil com-
pression and give strength to clay soil. It is also shown that in red
color the addition of 3 % Lime does not important effect on soil
unconfined compression strength property and it is effected up
to 5 days then it is almost consonant.
5. Conclusions
1. Soil is an extremely important and a vital matter for all liv-
ing and Non-living creatures, among the different types and
classes of soil clay soil is also used with some stabilizing
W. Safi and S. Singh
additives which is used in different part such as agriculture,
foundation, Bridges, Buildings, Highways, embankment and
etc.
2. Clay soil particles measure size is <0.002 mm and the space
between particles are very less and it is a sticky soil as well,
it hold more water and when the particles are dried it
shrinks.
3. Many ways and matters are available for stabilization of clay
soil which is economic in construction and suitable for
strengthening the engineering and other properties of clayey
soil.
4. There are many possible waste materials for improving bear-
ing capacity and stabilization of clay soil which is very eco-
nomic and friend with environment.
5. Waste materials which are used for stabilization of soil are
Fly ash, Lim, Copper slag, Red mud, Blast furnace Slag, Rice
husk, Ground net shell, Bagasse, Incinerator ash, waste tire,
Quarry dust, Marble dust and etc.
6. Fly ash together with cement have better effect on steadi-
ness of spacious soil, these can increase the engineering
properties of clay soil.
7. Combination of red mud and cement-red mud with expan-
sive soil can increase soil strength and decline its enlarge-
ment ratio and hydraulic conductivity.
8. Brick dust and lime utilization can have superb effect on
increment of CBR value.
9. Addition of different percentage (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) of
crushed limestone dust has positive effect on engineering
belongings of clay soil, reduce plasticity of clay and signifi-
cant decreased in expansion.
10. Soil has different properties and different waste materials
can effect in different property of soil, they can effect one
or more than one properties of soil.
11. Curing periods has beneficial effect on soil unconfined com-
pression strength of soil and give strength to soil.
12. Usage of some waste materials for soil stabilization is eco
friend but some of them are harmful for environment.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Wahidullah Safi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software,
Writing - review & editing. Sandeep Singh: Data curation, Writing
– original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 51 (2022) 947–955
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