GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABD

(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. Of Maharashtra)

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“Floating nuclear power plant”

Submitted by

Khan Namira (173326)

Under the guidance of

Prof. S.R.BHASME

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Academic Year 2019-20)

 Government Polytechnic, Aurangabad
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Maharashtra)

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Khan Namira Enrollment No.:173326 of fifth semester of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering(Second shift), has completed the Seminar Satisfactory in
subject Seminar(6E501) for the academic year 2018-2019 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Prof. S.R Bhasme Prof.F.A.Khan

(HOD and Guide) (Principal)
 GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

VISION
To develop technicians and entrepreneurs of international standard in the
area of smart renewable energy system through academic excellence blended
learning and industrial practices to sustain challenges of Industry and Society.

MISSION

To provide quality technician education and to create citizens having

multifaceted proactive personality and life-long learning skills leading to
enhancement in employment including self employment.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Professor S.R BHASME for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to
present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went through my
work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized
and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It
helped my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least; I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to
complete my report on time.

Yours Sincerely,
Khan Namira
 Index
Chapter no Topic name Page no
1 1.1: Abstract 6 to 8
1.2: Introduction
1.3: History of FNPP

2 2.1: Technical characteristics 10 to 11

2.2: Contractors
2.3: Locations

3 3.1: Construction 13 to 23
3.1.1: Specification of FNPP
3.1.2: Specification of reactor
3.2: Protection of reactor
3.3: Key factor of reactor
3.4: Components of nuclear reactor
3.5: Fueling of reactor
3.6: Power rating of reactor
3.7: Lifetime of reactor
3.8: Capacity of FNPP

4 4.1: Working of FNPP 25 to 28

4.2: Block diagram
4.3: Safety
5 5.1: Pros 29 to 33
5.2: Cons and future interpretatioms
6 6.1: Conclusion 34 to 37
6.2: Refrences and List of figures
 Chapter : 1

1.1: Abstract

1.2: Introduction

1.3: History of Floating nuclear power plant

 Abstract

The article considers efficiency issues of the innovative project construction of floating
nuclear power station (FNPS) as the instrument of increasing investment attractiveness of
the region. The project is aimed to ensure energy supply in the Arctic zone of the Russian
Federation. The necessity of building a FNPS is determined by the requirement to ensure
the independence from transport infrastructure, logistics and pricing for the delivery of fuel.
The long-term development of the district, aimed to attract prospective investors through
the formation of the necessary infrastructure, enabling large companies to make the
necessary investments in the cluster area.
 Introduction
What is floating nuclear power plant?

A floating nuclear power plant is a site with one or more nuclear reactors, located on a
platform at sea.

It is an autonomous site that can provide electricity and heat to areas with difficult access,
such as the cold Northern territories. It can also provide drinking water to dry areas, via
desalination techniques.

The first floating power plant in Russia

The world’s first floating nuclear power plant is currently being built at the Baltiysky Zavod
shipyard in Saint Petersburg, Russia. This site, known as Akademik Lomonosov, is the
property of the Russian nuclear operator. It contains two KLT-40C naval propulsion
reactors with a 35 MWe capacity each. These are mounted on a barge that is 144 meters
long by 30 meters wide. The plant does not self propel, but must be towed to its destination
and dock at the required port. Operation is previewed for 2017 at the Chukotka district, in
Northwestern Russia.
 History
In 2000 the project for a floating power station began when the Ministry for Atomic Energy
of the Russian Federation (Rosatom) chose in Arkhangels Oblast as the construction site,
Sevmash was appointed as general contractor. Construction of the first power station, the
Akademik Lomonosov, started on 15 April 2007 at the Sevmash Submarine-Building Plant
in Severodvinsk. However, in August 2008 construction works were transferred to the
Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg, which is also responsible for the construction of future
vessels. Akademik Lomonosov was launched on 1 July 2010, at a cost of 6 billion rubles
(232 m$).In 2015 construction of a second vessel starting in 2019 was announced by
Russia's state nuclear corporation Rosatom.
 Chapter : 2

2.1: Technical characteristics

2.2: Contractors

2.3: Locations
 Technical characteristics

The floating nuclear power station is a non-self propelled vessel. It has length of 144.4
metres (474 ft), width of 30 metres (98 ft), height of 10 metres (33 ft), and draught of 5.6
metres (18 ft). The vessel has a displacement of 21,500 tonnes and a crew of 69 peopleEach
vessel of this type has two modified KLT-40 naval propulsion reactors together providing
up to 70 MW of electricity or 300 MW of heat, or cogeneration of electricity and heat
for district heating, enough for a city with a population of 200,000 people. It could also be
modified as a desalination plant producing 240,000 cubic meters of fresh water a
day Smaller modification of the plant will be fitted with two ABV-6M reactors with the
electrical power around 18 MWe (megawatts of electricity). The much larger VBER-
300 917 MW thermal or 325 MWe and the slightly larger RITM-200 55 MWe reactors have
both been considered as a potential energy source for these floating nuclear power stations.
 Contractors

The hull and sections of vessels are to be built by the Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg.
Reactors are designed by OKBM Afrikantov and assembled by Nizhniy Novgorod Research
and Development Institute Atomenergoproekt (both part of Atomenergoprom. The reactor
vessels are produced by Izhorskiye Zavody. Kaluga Turbine Plant supplies the turbo-
generators.

Locations

Floating nuclear power stations are planned to be used mainly in the Russian Arctic. Five of
these will be used by Gazprom for offshore oil and gas field development and for operations
on the Kola and Yamal peninsulas. Other locations include Dudinka on the Taymyr
Peninsula, Vilyuchinsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Pevek on the Chukchi Peninsula.
In 2007, Rosatom signed an agreement with the Sakha Republic to build a floating plant for
its northern parts, using smaller ABV reactors. According to Rosatom, 15 countries,
including China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria, Namibia, Cape Verde and Argentina, have
shown interest in hiring such a device. It has been estimated that 75% of the world's
population live within 100 miles of a port city
 Chapter : 3

3.1: construction
3.1.1:specifications of FNPP
3.1.2:Technical specification of reactor
3.2: Protection of reactor
3.3: Key factor of reactor
3.4 Components of nuclear reactor
3.5: Fueling of FNPP reactor
3.6: Power rating of reactor
3.7: Lifetime of reactor
3.8: Capacity of FNPP
 Technical specifications of Floating nuclear power plant
.Length(M): 144.4

.Width(M): 30

.Board height(M): 10

.Draught(M):5.6

.Displacement(Tons): 21,500

.Reactor unit :KLT-40C

.No of reactor units:2

.Electrical power(MW):2*35

.Heat power(Kcal/hr):2*73

.Required persons(per shift):69

 Technical specification of reactor

.Type of reactor is KLT-40C

.Pressurised light water reactor

.Steam generation 240 Tons/hr

.Steam pressure 3.8 M Pa

.Steam temperature 290`c

.Fuel load(U-235)=996kg(608 days)

 Protection of reactor
.An emergency core cooling system

.An emergency protection system for the reactor core in the event of over pressurizations

.Emergency valves depressurizing the first cooling circuit into the surrounding water basin

.A heat condenser system

.A system for putting a liquid absorber (cdno3)into the primary coolant ,which will
transport it into the reactor core

.Pressure regulating devices (PRDs) cutting of the power supply to the SG and APM drive
mechanisms at core pressure levels exceeding 200kg/cm2
 Key factor of reactor

In 2000 when a powerful explosion disabled the submarines electricity supply and its hull
filled with water ,the nuclear reactor KLT-40S was turned off automatically by a signal
from the security system .When the submarine was later raised. It still contained a safe and
sound reactor ,ready to operate .
 Components of a nuclear reactor

There are several components common to most types of reactors:

Fuel. Uranium is the basic fuel. Usually pellets of uranium oxide (UO2) are arranged in
tubes to form fuel rods. The rods are arranged into fuel assemblies in the reactor core.* In a
1000 MWe class PWR there might be 51,000 fuel rods with over 18 million pellets.
* In a new reactor with new fuel a neutron source is needed to get the reaction going.
Usually this is beryllium mixed with polonium, radium or other alpha-emitter. Alpha
particles from the decay cause a release of neutrons from the beryllium as it turns to carbon-
12. Restarting a reactor with some used fuel may not require this, as there may be enough
neutrons to achieve criticality when control rods are removed.
Moderator. Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from fission so
that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite.
Control rods. These are made with neutron-absorbing material such as cadmium, hafnium
or boron, and are inserted or withdrawn from the core to control the rate of reaction, or to
halt it.* In some PWR reactors, special control rods are used to enable the core to sustain a
low level of power efficiently. (Secondary control systems involve other neutron absorbers,
usually boron in the coolant – its concentration can be adjusted over time as the fuel burns
up.) PWR control rods are inserted from the top, BWR cruciform blades from the bottom of
the core.
* In fission, most of the neutrons are released promptly, but some are delayed. These are
crucial in enabling a chain reacting system (or reactor) to be controllable and to be able to
be held precisely critical.
Coolant. A fluid circulating through the core so as to transfer the heat from it. In light water
reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant. Except in BWRs, there is
secondary coolant circuit where the water becomes steam. (See also later section on primary
coolant characteristics.) A PWR has two to four primary coolant loops with pumps, driven
either by steam or electricity – China’s Hualong One design has three, each driven by a 6.6
MW electric motor, with each pump set weighing 110 tonnes.
Pressure vessel or pressure tubes. Usually a robust steel vessel containing the reactor core
and moderator/coolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fuel and conveying the
coolant through the surrounding moderator.
Steam generator. Part of the cooling system of pressurised water reactors (PWR & PHWR)
where the high-pressure primary coolant bringing heat from the reactor is used to make
steam for the turbine, in a secondary circuit. Essentially a heat exchanger like a motor car
radiator.* Reactors have up to six 'loops', each with a steam generator. Since 1980 over 110
PWR reactors have had their steam generators replaced after 20-30 years service, 57 of
these in USA.
for transferring heat from one fluid to another – here from high-pressure primary circuit in
PWR to secondary circuit where water turns to steam. Each structure weighs up to 800
tonnes and contains from 300 to 16,000 tubes about 2 cm diameter for the primary coolant,
which is radioactive due to nitrogen-16 (N-16, formed by neutron bombardment of oxygen,
with half-life of 7 seconds). The secondary water must flow through the support structures
for the tubes. The whole thing needs to be designed so that the tubes don't vibrate and fret,
operated so that deposits do not build up to impede the flow, and maintained chemically to
avoid corrosion. Tubes which fail and leak are plugged, and surplus capacity is designed to
allow for this. Leaks can be detected by monitoring N-16 levels in the steam as it leaves the
steam generator.
Containment. The structure around the reactor and associated steam generators which is
designed to protect it from outside intrusion and to protect those outside from the effects of
radiation in case of any serious malfunction inside. It is typically a metre-thick concrete and
steel structure.
Newer Russian and some other reactors install core melt localisation devices or 'core
catchers' under the pressure vessel to catch any melted core material in the event of a major
accident.
There are several different types of reactors as indicated in the following table.
Nuclear power plants in commercial operation or operable
 Fuelling a nuclear power reactor

Most reactors need to be shut down for refuelling, so that the reactor vessel can be opened
up. In this case refuelling is at intervals of 12, 18 or 24 months, when a quarter to a third of
the fuel assemblies are replaced with fresh ones. The CANDU and RBMK types have
pressure tubes (rather than a pressure vessel enclosing the reactor core) and can be refuelled
under load by disconnecting individual pressure tubes.
If graphite or heavy water is used as moderator, it is possible to run a power reactor on
natural instead of enriched uranium. Natural uranium has the same elemental composition
as when it was mined (0.7% U-235, over 99.2% U-238), enriched uranium has had the
proportion of the fissile isotope (U-235) increased by a process called enrichment,
commonly to 3.5 - 5.0%. In this case the moderator can be ordinary water, and such reactors
are collectively called light water reactors. Because the light water absorbs neutrons as well
as slowing them, it is less efficient as a moderator than heavy water or graphite.
During operation, some of the U-238 is changed to plutonium, and Pu-239 ends up
providing about one third of the energy from the fuel.
In most reactors the fuel is ceramic uranium oxide (UO2 with a melting point of 2800°C)
and most is enriched. The fuel pellets (usually about 1 cm diameter and 1.5 cm long) are
typically arranged in a long zirconium alloy (zircaloy) tube to form a fuel rod, the zirconium
being hard, corrosion-resistant and transparent to neutrons.* Numerous rods form a fuel
assembly, which is an open lattice and can be lifted into and out of the reactor core. In the
most common reactors these are about 4 metres long. A BWR fuel assembly may be about
320 kg, a PWR one 655 kg, in which case they hold 183 kg uranium and 460 kgU
respectively. In both, about 100 kg of zircaloy is involved.
* Zirconium is an important mineral for nuclear power, where it finds its main use. It is
therefore subject to controls on trading. It is normally contaminated with hafnium, a neutron
absorber, so very pure 'nuclear grade' Zr is used to make the zircaloy, which is about 98%
Zr plus about 1.5% tin, also iron, chromium and sometimes nickel to enhance its strength. 
A significant industry initiative is to develop accident-tolerant fuels which are more
resistant to melting under conditions such as those in the Fukushima accident, and with the
cladding being more resistant to oxidation with hydrogen formation at very high
temperatures under such conditions.
Burnable poisons are often used in fuel or coolant to even out the performance of the reactor
over time from fresh fuel being loaded to refuelling. These are neutron absorbers which
decay under neutron exposure, compensating for the progressive build up of neutron
absorbers in the fuel as it is burned. The best known is gadolinium, which is a vital
ingredient of fuel in naval reactors where installing fresh fuel is very inconvenient, so
reactors are designed to run more than a decade between refuellings. Gadolinium is
incorporated in the ceramic fuel pellets. An alternative is zirconium diboride integral fuel
burnable absorber (IFBA) as a thin coating on normal pellets.
Gadolinium, mostly at up to 3g oxide per kilogram of fuel, requires slightly higher fuel
enrichment to compensate for it, and also after burn-up of about 17 GWd/t it retains about
4% of its absorbtive effect and does not decrease further. The ZrB 2 IFBA burns away more
steadily and completely, and has no impact on fuel pellet properties. It is now used in most
US reactors and a few in Asia. China has the technology for AP1000 reactors.

The power rating of a nuclear power reactor

Nuclear plant reactor power outputs are quoted in three ways:

 Thermal MWt, which depends on the design of the actual nuclear reactor itself, and
relates to the quantity and quality of the steam it produces.
 Gross electrical MWe indicates the power produced by the attached steam turbine
and generator, and also takes into account the ambient temperature for the condenser
circuit (cooler means more electric power, warmer means less). Rated gross power
assumes certain conditions with both.
 Net electrical MWe, which is the power available to be sent out from the plant to the
grid, after deducting the electrical power needed to run the reactor (cooling and
feed-water pumps, etc.) and the rest of the plant.*

* Net electrical MWe and gross MWe vary slightly from summer to winter, so normally the
lower summer figure, or an average figure, is used. If the summer figure is quoted plants
may show a capacity factor greater than 100% in cooler times. Watts Bar PWR in
Tennessee is reported to run at about 1125 MWe in summer and about 1165 MWe net in
winter, due to different condenser cooling water temperatures. Some design options, such as
powering the main large feedwater pumps with electric motors (as in EPR or Hualong One)
rather than steam turbines (taking steam before it gets to the main turbine-generator),
explains some gross to net differences between different reactor types. The EPR has a
relatively large drop from gross to net MWe for this reason, and as noted above the Hualong
One needs 20 MWe to run its primary pumps.
.
 Lifetime of nuclear reactors

Most of today's nuclear plants which were originally designed for 30 or 40-year operating
lives. However, with major investments in systems, structures and components lives can be
extended, and in several countries there are active programs to extend operating lives. In the
USA most of the more than one hundred reactors are expected to be granted licence
extensions from 40 to 60 years. This justifies significant capital expenditure in upgrading
systems and components, including building in extra performance margins.
Some components simply wear out, corrode or degrade to a low level of efficiency. These
need to be replaced. Steam generators are the most prominent and expensive of these, and
many have been replaced after about 30 years where the reactor otherwise has the prospect
of running for 60 years. This is essentially an economic decision. Lesser components are
more straightforward to replace as they age. In Candu reactors, pressure tube replacement
has been undertaken on some plants after about 30 years operation.
A second issue is that of obsolescence. For instance, older reactors have analogue
instrument and control systems. Thirdly, the properties of materials may degrade with age,
particularly with heat and neutron irradiation. In respect to all these aspects, investment is
needed to maintain reliability and safety. Also, periodic safety reviews are undertaken on
older plants in line with international safety conventions and principles to ensure that safety
margins are maintained.
Another important issue is knowledge management over the full lifecycle from design,
through construction and operation to decommissioning for reactors and other facilities.
This may span a century and involve several countries, and involve a succession of
companies. The plant lifespan will cover several generations of engineers. Data needs to be
transferable across several generations of software and IT hardware, as well as being shared
with other operators of similar plants.* Significant modifications may be made to the design
over the life of the plant, so original documentation is not sufficient, and loss of design base
knowledge can have huge implications (e.g. Pickering A and Bruce A in Ontario).
Knowledge management is often a shared responsibility and is essential for effective
decision-making and the achievement of plant safety and economics.
 Capacity of FNPP

. FNPP generates 70MW which is sufficient to supply 2,00,000 people.

.Will also able to supply desalinate sea water.

.On desalination mode it produce 2,40,000 cubic meters of fresh water a day

.Also save up to 2,00,000 meteric tones of coal.

.Also save 1,00,000 tons of fuel oil.

 Chapter: 4

4.1: Working of FNPP

4.2: Bock diagram

4.3: Safety
Working of FNPP
 Working:
As discussed that the equipments used in FNPP are standarised due to its placed on ship for
maintaining weight.The platforms of FNPP provides the electricity to the areas where
demand is increased.On the shipyard there is fuel room to store the fuel . The floating
power stations need to be refueled every three years while saving up to 200,000 metric tons
of coal and 100,000 tons of fuel oil a year. The reactors are supposed to have a lifespan of
40 years. Every 12 years, the whole plant will be towed home and overhauled at the wharf
where it was constructed. The manufacturer will arrange for the disposal of the nuclear
waste and maintenance is provided by the infrastructure of the Russian nuclear industry.
Thus, virtually no radiation traces are expected at the place where the power station
produced its energy.
as fuel to power nuclear reactors.In a nuclear reactor, uranium atoms are split into smaller
parts by changing their molecular structure using the fission process. The energy released In
reactor Uranium, a naturally radioactive element abundantly found in most rocks, is used
during this split creates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to
generate electricity.The nuclear fission process is an extremely efficient way to produce
power – one uranium pellet, the size of a fingertip, produces the same amount of energy as
480 liters of oil or 1 ton of coal.Nuclear energy is one of the most environmentally friendly
methods of producing electricity, as nuclear plants do not burn fossil fuels thus they do not
produce greenhouse gas emissions.After that steam turbies of standarised used to create
mechanical energy and then by alternator to electrical energy.Then power is transferred to
the platforms then its transferred to needy areas.The reactors in FNPP use fuel in the form
of ceramic uranium dioxide pellets that are sealed within metal rods. After the usable
uranium is gone from the rods, the rods must be disposed of. But first, the rods are often
processed with chemicals to draw out any unused uranium; this results in HLW, which is
liquid waste. Then the rods are usually stored in pools of water near the reactor until a
permanent location is prepared.As of this writing, there are more than 29,000 tons of spent
fuel rods worldwide. In the United States, many of those rods still sit idle near power plants,
because there are few permanent disposal sites.Low-level waste (often from hospitals or
labs) can often be compacted or incinerated in a container that is subsequently buried a
landfill. Intermediate-level waste (reactor components, chemicals and similar wastes),
which have higher levels of radioactivity, may be solidified in concrete or bitumen and then
buried deep underground.or in the sea far from urban areas.
Block diagram:
 Safety:
Environmental groups are concerned that floating plants will be more vulnerable to
accidents and terrorism than land-based stations. They point to a history of naval and
nuclear accidents in Russia and the former Soviet Union, including the Chernobyl
disaster of 1986.[15] Russia does have 50 years of experience operating a fleet of nuclear-
powered icebreakers that are also used for scientific and Arctic tourism expeditions.
Its designrd to be protected from the following potential terrorist threats using finger print
and IRIS identification technologies.
Nothing would destroy the reactor even if an airliner as big as boeng crashes on the plant.
Unauthorized access to fissle materials on board the plant.
 Chapter :5

5.1: Pros

5.2: Corns

5.3: Future interpretations

 Pros:
Experts consider that this type of plant offers many advantages. To start with, it can be built
at a factory or shipyard, eliminating the need to set up a special site for its construction.
Location is also simplified, since it is not necessary to carry out viability studies on the land
and land environment. Additionally, it has a very low environmental impact and the
dismantling can be done in a specialized site. The sea environment, however, makes it
necessary to take a few factors into account, such as access for the staff and the equipment,
as well as the need to make sure that the radioactive material is never leaked to the sea.

Located in the sea means reactors will be less vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunami waves
due to waves being smaller out at sea. Seismic waves would be absorbed by the ocean.

Sea water would be employed as a coolant so the potential for meltdowns, like Fukushima
would be dramatically reduced.

Small floating reactors could be scaled up or moved around to areas considered vulnerable
to tsunamis to avoid potential disasters, but also moved to support areas with limited energy
 Cons:

 What would happen to the surrounding marine life should an uncontained nuclear
meltdown occur at sea?
 Terrorism. MIT researchers claim that offshore nukes would be harder to attack, but
on the other hand, they would also be tough to defend.

Expert commentators has warned that the cons should not dampen enthusiasm for the idea.
Nuclear has taken a massive hit in the public-eye for safety, but if the technology can be de-
risked, surely its worth looking into more with the Russians leading the world.

Research for the future

In the field of research, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) is currently
developing a small offshore nuclear power plant (OFNP) which would be located at a
minimum distance of 12 km from the coast. The plant combines two established and proven
technologies: the nuclear reactor and the offshore oil platform. It would be placed on deep
waters far from coastal populations, and would only be connected to land by an underwater
energy transmission line. By placing the platform on an area with a depth of at least 100
meters, the sea water absorbs the movements of the sea floor and protects the plant from
earthquakes and tsunamis. The sea can also be an infinite source of cooling water in case of
an emergency.

The design consists of a cylindrical platform. The smaller version is 45 meters wide and
would produce 300 MW of electricity. An alternative, larger design could reach 1100 MW,
with 75 meters of diameter. In both cases, and in the same way as oil platforms, these sites
include staff accommodation and a heliport for transport.

The site would be entirely built in a shipyard, and at the end of its operative life it would
return to the shipyard for dismantling.

MIT's research team believes that its future floating site has enough potential to enerateg
positive change in the economy of nuclear power It has the economic advantage of
"factory" production of multiple units, but each unit is big enough to benefit from
economies of scale. Additionally, since it is mobile it can be transported wherever it is
needed. 

MIT considers that, if the project thrives, the first OFNP could go into operation in about 15
years, just on time to contribute to the massive growth in the use of nuclear energy that will
be necessary to fight climate change.
 Chapter :6

6.1: Conclusion

6.2: References

6.3: list of figures

Conclusion
To fulfil the increasing energy demand the people and saving of land this seminar is very
successful one. This can provide electricity in emergency or temporary purposes without
any shortage of water.

References:
1. ^ "Russia's first sea-borne nuclear power plant arrives to its base". Reuters.
14 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September  2019.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Floating power generating plant of nuclear station of small
capacity".  Sevmash. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Russia relocates construction of floating power
plant".  World Nuclear News. 11 August 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
4. ^ Stolyarova, Galina (1 July 2010). "Nuclear Power Vessel Launched".  The
St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
5. ^ "World Nuclear Association - World Nuclear News". www.world-nuclear-
news.org.
6. ^ "Russia announces second floating nuclear plant as new problems plague
its first".  Bellona.org. 26 August 2015

List of figures
Serial no: Name of figure: Page no:

1) Nuclear reactor 20

2) Working of FNPP 25

3) Block diagram of FNPP 27