ELECTRICITY & NUCLEAR ENERGY IN RUSSIA

SAJIDA KHALID
MS-ESS
ESS-591
26.12.2017
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

 Country Profile
 Energy Profile
 Electricity generation in Russia
 Nuclear energy for electricity generation
RUSSIA-COUNTRY
PROFILE
 Officially known as the Russian
Federation
 Largest country in the world by
surface area, covering more than
one-eighth of the Earth's
inhabited land area
 Capital: Moscow
 Population: 144 million (at the
end of March 2016); ninth most
populated country of the world
 Area: 17075200.00 km²
 GDP: $4,000 billion (2017)
 Government Type: Federalism
 HDI: 49 (2015) Image source: CIA World Factbook
ENERGY PROFILE
RUSSIA-ENERGY OVERVIEW

 One of the top producers and consumers of electric power in the world with installed generation capacity of
more than 240 gigawatts
 For 2016, gross electric power generation: 1,071 billion kilowatt-hours, consumption: about 900 billion kWh
 World’s largest producer of crude oil, second largest producer of dry natural gas and significant amounts of coal
 Oil and natural gas accounts for 36% of federal budget revenues (Annual report on execution of the federal
budget, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
 Fourth largest generator of nuclear power and fifth largest installed nuclear capacity (International Atomic Energy
Association, Power Reactor Information Service, 2017)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCES IN RUSSIA

13% Natural Gas  Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) are used to
generate about two-thirds of Russia's electricity,
13% Petroleum
 Most of the fossil fuel-fired generation comes from
52% Coal natural gas.
22% Nuclear, renewables and  Hydropower and nuclear each accounting for about
other
one-sixth of total electric generation.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration based on BP Statistical

Review of World Energy 2017
DRIVER FOR USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

 Russia is the fourth largest Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitter in the world contributing to 4.53% of total CO2
emissions in the world. Total CO2 emissions were 1468.99 million metric tons (IEA, 2015)
 Russia is listed in Annex I of United Nation Framework on Climate Change (UNFCC) and Annex B Party of
Kyoto Protocol
 As part of plan of action to achieve targets defined by UNFCC and Kyoto Protocol, Russian government is
considering shift towards RES.
 The legal framework to promote energy efficiency can bring substantial reductions in CO2 emissions if effectively
implemented.
 President issued Decree no. 752 on September 30, 2013 on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction,
requesting the government to facilitate GHG emission reduction to level of no more than 75% of emission levels
recorded in 1990.
 According to International Finance Corporation calculations, if 4.5% of electricity in Russia could be produced
with RES in 2020, this could bring a GHG emission reduction of approximately 18 Mt CO2 /yr.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

 Legislative and regulatory provisions with the aim of increasing the production of electricity from RES could also
facilitate CO2 emission reductions.
 In Energy Policy 2009, Russia’s Energy Strategy to 2030 was developed which outlines strategic objectives for the
use of renewable and local energy sources, including:
• reducing the anthropogenic impact on climate change while meeting growing energy demand;
• the rational use of available fossil fuels;
• maintaining the health and quality of life of the population; reducing government health expenditure;
• reducing the rate of increase in the costs of electricity transmission and distribution and related electricity losses;
diversifying the country’s fuel and energy mix;
• enhancing security of energy supply through decentralization.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN RUSSIA
ELECTRIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION

 A number of ministries and regulatory agencies are involved in the electric sector.
 The Ministry for Economic Development supervises tariffs and investment in the energy sector.
 The Ministry of Energy is in charge of general energy policy, including development of the legal framework for the
electric sector. It also approves investment plans for Russia’s electric transmission system.
 The main regulatory agency involved in the sector is the Federal Antimonopoly Service. It regulates transmission tariffs
and oversees compliance with the unbundling rules and charges of abuse of market dominance in competitive electric
markets.
 The state atomic energy corporation, Rosatom, controls all aspects of the nuclear sector in Russia, including uranium
mining, fuel production, nuclear plant engineering and construction, generation of nuclear power, and nuclear plant
decommissioning.
 The Russian electric sector was restructured in the past decade, and much of it was privatized. Most of Russia’s fossil-
fueled power generation was privatized, while nuclear and hydropower remain under state control.
POWER SYSTEMS IN ELECTRIC SECTOR

 Russia has seven regional power systems in the electric sector.

 These systems are: Northwest, Center, South, Middle Volga, Urals, Siberia, and Far East.
 The Far East system is fragmented with a weak connection to its neighbor to the west, the Siberian system.
 The Siberian system is also weakly connected with its neighbor to the west, the Urals system.
 The remaining five systems covering European Russia are well-integrated with one another and connected to
systems in neighboring countries.
 The Federal Grid Company controls most of the transmission and distribution infrastructure in Russia. More than
70% of it was owned by the Russian government (directly and through Gazprom). The grid comprises more than
1.5 million miles of power lines, including slightly less than 100,000 miles of high-voltage cables of 220 kilovolts
(Kv) or more.
NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
CURRENT SCENARIO & FUTURE OPTIONS
 CHRONOLOGY

1954 1963-64 1971-73 Mid 1980

• Russia’s first nuclear power plant • First two commercial-scale • First of today’s production model • Twenty-five nuclear power plants
5 MWe Obninsk reactor started nuclear power plants started up. was commissioned. were in operation but nuclear
working. industry was beset by problems

1986 1991 1992 2001

• Chernobyl accident; destruction
of Chernobyl 4 reactor in
Ukraine.
• Collapse of Soviet Union leading
to shortage of funds for nuclear
development and stalling of
projects
• Establishment of Rosenergoatom;
Russia’s sole nuclear power
plants operating facility
• Reconstitution of
Rosenergoatom; revival of
delayed projects; Rostov 1
(2001), Kalinin 3 (2004), Rostov 2
(2010), Kalinin 4 (2011)
PRESENT NUCLEAR CAPACITY

 Total 35 operating reactors with capacity of 26,983 Mwe

 3 early VVER-440/230 or similar pressurized water reactors.
 2 later VVER-440/213 pressurized water reactors.
 12 current-generation VVER-1000 pressurized water reactors with a full containment structure, mostly V-320 types.
 One new-generation VVER-1200 reactor.
 13 RBMK light water graphite reactors (LWGR) now unique to Russia.
 4 small graphite-moderated BWR reactors in eastern Siberia, constructed in the 1970s for cogeneration (EGP-6 models
on linked map) and due to be decommissioned by 2022.
 One BN-600 fast neutron reactor and one BN-800.
 Apart from Bilibino, several reactors supply district heating – a total of over 11 PJ/yr.
 PRESENT NUCLEAR CAPACITY (….CONTINUED)
Capacity Comm. Licensed/ Capacity Comm. Licensed/ Capacity Comm. Licensed/
Reactor Reactor Reactor
(Mwe) Operation Sch. close (Mwe) Operation Sch. close (Mwe) Operation Sch. close

Balakovo 1 988 5/86 2043 Kola 1 432 12/73 2028 Leningrad 4 925 8/81 2026
Novovoronezh
Balakovo 2 988 1/88 2033 Kola 2 411 2/75 2029 385 3/73 2032
4
Novovoronezh 2035
Balakovo 3 988 4/89 2049 Kola 3 440 12/82 2027 950 2/81
5 potential
Novovoronezh
Balakovo 4 988 12/93 2053 Kola 4 440 12/84 2039 1114 2/2017 2077
6
Beloyarsk 3 560 11/81 2025 Kursk 1 971 10/77 2022 Smolensk 1 925 9/83 2028

Beloyarsk 4 789 10/16 2056 Kursk 2 971 8/79 2024 Smolensk 2 925 7/85 2030
Dec 2018,
Bilibino 1-4 11 4/74-1/77 Kursk 3 971 3/84 2029 Smolensk 3 925 1/90 2050
Dec 2021
Kalinin 1 988 6/85 2045 Kursk 4 925 2/86 2031 Rostov 1 990 3/2001 2030?

Kalinin 2 988 3/87 2047 Leningrad 1 925 11/74 2019 Rostov 2 990 10/2010 2040

Kalinin 3 988 11/2005 2065 Leningrad 2 971 2/76 2021 Rostov 3 1011 9/2015 2045

Kalinin 4 988 9/2012 2072 Leningrad 3 971 6/80 2025 Total 26,865 35 plants
CURRENTLY EMPLOYED TECHNOLOGIES

 Aluminum and nuclear power

 Nuclear icebreakers and merchant-ships
 Floating nuclear power plants
 Heating
 Heavy Engineering and Turbine generators
CURRENT SCENARIO AND CHALLENGES

 Energy demand in Russia rose in 2010 after more than a decade of stagnation.
 More than 25% of currently operating plants (about 50GWe) are approaching end of their design life.
 Gazprom cut back on the very high level of natural gas supplies for electricity generation because it can make
about five times as much money by exporting the gas to the west (over 30% of EU gas comes from Russia).
 In early 2017 the CEO of Rosatom indicated that the government would end state support for the construction
of new nuclear units in 2020, so Rosatom must learn to earn money on its own, primarily via commercial nuclear
energy projects in the international market. (The theme of optimization of the management system)
 Rosatom's current long-term strategy up to 2050 involves moving to inherently safe nuclear plants using fast
reactors with a closed fuel cycle, especially under the Proryv (Breakthrough) project.
 The ultimate aim of the closed fuel cycle is to eliminate the production of radioactive waste from power
generation.
LIFE EXTENSIONS,
ADDITIONS &
RETIREMENTS
 Generally, Russian reactors were
originally licensed for 30 years
from first power. Late in 2000,
plans were announced for
lifetime extensions of 12 first-
generation reactors totalling 5.7
GWe, necessitating major
investment in refurbishing
them. However, the cost of this is
generally only one-fifth that of
building replacement capacity. In
2014 a new state program on
licence extension was approved,
bringing standards into line with
international ones.
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR FUTURE

 The technology future for Russia is focused on four elements:

I. Serial construction of AES-2006 units, with increased service life to 60 years,
II. Fast breeder BN-800,
III. Small and medium reactors – KLT-40 and VBER-300,
IV. High temperature reactors (HTR).
 Rosatom’s Proryv (Breakthrough) Project envisages development of fast neutron power reactors with closed fuel cycle
to ensure full fuel recycling.
 Federal Target Program: Advanced Nuclear Power Technologies 2010-2020 focusing on two fast reactor implementation
options:
I. Lead cooled fast reactor (e.g., BREST)
II. More favored option of multi-purpose fast neutron research reactor (MBIR)
QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU ☺