Power system II

Lecture 1,2
Associate Prof. Mahmoud Elsayed Abuserieh
 Course contents: Part1
Symmetrical Components
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phasors from Their Symmetrical Components
Operators
The Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasors
Phase Shift of Symmetrical Components in Y-bus
Transformer Banks
Power in Terms of Symmetrical Components
Unsymmetrical Series Impedances
Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators
Sequence Impedances of Circuit Elements
Positive- and Negative-Sequence Networks
Zero-Sequence Networks
Unsymmetrical Faults
 Single Line-to-Ground Fault on an Unloaded Generator
 Line-to-Line Fault on an Unloaded Generator
 Double Line-to-Ground Fault on an Unloaded Generator
 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power Systems
 Single Line-to-Ground Fault on a Power System
 Line-to-Line Fault on a Power System
 Double Line-to-Ground Fault on a Power System
 Interpretation of the Interconnected Sequence Networks
 Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults Using the Bus Impedance Matrix
 Faults through Impedance
 Computer Calculations of Fault Currents
 Symmetrical Components

Introduction
 In 1918 one of the most powerful tools for dealing with unbalanced polyphaser
circuits was discussed by C. L. Fortescue at a meeting of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers.

 Since that time the method of symmetrical components has become of great
importance and has been the subject of many articles and experimental
investigations.

 Unsymmetrical faults on transmission systems, which may consist of short

circuits, impedance between lines, impedance from one or two lines to ground,
or open conductors, are studied by the method of symmetrical components.
SYNTHESIS OF UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS FROM THEIR
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Fortescue's work proves that an unbalanced system of n related phasors can be
resolved into n systems of balanced phasors called the symmetrical components of
the original phasors.

The n phasors of each set of components are equal in length, and the angles
between adjacent phasors of the set are equal. Although
the method is applicable to any unbalanced polyphase system, we shall confine
our discussion to three-phase systems.
According to Fortescue's theorem, three unbalanced phasors of a threephase
system can be resolved into three balanced systems of phasors. The balanced
sets of components are:

1. Positive-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude,

displaced from each other by 120° in phase, and having the same phase
sequence as the original phasors

2. Negative-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude,

displaced from each other by 120° in phase, and having the phase sequence
opposite to that of the original phasors

3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

and with zero phase displacement from each other
 OPERATORS
We are already familiar with the operator j, which causes rotation through 90°, and
the operator - 1, which causes rotation through 180°. Two successive applications
of the operator j cause rotation through 90° + 90°, which leads us to the conclusion
that j x j causes rotation through 180°, and thus we recognize that j2 is equal to - 1.
Other powers of the operator j are found by similar analysis.
The letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a rotation of
120° in the counterclockwise direction. Such an operator is a complex number of
unit magnitude with an angle of 120° and is defined by
THE SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS OF
UNSYMMETRICAL PHASORS
If required, the components Vb0 , Vb1 , Vb2 , Vc0 , Vc1 , Vc2 can be found by
No zero-sequence components exist if the sum of the unbalanced phasors is zero.

Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors in a three-phase system is always
zero, zero-sequence components are never present in the line voltages, regardless of
the amount of unbalance.

The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero, and
voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.
In a three-phase system the sum of the line currents is equal to the current In in
the return path through the neutral. Thus,

In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system, In is zero,

and the line currents contain no zero-sequence components. A Δ-connected load
provides no path to neutral, and the line currents flowing to a Δ-connected load
can contain no zero-sequence components.
PHASE SHIFT OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS IN Y-Δ
TRANSFORMER BANKS
 POWER IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

To introduce the symmetrical components of the voltages and currents

SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS
The impedance of a circuit when positive-sequence currents alone are
flowing is called the impedance to positive-sequence current.

Similarly, when only negative-sequence currents are present, the impedance is

called the impedance to negative-sequence current.

When only zero-sequence currents are present, the impedance is called the
impedance to zero-sequence current.

These names of the impedances of a circuit to currents of the different sequences

are usually shortened to the less descriptive terms
positive-sequence impedance, negative-sequence impedance, and zero-sequence
impedance.
Sequence networks carrying the currents Ia1, Ia2, and Ia0 are interconnected to
represent various unbalanced fault conditions. Therefore, to calculate the effect
of a fault by the method of symmetrical components, it is essential to determine
the sequence impedances and to combine them to form the sequence networks.
SEQUENCE NETWORKS
OF UNLOADED
GENERATORS
ZERO-SEQUENCE NETWORKS
Example
Example
 Power system II
Lecture 3
Associate Prof. Mahmoud Elsayed Abuserieh
SEQUENCE NETWORKS
OF UNLOADED
GENERATORS
 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS
Regardless of the type of fault which occurs at the terminals of a generator we can apply
phase a is the one on which the fault occurs
End of Lecture 3
 Power system II
Lecture 4
Associate Prof. Mahmoud Elsayed Abuserieh
 Power system II
Lecture 5
Associate Prof. Mahmoud Elsayed Abuserieh
 Power system II
Lecture 6
Associate Prof. Mahmoud Elsayed Abuserieh