UNCONVENTIONAL

OIL AND GAS

ü Clean burning- fuel
ü Cheaper energy source
ü Reducing global
warming
ü Friendly environment
 BACKGROUND
Various alternative energy researches occur in various parts of the world, for
example: Biogas, Solar, Wind, Ethanol, Nuclear, Gas Hydrate, COAL BED
METHANE (CBM) AND SHALE GAS (HYDROCARBONS).

Alternative energy of Coal Bed Methane and Shale Gas (Shale Gas/Oil) is an
option, due to the large number of reserves in Indonesia, and is environmentally
friendly.

From the results of preliminary studies conducted by various institutions, it is

stated that the potential reserve of the CBM hypothesis in Indonesia is 450 TCF
and the Shale Gas hypothesis reserve is around 1000 TCF.
 UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS
Unconventional Oil and Gas (MNK) is defined as OIL and GAS produced directly
from the place where oil and gas are formed and has not undergone migration to
other places, in coal (CBM) and Shale (Shale Hydrocarbons)

GEOLOGICAL (SEISMIC) CROSS-SECTIONAL MODELS)

 CONVENTIONAL GAS / UNCONVENTIONAL GAS

Seals capillary weak overpressure seals

topseals seals

Reservoirs gas shales

tight gas sands (silts) Superseal ~=
Zero perm
sandstone flow thru a 10m shale
limestone & dolomite .3my 3my 300my

karst & fractures

darcy D millidarcy microdarcy nannodarcy
mD µD nD
103 100 10 1 .1 .01 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11

permeability in darcys (1 cP = 9.8692 x 10-9 cm2 -- actually cm3 (atm2 – atm1) / cm sec )

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS

RESERVED.
 Gas Reservoir types
Conventional Gas

Conventional
§ MilliDarcy range (>1mD)
§ Fluid type varies
§ Rock type varies
Matrix Permeability Increases

Complex Gas
§ Retrograde gas with high dew point
§ MilliDarcy range (relatively low permeability ~1mD or less)
§ Sandstone
Unconventional

Tight Gas
§ Micro darcy range
§ Dry gas – wet gas
§ Primarily sandstone
Shale Gas
§ NanoDarcy range
§ Dry gas – wet gas
§ Mostly free gas – some adsorbed gas
CBM
§ Flow mostly through fractures (cleats)
§ Adsorbed dry gas
§ Coal
© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED.
 Global CBM Original Gas in Place >10,000 TCF
CBM

Russia

Russia

BC Poland
China UK
Ukraine
France
Raton, Powder

San Juan
Viet Nam India
Mexico

Colombia
Indonesia

Botswana
Australia
S. Africa

Chile
CBM RESOURCES ESTIMATES
CBM POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
INDONESIA’S POTENTIAL DATA RESOURCES
 POTENTIAL OF COAL METHANE GAS (CBM) IN INDONESIA

MAP OF COAL METHANE GAS WORKING AREAS IN INDONESIA

STATUS MAY 2013

54 GMB WORKING AREAS SPREAD ACROSS THE BASINS OF CENTRAL SUMATRA, SOUTH SUMATRA, BARITO AND KUTAI
 Global Gas Shale Plays
GLOBAL SHALES

EUROPE
N. AMERICA Review Completed 2009
200+Cored Wells c.40 wells to be completed 2010
c.30 additional wells -2010/11

CHINA
Review due 2010/11

BRAZIL TURKEY
Solimoes Basin – Well Data Review completed 2010
2010/11 S E Anatolia Basin
URUGUAY Well Data due end 2010
Well Data
S AMERICA
Review completed 2010 2010/11
Geochemical Data end 2010
S AFRICA AUSTRALIA
ARGENTINA Review due early 2011 Review due late 2010
Neuquen
San Jorge
Magallanes
Well Data 2010/11
 SHALE POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
North Sumatra
Shale Gas—338 Tcf

East Kalimantan
Central Sumatra
Shale Gas—1,723 Tcf
Shale Gas—558 Tcf CBM—496 Tcf
CBM—165 Tcf

South Sumatra
Shale Gas—964 Tcf
CBM—375 Tcf West Papua
Shale Gas—648 Tcf

Shale gas play

West & East Java
CBM play Shale Gas—722 Tcf
CBM—56 Tcf

Source: Modified from IHS CERA

DETERMINATION OF GEOLOGICAL SWEETSPOT AND
UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

COAL BED METHANE

(CBM)
 COURSE OUTLINE

GEOLOGICAL
POTENTIAL OF COAL SWEETSPOT
BED METHANE (CBM) DETERMINATION OF
IN INDONESIA COAL BED METHANE
(CBM)
 COAL BED METHANE SYSTEM
ü Methane (CH4) is stored in the matrix (coal
pores) through an adsorption process.
ü Matrix porosity generally refers to the size of
the cleat (crack along the length of coal),
and not the porosity of the coal. This
porosity is generally very low when
compared to traditional reservoirs (less than
3%).
ü Gas is often trapped (but not always) in coal,
sealed in coal with 100% water saturation, it
must be removed from the water before
methane gas can be deposited from the
coal.
ü Each basin containing GMB is unique in
terms of geology, topography, water
saturation and water chemistry (geology,
topography, water saturation, water
chemistry)
ü Geological Factors consist of coal thickness,
number of coal seams, gas content, fault
distribution and geometry)
 COALBED METHANE CONCEPTS
COMPARISON OF CBM AND CONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC
 COALBED METHANE CONCEPTS
PRODUCTION CONCEPT OF “CBM” DIFFERS FROM “CONVENTIONAL NATURAL GAS”

CONVENTIONAL NATURAL GAS COALBED METHANE (CBM)

• Gas deposit highly localized
• Few wells required for development
• High per well reserves
• Reserves proved by few wells
• Mostly deep (>1,000 m)
• Gas stored in reservoir pore space
• 100% free gas
• High reservoir pressure, instant production on start
up
• No artificial lift (natural flow, less need for
compressor)
• Produces small amount of water
• Continous over large area
• Hundreds / thousands of wells required
• Low per well reserves
• Reserves added gradually throughout development
• Relatively shallow (300 – 1,000 m)
• Gas adsorbed on coal particles
• Small portion to no free gas
• Low reservoir pressure, 2-3 years, peaking up delay
• Need artificial lift for dewatering & need
compressor
• Produces large water
 CBM FORMATION

Bacterial
activity,
biochemistry

Accumulation of
PEAT COAL
plant residues in
sedimentary basins
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
 CLEAT SYSTEM

BUT
T
CLE
AT
FACE CLEAT

Cleat Density 38/M

2
CBM extraction process based on gas injection

https://doi.org/10.3390/gases2010001
COALBED METHANE CONCEPTS

COAL CHARACTERISTIC AND ANALYSIS OF CBM

•Proximate Analysis
COAL
COAL RANK •Vitrinite Reflectance Analysis
CHARACTERISTIC
•Maceral Analysis

G = Gas Content (scf/ton)

a = Ash Content (ash)
m = moisturing (IM)
fc = fixed carbon •Gas Content by Kim Formula, 1977
vm= volatile matter •Kerogen Type, Maturation
d = depth coal seam (meter) •Maceral Composition
ko = 0.8(fc / vm) + 5.6 •Quality and Potential Internal of Coal
no = 0.39 – 0.013 ko
Rf =Recovery factor (60%)

G = 32 x (1-a-m) x 0.75 x { ko x (0.096d)no – 0.14 x 1.8d/100 + 11)} Rf

 CBM DEPTH RANGE
Generally, coal mining and CBM development take place in completely different depth
ranges, so there is rarely a direct conflict between the two activities. In fact, CBM
development can be beneficial by lowering methane levels in adjacent coal mines, as well
as improving safety and productivity.

Surface
Co
al S The economic boundary of
ea coal mines.
m

300 m

The economic limit of CBM

production.

1,000 m
Advanced Resources International, Inc.
 POTENTIAL OF COAL BED METHANE (CBM) IN INDONESIA

Ø The potential of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) is simply indicated by the occurrences of
coal seams.

Ø Indonesia's coal resource potential currently reaches more than 104 billion tons, so
it is expected to have the potential for Coal Bed Methane which is quite a prospect
to be developed.

Ø The study conducted on 11 coal basins in Indonesia resulted in an estimate of the

potential of Coal Bed Methane resources of 453 TCF

Ø Investigations into the potential of Coal Bed Methane conducted by the Geological
Agency between 2006 - 2008 at 3 (three) locations in Kalimantan and 1 (one)
location in Sumatra showed the potential content of Coal Methane Gas ranged
from 0.28 - 3.57 cuft / ton.
 POTENTIAL OF COAL BED METHANE ON THE ISLAND OF SUMATRA

• The existence and spreading of coal seams are extensive

• The thickness of the coal seam allows an economic CBM reservoir
• In general, the depth of the coal seam will enable it to be produced
(300 – 1000 m)
• Low gas content but in volume can produce economical coal methane
gas. Sumatra Island coal generally has a high methane gas (CH4)
composition (71-93%) and a low CO2 gas composition
• The permeability of the Sumatra Island Coal Seam is generally > 10 mD,
the depth as a CBM target, namely the Muara Enim Formation, is
relatively shallow (300 - 500 m), it is expected to have a high
permeability
• The challenge is related to land use, as well as at the time of drilling
due to the significant accumulation of biogenic gases at shallower
depths
PETA POTENSI SUMBER DAYA BATUBARA PULAU SUMATERA (2008)

Source: Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi, Badan Geologi (modification)

Total coal resources of Sumatra Island (Proven = 905 Million Tons)
STRATIGRAPHY OF COAL FORMATION OF THE MUARA.
ENIM FORMATION OF THE SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN

REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE

SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN

TARGET CBM

TARGET CBM

TARGET CBM
 LOKASI BATUBARA DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN
EXPLORATION EINFE
XPLORATION
RRED SEAM
INFERRED ESE
XPLORATION
AM CALORIFIC
INFERRE V ALUE
D CALORIFIC
SEAM V ALUE CALORIFIC V
ATION NO. LOCATION THICKNESS DIP THICKNESS DIP SULFUR THICKNE
ASH SS
SULFUR
AGE
DIP ASH AGEIN
STAGE (m illion
STAGE
tons ) AM(m
OUNT
illion tons ) AM OUNT
STAGE (m(Cal/gr
illion tons
) ) AM OUNT
(Cal/gr ) (Cal/gr
URA
eliminary survey 1Prelim
Sungaim
inary survey
alam
555, MURA
4 555
1->20
Prelim
m 4inary survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 555 5000-6000
0,2%
4 3,6%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% West
3,6%of
5000-600
north
Neogenar
A
eliminary survey 2Prelim
Sungaiaur,
inary survey
108
MURA 7 108
1 - 20
Prelim
m 7inary survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 108 5000-6000
0,2%
7 3,6%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% West
3,6%of
5000-600
north
Neogenar
ospecting
w as 3Prospecting
Lakitan, M390
usi Raw as
3 390
1 - 10
Prospecting
m 3 1 - 10
5000-6000
m 390 5000-6000
0,2%
3 4,5%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,2% Betw
4,5%een
5000-600
Neogen
north a
anyuasin
ospecting 4Prospecting
Bentayan,300
M. Banyuasin
2 300
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 2 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 300 5000-6000
0,7%
2 6,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,7% North
6,5%area
5000-600
Neogen
ospecting
n, MUBA 5Prospecting
Bayat - Bentayan,
41 M
8UBA 41
1 - P
5rospecting
m 8 1 - 55000-6000
m 41 0,35%
5000-6000
8 3,5%
1 - 5 m
Neogene
0,35% North
3,5%area
5000-600
Neogen
M
ospecting
UBA 6Prospecting
Tamiang Utara,
250 MUBA
8 250
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 8 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 250 5000-6000
0,18%
8 3,4%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,18% North
3,4%area
5000-600
Neogen
n,
ospecting
MUBA 7Prospecting
Tamiang Selatan,
52 MUBA
3 1
52- 10
Prospecting
m 3 1 - 10
5000-6000
m 52 0,18%
5000-6000
3 3,4%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,18% North
3,4%area
5000-600
Neogen
UBA
ospecting 8Prospecting
Kluang Utara,
260 MUBA9 260
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 9 10 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 10260 5000-6000
0,2%
9 4,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2%10 North
4,5%area
5000-600
Neogen
Banyuasin
eliminary survey 9Prelim
Babattom
inary survey
403
an, M. Banyuasin
5 403
1 - 20
Prelim
m 5inary survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 403 5000-6000
0,2%
5 3,1%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% North
3,1%area
5000-600
Neogen
ospecting
MUBA 10
Prospecting
Kluang Selatan,
1690 MUBA
9 1690
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 9 10 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 10
1690 5000-6000
0,2%
9 4,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2%10 North
4,5%area
5000-600
Neogen
,
elim
Lahat
inary survey 11
Prelim
Muara
inary
Tapinang,
survey
6.50 Lahat
3 6.50
1 - P
5relim
m 3
inary survey
1 - 56000-7000
m 6.50 6000-7000
32% 3%
1 - 5 m
Paleogene
2% Enim
3%A rea
6000-700
Paleoge
ospecting
araenim 12
Prospecting
Talang A kar,
464 Muaraenim
4 464
1->20
Prospecting
m 4 5 1->20
5000-6000
m 5 464 5000-6000
0,2%
4 6.50%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 P
6.50%
endopo
5000-600
Neogen
A rea
ang,
eliminary
Muaraenim
survey 13
Prelim
Sigoyang
inary 1204
survey
Benuang,7Muaraenim
1204
1->20
Prelim
m 7inary15
survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 15
1204 5000-6000
0,2%
7 6,0%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2%15 P6,0%
endopo
5000-600
Neogen
A rea
M
elim
uaraenim
inary survey 14
Prelim
Benakat
inary survey
Barat,
292 Muaraenim
6 292
1->20
Prelim
m 6inary15
survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 15292 5000-6000
0,5%
6 6,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,5%15 P6,5%
endopo
5000-600
Neogen
A rea
ospecting
raenim 15
Prospecting
Prabumulih,
520Muaraenim
6 520
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 6 5 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 5 520 5000-6000
0,2%
6 5,8%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 P5,8%
endopo
5000-600
Neogen
A rea
ahat
eliminary survey 16
Prelim
A rahan
inary Utara,
survey
230 Lahat
4 230
1 - 20
Prelim
m 4inary 7
survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 7 230 0,67%
5000-6000
4 7,3%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,67%7 E7,3%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
at
eliminary survey 17
Prelim
Banjarsari,
inary survey
895
Lahat 8 895
1->20
Prelim
m 8inary16
survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 16895 5000-6000
0,2%
8 5,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2%16 E5,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
elim
Lahat
inary survey 18
Prelim
A rahan
inary Selatan,
survey
299 Lahat
5 299
1 - 20
Prelim
m 5inary 9
survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 9 299 0,65%
5000-6000
5 1,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,65%9 E1,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
relim
Utara,
inary
Lahat
survey 19
Prelim
Muaratiga
inary survey
371
Besar Utara,
8 Lahat 371
1 - 20
Prelim
m 8inary16
survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 16371 0,32%
5000-6000
8 4,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,32%16 E4,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
elim
Eniminary survey 20
Prelim
A irinary
Laya,survey
138
Muara Enim
12 138
1 - 20
Prelim
m 12
inary survey
1 - 20
6000-7000
m 138 0,13%
6000-7000
12 1,7%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,13% Coal
1,7%mining
6000-700
Neogen
area
relim
Selatan,
inary survey
Lahat 21
Prelim
Muaratiga
inary survey
186
Besar Selatan,
12 Lahat
186
1 - 20
Prelim
m 12
inary 5
survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 5 186 0,32%
5000-6000
12 4,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,32%5 E4,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
E
elim
niminary survey 22
Prelim
Klaw
inary
as,survey
M48
uara Enim
3 1
48- 20
Prelim
m 3inary survey
1 - 20
6000-7000
m 48 6000-7000
0,2%
3 3,1%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% E3,1%
nim A rea,
6000-700
Neogen
PTBA
ur,
elim
Minary
uaraenim
survey 23
Prelim
Suban
inaryJeriji
survey
325 Timur, M
2uaraenim 325
1 - 20
Prelim
m 2inary 5
survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 5 325 5000-6000
0,2%
2 8,0%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 Betw
8,0%een
5000-600
Neogen
Enim a
elim
a, Minary
uaraenim
survey 24
Prelim
Suban
inaryJeriji
survey
597 Utara, M
3uaraenim 597
1->20
Prelim
m 3inary survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 597 5000-6000
0,2%
3 4,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% Betw
4,5%een
5000-600
Neogen
Enim a
teliminary survey 25
Prelim
Kungkilan,
inary survey
80
Lahat 6 1->20
80 Prelim
m 6inary ?
survey
1->20
5000-6000
m ? 80 5000-6000
0,2%
6 5,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% ? E5,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
ospecting 26
Prospecting
Mesuji, OKI
325 2 325
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 2 5 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 5 325 5000-6000
0,2%
2 5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 A ir
5%Mesuji
5000-600
Neogen
A rea
,elim
Muaraenim
inary survey 27
Prelim
Banko
inary
Baratlaut,
survey
560 Muaraenim
4 560
1 - 20
Prelim
m 4inary survey
1 - 20
5000-6000
m 560 5000-6000
1,5%
4 5,5%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
1,5% E5,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
eliminary survey 28
Prelim
A irserelo,
inary survey
Lahat
73 3 1
73- 10
Prelim
m 3inary12
survey
1 - 10
5000-6000
m 12 73 5000-6000
0,2%
3 3,5%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,2%12 E3,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
at
eliminary survey 29
Prelim
Bukit
inary
Kendi,
survey
67Lahat 4 1
67- 10
Prelim
m 4inary25
survey
1 - 10
6000-7000
m 25 67 6000-7000
0,9%
4 4%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,9%25 Enim
4%A rea
6000-700
Neogen
M
elim
uaraenim
inary survey 30
Prelim
Banko
inary
Tengah,
survey
878 Muaraenim
4 878
1->20
Prelim
m 4inary 5
survey
1->20
5000-6000
m 5 878 5000-6000
0,2%
4 4,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 E4,5%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
hat
eliminary survey 31
Prelim
Bukit
inary
Bunian,
survey
18 Lahat 3 1
18- 10
Prelim
m 3inary survey
1 - 10
6000-7000
m 18 6000-7000
0,7%
3 5%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,7% Enim
5%A rea
6000-700
Neogen
ahat
eliminary survey 32
Prelim
Suka
inary
Merindu,
survey
106 Lahat
4 106
1 - 10
Prelim
m 4inary30
survey
1 - 10
5000-6000
m 30106 5000-6000
0,2%
4 3,4%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,2%30 E3,4%
nim A rea
5000-600
Neogen
M
elim
uaraenim
inary survey 33
Prelim
Banko
inary
Selatan,
survey
580 Muaraenim
4 580
1->20
Prelim
m 4inary 5
survey
1->20
5000=6000
m 5 580 5000=6000
0,2%
4 4,5%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,2% 5 E4,5%
nim A5000=600
rea
Neogen
a,
ospecting
OKU 34
Prospecting
Gunung M 143
eraksa, OKU
2 143
1->20
Prospecting
m 2 5 1->20
5000-6000
m 5 143 5000-6000
0,5%
2 9%
1->20 m
Neogene
0,5% 5 Southeast
9% 5000-600
Neogen
A rea
ncakabau,
ospecting OKU 35
Prospecting
Kepayang 195
& Muncakabau,
2 OKU
195
1 - 20
Prospecting
m 2 8 1 - 20
5000-6000
m 8 195 5000-6000
0,5%
2 10%
1 - 20 m
Neogene
0,5% 8 Southeast
10% 5000-600
Neogen
A rea
ncir,M
ospecting
UBA 36
Prospecting
Cengol,Bayunglincir,M
21.95 3 UBA 21.95
1,1 - P
3,8
rospecting
m3 12 1,1 - 3,8
5320-5940
m 12
21.95 0,71%
5320-5940
3 1,1
8,2%- 3,8Neogene
m0,71%12 North
8,2%area
5320-594
Neogen
eliminary survey 37
Prelim
Baturaja,
inary survey
195
OKU 3 195
1 - 10
Prelim
m 3inary20
survey
1 - 10
5000-6000
m 20195 0,25%
5000-6000
3 2,5%
1 - 10 m
Neogene
0,25%20 Southeast
2,5% 5000-600
Neogen
A rea
turaja,OKU
eliminary survey 38
Prelim
Pengadonan,Baturaja,OKU
inary survey
28 3 1
28- P
6relim
m 3 inary15
survey
1 - 64570-5655
m 15 28 4570-5655
1,5%
3 7%
1 - 6 m
Neogene
1,5%15 Southeast
7% 4570-565
Neogen
A rea
akitan,M
eliminary
usi
survey
Raw as
39Prelim
Muara
inary
152.17
Lakitan,Lakitan,M
survey 17 usi 152.17
Raw
0,5as
-P10
relim
m17inary16
survey
0,5 - 10
5132-5585
m 152.17
16 0,41%
5132-5585
17 8,7%
0,5 - 10Neogene
m0,41%16 West
8,7%A5132-558
rea
Neogen
UBA
eliminary survey 40
Prelim
Bayunglincir,
inary survey
116 MUBA10 0,5
116- P
7,2
relim
m10
inary15
survey
0,5 - 7,2
4040-5505
m 15116 4040-5505
0,39%
10 0,5
9,2%- 7,2Neogene
m0,39%15 Northeast
9,2% 4040-550
Neogen
A rea
M
elim
UBAinary survey 41
Prelim
Dawinary
as,
179.86
survey
Majililin,MUBA
11 179.86
0,4 - P
11
relim
m11inary 7
survey
0,4 - 11
4320-5900
m 179.86
7 0,36%
4320-5900
11 9,1%
0,4 - 11Neogene
m0,36%7 Northeast
9,1% 4320-590
Neogen
A rea
opo,M
eliminary
uaraE
survey
nim 42
Prelim
Talang
inaryUbi,P
1600
survey
endopo,M
6 uaraE1,87
nim
1600- 35,42
Prelim6
m
inary 5
survey
1,87 - 35,42
5035-5280
m 5
1600 <0,2%
5035-5280
6 1,87
7,6%
- 35,42
Neogene
<0,2%
m 5 P7,6%
endopo
5035-528
Neogen
A rea

Sumber: Badan Geologi, 2008

JUMLAH SEAM BATUBARA : 2 – 17 SEAM, KETEBALAN :1 – 20 M (35 M)
 SEISMIK (PND)

MAP OF COAL-BEARING FORMATION OF

THE SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN

SUMUR (PND)
GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL MODEL OF COAL IN THE SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN AND CBM POTENTIAL

- 300 M
- 400 M
- 500 M

- 300 M
- 400 M

- 300 M
- 400 M
 COAL OUTCROPS THAT RUN WITH A SLOPE
OF THE COAL SEAM >450)

Lokasi: Sumatera Selatan

PETA POTENSI SUMBER DAYA BATUBARA PULAU KALIMANTAN (2008)

Source: Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi, Badan Geologi, modifikasi

TOTAL COAL RESOURCES OF KALIMANTAN ISLAND (PROVEN = 4,624 MILLION TONS)

STRATIGRAFI REGIONAL CEKUNGAN KUTAI

TARGET CBM

TARGET CBM
GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL MODEL OF COAL IN THE KUTAI BASIN AND CBM
POTENTIAL
MAP OF COAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF JAVA ISLAND (2008)
MAP OF COAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF SULAWESI ISLAND (2008)
 PETA POTENSI SUMBER DAYA BATUBARA PULAU PAPUA(2008)

TOTAL COAL RESOURCES OF PAPUA ISLAND (HYPOTHETICAL = 89 MILLION TONS)

GEOLOGICAL SWEETSPOT DETERMINATION OF
COAL BED METHANE (CBM)
COAL METHANE GAS (CBM) POTENTIAL EVALUATION WORKFLOW

COAL GEOLOGY

RESERVOIR SIMULATION
GEOLOGICAL SWEETSPOT DETERMINATION
COAL BED METHANE POTENTIAL (CBM)
The exploration strategy to determine the CBM sweet spot is explicitly
mainly based on the identification of the thickness, depth, and sustainability
of coal seams having a high gas content

COAL BED METHANE SYSTEM (CBM)

SEAM COAL
THICKNESS
PERMEABILITY

COAL SEAM CHARACTERISTICS

GAS CONTENT
DEPTH OF COAL
RECOVERABILITY

STRUCTURE AND
GEOMETRY OF HYDRODYNAMICS
COAL SEAM
COAL IDENTIFICATION FROM WELL LOGS
Picking zone seam coal

FORMASI
MUARA ENIM

FORMASI
AIRBENAKAT
Coal seam identification

MEF

COAL ZONE A
ABF

COAL ZONE B
GUF

BRF
COAL ZONE C
TAF
COAL SEAM CORRELATION
WELL SEISMIC TIE
OUTCROP SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
COAL

A B
Structure and geometry of coal seam
Sumber: Esterle, Queensland University
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MODEL
PALEOGEOGRAPHY RECONSTRUCTION FOR THE PLAN OF DEVELOPMENT OF
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

SEAM
BATUBARA

TIDAK ADA
SEAM
BATUBARA
Sumber: Pashin, J.C, USGS,2004
DEPTH MAP OF EACH COAL ZONE
GEOLOGICAL SPOT DETERMINATION

Cut-off kedalaman (sumur dan seismik)

Ketebalan dari data sumur

Kandungan Gas

Karakteristik Batubara

Data Regional -- permeabilitas

AREA PROSPECTS
 DEVELOPMENT DRILLING (WELL SPACING)
Exploration
Development Task Core Hole Well Production Test Well Remarks
Exploration:
2009 3 2 3 core holes & 2 exploration wells
2010 2 2 2 2 core holes,2 exploration well & 2 Prod. Testing wells
2011 1 1 1 2 core holes,1 exploration well & 1 Prod. Testing well
2012 3 POD, prod. Facilities + 3 Prod. Testing wells
Development: Development/Infill
2013 80 wells/year
2014 80 wells/year
2015 50 wells/year
2016 40 wells/year
2017 40 wells/year
2018 40 wells/year
2019 40 wells/year
2020 20 wells/year
2021 10 wells/year
2022 5 wells/year
2023 5 wells/year
2024 0 wells/year
2025 0 wells/year
2026 0 wells/year
2027 0 wells/year
2028 0 wells/year
2029 0 wells/year
2030 0 wells/year
2031 0 wells/year
2032 0 wells/year
2033 0 wells/year
2034 0 wells/year
2035 0 wells/year
2036 0 wells/year
2037 0 wells/year
2038 0 wells/year

Total development wells : 421 wells

 Perkembangan Wilayah Kerja Migas
Konvensional & Non Konvensional
Status 1 Agustus 2017
350
287 308 321 318 312 280 277
300
250 228 245
203
200 169
136 139
150 110 130
100
50
0
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
WK Non Konvensional 7 20 23 42 54 55 55 58 54 54
WK EKSPLORASI
59 76 79 80 110 132 141 155 172 179 187 183 170 141 137
KONVENSIONAL
WK EKSPLOITASI 51 54 57 59 59 64 67 67 73 75 79 80 84 85 86
JUMLAH WK 110 130 136 139 169 203 228 245 287 308 321 318 312 280 277
q Terjadi kenaikan status 1 WK Eksplorasi menjadi WK Eksploitasi di Semester I Tahun 2017, sehingga
sejak tahun 2003 hingga 2017 terjadi kenaikan 35 WK Eksplorasi menjadi Wk eksploitasi.
q Penurunan jumlah WK Eksplorasi sejak tahun 2014 disebabkan oleh kebijakan untuk melakukan
terminasi otomatis WK eksplorasi yang tidak berkinerja baik dan tidak adanya penambahan WK
baru sejak tahun 2015.

Divisi Perencanaan Eksplorasi 56

 Pencapaian Kinerja Eksplorasi
WK Migas Non Konvensional
86 WK ≥ 3 Tahun
Total 277 WK
7
36
WK
44 q 1 WK < 3 tahun WK
95 q 43 WK aktif ≥ 3 Tahun
52
86 WK SUDAH Memenuhi Komitmen
Pasti
WK BELUM Memenuhi Komitmen
WK Eksplorasi Migas Pasti
Konvensional
WK Eksploitasi
WK HNK Komitmen Pasti yg belum terlaksana
WK Proses Terminasi q G&G à 48 Kegiatan
q Corehole à 60 hole
q Exploratory Well à 48 sumur
q Prod. Test à 32 sumur
q Exploratory Well + Prod Test à 9
sumur
q Dewatering à 7 kegiatan
q New Production Test à kegiatan
q Akuisisi seismik & proc à 500 km
q Reprocessing à 500 km
~+ US$ 192,07 Juta

57
 Kendala Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Eksplorasi
Di WK Non Konvensional
Status 1 Agustus 2017

44 WK Eksplorasi Migas Kendala Pelaksanaan Kegiatan

Non Konvensional Aktif Eksplorasi status 1 Agustus 2017
dari 44 WK Eksplorasi Non
1 Portfolio KKKS (20 WK)
Konvensional 30%
7 Internal Kontraktor (14 WK) 21%

Regulasi & Sosial (13 WK) 19%

Ketersediaan Alat &

36 Operasional (13WK)
19%

Subsurface & Data (7WK) 10,5%

0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0%

Catatan: * 1 WK bisa memiliki lebih dari 1 kendala

* 3 WK tidak ada kendala selama Semester I 2017
WK kurang dari 3 Tahun
WK sudah memenuhi Komitmen
Pastibelum memenuhi Komitmen
WK
Pasti

58
 Proses Terminasi (Pengembalian Seluruh Wilayah Kerja)
WK Eksplorasi Non Konvensional

Total WK Konvensional yang sedang dalam proses

8 WK masuk dalam Proses Terminasi
dengan kategori Terminasi Otomatis di
Tahun 2017, yaitu:
• GMB Barito Banjar I (KKS 2008)
• GMB Barito Banjar II (KKS 2008)
• GMB Muara Enim III (KKS 2011)
• GMB Kutai Timur (KKS 2011)
• GMB Melak Mendung III (KKS 2011)
• GMB Suban I (KKS 2011)
• GMB Suban II (KKS 2011)
• GMB Kutai Barat (KKS 2011)
terminasi s/d tahun 2017 sebanyak 10 WK:
q Total Unrecovered Cost ±US$ 246 Juta
q Sisa Komitmen Pasti yang belum dilakukan sebesar
US$ 36,303,494, yang terdiri dari:
o 7 kegiatan G&G
o 18 Corehole
o 16 Exploratory Well
o 12 Production Test
o 4 Dewatering
q Sisa Kewajiban Equipment and/or service bonus
yang belum dilakukan sebesar US$ 75,000

2 WK yang proses terminasi di tahun 2015

& 2016:
• GMB Pulang Pisau (KKS 2009)
• GMB Barito Tapin (KKS 2009)

59
 PENCAPAIAN EKSPLORASI DAN PROPERTI GMB REGION KALIMANTAN
Baru 11 WK dari total 29 WK di Region Kalimantan telah melakukan pemboran eksplorasi GMB
EKSPLORASI CBM PROPERTIES
EKSPLO
REGION GRUP Wilayah Kerja Gas Content (Scf/Ton) Thickness (m) Permeability (mD)
G&G CH E SW PT MW PT iTASI
0 300 0 30 0 1 10 100
VICO GMB Sanga-sanga 3 5 4 2 0.1-17
GMB Tanjung II 3 5 3 0.2 -3.3
PHE
GMB Tanjung IV 3 3
BUMI PDN GMB Batang Asin 3 2 4 1
UANGEL GMB Pulang Pisau 3 6 3 1
GMB Kotabu 3 5 2 2 0.6 -2.9
GMB Kapuas I 3 3 1
GMB Kapuas II 3 3 1
GMB Kapuas III 3 2 1 0.2 -0.5
GMB Barito Banjar I 3 2 2 2 0.012 - 0.2
GMB Barito Banjar II 3 2 2 2 0.012 - 0.2
GMB Barito Tapin 3 5 3 2
GMB Barito 3 9 5 5 21-29
SUGICO
GMB Bangkanai III 3 2 2 1
GMB Bangkanai IV 3 2 2 1
GMB Tanah Laut 3 2 2 1
KALIMANTAN
GMB Bangkanai I 3 2 2 1
GMB Bangkanai II 3 2 2 1
GMB Kuala Kapuas II 3 2 1 1
GMB West Sanga-sanga I 3 2 1 1
GMB Kutai Barat 3 3 3
GMB Sangatta I 1 8 5 0.1-22
GMB Kutai Timur 3 2
EPHINDO
GMB Kutai II 3 4 1 1
GMB Melak Mendung I 3 4 1 1
GMB Sangatta II 3 4 4 5 0.1-22
EMP
GMB Tabulako 3 5 3 3
DEEP GMB Melak Mendung III 3 10 10 10
GMB Bentian Besar 1 10 10 10
ASIA GMB Kuala Kapuas I 1 3 1
NECl GMB Kutai 0 2 4 0.1-17
NGY GMB Bontang Bengalon 3 3 1 1

Telah dikerjakan CH C/O 50 SCF/Ton

: Corehole C/O 1 m
E : Exploratory
Area GMB prospektivitas tinggi SW PT : Single-Well Production Test
MW PT: Multi-Well Production Test

60
 PENCAPAIAN EKSPLORASI DAN PROPERTI GMB REGION SUMATERA
Baru 13 WK dari total 21 WK di Region Sumatera yang telah melakukan pemboran eksplorasi GMB
EKSPLORASI CBM PROPERTIES
EKSPLO
REGION GRUP Wilayah Kerja Gas Content (Scf/Ton) Thickness (m) Permeability (mD)
G&G CH E SW PT MW PT ITASI
0 300 0 30 0 1 10 100
MEDCO GMB Sekayu 0 3 1 2
GMB Lematang 3 2 2 2
GMB Sekayu II 3 1 1 1
GMB Ogan Komering 3 6 7 3 10-55
GMB Ogan Komering II 3 1 2
SUGICO
GMB Sijunjung 3 2 2
GMB Belida 3 3 3 3
GMB Air Komering 3 4 2 1
GMB Belawa 3 3 1 1
CBM ASIA GMB Indragiri Hulu 1 10 10 10
GMB Muara Enim 3 2 2 1 10-17
SUMATERA
GMB Rengat 2 4 5 5
NGY GMB Muara Enim II 3 5 2 1
GMB Tanjung Enim 3 7 8 2 0.6 - 5
GMB Muralim 3 4 1
GMB Muara Enim I 3 4 3 1 7-48
GMB Muara Enim III 3 2 2 1 16-90
GMB Air Benakat I 3 2 2 2
PHE GMB Air Benakat II 3 2 2 2
GMB Air Benakat III 3 2 2 2 2.2-27
GMB Suban I 3 2 2 2
GMB Suban II 3 2 2 2 0.38-52
C/O 50 SCF/Ton C/O 1 m
Telah dikerjakan CH : Corehole
E : Exploratory
Area GMB prospektivitas tinggi SW PT : Single-Well Production Test
MW PT: Multi-Well Production Test

PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL 61 61

 Sumberdaya Migas Non Konvensional GMB
Coalbed Methane (Coal Seam Gas)
Resources estimate in basins: 453 Tcf

453 Tcf

Resources Estimate in Existing Working Areas:

90.1856 27 WK =
19 WK = 58.612
31.5736 Tcf Tcf

16 November 2016
status

62
 WK GMB YANG TELAH MENGERJAKAN PRODUCTION TEST

KALIMANTAN SUMATERA
WK GMB Sangatta I WK GMB Sangatta II

WK GMB Kutai I

WK GMB Sanga- WK GMB Sekayu

sanga

ME-CBM-02 (GMB Muara Enim)

Rate gas : 25Mscf/d –
WK GMB Kotabu
30Mscf/d
WK GMB Tanjung Enim WK GMB muara Enim
SWCBM#12 (GMB
Sangatta)
(Rate Gas: 28Mscf/d –
WK GMB Barito
35Mscf/d)

Wilayah kerja GMB yang telah melakukan

Single well Production Test
Wilayah kerja GMB yang telah melakukan Multi well
Production Test / Pilot Production

SGT-CXP04 (GMB Sangatta

II)
(Rate Gas: 8.5Mscf/d – 15
Mscf/d)
Flaring Sumur TE - 13
GMB Indonesia terbukti producible ! (Rate gas: 1.9Mscf/d –
4.2Mscf/d)

Divisi Perencanaan Eksplorasi 63

 CONCLUSION
• Indonesia's coal resource potential currently reaches more than 104
million tons, so it is expected to have the potential for Coal Methane Gas
(CBM) which is quite a prospect to be developed.
• The exploration strategy to determine the prospects for Coal Methane
Gas (CBM) is explicitly based on the identification of depth, thickness, and
sustainability/widening of coal seams that have a high gas content
 SHALE HYDROCARBON
THE PRESENCE OF FINE-GRAINED SOURCE ROCK AND RESERVOIRS IN THE
PETROLEUM BASIN
SHALE HYDROCARBON
Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale. Shale rocks are formed by compaction
and because of this they tend to have low porosity and extremely low permeability.

Shale Gas are thought of dually system as hydrocarbon source rocks and fine-grained
tight-gas reservoirs.

Shale gas refers to in situ hydrocarbon gas present in organic rich, fine grained,
sedimentary rocks (shale and associated lithofacies).

Gas is generated and stored in situ in gas shales as both sorbed gas (on organic
matter) and free gas (in fractures or pores). As such, gas shales are self-sourced
reservoirs.
Low-permeable shales require extensive fractures (natural or induced) to produce
commercial quantities of gas.
Pegunungan
Tigapuluh, Sumatra
Selatan

Homogeneous, massive carbonaceous

shale intercalated by coals, coaly
shale and minor sandstone
SHALE GAS
SYSTEM
• A SHALE GAS SYSTEM IS A
SELF-CONTAINED SOURCE
RESERVOIR SYSTEM. IN THIS
SYSTEM, SHALE THAT
GENERATED THE GAS ALSO
FUNCTION AS LOW MATRIX
PERMEABILITY AND LOW
POROSITY RESERVOIR
ROCKS.

USGS 2003
 SUGGESTED BY THE PRESENCE
OF CONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON
THE ICEBERG
PHENOMENA
INDICATED THE POTENTIAL UNCONVENTIONAL
HYDROCARBON AND WAIT TO BE DEVELOPED

all4desktop.com
 THE ICEBERG PHENOMENA

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

CONVENTIONAL AND
UNCONVENTIONAL

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

US SHALE GAS
• By the end of 2007 gas production from all
unconventional reservoirs provided 48% of
the total US gas production. Projections
indicate that by 2020 they will be providing
roughly 69% of the total production
(Ref.2.).

• As indicated in Figure, the biggest

contribution to this increase is expected to
come from shale gas reservoirs.
Shale gas has
already
transformed the
US energy
dynamics and
boosted its
economy.
 HUGE SHALE GAS POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA
Large Shale Basins, with ~5,000 TCF GIP (DIRECTORATE GENERAL MIGAS OF ABOUT ~ 1000
TCF, BADAN GEOLOGI OF ABOUT ~ 574 TCF)

North Sumatra
Shale Gas—338 Tcf

Central Sumatra
Shale Gas—558 Tcf East Kalimantan
Shale Gas—1,723 Tcf

South Sumatra
Shale Gas—964 Tcf
West Papua
South Sulawesi Shale Gas—648 Tcf
Shale Gas—20 Tcf

Shale gas play West & East Java

Shale Gas—722 Tcf
CBM play

Source: Modified from IHS CERA

Source: After Talisman 2012
PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015
 • Good oil-prone source rocks containing
>1.5 wt% TOC
KEY TO A SUCCESSFUL ü For Gas - Rocks have matured to the
SHALE PLAY wet gas window (i.e. VR > 1.1).
§ In Central Sumatra Basin this
equates to depth ~2500mss (high
geothermal gradient in area)
ü For Oil play - Maturity criteria is less
certain although likely to be VR >0.9.
Impact of waxy crudes on flow
uncertain.
• Rocks susceptible to fracking (carbonate or
silica enrichment)
• Access to infra-structure and market
SHALE GAS
SYSTEM
• SHALE GAS SYSTEMS IS THE
NECESSARY ELEMENTS NEEDED TO
HAVE FOR THE POSSIBILITY WHERE
SHALE GAS COULD BE GENERATED,
THE ELEMENTS ARE:
•

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

SHALE HYDROCARBON IN INDONESIA COMMENTS

Ø Indonesian basins contain abundant shale but their potential for shale gas production is
potentially limited by:
ü Under-compaction which leads to high retained water, drilling difficulties and plastic
behavior. Susceptibility to fracking is therefore likely to be limited
ü The shale's are mostly Eocene - Oligocene or younger and the present-day gas
generative window is very deep.
Ø The carbonate content of target formation section is expected to provide a lithology that
will be susceptible to fracking.
Ø The organic richness is expected to be adequate in restricted basinal sections for target
formation to contain significant potential both within the rich restricted marine shales and
also within finely inter-laminated sands and carbonate stringers.
Ø The high geothermal gradient of the Indonesian Basin is also a positive factor with
prospective shales at suitable maturity at reasonable drill depths.
PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015
THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOC & POTENTIAL YIELD IN
SEVERAL AREAS OF CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 THE DISTRIBUTION OF
MATURITY (RO) IN
SEVERAL AREAS OF
CENTRAL SUMATRA
BASIN

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

ANGGOTA BROWN
SHALE (PEMATANG
GROUP)

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

ASOSIASI FACIES BROWN SHALE
G A''. Quartz sandstone
and
A'' conglomerate facies
A. Coal and limestone
F facies
A
B. Amalgamated
massive-thick
E
bedded shale facies
C. Interlaminated shale
D and siltstone facies
D. Interbedded grey and
B red shale facies
A C E. Fossiliferous shale
facies.
F. Massive-thick beds
shale facies
G . Interlaminated shale
and sandstone facies

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

A''. Quartz sandstone and conglomerate facies
A. Coal and limestone facies
B. Amalgamated massive-thick bedded shale facies
C. Interlaminated shale and siltstone facies
D. Interbedded grey and red shale facies
E. Fossiliferous shale facies.
F. Massive-thick beds shale facies
G . Interlaminated shale and sandstone facies
FGD MIGAS NONKONVENSIONAL – TIGHT RESERVOIR
 MASSIVE SHALE UNIT
Composite Measured Section of Massive Shale Unit (Approximately 60 m)
Homogeneous, massive carbonaceous shale intercalated by coals, coaly shale and minor sandstone

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

Massive-thick beds shale facies

Homogenous -massive shale facies

containing rich organic content

Fissility or parting on shale composed of

muddy and organic matters

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 RESERVOIR CONTINUITY
q Knowledge of the depositional system and the
effects of diagenesis on the rock are needed to
estimate the drainage area size and shape for a
specific well.
ü parameters to evaluate in gas reservoirs is
the drainage area size and shape of a
typical well
ü reservoir boundaries or well-to-well
interference
ü to estimate the drainage area size and
shape for a typical well in order to estimate
reserves.
SHALE GEOMETRY
PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015
 A main factor
controlling the 1. Generally, reservoir drainage per well
ü small in continental deposits and
continuity of ü larger in marine deposits.
the reservoir is 2. Fluvial systems --------- more lenticular.
3. Barrier-strandplain systems --------- more
the blanket and continuous.
depositional 4. Marine deposits ----------- more blanket and
continuous.
system. 5. Most of the more successful shale gas plays
are those in which the formation is a thick,
continuous, marine deposit.

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 Sweetspot Identification Method

SWEETSPOT
IDENTIFICATION
PARAMETER
NO PARAMETER VALUE
HIDROGEN
1 INDEX > 100 MG/G
2 THICKNESS >40 M
120-155°C
(SHALE OIL)
TEMPERATUR 155-185 °C
3
E (SHALE GAS)
>185 °C (DRY
GAS)
4 DRILL DEPTH 6000 – 10,000 ft.
PALEOGEOG SHALE PRONE
5 RAPHY ENVIRONMENT

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
THE ANALYSIS OF ANY RESERVOIR
SHOULD ALWAYS BEGIN WITH A
THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE
GEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
FORMATION.

• The important geologic parameters

for a trend or basin are:
1. Stratigraphy in a Basin
2. Structural and Tectonic Regime
3. Regional Thermal Gradients
4. Regional Pressure Gradients

• STRATIGRAPHY
Important geologic parameters that
should be studied for each
stratigraphic unit are:
1. The genetic facies
2. Textural maturity
3. Mineralogy
4. Diagenetic processes
5. Cements
6. Reservoir dimensions
7. Presence of natural fractures

A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF
THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SCALES OF
SUBSURFACE RESERVOIR DATASETS

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 • STRENGTH:
• Indonesia memiliki potensi sumberdaya hidrokarbon non konvensional yang sangat besar; Shale Gas 1000 TCF
• Memiliki pengalaman dan peraturan perundangan di bidang konvensional yang sudah mapan sehingga dapat
menjadi pembelajaran menuju ke non konvensional.

• WEAKNESS
• Potensi Shale Gas belum terbukti dapat diproduksikan secara komersil.
• Masalah tumpang tindih lahan
• Infrastruktur yang masih belum memadai di wilayah-wilayah yang potensi terhadap keberadaan hidrokarbon non
konvensional. Ini akan berdampak kepada high cost production.

• OPPORTUNITY

KESIMPULAN
• Adanya pasar, domestik dan internasional, karena adanya kebutuhan energi di masa depan yang dapat terpenuhi
oleh non konvensional hidrocarbon
• Daya saing harga non konvensional yang kompetitif dalam jumlah besar
• Masuknya investasi asing

• ANCAMAN
• Tumpang tindih lahan dari pertanian, perkebunan, pertambangan, konvensional dan non konvensional hidrokarbon
yang akan menjadi sumber konflik dan terhambatnya eksplorasi dan produksi
• Peraturan perundangan
• Sistim fiskal yang belum menarik sehingga membuat investor tidak menaruh minat
• Terhambatnya penelitian di bidang non konvensional hidrokarbon

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

TERIMA KASIH

PERTAMINA FORUM ENERGY 2015

 OUTLINE PRESENTASI
• MEKANISME PEMBENTUKAN DAN ISIAN
CEKUNGAN
• KEBERADAAN GRABEN PADA
CEKUNGAN SUMATRA TENGAH DAN
SELATAN
• TARGET SHALE HIDROKARBON
• ASOSIASI LITOLOGI DI FORMASI
SOURCE ROCK
 SHALE
• BATUAN SEDIMEN BERBUTIR HALUS, TERBENTUK DARI HASIL
KOMPAKSI LANAU DAN PARTIKEL UKURAN LEMPUNG
(MINERAL LEMPUNG ILLITE, KAOLINITE DAN SMECTITE)
• SHALE MEMPUNYAI KARAKTER FISSILE DAN LAMINATED
• BLACK SHALE MENGANDUNG MATERIAL ORGANIC,
SEBAGAI SOURCEROCK
Facts about Shale Source / Reservoirs Rocks

• Organic Shale:
– Clay minerals < 40%
– Fine-size (<0.06mm) quartz and feldspar, Quartz
– Plus organic material

• Ultra low perm (NanoDarcies range)

• Tortuous fracture path – complex fracture geometry
• Naturally fractured Carbonate

• Wide range of mineralogy

• Source rock for hydrocarbons
• Compartmentalized, stacked, or layered reservoirs
• Sensitivity to fluid damage and capillary pressure Clay
• Shear failure at high drawdown

Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, Reserves and Production Division, November 2006
© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL
RIGHTS RESERVED.
MEKANISME PEMBENTUKAN DAN ISIAN CEKUNGAN
DEPOSITIONAL MODEL WITHIN SYNRIFT
PETA KEBERADAAN GRABEN PADA CEKUNGAN SUMATRA TENGAH

KILIRAN SUB-BASIN
PETA KEBERADAAN GRABEN PADA CEKUNGAN SUMATRA SELATAN

RETIH-1

E
OR
AP
NG
M - SI
TA
BA
N

E TO
IN
EL
PIP
0 10 20

S
P

GA
EE
LD
KM

KA
EP
RONDAMAN
-1
-

DE

NG
TIH

TU
TUNGKAL
-1

RE
LEMANG
-1 RUKU-1

EP
GU GANGSAL
-1 DE -
LF A Berhala Strait
- GEBANG-1
AR
CA
LTE B ET
-
-
XG
AS
PIP SIANTANG-1 NW
ELI
NE
LUPAK--2 LUPAK-3
TEBING TINGGI
-1
1 LUPAK-1

KA 01°00’E
BU
Riau Province LD
EE SABAR-1
P BERKAH-1

Jambi Province
NAPAL-1

LEGEND : JINAWI
-1

TUBA OBI- -
KAJEN1
-
-1 TIUNG-2

OIL FIELD.
LAMBUR
-1
8
PEMATANG LANTIH-1 A. MENDAHARA
--1 TIUNG-1
HARJA-1

GAS FIELD.
TUBA OBI EAST
-1
BEREMBANG
-1

MANISMATA
-1

BEREMBANG
-3

BEREMBANG
-2

SARINAH
-1

BETUNG-1
SOUTH SUMATRA KITCHEN
JAMBI CITY
STRATIGRAFI REGIONAL CEKUNGAN SUMATRA SELATAN

SHALE PLAY
TARGET
Chronostratigraphy South Sumatra Stratigraphy Diagram Ginger,
2005
102
ASOSIASI LITOLOGI PADA CEKUNGAN SUMATRA SELATAN
 ASOSIASI FACIES SHALE TARGET

1. Alternating compacted mudstones and carbonaceous shale with subordinate

coal seams, charcoal and thin laminated coaly mudstone (Association 1), well
stratified to poorly defined bedding surface, showing folded and steep dipping
stratification (N 280° E dip direction), brownish to reddish brown color in the lower
portion (Association 2).
2. Carbonaceous sandstone and siltstone with common mudstone, deformed and 104
folded, sharply defined top surface, characterized by the presence of faulted
Carbonaceous siltstone with shale, deformed and folded

105
 Homogeneous interlaminated and very thin bedded
calcareous and carbonaceous shale showing laminated and fissility

106
Interbedded-amalgamated conglomerates and sandstones

107
 MASSIVE SHALE UNIT
Composite Measured Section of Massive Shale Unit (Approximately 60 m)
Homogeneous, massive carbonaceous shale intercalated by coals, coaly shale and minor
sandstone

108
REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN

1. Rift phase

1. Eocene to early
Miocene
2. Pematang Group
deposition.

2. Post-rift phase

1. Early Miocene to
middle Miocene
2. Deposition of Sihapas
Group

3. Back-arc phase

1. Middle Miocene to
Pliocene

SHALE PLAY
2. Deposition of Petani

TARGET
Group
 LOWER PEMATANG GROUP
INTERBEDDED LIGHT GREY-RED MUDSTONE
AND SILSTONE, QUARTZ SANDSTONE AND
CONGLOMERATE

Repetation of short coarsening upward cycles

of fluviatile deposits of sandstone-
conglomerate facies
1. Sandstone-Conglomerate Facies was potentially
deposited in sand bar and channel active of
river.
2. The Mudstone and Shale Facies overlying the
Sandstone Conglomerate Facies was
accumulated in low energy condition or in a
flood plain environment
3. Depositional environment showing coarsening
upward sedimentation cycles suggest that in
Conglomerate boulder the lower Pematang Group at least 3
parasequences
ANGGOTA BROWN SHALE (PEMATANG GROUP)
ASOSIASI FACIES BROWN SHALE
G

A''. Quartz sandstone and

A''
conglomerate facies
F A. Coal and limestone
A facies
B. Amalgamated
E massive-thick bedded
shale facies
D C. Interlaminated shale
and siltstone facies
B D. Interbedded grey and
A C red shale facies
E. Fossiliferous shale
facies.
F. Massive-thick beds
shale facies
G . Interlaminated shale
and sandstone facies
 SUKSESI ASOSIASI LITOFASIES
COAL AND LIMESTONE FACIES ASSOCIATION

Heavily fractured
Massive-thick beds shale facies

Homogenous -massive shale facies

containing rich organic content

Fissility or parting on shale composed of

muddy and organic matters
Interbedded grey and red shale facies &
Fossiliferous shale facies.

Thin beds of sandstone showing

repetition of graded bedding and ripple
lamination structures

Interbedded grey shale and red

shale containing rich fragments
Interlaminated-thin bedded Shale and Siltstone Facies

Interbedded fine to very fine

sandstones sandstone and
mudstone showing repetition of
graded, bedding, parallel and ripple
laminations composed of carbonate
and feroan matters
Interlaminated shale and siltstone/sandstone facies

Well bedded interlaminated of

shales, sandy.silty, mudy
calcareous, carbonaceous and
feroan matters

Mineralogy data record of

interlaminated shale containing
calcite, kaoline, quartz and
siderite.
PEMATANG GROUP SHALE PLAY SCOPE OF WORK

1. Outcrop and core description

work
2. Sequence identification and
characterization within the
Pematang Group rock types
by analyzing the lithofacies
stacking patterns
3. Recognized differences in
organic content of the
different facies
4. 2D and 3D typical seismic
line through the Pematang
Group, map the top of the
Pematang and the bottom of
the Pematang.
5. Shale Hydrocarbon Sweet
Spot Identification
6. Shale Hydrocarbon System
and Play Concept
7. Drilling and Completion and
Economic
 Sweet Spot Identification Method

Sweet spot map consist of

• Source rock richness HI>300 (√)
• Source rock maturity (155-1850C)
• Source rock thickness >50m (√)
• Source rock economic drill depth
(6000 – 12000 ft)
• calculate resources
Sweetspot Identification Method

120
 GIP CALCULATION

Where:

Gf = Free gas storage capacity, scf/ton

Bg = Gas formation volume factor, reservoir
volume/surface volume
Φ = Total porosity fraction, dimensionless
Sw = Water saturation, dimensionless
ρb = Bulk rock density, g/cm3
ρs = Sorbed phase density, g/cm3
M = Apparent natural gas molecular weight, lbm/lbmole
GsL = Langmuir storage capacity, scf/ton
p = Pressure, psia
pL = Langmuir pressure, psia
Ambrose, 2010
 DISKUSI
• Batuan sedimen berbutir halus/shale
sebagai target untuk MNK (Shale Gas,
Shale Oil, Tight Gas, Tight Sands Gas),
selalu berasosiasi dengan batuan
sedimen lainnya dalam satu
sequence/siklus pengendapan.
• Umum didapatkan sebagai perselingan
baik ukuran berbutir kasar maupun halus
dengan ketebalan yang bervariasi dari
ukuran cm hingga meter.
 KESIMPULAN
1. Pengembangan CBM dan Shale Gas sudah terjadi di banyak negara di dunia dan adanya
potensi pasar untuk kebutuhan gas alam. Diperkirakan sumberdaya CBM di Indonesia
mencapai sekitar 450 TCF dan Shale Gas hingga 1000 TCF .
2. Pengembangan CBM sudah mencapai tahap komersial di negara-negara seperti; USA,
Canada, Australia, China dan India dengan mencapai total produksi sekitar ~6 Bcf per hari
3. CBM dan Shale Gas sebagai sumber energi yang murah biayanya, dapat dipercaya dan
mampu mensuplai gas alam dalam jangka waktu yang lama.
4. Projek CBM dan Shale Gas sangat membutuhkan biaya yang besar dan membutuhkan
waktu sekitar 5 - 10 Tahun sebelum keberhasilan secara komersial dapat tercapai (Sebagai
catatan: tidaklah semua projek CBM ini dapat berhasil, hal ini sangat tergantung dari
kondisi geologi dan parameter dari batubara itu sendiri).
5. Hidrokarbon (Gas) non konvensional yang secara lingkungan dapat lebih diterima
dibandingkan dengan sumber energi hidrokarbon lainnya (batubara dan Minyak Bumi).
6. Keberhasilan projek CBM dan Shale Gas dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu;
1. Kemampuan menghasilkan gas alam dalam tingkat yang ekonomis
2. Kemampuan untuk mengontrol biaya ekplorasi dan pengembangan
3. Adanya ketersediaan pasar baik dometik atau pun ekspor.
4. Kemudahan pengembangan infrastruktur (baik yang sudah tersedia atau pun
biaya yang rendah)
7. Pengembangan dan keberhasilan CBM dan Shale Gas di Indonesia dapat menjadikan Indonesia
negara yang memiliki kemajuan tingkat kesejahteraan dan kemandirian energi
 GAS HYDRAT
Definisi:
Senyawa yang terlihat seperti
es, terbentuk pada kondisi
tekanan tinggi dan suhu
rendah dimana terdapat gas
terlarut dalam air dalam jumlah
berlebih (Brooks et al., 1985).

Kristal clathrate yang terdiri

atas molekul gas dan air yang
stabil pada suhu rendah,
tekanan parsial masing-masing
komponen gas, dan konsentrasi
gas (Hachikubo et al., 2010)

Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_cla
 CLATHRATE
• Clathrate merupakan suatu
molekul yang sangat besar
dan berikatan secara
kompleks untuk membentuk
struktur yang menyerupai Struktur clathrate
“sangkar” (dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate
)
• Ketika Clathrate terdiri atas
molekul air, maka Clathrate
tersebut dikenal dengan
nama hydrate. Hidrat dapat
terbentuk dalam dua
struktur dasar (I dan II) juga
struktur hibrid (H) tergantung
dari jumlah molekul air yang
menyusunnya
Gas hydrat: melekul metana
(CH4) yang terperangkap dalam
clathrate type I yang dibentuk
oleh molekul air (H2O)
(Beauchamp, 2004).
PEMBENTUKAN GAS HIDRAT
1. Dalam gas hidrat, air terkristalisasi dalam sistem kubik kristalografik dimana
kisi-kisi kristal tersebut membentuk “sangkar” (struktur clathrate). Ketika
konsentrasi gas terlarut (metana, etana, propana, butana, n-butana)
berlebih maka gas tersebut akan terperangkap di dalam struktur clathrate
(Kvenvolden, 1995).
2. Metana dalam gas hidrat secara dominan berasal dari degradasi bakteria
terhadap organic matter dalam lingkungan anoksik (kandungan oksigen
rendah). Namun, dapat pula berasal dari simpanan minyak bumi yang
merembes ke dasar laut melalui faults atau crack
3. Metana dibawah dasar laut dalam continental margin yang berasal dari
proses mikrobial diproduksi berdasarkan proses berikut:
• Material organik didekomposisi melalui proses metanogenesis menjadi metana oleh bakteri pada
lingkungan anoksik.
• Material organik terdiri atas karbon, hidrogen, dan fosfor dengan rasio 106:16:1 dimana proses
dekomposisi menghasilkan metana dengan reaksi sebagai berikut:
(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) à 53 CO2 + 53 CH4 + 16 NH3 + H3PO4
• Pada proses dekomposisi terdapat pula proses fermentasi asetat yang menghasilkan metana,
dengan reaksi:
CH3COOH àCH4 + CO2
• Reduksi karbon dioksida lebih lanjut juga dapat menghasilkan metana, dengan reaksi:
CO2 + 4H2 à CH4 + 2H2O
 REAKSI PEMBENTUKAN GAS
HIDRAT
Pembentukan gas hidrat Faktor yang terlibat dalam
biasanya dideskripsikan pembentukan gas hidrat
sebagai proses kristalisasi merupakan gabungan dari
yang melibatkan tahapan- 3 faktor penting, yaitu
tahapan berikut (Demirbas, (Demirbas, 2010):
2010): 1. Tekanan
1. Absorpsi gas 2. Suhu
2. Nukleasi primer dan 3. Komposisi gas
sekunder
3. Pertumbuhan kristal
4. Aglomerasi (melibatkan
transfer massa)
5. Pemecahan (breakage)
 BENTUK FISIK GAS HIDRAT
Gas hidrat ditemukan dalam bentuk veins,
nodula, padatan menyerupai es, kristal putih
yang tersebar di dalam core sampel
(Kvenvolden, 1995).

Hidrat jg dapat berupa partikel-partikel yang

tersebar dalam sampel (disseminated
particles), cement yang mengisi pori (pore
filling cements), jalinan seperti motif zebra
(zebra-like laminated fabrics), dan massive
hidrat yang bisa mencapai ketebalan 3 m.

Kemungkinan model pembentukan gas hidrat
dalam deep sea sediment (Dari: Brooks et al.,
1986).
Gas hidrat yang ditemukan di sediment
cores dari Danau Baikal, selatan dan
tengah cekungan Baikal, Siberia (Dari
 IDENTIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI GAS
HIDRAT (Beauchamp, 2004)
Identifikasi
• Menghitung zona stabilitas
gas hidrat untuk
mendapatkan pengetahuan
tentang gradien geotermal di
suatu area
• Mengidentifikasi Bottom
Stimulating Reflector (BSR).
BSR dapat menandai transisi
antara zona hidrat dan zona
gas bebas di bawahnya
• Observasi langsung untuk
melihat hidrat mounds dan
ridges di dasar laut
menggunakan submersible,
deep towed cameras atau
side scan sonars
Karakterisasi
• Sejumlah eksperimen
downhole geophysical
digunakan untuk
mengkarakterisasi hidrat:
resistivity dan sonic
velocities dari zona hidrat
dapat dibedakan
• Pengambilan sample
geokimia terhadap water
formation untuk
mendapatkan informasi
tentang pembentukan
dan kejadian gas hidrat.
 INDIKATOR GEOKIMIA
(Kvenvolden, 1995)

• Dalam eksplorasi gas hidrat, geokimia

memiliki peranan untuk mengetahui
kemungkinan sumber gas dan proses
yang terlibat dalam pembentukannya.
• Indikator geokimia yang digunakan untuk
analisis gas hidrat adalah:
– Jumlah C1 dalam hidrokarbon campuran gas
yang terdiri atas C1, C2, and C3 yang
dideskripsikan sebagai:
C1/ (C2+C3)
– Komposisi isotopik karbon C1
 INDIKATOR GEOKIMIA
Indikator geokimia yang digunakan
untuk menganalisis gas hidrat dari
Bernard et al. (1976):
Indikator Sumber mikrobial Sumber termogenik
δ13C-C1 < -60 ‰ > -50 ‰
C1/ (C2+C3) > 1000 <50
 MENGAMBIL SAMPEL GAS
HIDRAT
Sampel gas hidrat dapat diambil dengan
cara (Milkov, 2005):
1. Research submersibles
2. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
3. Grabbing
4. Dragging
5. Piston coring
6. DSDP/ ODP (off shore)
7. Traditional (on shore) coring
 RECOVERY METANA DARI GAS
HIDRAT
(Demirbas, 2010)
1. Penambahan panas dan peningkatan suhu hingga
mencapai komdisi di atas disosiasi hidrat.
2. Depressurise (penghilangan tekanan) pada suatu
bagian dengan pemompaan (pumping) terutama di
area free gas di bawah BSR. Hidrat kemudian akan
terdisosiasi ke bawah menuju lapisan gas dengan
tekanan rendah.
3. Menambahkan zat anti-beku seperti metanol;
dimungkinkan metanol dapat diambil kembali
bersama gas untuk kemudian dapat digunakan ulang.
4. Menggantikan metanan di dalam hidrat dengan CO2.
dengan menginjeksikan gas emisi yang tidak
diperlukan (CO2) ke dalam metana hidrat deposit
yang kemudian akan membentuk CO2 hidrate sebagai
ganti dari gas metana.
PRODUKSI NATURAL GAS HIDRAT
(Demirbas, 2010)

Secara komersial gas hidrat mungkin

dapat diproduksi melalu beberapa
proses, yaitu:
1. Proses depressurisasi (pengurangan/
penghilangan tekanan)
2. Proses penginjeksian inhibitor kimia
3. Proses stimulasi termal
PRODUKSI NATURAL GAS HIDRAT
proses de-presurisasi
• Pada proses ini hidrat
di-disosiasi berdasarkan
penghilangan atau
pengurangan tekanan
di dalam sistem
• Tujuan: menurunkan
tekanan pada zona
free-gas secara cepat
dibawah zona stabilitas
hidrat untuk
mendekomposisi dan
membebaskan gas
agar dapat bergerak
menuju wellbore. Produksi gas melalui proses
de-presurisasi (Dermibas,
2010).
 PRODUKSI NATURAL GAS HIDRAT
proses stimulasi termal
• Sumber panas pada proses ini
berbentuk uap, air panas atau
cairan panas lain, atau secara
tidak langsung melalui aliran
listrik atau sonik
• Sumber panas ini diaplikasikan
terhadap zona stabilitas hidrat
untuk menaikkan suhunya
sehingga hidrat dapat
terdekomposisi
• Setelah terdekomposisi
metana dapat dibebaskan
keluar dari sistem Produksi gas melalui proses
stimulasi termal (Dermibas, 2010).
 PRODUKSI NATURAL GAS HIDRAT
proses injeksi inhibitor kimia
• Pada proses ini inhibitor
diinjeksikan untuk menghambat
pembentuka air es.
• Tujuan dari metode ini adalah
untuk menggantikan kondisi
ekuilibrium gas hidrat alami agar
melebihi kondisi termodinamik
zona stabilitas gas hidrat.
• Inhbitor yang digunakan: metanol
• Inhibitor kimia dapat menggeser
kesetimbangan tekanan dan suhu Produksi gas melalui proses injeksi
sehingga kestabilan hidrat inhibitor kimia(Dermibas, 2010).
menurun dan hidrat dapat
terdisosiasi
 PROSES DE-PRESURISASI DENGAN
PEMANASAN DINDING SUMUR (TELAH
DILAKUKAN DI JEPANG)
1. Proses ini terbukti efektif secara
ekonomi
2. Digunakan dengan
menggabungkan dua metode, yaitu
stimulasi termal dan de-presurisasi
3. Tekanan hidrat dikurangi hingga
tekanannya berada di bawah
kondisi zona stabilitas hidrat pada
tekanan tertentu
 Introduction
-Gas Hydrate Existence & Bottom Simulating Reflectors-
A BSR is generally produced by seismic energy reflecting from the top of
gas-filled sediments lying below the zone of hydrate stability. In active
margins, such as the subduction related margins, high fluid flux often results
in the maintenance of a free-gas reservoir under any significant hydrate
accumulation. As a result, regions of high concentrations of hydrate will often
correspond to zones of significant BSRs. Such features currently are the
targets of several energy-related gas hydrate research projects around the
world. (Andrew Gorman, Department of Geology, University of Otago,
Dunedin, New Zealand)

What We Understood Then:

regions of high concentrations of hydrate

will often correspond to zones of
significant BSRs
 Real Example Of BSR (1):

The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) that has been recognized on

continental margins worldwide is caused by a negative impedance
contrast at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Either
high amounts of gas hydrate above and/or a few percent of free
gas below the GHSZ produce this strong phase reversed reflection.
On a reflection seismic profile the BSR is often a continuous reflector
that mimics the seafloor and crosscuts stratigraphy at depths of a
few hundred meters below seafloor (“mbsf”)
 Real Example Of BSR
(2):

The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR)

that has been recognized on
continental margins worldwide is
caused by a negative impedance
(low) contrast at the base of the gas
hydrate stability zone (GHSZ).
 Real Example Of BSR (3):
The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) that has been
recognized on continental margins worldwide is
Characterized by High Amplitude Strength
Real Example Of BSR (4):
BSR & Seismic Quality Factor (Q)
The Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) that
has been recognized on continental
margins worldwide is Characterized by
High Seismic Attenuation (Low Q). In the
seismic attribute, it will express by High
Amplitude Strength and Low Dominant
Frequency.

Sweetness Attributes seems to be

good to be used as Direct BSR
Indicator
 Real Example Of
BSR(5) :
BSR & AVO Effect
The Bottom Simulating Reflector
(BSR) that has been recognized
on continental margins
worldwide shows the correlation
of the existence AVO effect of
the BSR.

An Example Of Real Data Of CMP gather 5690 is an example for the AVO effect of the
BSR. The black lines indicate the cut offs for NMO stretch mute values of 30 % and 100
%. A late cut off (NMO stretch mute 100 %) includes far offsets and therefore stronger
BSR amplitudes after CMP stacking. The upper box shows the absolute values of the
amplitudes for the seafloor reflection (red dots) and for the BSR (blue dots)
 Potential Gas Hydrate Existence in Indonesia Region

Seismic evidence for gas hydrates in the North Makassar Basin, Indonesia
B. A. Jackson
- Author Affiliations

Jackson Geophysical Consulting Pty Ltd, 64 Louise Street, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia, 6009(e-mail:
jacksons@iinet.net.au)
Abstract
This paper describes the distribution, seismic characteristics and potential volume of gas hydrates in the eastern part
of the North Makassar Basin, Indonesia. Identification of the gas hydrates depends entirely on the presence of
extensive bottom simulating reflectors (BSR) which are distributed primarily within the offshore extension of the West
Sulawesi Fold Belt. Turbidite deposition within the fold belt mini-basins provides a reservoir and a source of organic
material for the production of biogenic methane gas. Several seismic examples are shown, including a suspected
palaeo-BSR on the crest of an eroded anticline, a submarine mud volcano and an occurrence of rotated slump
blocks and debris flows that glide along the hydrate/free gas interface.

Geothermal gradients derived from the BSR database averaged 4.7°C/100 m, whilst derived heat flow values varied
from 20 mW m−2 to 60 mW m−2, comparing favorably with regional heat flow data. Gas-in-place estimations for the
most contiguous accumulation of gas hydrates (c. 8000 km2) yielded an estimated 1.89×1012 m3 (67×1012 SCF) of
 1. Seismic Preserve Data Well Data &
(PSTM Stack & Gather) Wave Simulation Or CDP Modeling
2. Seismic Velocity “Input for PSTM”

1. Well-Tie
2. Seismic Inversion
Post Stack Seismic Attribute & Possible 3. BSR Characterization
BSR Interpretation 4. Mapping
(Cosine Phase & Sweetness)

AVO Attributes For

Volumetric Gas
Free Gas Identification &
Characterization Estimation & Calculation
ü Well Log Data: Sonic, Density
(If Possible/If Any Shear Log) & Check Shot

ü Seismic Preserved PSTM Stack & Gather

ü Seismic Velocity (Final Velocity Model for PSTM

Input)

ü Any Geological Marker and Existing Horizon

Interpretation