EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

1. Generally, a welder or welding operator may be qualified by mechanical bending tests, radiography of a test plate,
or radiography of the:
A) Initial production weld(ing) B) First three vertical butt welds on the tank job
C) Either A or B D) None of these

Answer: A (Sect IX, Introduction, Performance Quals, Last Para & API 577, Section 8.1)
2. In general, the Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is to list all essential and nonessential variables for each
process that is included under that particular procedure specification. If a change is made in any essential variable,
what is required for the procedure?
A) Requalification B) Revise & Correct C) Sign/Approve revision D) Both B & C

Answer: A (Section IX, Introduction, Procedure Qualifications, First Paragraph)

3. If a change is made in a nonessential variable, what is required for the procedure?
A) Requalification B) Revise & Correct C) Sign/Approve revision D) Both B & C

Answer: D (Section IX, Introduction, Procedure Qualifications, First Paragraph)

4. When notch toughness is required by the construction code, supplementary essential variables “become”
additional essential variables. What is now required for a procedure to be changed?
A) Requalification B) Revise & Correct C) Sign/Approve revision D) Both B & C

Answer: A (Section IX, Introduction, Procedure Qualifications, First Paragraph)

5. A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is a written document that provides direction to the welder or welding
operator for making production welds in accordance with what requirements?
A) Procedure B) Code C) Either A or B D) None of these

Answer: B only (Section IX, QW-100.1)

6. The purpose for qualification of a WPS is to determine that the weldment proposed for construction is capable of
providing the required properties for:
A) An intended application B) A particular weld C) Initial production D) None of these

Answer: A (Section IX, QW-100.1 … 2nd from the last paragraph)

7. The Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) documents:
A) What occurred during welding a test coupon B) Results of the testing of the coupon
C) Both A & B are correct D) None of these are correct

Answer: C (Section IX, QW-100.1 … Last paragraph)

8. In performance quals, basic criterion established for welder qualification is to determine:
A) Each welder’s true abilities B) Welder ability to deposit sound weld metal
C) Each welder’s hidden abilities D) None of these

Answer: B (Section IX, QW-100.2)

9. The purpose of the performance qualification test for the welding operator is to determine:

A) Each welder’s true abilities

B) Each welder’s hidden abilities
C) Welding operator’s mechanical ability to operate the welding equipment
D) None of these

Answer: C (Section IX, QW-100.2)

10. Welding procedures qualified under the 1965 ASME Code Section IX:
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

A) Are now obsolete B) Are still applicable

C) Are re-qualified every 3 years D) Are not addressed by the Code

Answer: B (Section IX, QW-103, 3 rd Para) … Welding Procedure Specifications and Welder/Welding Operator
Performance Qualification records meeting the above requirements do not need to be amended to include any variables
required by later Editions and Addenda except as specified in QW-420.1.(P-Nos & S-Nos)
11. Qualification of a new Welding Procedure Specification shall be in accordance with the:
A) Current Edition & Addenda of Section IX B) Latest Edition & Addenda of Section IX
C) Either A or B D) None of these

Answer: A (Section IX, QW-100.3 Last Para & Foreword)… After Code revisions are approved by ASME, they may be
used beginning with the date of issuance shown on the Addenda. Revisions, except for revisions to material specifications in
Section II, Parts A and B, become mandatory six months after such date of issuance …
12. Welding terms & definitions related to ASME IX are found in:
A) ASME Section IX, QG-109 B) API 577 C) ASME IX, Section 3 D) None of these

Answer: A (Section IX, QG-109)

13. Each ___________ (Who) is responsible for welding done by his organization (and records) and shall conduct the
tests required in ASME Section IX to qualify the welding procedures he uses in construction of the weldments built
under ASME IX Code, & performance of welders & welding operators who apply these procedures.
A) Manufacturer B) Contractor C) Installer D) Assembler E) Any of these

Answer: E (Section IX, QW-103.1/2 & See Note 1 at the bottom of the page) … Also QW-103.2
Each manufacturer or contractor or installer or assembler shall maintain a record of the results obtained in welding
procedure and welder and welding operator performance qualifications. These records shall be certified by a signature or
other means as described in the manufacturer’s or contractor’s Quality Control System and shall be accessible to the
Authorized Inspector. Refer to recommended Forms in Nonmandatory Appendix B.
14. The 6 G position for welding is a ____________ position.
A) Qualification B) Production welding C) Electrode D) Vessel position

Answer: A (Section IX, QW-120)

15. A groove weld WPS is qualified using an 8 inch thick test coupon. Testing equipment for tensile and bends
accommodates 1 ½ inch wide by 1 ½ inch thick specimens. Only one welding process, F-number and base material is
used. How many bend & tensile tests are required?
A) 24 bends & 12 tensiles B) 4 bends & 2 tensiles
C) 12 bends & 24 tensiles D) 12 bends & 6 tensiles

Answer: A (Section IX, QW-151.1.b) … QW-451.1 Table … Six reduced specimens make up the thickness to be
qualified or 8 inches … 1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5 = 9 in., but 5 = 7.5 inches
Six specimens x 2 (req’d tensiles) = 12 tensiles & Six specimens x 4 (req’d guided bends) = 24
16. Who is responsible for preparing the Welding Procedure Specification?
A) Purchasing B) Manufacturer C) Contractor D) Both B & C

Answer: D (IX QW-200.1) Each manufacturer and contractor shall prepare written WPS …
17. The completed WPS shall describe all of the _________ (which type of variable) for each welding process used in
the WPS.
A) Non-essential variables B) Essential variables
C) When required by Code, Supplementary essential variables D) All of the above

Answer: D (IX QW-200.1b)

18. When changing a non-essential variable on a WPS, what action is needed for that WPS?3
A) Amend or revise the existing WPS to show the non-essential variable change
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

B) Use a new WPS showing the non-essential variable change

C) No action is required regarding non-essential variable changes
D) Either A or B is acceptable

Answer: D (IX QW-200.1c)… Changes may be made in nonessential variables of a WPS to suit production requirements
without requalification provided such changes are documented with respect to all applicable variables for each process.
This may be by amendment to the WPS or by use of a new WPS.
19. A SMAW WPS specifies an amperage range of 50-300 amps for E7018 electrodes. The welder wants to use 400
amps to weld a groove weld. What must be done as a minimum?
A) Re-qualify the procedure B) Revise the WPS
C) Make a new coupon with a new PQR D) Revise the old PQR

Answer: B (IX QW-200.1c, QW-253 QW-409 Electrical Characteristics  Amps???)

Note: QW-409.1/.4/.8 listed above in QW-253 (SMAW) does not apply to AMPERAGE (See QW-409.5 below)
Note: QW-409.5 – A change of ±15% from the amperage or voltage ranges in the qualified WPS. Note: This point (QW-
409.5 allowing a 15% variation) does not apply for SMAW because QW-409.5 is not listed in QW-253
20. A WPS qualified with notch toughness testing (Charpy, etc) may be used for welds requiring:
A) No impact test requirements B) Impact testing at qualified temperature
C) Welders qualified with impact test requirements D) “A” & “B” are applicable

Answer: D (IX QW-200.1c)

21. A procedure qualification record (PQR) should address:
A) Non-essential variables B) Essential variables
C) Supplemental essential variables when required D) Both “B” & “C”

Answer: D (IX QW-200.2b) (b) Contents of the PQR. The completed PQR shall document all essential and, when
required, supplementary essential variables of QW-250 through QW-280 for each welding process used during the welding
of the test coupon. Nonessential or other variables used during the welding of the test coupon may be recorded at the
manufacturer’s or contractor’s option. All variables, if recorded, shall be the actual variables (including ranges) used during
the welding of the test coupon. If variables are not monitored during welding, they shall not be recorded.
22. A WPS may require the support of one, or more than one PQR, and one PQR may support:
A) Only 1 WPS B) Only 2 WPSs C) Any number of WPSs. D) None of these

Answer: C (IX QW-201 … 2nd from the last paragraph)

23. An example of a SMAW non-essential variable is:
A) Root Spacing B) F-Number C) Group Number D) Both “A” & “C”

Answer: A (IX QW-253  Only Root spacing is a non-essential variable for SMAW
24. A welder passed a 6G test and was qualified for production welding. Test was done with NPS 6 pipe 3/8 in. thick
using F-4 electrodes and the test weld was made without backing using several passes. Which statement below is true
regarding the welder’s new qualification?
A) Welder may weld in any position because a 6G test qualifies a welder for all positions.
B) Welder may weld on any diameter of piping because 6 NPS qualifies all diameter ranges.
C) Welder may weld on any thickness base metal because a 3/8 in coupon qualifies all thickness
D) Welder may use F-3 electrode without backing because F-4 without backing qualifies F-3.
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

Answer: A (IX … See Notes below) … Be sure to tab & highlight all references below
A is true … See QW-303.1 & QW-461.9 (Pipe – Groove & Note 3)  ALL are qualified = T
B is false! QW-461.9 Note 3  QW-452.3  For 6 NPS Test, 2-7/8  unlimited is qualified
Note: A 6 NPS Test piece does not qualify a welder for small diameter 2.5 NPS & less
C is false! QW-351*QW-452.1.b* 2T or ¾ in. maximum is qualified on a 3/8 inch test
*In any given production weldment, welders may not deposit a thickness greater than that permitted by QW-452 for each
welding process in which they are qualified.
D is false! QW-303.1 QW-350/351  QW-353 QW-404.15*QW-432*  QW-433*
*QW-404.15 – A change from one F-Number in table QW-432 to any other F-Number or to any other filler metal, except as
permitted in QW-433.  F-4 also qualifies F-3, F-2 & F-1
25. Which statement below is incorrect in qualifying a welding procedure (GTAW process)?
A) The base metal qualified “T” is unlimited regardless of test coupon thickness.
B) Deposited weld thickness “t” is unlimited regardless of test coupon thickness
C) The addition of any welding position is an essential variable.
D) All of the above statements are incorrect

Answer: D … All of these statements are incorrect (IX QW-256, Page 29*)
*A = 403.8 = Essential (E), B = 404.30 = E, & C = 405.01 = Nonessential)
26. Which of the following qualifies a welder to weld a NPS 2 pipe groove weld?
A) Two bend tests using a plate coupon. B) Two tension tests using a NPS 1 welded pipe.
C) RT using one NPS 1 welded pipe. D) None of these

Answer: C (IX QW-302.2 & QW-452.1.a & QW-452.3 … See Note b)

27. What is the minimum test coupon length for a welder to be qualified by radiography on production welds?
A) 6 inches B) 30 inches
C) Entire pipe weld circumference D) Both “A” & “C”

Answer: D (IX QW-302.2) … except that for small diameter pipe, multiple coupons may be required, but the number need
not exceed four consecutively made test coupons.

28. Welding operators who pass the required tests for groove welds in the test positions of table QW-461.9 shall be
(Note: Only applies to API 653 exams):

A) Qualified for the positions of groove welds and fillet welds shown in table QW-461.9.
B) Qualified to make fillet welds in all thicknesses and pipe diameters of any size per QW-350
C) Qualified to make fillet welds in all thicknesses and pipe diameters of any size per QW-360
D) Both A & B are correct
E) Both A & C are correct

Answer: E (ASME IX QW-303.1, QW-360 (Welding Operators) & QW-461.9)

29. Which welding process may not be used for qualifying a welder by radiography?
A) GMAW short circuiting mode B) SAW C) GTAW D) SMAW

Answer: A (ASME IX, QW-304)

30. Welders qualifications should expire if they do not weld:
A) With a given process for a 6 month period. B) With a given procedure in a 6 month period
C) On a piping system for 6 months. D) For a 3 month period.

Answer: A (ASME IX, QW-322.1.a)  See also API 577 Section 8 hi-lites)

31. A welder qualified to weld a single V joint open butt weld using the GTAW welding process is not qualified to
weld (Note: Only applies to API 653 exams):

A) Double V-joint welded on both sides. B) Single V-joint with backing ring.
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

C) Single V-joint without consumable insert. D) Single V-joint with consumable insert.

Answer: D (IX QW-356, QW-404.22*) *QW-404.22 – Omission or addition of consumable inserts. Qualification in a
single-welded butt joint, with or without consumable inserts, qualifies for fillet welds and single-welded butt joints with
backing or double-welded butt joints.
32. A welder using GTAW process must re-qualify if the welder:
A) Welds with the addition of a backing ring.
B) Deposited a 3 inch thick weld metal when qualified with a ¾ inch thick coupon.
C) Welded with the addition of inert backing gas.
D) Welded with a different polarity using direct current.

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-356, QW-409.4, See also 402.4 (A), 404.30 (B)*, & 408.8 (C)**)
*1/2 inch coupon thickness qualifies to “Maximum to be welded” per QW-452.1.b
** QW-408.8 The omission of inert gas backing … therefore the “ADDITION” does not apply
33. A welder who is qualified using a double-welded groove weld:
A) Is also qualified to make a single V-groove weld without backing.
B) Is also qualified to make a single V-groove weld with backing.
C) May weld in the 6G position.
D) Must re-qualify every 2 months.

Answer: B (ASME IX, QW-310.2 & QW-402.4) QW-402.4 – The deletion of the backing in single-welded groove welds.
Double-welded groove welds are considered welding with backing. QW-310.2 Welding Groove with Backing. A single-
welded groove-weld test coupon with backing or a double-welded groove-weld test coupon shall be considered welding
with backing.
34. A welder qualified in the 6G position using SMAW process E-6010 (F-3) without backing may be qualified to
weld:
A) F4 filler metal with backing B) F3 filler metal with backing
C) F2 filler metal without backing D) F1 filler metal without backing

Answer: B (ASME IX, QW-404.15, QW-433)

35. A WPS qualified for GTAW welding process using a consumable insert requires a qualification test on a coupon
welded with a(n):
A) Consumable insert B) Backing ring C) Open butt D) Any of these are acceptable

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-404.22, Non-essential variable GTAW) QW-404.22 – The omission or addition of
consumable inserts. Qualification in a single-welded butt joint, with or without consumable inserts, qualifies for fillet welds
and single-welded butt joints with backing or double-welded butt joints.
36. Base metals are grouped into which groupings according to their welding characteristics:
A) F-number B) AWS C) A-number D) P & S-numbers

Answer: D (IX QW-420.1) QW-420.1 – P-Numbers and S-Numbers. Base metals have been assigned P-Numbers or S-
Numbers for the purpose of reducing the number of welding procedure qualifications required.
37. What is the minimum specified tensile strength for SA-106-C?
A) 66,400 B) 70,000 C) 72,000 D) 60,000

Answer: B (IX QW-422 … First Page in the Table … 10th item from the top)
38. A welder was qualified with a P-1 test coupon using SMAW E7018 electrodes. What P-Number grouping below
would not be acceptable for this qualification?
A) P5 to P1 – 11 B) P1 to P1 – 11 C) P25 to P8 D) P8 to P8

Answer: C (ASME IX, QW-423.1)

 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

39. What is the minimum required base metal thickness for welding procedure qualification when the production
weld is 8 inches thick (Very tricky question … will not be on exam)?
A) 4 inches B) ¾ inch C) 1 ½ inches D) 8 inches

Answer: C (ASME IX, QW-451.1) Note (3) applies: For the SMAW, SAW, GMAW, and GTAW welding processes only;
otherwise per Note (1) or 2T,or 2t, whichever is applicable.
40. A welding procedure qualified on a ¼ inch plate can be used to weld groove welds in materials from:
A) 3/16 to ¾ B) 1/16 to ¾ C) 3/8 to ¾ D) 1/16 to ½

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-451.1) 1⁄16 to 3⁄8 (1.5 to 10), incl.  1⁄16 (1.5) 2T or ½ inch
41. In performance qualification of pipe groove welds to ASME Section IX, which positions require more than two
guided bend specimens for qualification?
A) 5G or 6G B) 2G and 5G combined in a single test coupon
C) 1G or 2G D) Both A & B require more than 2 bends

Answer: D (IX QW-452.1.a & Note 1 & QW-302.3) NOTES: (1) To qualify using positions 5G or 6G, a total of 4 bend
specimens are required. To qualify using a combination of 2G and 5G in a single test coupon, a total of 6 bend specimens
are required. See QW-302.3. The type of bend test shall be based on weld metal thickness.
42. How many test specimens are required for qualifying a welder welding a 6 NPS coupon in the 5G position?
A) 4 bends B) 2 bends C) 2 bends & 2 tensiles D) 4 tensiles

Answer: A (ASME IX, QW-452.1.a, Note 1 & QW-463.2.g)

43. When qualifying a welder for an 8 inch thick groove weld in production, what is the minimum weld deposit
required during performance qualification testing?
A) 4 inches B) ½ inch C) 1 ½ inches D) 8 inches

Answer: B (IX, QW-452.1.b … ½ inch and over 3 layers (min)  Maximum to be welded)
44. When qualifying welding procedure using a 7/16* in. plate, what types of tests are required?
A) 2 face bend, 2 root bend & 2 tensile tests B) 4 side bend and 2 tensile tests
C) 4 side bend and radiography D) Either “A” or “B”

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-451.1 & Note 5) … Now answer the question using 5/16”
45. A welder is qualified in the 2G position on plate with backing using the GTAW process. Which welding
positions below would not be permitted?
A) Pipe groove welds in F and H positions. B) Plate groove welds in H & V positions.
C) Fillet welds in the F and H positions. D) Pipe groove welds in the F position.

Answer: B (IX, QW-461.9) 2G F, H (Plate) & F, H (Pipe 2-7/8+) & F, H (Fillet welds)
46. What are the positions used to qualify a welder for all position pipe welding?
A) Must use the fixed horizontal (2G) and the fixed vertical (5G).
B) Fixed vertical (5G) and the multiple position (6G).
C) Fixed horizontal (2G) and the multiple position (6G).
D) Fixed horizontal (2G) and the fixed vertical (5G), or the multiple position (6G).

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-461.9)

 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

API 577
47. Using Table E2 (previous page), Filler metal E-7018, what does Number 1 represent?
A) Welding position (Flat). B) Welding position (vertical & flat).
C) Welding position (horizontal & flat) D) Welding position (Flat, horizontal, vertical, OH)

Answer: D … Table E2
48. Using Table E (previous page) & Fig. A-6, On E-7018, what does Number 8 represent?
A) Type of covering. B) Coating Operating Characteristics.
C) Low Hydrogen electrode D) All of the above

Answer: D … Table E2 & Figure E4

49. Using Fig. E4, what do the first two Xs represent?
A) Tensile strength. B) Coating Operating Characteristics.
C) Low Hydrogen electrode D) All of the above

Answer: A … Figure E4
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

50. See SAW designations above for study and awareness ... Likely on the API 653 Exam
51. A PQR that is being qualified using 5/8 inch thick test coupon covers WPS qualification for what thickness
range?
A) 1/8 in to 1.25 in B) 1-1/16 in to 5/8 in C) 1/16 in to 1.25 in D) None of these …
Answer: D (ASME IX, Table 451.1) Qualified thickness range = 3/16 in to 1.25 in
52. A PQR was made on an A106 Gr C pipe. According to ASME IX, this qualifies which of the following material
sets?
A) A106 Gr B, A36, A182 F1 B) A139, A516 Gr 60, A516 Gr 70 …
C) 515 Gr 70, A285 Gr C, A335 P11 D) None of the above is fully qualified by the PQR

Answer: B (ASME IX, Table QW-422) … A 106 Gr C pipe belongs to the P-No. 1 material, so it will qualify only P
No. 1 mat’ls. A182 F1 = P-No 3 & A335 P11 = P-No 4 … Therefore A & C are not correct … A139, A516 Gr 60 &
A516 Gr 70 are P No. 1 mat’ls, Answer = B
53. In a PQR for SMAW, electrodes used for all passes were AWS classification (E 7018). Corresponding WPS
showed filler materials as E 7018. Manufacturer proposes to change filler material in WPS to E 7015. The
manufacturer now must do what per ASME IX?
A) Qualify a new PQR with E 7015 electrodes
B) Revise WPS showing change from E 7018 to E7015 & submit WPS as a new revision
C) Revise only the PQR document showing the change and re-submit for approval
D) Revise both WPS and PQR showing the change and re-submit for approval

Ans: B (ASME IX, “F” Number, Table QW-432, Page 171) Both electrodes are F # 4, so PQR is OK.
See QW-253 (Page 38) & column for QW-404.4 … the F-Number is an essential variable
54. A Project involves pipe welding at a site by 10 welders, and only 1 is a qualified welder. The Welding Procedure
and 9 of the 10 welders MUST be qualified. In this case, identify the correct statement from the following choices:
A) 9 welder quals must be performed before the procedure qualification
B) 9 welder quals should be performed after procedure qual is done using 1 qualified welder
C) Before welder qualification and procedure qualification, anything can be performed
D) Welder & procedure quals must be performed simultaneously without waiting for results
Answer: B (ASME IX, QW-300.2) … You should know that any PQR (procedure qualification) must be done by a
qualified welder to be valid.
55. Guided bend tests represent what qualities in a weld?
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

A) Ductility B) Strength C) Soundness D) Both ductility & soundness …

Answer: D (ASME IX, QW-141.2) … You should know all about positions & welder quals
56. All positions of groove welds are qualified by which of these Pipe Positions:
A) 1G and 5G B) 2G and 5G C) 5G and 3G D) None of these
Answer: B (ASME IX, QW 461.9) … You should know all about positions & welder quals

57. According to ASME Sec. IX, a welder for SMAW can be qualified by the following minimum tests (for 1G pipe
position):
A) 1 tensile test & 2 bend tests B) 2 bend tests
C) 2 tensile tests & 1 bend test D) 1 tensile test & 1 radiography exam

Answer: B (ASME IX, QW 302.3)

58. A Procedure Qualification Record (PQR) is a document that can be changed (revised). This statement (according
to ASME IX requirements) is:
A) True, because editorial corrections or addenda to the PQR are allowed
B) False, because changes to the PQR are not permitted
C) True, but this depends on the company policy
D) True, but the depends on the client of the company

Answer: B (ASME IX, QW-200.2c) … Please highlight, review & understand QW 202.2c

59. Per ASME IX, RT in lieu of mechanical testing is allowed for:

A) Performance qualification only B) Procedure qualification only
C) Both “A” and “B” D) No RT is allowed in lieu of mechanical tests

Answer: A (ASME IX, QW-142) … A good inspector should know this

60. The WPS and the PQR are used to determine:

A) If the welder is able to deposit sound weld metal
B) If the welder is able to operate welding equipment
C) The welder’s ability to produce welds that are radiographically free of defects
D) If a weldment has the required properties for the intended application (strength, ductility)

Answer: D (ASME IX, Introduction, Fifth Paragraph) … Please highlight & review

61. The pipe welding test position in which the pipe is horizontal and rotated so that welding takes place at or near
the top is designated as?
A) 2 G B) 5 G C) 3 G D) 1 G …

Answer: D (ASME IX, Fig QW-461.4) … YOU SHOULD KNOW IT

62. Go back and review ALL of Pages 49 & 50 regarding Welding requirements in Section 2 of this module covering each
Section, Paragraph & Table listed!
E-mail the Instructor with any Technical Queries or questions!
You are ready for this portion of the exam after your book has been fully highlighted!
 EXERCISE 2 – ASME IX & 577 WELDING Q’S (50+) with References

Carbon Equivalent (CE) is an empirical value in weight percent, relating the combined
effects of different alloying elements used in the making of carbon steels to an equivalent
amount of carbon. This value can be calculated using a mathematical equation. By varying
the amount of carbon and other alloying elements in the steel, the desired strength levels can
be achieved by proper heat treatment. A better weldability and low temperature notch
toughness can also be obtained.

In terms of welding, the Carbon Equivalent governs the hardenability of the parent metal. It
is a rating of weldability related to carbon, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium,
nickel and copper content. There are several commonly used equations for expressing
Carbon Equivalent. One example of such mathematical formula is:
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15