JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 1, 12~20, JAN.

2022

https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2022.1.r.55
ISSN 2671-7263 (Online) ∙ ISSN 2671-7255 (Print)

Design of a Tile-Type Rx Multi-Beam Digital Active

Phased Array Antenna System
Taehwan Joo* ∙ Chanho Hwang ∙ Juman Park ∙ Kichul Kim ∙ Jaesoo Jung

Abstract

This paper details the design, manufacture, and performance test results of a highly integrated Rx multi-beam active phased array antenna
for aerial communications. The proposed Rx phased array antenna comprises three tile-phased array antennas consisting of array antennas,
radio frequency, and beamforming units. A performance test of the Rx antenna system revealed the system achieved gain-to-noise temper-
ature of -6 dB/K and beam pointing accuracy of below 0.4° with four independently operable multi-beams. It is designed with compact size and
less weight for various platforms.

Key Words: Aerial Communication, Digital Beamforming, Multi-Beam, Rx System.

I. INTRODUCTION vantages of complexity and high-power consumption. However,

In the past, beamforming technology was mainly used in the
satellite communication and radar fields. However, as the im-
portance of commercial 5G technology and high-capacity data-
link technology increases, the need for high-speed and long-
distance communication is becoming essential [1–12].
Generally, beamforming technology can be classified into a
passive and an active phased array antenna. The passive phased
array antenna controls the phase using passive elements, such as
a Butler or a Blass matrix. It has the advantage of fast and sim-
ple beam steering. However, a passive phased array antenna has
the disadvantage of changing the beam’s direction according to
the situation and recovering when antenna failure occurs [13–
16]. The active phased array antenna forms a beam through a
transmitter (Tx) or receiver (Rx) module capable of controlling
the amplitude and phase for each radiating element or in units
of sub-arrays. The active phased array antenna has the disad-
it has the advantage of steering the beam direction with preci-
sion and forming multiple beams.
Active phased array antennas are classified into analog, digital,
and hybrid beamforming methods according to their phase and
amplitude controlling configuration. A comparison of Rx active
phased array antenna beamforming system block diagrams is
shown in Fig. 1.
In general, the analog beamforming method forms a beam
through the phase and amplitude changes in the radio frequen-
cy (RF) path, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The analog beamforming
has the advantage of a simple configuration and a small size.
However, phase shifter (PS) precision and noise figure (NF)
degradation due to the phased shifters and the variable gain
amplifier are performance challenges for this technique [7, 17].
Digital beamforming controls phase and amplitude after dig-
itizing the signal delivered to the analog to digital converter
(ADC) through RF and analog paths, as shown in Fig. 1(b).

Manuscript received February 22, 2021 ; Revised May 10, 2021 ; Accepted May 31, 2021. (ID No. 20210222-029J)
The Defense Space Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Korea.
*
Corresponding Author: Taehwan Joo (e-mail: jooth01@gmail.com)

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ⓒ Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science.

12
 JOO et al.: DESIGN OF A TILE-TYPE Rx MULTI-BEAM DIGITAL ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1. Comparison of Rx active phased array antennas: (a) block
diagram of RF analog beamforming, (b) block diagram of
digital beamforming, and (c) block diagram of hybrid
beamforming.
Digital beamforming has the advantages of precise phase shift-
ing and building multiple beams. However, digital beamforming
requires many ADCs and has the disadvantage of increasing
power consumption and production costs due to its signal pro-
cessing. However, due to the recent development of digital tech-
nology, these shortcomings are being overcome.
Hybrid beamforming combines the advantages of both ana-
log and digital beamforming. However, hybrid beamforming has
the disadvantage of the complexity of implementing the beam-
forming unit which controlling both analog and digital. In addi-
tion, the performance of hybrid beamforming is sub-optimal
compared to digital beamforming [18–22].
This study used a digital beamforming antenna because it has
high steering accuracy, is compact and lightweight, and can be
mounted on an aircraft for aerial relay communication. The
proposed multi-beam antenna system has the advantage on
compact integration from array antennas to digital beamforming
and tracking units with high performance of beam pointing
accuracy and gain-to-noise temperature (G/T). In addition, full
azimuth beam steering is expected to be possible by utilizing a
continuous array of presented antennas. Due to its tile structure,
the desired antenna can be easily reconstructed on various
platforms.
Section II describes the system considerations for Rx multi-
beam phased array antennas and the design of each component.
Section III describes the system implementation and the per-
formance test results of the proposed Rx multi-beam phased
array antenna.
II. DESIGN OF RX MULTI-BEAM PHASED ARRAY
ANTENNA SYSTEM
1. Design Specification of Rx Multi-Beam Antenna System
The presented Rx multi-beam antenna system considers dis-
tance coverage of about 50 km with full high definition (FHD)
transmission. The Rx multi-beam antenna requires a G/T of
-12 dB/K per beam to satisfy the link budget when the coun-
terpart mission aircraft transmits with an equivalent isotropic
radiated power (EIRP) of 19 dBW. Table 1 shows the design
goals of the Rx multi-beam antenna. The designed multi-beam
antenna occupies 40 MHz of the Ku band (about 15 GHz) as a
receiving band. The multi-beam is a 4-channel signal (ch1, ch2,
ch3, ch4) and consists of frequency division with a bandwidth of
10 MHz per channel. For the G/T, array antenna gains of 21
dBi and an NF of less than 5 dB are required. The beam steer-
ing angle coverage of the Rx antenna is from -18° to 18°, and a
pointing accuracy of less than 1° is needed.
2. Design of Rx Array Antenna Unit
The design of the Rx array antenna is shown in Fig. 2. It is
designed with a patch antenna structure to secure a wide fre-
quency range in the Ku band through slot coupling feeding. It is
designed to have dual feed structures to support circular polari-
zation. The substrate with the micro-strip patch antenna is
made of a low dielectric constant Teflon material (εr = 2.2, tanδ
= 0.0009@10 GHz). A unit patch antenna has a gain of above
Table 1. Design specification of Rx multi-beam antenna system
Item Design target
Operating frequency (GHz) Ku band (about 15)
G/T (dB/K) ≥ -12
No. of multi-beam 4 ea
Antenna gain (dBi) ≥24
Rx noise figure (dB) ≤5
Beam steering angle, azimuth (°) -18 to 18
Beam pointing error (°) ≤1
13
JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JAN. 2022

(a)

Fig. 2. Design of Rx 4 × 8 array antenna unit.

7 dBi, an axial ratio of 1.7 dB, and a beamwidth of about 78°

(b)
horizontally and vertically in simulation.
The technical concept of aerial relay communications is con-
sidered in the designing of an array antenna. The antenna system
is designed to be wide beamwidth in the elevation angle to
minimize the change in the beam steering angle due to the mis-
sion aircraft’s altitude difference. In addition, it needs to be de-
signed with narrow beamwidth in the azimuth direction to dis-
tinguish between mission aircraft in similar positions. A unit
patch antenna is arranged 4 × 8 to meet the operation require-
ments of the array antenna. The simulated gain of the designed
Rx array antenna is above 22 dBi, and the beamwidth is 9.5° in
the horizontal direction and 18° in the vertical direction. Active
S11 is designed so that the Rx antenna performance has a con-
stant matching characteristic according to the beam steering
angle. The simulated active S11 is shown as -4 dB and -10 dB (c)
in steering angles of 0° and 54°, respectively. Fig. 3. (a) Design of three-tile array antenna. (b, c) Simulated
The proposed Rx multi-beam antenna is operated by inter- three-tile array antenna pattern in H-cut and V-cut.
locking one main and two adjacent tiles. The configuration of
the adjoining tile antenna system is shown in Fig. 3(a). The Fig. 4 shows the operation of three adjacent tiles in the Rx
adjacent tiles are arranged to be inclined 32° from the main tile. multi-beam antenna system. Because the adjacent tiles are in-
This is to design an Rx antenna capable of full azimuth beam clined by 36°, the beam is steered ±36° from the adjacent tiles
steering through the additional arrangement of adjacent tiles. for boresight beam direction. The adjacent tiles direct the beam
The antenna expanding from a 4 × 8 to a 4 × 32 antenna array 54° and -18° in the adjacent (L) and adjacent (R) tile to form
can be obtained with about 1 dB loss due to its inclined tile con- an 18° beam. The adjacent tile’s steering angle is determined
figuration. This arrangement can improve antenna gain and through (1) and (2) according to the beam direction of the main
beam pointing error. The array antenna’s gain confirmed by tile for fast calculation.
simulation is above 25 dBi, and the beamwidth is 3.5° in the
𝜃 𝜃 36° (1)
horizontal direction and 18° in the vertical direction, as shown
in Fig. 3(b) and 3(c). 𝜃 𝜃 36° (2)

14
 JOO et al.: DESIGN OF A TILE-TYPE Rx MULTI-BEAM DIGITAL ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 4. Interlocking beam steering operation in three-tile array an-
tenna. Beam steering angle at (a) boresight, (b) 18°, and (c)
-18°.
3. Design of Tx-Rx Isolation Unit
In general, aerial common datalink communication operates
with frequency division duplexing (FDD) in Tx and Rx antenna
systems. It is necessary to integrate a duplexer to support FDD
with a single antenna. However, it is hard to implement a du-
plexer in a compact chip in the Ku band due to its manufactur-
ing limits. Therefore, the proposed multi-beam antenna system
is designed for the Tx and Rx antennas using space separation,
as shown in Fig. 5(a). Wide space separation can improve Tx-
Rx isolation performance, but it should be compact when con-
sidering mounting on an aircraft. The high output power of the
Tx antenna is coupled to the Rx antenna and can saturate the
Rx antenna. Therefore, it is essential to design a Tx-Rx isola-
tion unit with sufficient isolation in a compact size [23].
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. (a) Design of Tx-Rx isolation unit. (b) Simulated Tx-Rx
isolation at boresight. (c) Simulated Tx-Rx isolation in
steering 54°.
The unit power amplifier (PA) output power in the Tx an-
tenna system is 20 dBm, and the maximum available input level
of the low noise amplifier (LNA) is -35 dBm in the Rx anten-
na. Therefore, a Tx-Rx isolation unit with isolation perfor-
mance of at least -55 dB is required.
Fig. 5 shows a designed Tx-Rx isolation unit for the Rx an-
tenna system. It minimizes the nearfield signal transmitted from
the Tx antenna to the Rx antenna by increasing its electrical
length and forming a soft surface in the isolation unit. The
isolation performance by EM simulation shows -60 dB for
boresight and -56 dB for the 54° steering angle.
4. Design of RF Integration Unit
The Rx radio frequency integration (RFI) unit is composed
of an RFI module and a frequency conversion (FC) module, as
shown in Fig. 6. Because there are 32 patch antennas in one tile,
32 receiver RF paths are required. In this work, the RFI module
consists of eight radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) to
cover all Rx paths. Each RFIC consists of four LNAs, four PSs,
a 4:1 signal combiner, and a frequency down-conversion mixer.
Through RFIC, 32 Ku-band received signals are output as eight
L-band signals. In LNA, the NF is designed to be less than 7
dB, including board and feeding loss.
The frequency down-conversion module receives eight L-
band signals from RFICs and converts them into eight 100
MHz bands to deliver an ADC. In addition, to equalize the
intensity of the received signal at the ADC, the module is de-
signed to perform automatic gain control (AGC) using a varia-
ble gain amplifier (VGA) and a variable attenuator. The FC
module is designed to be adjusted in 0.5 dB steps with a maxi-
mum 50 dB gain and a minimum 15 dB gain.
15
JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JAN. 2022
RF Integration Unit
RF Integration Module
Frequency Conversion Module
100MHz
Beamforming Unit
Down-mixer
L LNA
8 8
LO
(Ku)
Cal
(L)
Fig. 6. Block diagram of RFI unit.
When considering the operating concept of a multi-beam an-
tenna for the aerial relay, there may be a mission plane in which
a communication distance difference occurs in the same beam
steering angle. The difference in the multi-beam received signal
is mostly generated due to the distance from the mission planes.
All received signals are valid ones, which include communica-
tion data. Therefore, in this receiving antenna system, the
ADC’s receiving dynamic range is designed to be 40 dB so that
100 times the difference in receiving signal power can be re-
stored. The antenna system’s minimum received input power is
-84 dBm, and the maximum received power level excluding
the Tx coupling signal, -35 dBm, is -44 dBm. Fig. 7 shows
the Rx path power budget of the RFI unit considering the multi-
beam reception dynamic range of 40 dB.
In designing an active phased array antenna, the calibration
process is essential to minimize the beam steering error and
optimize the beam pattern. The Rx internal calibration signal
can apply to the LNA input path for the calibration process
using a signal coupler. The phase and amplitude error of the
receiving path can be found. Two calibration signals are used for
Fig. 7. Rx signal power budget considering multi-beam dynamic range.
16
each RFIC after 16 branches by switching the signal for calibra-
Multi Beam RFIC (x8) tion. The Rx calibration signal is converted into L-band and
4:1 combiner converted to 100 MHz through the RFI unit. The signal is then
LNA
PS transmitted to the digital beamforming unit through an inde-
Rx
Ku Array
pendent ADC for calibration. The digital beamforming unit
PS Ant.
32 Unit checks the phase and amplitude of the signal for each Rx path,
LNA
(32ea)
PS
calculates the error, adjusts phase of the PS in the RFIC, and
PS
LNA gains of each path to make uniform in all Rx.
8
16 5. Design of Beamforming Unit
1:9 LO Divider
Fig. 8 shows the block diagram of the Rx multiple beam-
Calibration forming unit. Because each of the eight input signals contains
all four channel signals, it is necessary to separate each channel
after digital conversion. The digitally converted signal is branched
Up-mixer SW
into four signals, and a separated signal with minimized adjacent
channel interference is obtained with a digital filter designed
with a 10-MHz bandwidth. The phase weighting vector of the
desired steering angle is multiplied for the separated signals for
each channel. The Rx array antenna’s beam steering angle is
obtained with high speed and precision using the phase com-
parison mono-pulse algorithm [24, 25]. Eight signals for each
channel are synthesized into four multi-beams which the phase
weighting vector for each channel is applied. The signal of the
adjacent tile obtains a multi-beam signal in the same way. The
multi-beam signals are then synthesized in the multi-beam in-
terlocking unit.
III. MANUFACTURE AND TEST RESULTS OF
RX MULTI-BEAM ANTENNA
1. Manufacture of Multi-Beam Antenna
Fig. 9 shows the manufactured tile type multi-beam Rx
phased array antenna. The proposed receiving antenna is de-
signed in a tile with module housing instead of a tile with board-
stacked in consideration of the military operating environment’s
influence (altitude, temperature, and humidity). Because the Rx
Fig. 8. Block diagram of Rx multi-beamforming unit.
 JOO et al.: DESIGN OF A TILE-TYPE Rx MULTI-BEAM DIGITAL ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM

2. Test Configuration of Rx Multi-Beam Antenna

A Ku-band antenna scanner, a network analyzer, and a con-
trol unit are required for the performance test of the presented
Rx multi-beam phased array antenna. The proposed multi-
beam antenna receives a Ku band signal and outputs a digital
I/Q. Thus, a module that converts digital I/Q input to Ku band
is configured to test with a network analyzer. A positioner and
scanner capable of measuring a nearfield of more than four
times the scanning area of an Rx antenna are used to test the
antenna pattern accurately. Keysight E8363B and E8257D are
used as the signal analyzer and generator. The measurement
configuration is shown in Fig. 10.
The beam steering test confirmed the beam formation with
four beam angles of -18°, -9°, 9°, and 18°. This means that
four independent beams can be formed from -18° to 18° and
meet the Rx antenna requirement. The maximum pointing
error is less than 0.4°. The test results are summarized in Table 2.
(a)

3. Performance Test Results of Rx Multi-Beam Antenna

The beam pointing accuracy and G/T are tested as the main
performance indicators of the Rx multi-beam antenna system.
All tests are performed after calibration of the multi-beam an-
tenna. If more precise calibration is completed, the test results’
sidelobe level and beam pointing accuracy can be further im-
proved. First, the beam pointing accuracy test is performed by

(b)
Fig. 9. Manufactured Rx multi-beam antenna system: (a) front Fig. 10. Beam steering test configuration for Rx multi-beam antenna
view and (b) side view. system.

antenna consumes less power than the Tx antenna, performance Table 2. Summarized test results of Rx multi-beam steering (unit: °)
degradation due to heat is not significant. However, to maintain Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4
a constant temperature in consideration of high- and low-
Case I Steering angle -18 -9 18 9
temperature environmental conditions, a water-cooling heat
dissipation structure is applied. The multi-beam antenna, in- Measured angle -17.77 -9.00 18.21 9.40
cluding all Rx, Tx, and isolation structures, is presented in com- |Err| 0.23 0 0.21 0.40
pact size with a height and radius of about 27 cm and 30 cm, Case II Steering angle 9 -18 -9 18
respectively. Because the multi-beam antenna is inclined by 36° Measured angle 9.00 -17.76 -8.99 18.20
between tiles, it is possible to cover 360° in full azimuth by
|Err| 0 0.24 0.01 0.20
adding seven antenna tiles.

17
JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JAN. 2022

applying independent beam angles to confirm the simultaneous
formation of four independent multi-beams and the precision of
beam steering. The test results are shown in Fig. 11.
Regarding the boresight, the beam pointing error is below
0.1°. The beam width and 1st sidelobe level shows below 4.5°
and -15 dB for left and -13 dB for right sidelobe, respectively.
The beam steering test confirms that beam formation with four
beam angles of ±18° and ±9° is possible. This means that four
independent beams can be formed from -18° to 18° and that
they meet the Rx antenna requirement. The maximum pointing
error is less than 0.4°. The test results are summarized in Table 2.
Because it is difficult to measure G/T directly, it is calculated
using (3) for each beam of the multi-beam antenna system. The
main and adjacent tiles of the multi-beam antenna are inter-
locked, and the antenna gain is evaluated using a nearfield
measurement method. For an accurate antenna gain test, the
total tile antenna path gain is measured including the RFIC of
the RFI unit. The gain of the RFI unit is then measured with-
out the antenna unit and is excluded from the total to consider
any mismatch and feeding loss between the antenna and the
RFI unit. For the Rx NF test, four sub-array antennas are com-
bined to measure NF precisely in a single tile. Fig. 12 shows the
block diagram of each test setup for G/T.
𝐺/𝑇 / 𝐴𝑁𝑇 , 𝑁𝐹 (3)
Table 3 summarizes the test results of G/T performance for
Rx multi-beam antenna system. It shows above that there are
-6 dB/K of G/T in each multi-beam, which satisfies the design
specification of -12 dB/K. This means that the proposed Rx
multi-beam antenna can cover about 50 km with FHD trans-
mission.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed an Rx multi-beam antenna system
which available four independent beams for long distance com-

Total path gain

Active path gain
RFI
Nearfield ANT Ku L 8:1
unit
ANT #1 8 8 combiner
#1
Scanner
RFI
ANT 8:1 L 4:1 L Freq.
unit
#2 8 8 combiner combiner Converter Ku
Ku #2
RFI
ANT 8:1
unit
#3 8 8 combiner
#3

(a) Network Analyzer

(a)
Rx Multi-beam RFI

Freq.
Ku 1:4 RFIC Rx L Conversion 100MHz
Divider (4ch) Module
Noise
Source
Noise Figure
Analyzer
(b) (b)
Fig. 12. Block diagram of measurement setup for G/T: (a) Rx antenna
gain and (b) Rx noise figure.

Table 3. G/T test results of multi-beam antenna system

Beam1 Beam2 Beam3 Beam4

(Ch1) (Ch2) (Ch3) (Ch4)
Antenna gain (dB) 24.76 25.15 25.08 25.29

(c) Noise figure (dB) 5.98 5.98 5.95 5.91

Noise temp. (dBK) 30.64 30.63 30.61 30.59
Fig. 11. Test results of Rx antenna with beam steering in (a) boresight
and (b, c) independent angle of case I and case II. G/T (dB/K) -5.88 -5.48 -5.53 -5.3

18
 JOO et al.: DESIGN OF A TILE-TYPE Rx MULTI-BEAM DIGITAL ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM
munication in aerial. The multi-beams can be formed from -18°
to 18° with a beam steering error of less than 0.4°. In addition,
each multi-beam antenna has above -6 dB/K of G/T, which
satisfies long distance aerial communication requirements. The
proposed Rx multi-beam antenna has a compact size and can be
mounted on an aircraft. To the best of our knowledge, the pro-
posed multi-beam antenna is first implemented with high per-
formance of its G/T and steering accuracy in compact size.
This work was supported by the Agency for Defense
Development (No. 912649501).
REFERENCES
[1] S. Chen and J. Zhao, "The requirements, challenges, and
technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication,"
IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 36-43,
2014.
[2] A. Gupta and R. K. Jha, "A survey of 5G network: architec-
ture and emerging technologies," IEEE Access, vol. 3, pp.
1206-1232, 2015.
[3] S. Panaretos, C. Shoda, R. Relatores, J. Gordon, P. Curtis,
and D. Parker, "A broadband, low-sidelobe, dynamic weighting,
three-channel receive, X-band active array," in Proceedings
of 1996 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
Digest, San Francisco, CA, 1996, pp. 1573-1576.
[4] R. Sturdivant, C. Ly, J. Benson, and M. Hauhe, "Design
and performance of a high density 3D microwave module,"
in Proceedings of 1997 IEEE MTT-S International Micro-
wave Symposium Digest, Denver, CO, 1997, pp. 501-504.
[5] W. Hong, Z. H. Jiang, C. Yu, J. Zhou, P. Chen, Z. Yu, et al.,
"Multibeam antenna technologies for 5G wireless commu-
nications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 6231-6249, 2017.
[6] R. J. Mailloux, "Antenna array architecture," Proceedings of
the IEEE, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 163-172, 1992.
[7] D. Parker and D. C. Zimmermann, "Phased arrays, part 1:
theory and architectures," IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 678-687, 2002.
[8] H. Schippers, J. Verpoorte, A. Hulzinga, C. Roeloffzen, and
R. Baggen, "Towards structural integration of airborne Ku-
band SatCom antenna," in Proceedings of 2013 7th European
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Gothen-
burg, Sweden, 2013, pp. 2963-2967.
[9] J. U. Jeong, J. H. Ryu, T. H. Ju, G. C. Kim, I. H. Park, and J.
U. Seo, "Design technology of shape adaptive active phased
array antenna for communication," The Magazine of the
IEIE, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 39-47, 2017.
[10] T. Joo, K. Kim, and J. Seo, "Design of tile-type Rx phased-
array antenna for Ku-band satellite communications," The
Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering
and Science, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 702-711, 2019.
[11] T. Joo, K. Kim, M. Dong, and J. Seo, "Design of tile-type
Tx-phased array antenna system for Ku-band satellite
communication," The Journal of Korean Institute of Elec-
tromagnetic Engineering and Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 104-
112, 2020.
[12] T. Joo, K. Kim, Y. Kim, C. Hwang, and J. Seo, "Design of
a conformal Rx phased array antenna system for Ku-band
satellite communications," The Journal of Korean Institute
of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, vol. 31, no. 6,
pp. 495-509, 2020.
[13] J. Butler, "Beam-forming matrix simplifies design of elec-
tronically scanned antenna," Electronic Design, vol. 9, pp.
170-173, 1961.
[14] J. Blass, "Multidirectional antenna: a new approach to
stacked beams," in Proceedings of 1958 IRE International
Convention Record, New York, NY, 1960, pp. 48-50.
[15] C. H. Tseng, C. J. Chen, and T. H. Chu, "A low-cost 60-
GHz switched-beam patch antenna array with Butler
matrix network," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation
Letters, vol. 7, pp. 432-435, 2008.
[16] C. C. Chang, T. Y. Chin, J. C. Wu, and S. F. Chang, "Nov-
el design of a 2.5-GHz fully integrated CMOS Butler
matrix for smart-antenna systems," IEEE Transactions on
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1757-
1763, 2008.
[17] K. J. Maalouf and E. Lier, "Theoretical and experimental
study of interference in multibeam active phased array
transmit antenna for satellite communications," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 52, no. 2, pp.
587-592, 2004.
[18] D. Sikri and R. M. Jayasuriya, "Multi-beam phased array
with full digital beamforming for SATCOM and 5G,"
Microwave Journal, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 64-79, 2019.
[19] S. Hans, "Digital beamforming antennas: an introduc-
tion," Microwave Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 107-124, 1987.
[20] J. D. Fredrick, Y. Wang, and T. Itoh, "A smart antenna
receiver array using a single RF channel and digital beam-
forming," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3052-3058, 2002.
[21] J. Zhang, W. Wu, and D. G. Fang, "Single RF channel
digital beamforming multibeam antenna array based on
time sequence phase weighting," IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 514-516, 2011.
[22] T. Nishio, H. P. Tsai, Y. Wang, and T. Itoh, "A high-speed
adaptive antenna array with simultaneous multibeam-
forming capability," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
19
JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 22, NO. 1, JAN. 2022
and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 2483-2494, 2003.
[23] Y. D. Kim, T. Joo, C. H. Hwang, K. Kim, and J. S. Jung,
"Antenna isolation method using sub-array structure with
soft-surface for Tx/Rx separated FDD hybrid beamforming
system," Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications,
Taehwan Joo
received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Pusan National University in Busan, Korea in 2008
and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology (KAIST) in Daejeon, Korea in 2010
and 2014, respectively. In 2016, he joined the Agency
for Defense Development(ADD) as senior researcher
in Daejeon, Korea. His research interests are RF
transceivers and datalink systems.
Chanho Hwang
received B.S. and M.S. degree in radio communica-
tion engineering from National Korea Maritime &
Ocean University in Busan, South Korea in 2013
and 2015, respectively. In 2016, he joined the Agen-
cy for Defense Development (ADD) in Daejeon,
Korea. His research interests include signal pro-
cessing for wireless communication and datalink
systems.
Juman Park
received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Kyungnam University in Changwon, Korea in 2009
and an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Kyungpook National University in Daegu Korea in
2011. In 2012, he joined the Agency for Defense
Development (ADD) in Daejeon, Korea. His re-
search interests are RF transceivers and software-
defined networks.
20
vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 620-633, 2021.
[24] D. R. Rhodes, Introduction to Monopulse. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 1959.
[25] S. M. Sherman and D. K. Barton, Monopulse Principles
and Techniques, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2011.
Kichul Kim
received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Yeongnam University in Deagu, Korea in 2007, an
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in
Gwangju, Korea in 2011, and a Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Korea Advanced Insti-
tute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Dae-
jeon, Korea in 2016. From 2007 to 2009, he was
with Samsung Thales, Yongin, Korea. In 2016, he joined the Agency for
Defense Development (ADD) in Daejeon, Korea. His research interests
are RF integrated circuits, RF components, and communication systems.
Jaesoo Jung
received a B.S. degree in computer engineering from
Dong-A University in Busan, Korea in 1988 and an
M.S. degree in computer engineering from
Kyungpook National University in Daegu, Korea in
1990. In 1990, he joined the Agency for Defense
Development (ADD) in Daejeon, Korea. His re-
search interests are computer network protocols and
mobile ad-hoc systems.